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First Lady of the United States
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First Lady of the United States is the informal but accepted title held by the wife of the President of the United States, concurrent with the presidents term of office. Although the first lady’s role has never been codified or officially defined, melania Trump is the current First Lady. While the title was not in use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington. During her lifetime she was referred to as Lady Washington. Since the 1790s the role of first lady has changed considerably and it has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Additionally, over the individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors. Historically, should a president be unmarried, or a widower, the use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D. C. social circles. The title first gained recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as the First Lady of the Land while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B, the frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled The First Lady in the Land, by the 1930s, it was in wide use. Use of the later spread from the United States to other nations. The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States, the position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society, the role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House and she organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four main themes of the first ladyship, as public woman, as political celebrity, as political activist. Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital and this socializing became known as the Republican Court and provided elite women with an opportunity to play backstage political role
2.
Andrew Johnson
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Andrew Johnson was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, the new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress. The first American president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote, Johnson was born in poverty in Raleigh, North Carolina. Apprenticed as a tailor, he worked in several towns before settling in Greeneville. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1835, after brief service in the Tennessee Senate, Johnson was elected to the federal House of Representatives in 1843, where he served five two-year terms. He became Governor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857, in his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill, which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. As Southern slave states, including Tennessee, seceded to form the Confederate States of America and he was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign his seat upon learning of his states secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. When Johnson was sworn in as president in March 1865, he gave a rambling speech. Six weeks later, the assassination of Lincoln made him president, Johnson implemented his own form of Presidential Reconstruction – a series of proclamations directing the seceded states to hold conventions and elections to re-form their civil governments. Johnson vetoed their bills, and Congressional Republicans overrode him, setting a pattern for the remainder of his presidency, Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment, which gave citizenship to former slaves. In 1866, Johnson went on a national tour promoting his executive policies. As the conflict between the branches of government grew, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, restricting Johnsons ability to fire Cabinet officials. When he persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, he was impeached by the House of Representatives, and narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate and removal from office. Returning to Tennessee after his presidency, Johnson sought political vindication, Johnson is regarded by many historians as one of the worst presidents in American history. While some admire his strict constitutionalism, his opposition to federally guaranteed rights for African Americans is widely criticized
3.
Mary Todd Lincoln
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Mary Ann Todd Lincoln was the wife of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865. She dropped the name Ann after her sister, Ann Todd, was born. A member of a large, wealthy Kentucky family, Mary was well educated, after living in the Todd House and finishing school during her teens, she moved to Springfield, Illinois, where she lived with her married sister Elizabeth Edwards. Before she married Abraham Lincoln, Mary was courted by his political opponent Stephen A. Douglas. She and Lincoln had four sons together, only one of whom outlived her and their home of about 17 years still stands at Eighth and Jackson Streets in Springfield, Illinois. She supported her throughout his presidency. She witnessed his fatal shooting when they were together in the Presidents Box at Fords Theatre on Tenth Street in Washington, Mary was involuntarily institutionalized for psychiatric disease ten years after her husbands murder. She also complained of physical symptoms during her adult life. Mary was born in Lexington, Kentucky as the fourth of seven children of Robert Smith Todd, a banker and her family were slaveholders, and Mary was raised in comfort and refinement. When Mary was six, her mother died, two years later, her father married Elizabeth Betsy Humphreys and they had nine children together. Mary had a relationship with her stepmother. From 1832, Mary and her family lived in what is now known as the Mary Todd Lincoln House, Marys paternal great-grandfather, David Levi Todd, was born in County Longford, Ireland, and immigrated through Pennsylvania to Kentucky. Her great-great maternal grandfather Samuel McDowell was born in Scotland, other Todd ancestors came from England. At an early age Mary was sent to Madame Mantelles finishing school and she learned to speak French fluently and studied dance, drama, music, and social graces. By age 20, she was regarded as witty and gregarious, like her family, she was a Whig. Mary began living with her sister Elizabeth Porter Edwards in Springfield, Elizabeth, married to Ninian W. Edwards, son of a former governor, served as Marys guardian. Mary Todd married Abraham Lincoln on November 4,1842, at her sister Elizabeths home in Springfield and she was 23 years old and he was 33 years of age. Their four sons, all born in Springfield, were, Robert Todd Lincoln, -– lawyer, diplomat, businessman
4.
Julia Grant
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Julia Boggs Dent Grant, was the First Lady of the United States and wife of Ulysses S. Grant. Her time as First Lady marked a point in her life. Julia Boggs Dent was born on January 26,1826 at White Haven plantation west of St. Louis and her parents were Frederick and Ellen Wrenshaw Dent, a slaveholding planter and merchant. Frederick owned about thirty enslaved African-Americans and refused to consider freeing them on moral ground, Julia was the fifth of eight children. From age 10 to age 17, Julia attended the Misses Mauros boarding school in St. Louis with the daughters of other affluent parents, Julia was boarding student during the week and returned home to White Haven on weekends. The Dent family was highly social, with coming from among the elite class of Cincinnati, Louisville. William Clark and politician Alexander McNair were family friends, as a young woman, Julia was a skilled pianist, an expert horsewoman, and a voracious reader of novels. Julia was born with strabismus which prevents both eyes lining up in the same direction. When she was younger, one of the best surgeons in the country offered to perform the operation that would fix them. Julia wasn’t keen on surgery, however, and declined, after her husband became president, Julia reconsidered surgery. “I never had the courage to consent, but now that my husband had become so famous I really thought it behooved me to try to look as well as possible. ”Ulysses objected, “Did I not see you and fall in love with you with these same eyes. I like them just as they are, and now, remember, you are not to interfere with them. They are mine, and let me tell you, Mrs. Grant, you had not make any experiments, as I might not like you half so well with any other eyes. ”Because her strabismus was never corrected. While a student at West Point Academy, Fred Dent wrote his sister Julia about how impressed he was with a fellow student, “I want you to know him, he is pure gold. ”In 1844, Ulysses S. Grant began visiting the Dent family. At one point her pet canary died, and Ulysses crafted a small yellow coffin, in April of that year, Ulysses asked Julia to wear his class ring, as a sign of their exclusive affection. Eighteen year old Julia initially demurred, Grant’s regiment was then ordered to Louisiana, in preparation for service in the Mexican War. Despite the unlikeliness of the dream, Ulysses did return just as Julia had predicted and the two became engaged. In July 1848, after they had been apart for four years, Grant’s regiment returned to the United States, Grant’s father, Jesse Grant, refused to attend their August 1848 wedding, objecting not to Julia, but to her family’s owning slaves
5.
Second Lady of the United States
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The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as Second Lady of the United States, but this title is much less common. The term Second Lady, coined in contrast to the First Lady, the title later fell out of favor, but was revived in the 1980s. The second ladys visibility in the sphere has been a somewhat recent development. Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John C, Calhoun, was a central figure in the Petticoat Affair, a social-political scandal which involved the social ostracism of Secretary of War John H. Eaton and his wife Margaret ONeill Eaton further damaging already-strained relations between Vice President Calhoun and President Andrew Jackson and she challenged performers over their use of profane lyrics and often debated with her critics, such as Dead Kennedys singer Jello Biafra. Lynne Cheney, wife of Vice President Dick Cheney, championed education reform and she is a particularly outspoken supporter of American history education, having written five bestselling books on this topic for children and their families. She has been involved in various causes, including breast cancer awareness, at the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Dr. Jill Biden said, Let me start by thanking you for allowing me to serve as Second Lady of the United States for the past eight years. This was the first time the title was used by an incumbent at a national convention. The term remains an unfamiliar and uncertain one even when it is used, there have been 17 periods of vacancy in the role, the longest of which continued for 16 years between the service of vice presidential spouses Abigail Adams and Ann Gerry. The most recent second lady vacancy was for 132 days in 1974, as of April 2017, there are five living former Second Ladies. The most recent second lady to die was Nelson Rockefellers widow, the most recently serving second lady to die was Walter Mondales wife, Joan Mondale, on February 3,2014. Barbara Bush, wife of George H. W. Jill Biden, – The Official White House site for the Second Lady Wives of Vice Presidents. Archived from the original on September 1,2005, – List of the wives of Vice Presidents Ask Yahoo. – What is the title for the wife of the vice president. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013
6.
First Lady
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First Lady is an unofficial title used for the wife or hostess of a non-monarchical head of state or chief executive. The term is used to describe a woman seen to be at the top of her profession or art. Collectively, the President of the United States and his spouse are known as the First Couple and, if they have children, they are usually referred to as the First Family. The term is used, primarily in the U. S. to refer to the spouse of other non-monarchical heads of state. Some other countries have a title, formal or informal, that is or can be translated as first lady, the title is not normally used for the wife of a head of government who is not also head of state. The term in the United States is also used to refer to wives of governors and, less formally, to wives of college and it has even been used in reference to female spouses of men who were chairmen of major corporations. While there has never been a spouse of a U. S. President. First Gentleman is the equivalent of the title in countries where the head of states husband has been a man. The designation First Lady seems to have originated in the United States, in the early days of the United States, there was no generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion. However, the term first lady would not come into use until the late 1800s. Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor President James Buchanan, was the first woman to be called first lady while actually serving in that position. The phrase appeared in Frank Leslies Illustrated Monthly in 1860, when he wrote, The Lady of the White House, and by courtesy, once Harriet Lane was called first lady, the term was applied retrospectively to her predecessors. The title first gained recognition in 1877, when Mary C. Ames wrote an article in the New York City newspaper The Independent describing the inauguration of President Rutherford B and she used the term to describe his wife, Lucy Webb Hayes. The current First Lady of the United States is Melania Trump, the entire family of the head of state may be known familiarly as the First Family. The spouse of the second-in-command may be known as the Second Lady, less frequently, the family would be known as the Second Family. The spouse of the governor of a U. S. state is referred to as the First Lady or First Gentleman of that state
7.
Tennessee
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Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
8.
Telford, Tennessee
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Telford is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Washington County, Tennessee, United States, located between Jonesborough and Limestone. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 921 and it has one school, Grandview Elementary. The community was called Millwood in early times and continued so for many years, at a date sometime after 1876 the word Depot was discontinued and the single name Telford adopted. During the Civil War, citizens of this part of Washington County voted to secede from the Confederacy, the independent nation called Brickers Republic soon fell into relative obscurity. A Civil War battle took place in Telford on September 8,1863, the Confederate force was supported by 4-Howitzer artillery unit commanded by General Alfred Mudwall Jackson. Telford has a post office and zip code, the post office is located at 1888 Old State Route 34, Telford, Tennessee 37690. Eliza McCardle Johnson, First Lady of the United States
9.
Greeneville, Tennessee
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Greeneville is a town in, and the county seat of Greene County, Tennessee, United States. The population as of the 2010 census was 15,062, the town was named in honor of Revolutionary War hero Nathanael Greene. It is the town with this spelling in the United States. The town was the capital of the short-lived State of Franklin in the 18th-century history of the Tennessee region, Greeneville is notable as the town where President Andrew Johnson began his political career when elected from his trade as a tailor. He and his family lived there most of his adult years and it was an area of strong abolitionist and Unionist views and yeoman farmers, an environment which influenced Johnsons outlook. The Greeneville Historic District was established in 1974, the U. S. Navy Los Angeles-class submarine USS Greeneville was named in honor of the town. The town officially hosts the Greeneville Astros baseball club of the Appalachian League, Greeneville is part of the Johnson City-Kingsport- Bristol TN-VA Combined Statistical Area – commonly known as the Tri-Cities region. Greeneville is located at 36°10′6″N 82°49′21″W and it lies in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. These hills are part of the Appalachian Ridge-and-Valley Province, which is characterized by river valleys flanked by narrow. Greeneville is located halfway between Bays Mountain to the northwest and the Bald Mountains— part of the main Appalachian crest— to the southeast. The valley in which Greeneville is situated is part of the watershed of the Nolichucky River, several federal and state highways now intersect in Greeneville, as they were built to follow old roads and trails. U. S. Route 321 follows Main Street through the center of the town, U. S. Route 11E, which connects Greeneville with Morristown to the west, intersects U. S.321 in Greeneville and the merged highway proceeds northeast to Johnson City. Tennessee State Route 107, which also follows Main Street and Andrew Johnson Hwy, Greeneville to Erwin to the east, Tennessee State Route 70 connects Greeneville with Interstate 81, and Rogersville to the north and Asheville, North Carolina to the south. Tennessee State Route 172 connects Greeneville with Interstate 81 and Baileyton to the north, Tennessee State Route 93 connects Greeneville to Interstate 81, Fall Branch and Kingsport to the north. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 17.01 square miles. Buckingham Heights Cherrydale Oak Hills Windy Hills Native Americans were hunting and camping in the Nolichucky Valley as early as the Paleo-Indian period, a substantial Woodland period village existed at the Nolichuckys confluence with Big Limestone Creek. By the time the first Euro-American settlers arrived in the area in the late 18th century, the Great Indian Warpath passed just northwest of modern Greeneville, and the townsite is believed to have once been the juncture of two lesser Native American trails. Permanent European settlement of Greene County began in 1772, the Nolichucky Settlement initially aligned itself with the Watauga Association as part of Washington County, North Carolina
10.
Andrew Johnson National Cemetery
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The Andrew Johnson National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery on the grounds of the Andrew Johnson National Historic Site in Greeneville, Tennessee. Established in 1906, the cemetery was built around the place of Andrew Johnson, the seventeenth President of the United States. Andrew Johnson acquired twenty-three acres outside Greeneville on Signal Hill in 1852 and it is held by family tradition that Andrew Johnson greatly enjoyed the view the hill provided. It became known as Signal Hill due to being an excellent place for soldiers to signal to friendly forces, when Johnson died, he was buried on the property on August 3,1875. The funeral was performed by Freemasons, on June 5,1878, a 28-foot tall marble statue was placed by Johnsons grave. The monument was considered so dominant that the name was changed to Monument Hill. His daughter Martha Johnson Patterson willed on September 2,1898 that the land become a park and she further pushed in 1900 to make the site a national cemetery, so that instead of the Johnson family maintaining it, the federal government would. The United States Congress chose to make the site a National Cemetery in 1906, by 1939 there were 100 total graves in the cemetery. On May 23,1942, control of the went to the National Park Service. When the area was made a cemetery, two of Andrew Johnsons sons were reinterred, charles Johnson had been buried in Nashville, Tennessee, he died in 1863 by falling from a horse while serving as a military surgeon. Robert Johnson, who died shortly after the Johnsons 1869 return to Greeneville, had originally been buried in Greenevilles Mount Olivet, several other members of the Johnson family, including grandchildren, would later be buried in the cemetery. Amongst these are his daughter Martha and her husband, former Tennessee United States Senator David T. Patterson. When the National Park Service was given jurisdiction of the cemetery in 1942, they ruled to allow no more interments, aside from Andersonville National Cemetery, it is the only National Cemetery controlled by the United States Department of the Interior to accept new burials. The marble monument depicts the United States Constitution, an eagle, official website Historic American Landscapes Survey No
11.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
12.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
13.
Arithmetic
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Arithmetic is a branch of mathematics that consists of the study of numbers, especially the properties of the traditional operations between them—addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Arithmetic is an part of number theory, and number theory is considered to be one of the top-level divisions of modern mathematics, along with algebra, geometry. The terms arithmetic and higher arithmetic were used until the beginning of the 20th century as synonyms for number theory and are still used to refer to a wider part of number theory. The earliest written records indicate the Egyptians and Babylonians used all the elementary arithmetic operations as early as 2000 BC and these artifacts do not always reveal the specific process used for solving problems, but the characteristics of the particular numeral system strongly influence the complexity of the methods. The hieroglyphic system for Egyptian numerals, like the later Roman numerals, in both cases, this origin resulted in values that used a decimal base but did not include positional notation. Complex calculations with Roman numerals required the assistance of a board or the Roman abacus to obtain the results. Early number systems that included positional notation were not decimal, including the system for Babylonian numerals. Because of this concept, the ability to reuse the same digits for different values contributed to simpler. The continuous historical development of modern arithmetic starts with the Hellenistic civilization of ancient Greece, prior to the works of Euclid around 300 BC, Greek studies in mathematics overlapped with philosophical and mystical beliefs. For example, Nicomachus summarized the viewpoint of the earlier Pythagorean approach to numbers, Greek numerals were used by Archimedes, Diophantus and others in a positional notation not very different from ours. Because the ancient Greeks lacked a symbol for zero, they used three separate sets of symbols, one set for the units place, one for the tens place, and one for the hundreds. Then for the place they would reuse the symbols for the units place. Their addition algorithm was identical to ours, and their multiplication algorithm was very slightly different. Their long division algorithm was the same, and the square root algorithm that was taught in school was known to Archimedes. He preferred it to Heros method of successive approximation because, once computed, a digit doesnt change, and the square roots of perfect squares, such as 7485696, terminate immediately as 2736. For numbers with a part, such as 546.934. The ancient Chinese used a positional notation. Because they also lacked a symbol for zero, they had one set of symbols for the place
14.
David T. Patterson
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David Trotter Patterson was a United States Senator from Tennessee at the beginning of the Reconstruction Period. He presented his credentials to the Senate on July 26, but they were challenged, david Trotter Patterson was born at Cedar Creek, near Greeneville, Tennessee, on February 28,1818. He attended the schools and later Greeneville College for two years. He read the law with a local office to prepare for the bar. After being admitted to the bar in 1841, Trotter practiced as an attorney in Greeneville and he was appointed as a judge of the first circuit court of Tennessee 1854-1863. In addition, he acquired substantial amounts of land in East Tennessee, in 1855, Patterson married Martha Johnson, daughter of the former Tennessee Governor and Senator Andrew Johnson and his wife Eliza McCardle. His father-in-law Andrew Johnson had succeeded as President of the United States following Lincolns assassination the year before, when Johnson was impeached by the United States House of Representatives in February 1868, which caused Patterson personal conflict. According to the U. S. Constitution, the Senate had the duty to try Johnson on the charges and their vote was one short of the constitutional requirement of a two-thirds majority. Patterson retired from life when his Senate term expired on March 4,1869. He returned to East Tennessee to manage his relatively vast agricultural interests, on November 3,1891, Patterson died in the small community of Afton. He was interred with the Johnson family in the Andrew Johnson National Cemetery in Greeneville, “David T. Patterson, ” in Tennessee Senators as Seen by One of Their Successors, Kingsport, Tenn. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, a Short History of the Andrew Johnson National Cemetery, National Park Service
15.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
16.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
17.
Carter County, Tennessee
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Carter County is a county located in the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 57,424, the county is named in honor of Landon Carter, an early settler active in the State of Franklin movement. The area was claimed by Britain as part of the Clarendon settlements of the Province of Carolina. The association was the first permanent settlement established outside the original thirteen American colonies, in 1775, the Association was absorbed into North Carolina by petition, becoming known thereafter as the Washington District. This new county covered the territory now embraced in the limits of Carter. The county seat, Elizabethton, is named for Carters wife, like most East Tennessee counties, Carter Countians opposed secession on the eve of the Civil War. In Tennessees Ordinance of Secession referendum on June 8,1861, a railroad bridge at Carters Depot was among those targeted by the East Tennessee bridge-burning conspiracy in November 1861. Carter County was served by the narrow gauge East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad until the line ceased operations in 1950. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 348 square miles. Carter County is situated entirely within the Blue Ridge Mountains, specifically the Unaka Range, roan Mountain, which at 6,285 feet is the highest point in Tennessee outside the Great Smoky Mountains, straddles the countys eastern border with North Carolina. The countys boundary with Sullivan County is defined as the ridgeline of Holston Mountain, Watauga Lake Wilbur Reservoir (immediately below the TVA Watauga Dam Lat,36.3408 Lon, -82. As of 2015, the Sheriff is Dexter Lunceford, as of the census of 2000, there were 56,742 people,23,486 households, and 16,346 families residing in the county. The population density was 166 people per square mile, there were 25,920 housing units at an average density of 76 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 49% White,1. 00% Black or African American,0. 20% Native American,0. 26% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 27% from other races, and 0. 78% from two or more races. 0. 89% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the family size was 2.83. In the county, the population was out with 21. 40% under the age of 18,9. 20% from 18 to 24,29. 00% from 25 to 44,25. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 94.50 males
18.
Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
19.
Queen Emma of Hawaii
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Emma Kalanikaumakaʻamano Kaleleonālani Naʻea Rooke of Hawaiʻi was queen consort of King Kamehameha IV from 1856 to his death in 1863. She ran for ruling monarch against King Kalākaua but was defeated, Emma was born on January 2,1836 in Honolulu and was often called Emalani. Her father was High Chief George Naʻea and her mother was High Chiefess Fanny Kekelaokalani Young and she was adopted under the Hawaiian tradition of hānai by her childless maternal aunt, chiefess Grace Kamaʻikuʻi Young Rooke, and her husband, Dr. Thomas C. B. Emmas father Naʻea was the son of High Chief Kamaunu and High Chiefess Kukaeleiki, Kukaeleiki was daughter of Kalauawa, a Kauaʻi noble, and she was a cousin of Queen Keōpūolani, the most sacred wife of Kamehameha I. Among Naʻeas more notable ancestors were Kalanawaʻa, a chief of Oʻahu, and High Chiefess Kuaenaokalani. On her mothers side, Emma was the granddaughter of John Young, Kamehameha Is British-born military advisor known as High Chief Olohana and her maternal grandmother, Kaʻōanaʻeha, was generally called the niece of Kamehameha I. Chiefess Kaʻōanaʻehas father is disputed, some say she was the daughter of Prince Keliʻimaikaʻi and this confusion is due to the fact that High Chiefess Kalikoʻokalani, the mother of Kaʻōanaʻeha, married both to Keliʻimaikaʻi and to Kalaipaihala. Through High Chief Kalaipaihala, she could be descended from Kalaniʻopuʻu, King of Hawaii before Kīwalaʻō, King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani criticized Queen Emmas claim of descent from Kamehamehas brother, supporting the latter theory of descent. Liliʻuokalani claimed that Keliʻimaikaʻi had no children, and that Kiilaweau and this was to strengthen their claim to the throne, since their great-grandfather was Kamehameha Is first cousin. But even through the second theory Queen Emma would still have been descendant of Kamehameha Is first cousin since Kalaniʻopuʻu was the uncle of Kamehameha I. It can be noted that one historian of the time, Samuel Kamakau, supported Queen Emmas descent from Keliʻimaikaʻi, Emma grew up at her foster parents English mansion, the Rooke House, in Honolulu. Emma was educated at the Royal School, which was established by American missionaries, other Hawaiian royals attending the school included Emmas half-sister Mary Paʻaʻāina. Like her classmates Bernice Pauahi Bishop, David Kalākaua and Lydia Liliʻuokalani, but she often found herself at odds with her peers. Unlike many of them, she was neither romantic nor prone to hyperbole, when the school closed, Dr. Rooke hired an English governess, Sarah Rhodes von Pfister, to tutor the young Emma. He also encouraged reading from his extensive library, as a writer, he influenced Emmas interest in reading and books. By the time she was 20, she was a young woman. She was 52 and slender, with black eyes. Her musical talents as a vocalist, pianist and dancer were well known and she was also a skilled equestrian
20.
Kingdom of Hawaii
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The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi originated in 1795 with the unification of the independent islands of Hawaiʻi, Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi, and Lānaʻi under one government. In 1810 the whole Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauaʻi and Niʻihau joined the kingdom voluntarily, two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom, the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua. The kingdom won recognition from major European powers, the United States became its chief trading partner, and the kingdom was watched jealously lest Britain, Japan, or another power threaten to seize control. Hawaii adopted a new constitution in 1887 to reduce the power of King Kalākaua. Queen Liliuokalani, who succeeded Kalākaua in 1891, tried to restore the old order, Hawaii became a republic until the United States annexed it in 1898. Before the founding of a formal, united kingdom, the islands were all ruled by independent aliʻi nui or supreme executives. All of these rulers were believed to come from a hereditary line descended from the first Polynesian, Papa, Captain James Cook stumbled across the islands, but was killed while attempting to kidnap the aliʻi nui of Hawaii Island in 1779. Three years later Hawaii was passed to Kalaniʻōpuʻus son, Kīwalaʻō, while religious authority was passed to the rulers nephew, a series of battles, lasting 15 years, was led by the warrior chief who became Kamehameha the Great. The Kingdom of Hawaii was established with the help of weapons and advisors, such as John Young. Although successful in attacking both Oʻahu and Maui, he failed to secure a victory in Kauaʻi, his effort hampered by a storm, eventually, Kauaʻis chief swore allegiance to Kamehameha. The unification ended the ancient Hawaiian society, transforming it into an independent constitutional monarchy crafted in the traditions, from 1810 to 1893, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was ruled by two major dynastic families, the House of Kamehameha and the Kalākaua Dynasty. Five members of the Kamehameha family led the government styled as Kamehameha, Lunalilo was a member of the House of Kamehameha through his mother. Liholiho and Kauikeaouli, were sons of Kamehameha the Great. For a period of Liholiho and Kauikeaoulis reigns, the wife of Kamehameha the Great, Queen Kaʻahumanu, ruled as Queen Regent and Kuhina Nui. Economic and demographic factors in the 19th century reshaped the islands, in 1848 the Great Māhele was imposed by the king, it resulted in the selling off virtually all the village land farmed by the natives. For the natives, contact with the world represented demographic disaster. The Hawaiian population of natives fell from approximately 128,000 in 1778 to 71,000 in 1853, American missionaries converted most of the natives to Christianity. The missionaries and their children became a powerful elite into the mid-19th century and they provided the chief advisors and cabinet members of the kings, and dominated the professional and merchant class in the cities
21.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
22.
Find a Grave
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Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
23.
C-SPAN
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C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service. C-SPAN televises many proceedings of the United States federal government, as well as public affairs programming. Its coverage of political and policy events is unedited, thereby providing viewers with unfiltered information about politics, non-political coverage includes historical programming, programs dedicated to non-fiction books, and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy. The network operates independently, and neither the cable industry nor Congress has control of the content of its programming, Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979 and John D. Evans who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19,1979, in time for the first televised session made available by the House of Representatives, upon its debut, only 3.5 million homes were wired for C-SPAN, and the network had just three employees. The second C-SPAN channel, C-SPAN2, followed on June 2,1986 when the U. S. Senate permitted itself to be televised, C-SPAN Radio began operations on October 9,1997, covering similar events as the television networks and often simulcasting their programming. The station broadcasts on WCSP in Washington, D. C. is also available on XM Satellite Radio channel 120 and is streamed live at c-span. org and it was formerly available on Sirius Satellite Radio from 2002 to 2006. Lamb semi-retired in March 2012, coinciding with the channels 33rd anniversary, on January 12,2017, the online feed for C-SPAN1 was interrupted and replaced by a feed from the Russian television network RT for approximately 10 minutes. C-SPAN announced that they were troubleshooting the incident and were operating under the assumption that it was an internal routing issue, C-SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary in 1989 with a three-hour retrospective, featuring Lamb recalling the development of the network. Five years later, the series American Presidents, Life Portraits, in 2004, C-SPAN celebrated its 25th anniversary, by which time the flagship network was viewed in 86 million homes, C-SPAN2 was in 70 million homes and C-SPAN3 was in eight million homes. Also included in the 25th anniversary was an essay contest for viewers to write in about how C-SPAN has influenced their life regarding community service. For example, one essay contest winner wrote about how C-SPANs non-fiction book programming serves as a resource in his mission to record non-fiction audio books for people who are blind. The network also had an essay contest, the winner of which was invited to host an hour of the broadcast from C-SPANs Capitol Hill studios. C-SPAN continues to expand its coverage of government proceedings, with a history of requests to government officials for greater access, in December 2009, Lamb wrote to leaders in the House and Senate, requesting that negotiations for health care reform be televised by C-SPAN. Committee meetings on health care were broadcast subsequently by C-SPAN and may be viewed on the C-SPAN website, in November 2010, Lamb wrote to incoming House Speaker John Boehner requesting changes to restrictions on cameras in the House. In particular, C-SPAN asked to add some of its own robotically operated cameras to the existing government-controlled cameras in the House chamber, in February 2011, Boehner denied the request
24.
First Ladies: Influence & Image
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First Ladies, Influence & Image is a 35-episode American television series produced by C-SPAN that originally aired from February 25,2013 to February 10,2014. Each episode originally aired live and looked at the life and times of one or more of the First Ladies of the United States, C-SPAN has archived all video from the series to its website. It was produced in cooperation with the White House Historical Association, in April 2015, PublicAffairs Books published the companion book First Ladies, Presidential Historians on the Lives of 45 Iconic American Women by Swain and C-SPAN. The network began re-airing the TV series on C-SPAN3 in April 2015, the idea for the series came from Richard Norton Smith, a presidential historian and former head of five presidential libraries. Norton Smith and historians William Seale, Rosalyn Terborg-Penn and Edith Mayo served as the academic advisors. Producer Andy Och, a video journalist, visited historic sites significant to the first ladies, farkas and Och spoke with historians, archivists and curators. The show was hosted by C-SPAN co-CEO Susan Swain, peter Slen hosted the program on Eleanor Roosevelt and co-hosted programs on Mamie Eisenhower, and Edith Wilson. With First Ladies, Influence & Image, C-SPAN featured the history of the first ladies in order during two seasons broadcast over the course of one year. Season 1, featuring Martha Washington through Ida McKinley, ran from February 25,2013 to June 10,2013, three months later, the following season ran, featuring Edith Roosevelt through Michelle Obama, from September 9,2013 to February 10,2014. C-SPAN devoted most of the 90-minute episodes to a single first lady, the Eleanor Roosevelt episode was 2 hours long. The first season relied mainly on letters and written materials to provide insight into the first ladies’ lives, as the second season moved into modern times, the broadcasts included audio and video of the women. First Ladies, Influence & Image delved into how FLOTUS role has evolved since the 18th century, PublicAffairs Books published First Ladies, Presidential Historians on the Lives of 45 Iconic American Women, written by Susan Swain and C-SPAN, on April 14,2015. The work pairs historians together to discuss the lives and legacies of the first ladies, a companion piece to the TV series, the book features historians takes on the first ladies personalities, marriages, passions and legacies. Kirkus Reviews said the 496-page book portrays where each first lady came from, C-SPAN and the White House Historical Association each launched websites to tie in with the series. The sites include essays, educational materials, videos, photographs, official White House Historical Association site
25.
Martha Washington
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Martha Washington was the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Although the title was not coined until after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States, during her lifetime she was often referred to as Lady Washington. Widowed at 25, she had four children with her first husband Daniel Parke Custis, two of her children by Custis survived to young adulthood. She brought great wealth to her marriage to Washington, which enabled him to buy land and she also brought nearly 100 dower slaves for her use during her lifetime, they and their descendants reverted to her first husbands estate at her death and were inherited by his heirs. She and Washington did not have children together but they did rear her two children by Daniel Parke Custis, including son John Jacky Parke Custis, as well as helped both of their extended families. Martha Dandridge was born on June 2,1731 on her parents plantation Chestnut Grove in the British colony, Province of Virginia. She was the oldest daughter of John Dandridge, a Virginia planter and immigrant from England, by his wife Frances Jones, who was of American birth and English, Welsh, and French descent. Martha had three brothers and four sisters, John, William, Bartholomew, Anna Marie Fanny Bassett, Frances Dandridge, Elizabeth Aylet Henley, Marthas father may also have fathered an out-of-wedlock half-brother to Martha named Ralph Dandridge, who was probably white. They had four children together, Daniel, Frances, John, Daniel and Frances died in childhood. The other two children, John Parke Custis and Martha Parke Custis, survived to young adulthood, in all, she was left in custody of some 17,500 acres of land and 300 slaves, apart from other investments and cash. According to her biographist, she ran the five plantations left to her when her first husband died. Martha Dandridge Custis, age 27, and George Washington, age nearly 27, married on January 6,1759, as a man who lived and owned property in the area, Washington likely knew both Martha and Daniel Parke Custis for some time before Daniels death. During March 1758 he visited her twice at White House, the time he came away with either an engagement of marriage or at least her promise to think about his proposal. At the time, she was also being courted by the planter Charles Carter, Washingtons suit was of blue and silver cloth with red trimming and gold knee buckles. The bride wore purple silk shoes with spangled buckles, which are displayed at Mount Vernon. The couple honeymooned at White House for several weeks before setting up house at Washingtons Mount Vernon estate and they appeared to have had a solid marriage. Martha and George Washington had no children together, but they raised Marthas two surviving children and her daughter, nicknamed Patsy, died as a teenager during an epileptic seizure, classed as SUDEP. John Parke Jacky Custis returned from college to comfort his mother, Custis later married and had children, he served as an aide to Washington during the siege of Yorktown in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War
26.
Abigail Adams
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Abigail Adams was the closest advisor and wife of John Adams, as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams. John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters, and their letters are filled with discussions on government. Her letters also serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front, Abigail Adams was born at the North Parish Congregational Church in Weymouth, Massachusetts, to William Smith and Elizabeth Smith. On her mothers side she was descended from the Quincy family, through her mother she was a cousin of Dorothy Quincy, wife of John Hancock. Adams was also the great-granddaughter of John Norton, founding pastor of Old Ship Church in Hingham, Massachusetts, the only remaining 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in Massachusetts. Smith married Elizabeth Quincy in 1742, and together they had four children and their only son, born in 1746, died of alcoholism in 1787. As with several of her ancestors, Adamss father was a liberal Congregationalist minister, Smith did not focus his preaching on predestination or original sin, instead he emphasized the importance of reason and morality. In July 1775 his wife Elizabeth, with whom he had married for 33 years. In 1784, at age 77, Smith died, Abigail did not receive formal schooling, she was frequently sick as child, which may have been a factor which prevented her from receiving an education. Later in life, Adams would also consider that she was deprived an education because females were given such an opportunity. Her grandmother, Elizabeth Quincy, also contributed to Adams education, as she grew up, Adams read with friends in an effort to further her learning. As an intellectually open-minded woman for her day, Adams ideas on womens rights and government would play a major role, albeit indirectly. She became one of the most erudite women ever to serve as First Lady, as third cousins, Abigail and John had known each other since they were children. In 1762, John accompanied his friend Richard Cranch to the Smith household, Cranch was engaged to Adams older sister, Mary, and they would be the parents of federal judge William Cranch. John was quickly attracted to the petite, shy, 17-year-old brunette who was bent over some book. He was surprised to learn she knew so much poetry, philosophy. Smith, Abigails father, presided over the marriage of John Adams, after the reception, the couple mounted a single horse and rode off to their new home, the small cottage and farm John had inherited from his father in Braintree, Massachusetts. Later they moved to Boston, where his law practice expanded, the couple welcomed their first child nine months into their marriage
27.
Martha Jefferson Randolph
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Martha Jefferson Randolph was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, and his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. Born at Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia and she married Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr. who served as a politician at the federal and state levels and was elected a governor of Virginia. Martha was very close to her father in his old age, Martha Jefferson was born on September 27,1772 at Monticello, her fathers estate in Virginia, which was then British America, to Thomas Jefferson and Martha Wayles Skelton. During her parents ten years of marriage, they had six children, Martha Patsy, Jane, a son who lived for only a few weeks in 1777, Mary Wayles Polly, Lucy Elizabeth, only Martha and Mary survived more than a few years. Martha was tall and slim with angular features and red hair and her paternal grandparents were Peter Jefferson, a planter and surveyor who died when her father was Thirty Three, and Jane Randolph. Jefferson vaguely knew that his grandfather had a place on the Fluvanna River which he called Snowden after a mountain in Wales near which the Jeffersons were supposed to have once lived and her mother was the only child and daughter of John Wayles and his first wife, Martha Eppes. Her maternal grandfather died in 1773, and her parents inherited 135 slaves,11,000 acres, the debts took her father years to satisfy, contributing to his financial problems. Her mother died on September 6,1782, four months after the birth of the Jeffersons last child and she later wrote that about this period, stating in those melancholy rambles I was his constant companion, a solitary witness to many a violent burst of grief. Her mother asked her father to never again, and he never did. Her request has been attributed to protective feelings for her children, from age 12 to 17, after her mothers death, she lived in Paris with her father while he served as U. S. Jefferson enrolled her at the Pentemont Abbey, a convent school. After Patsy expressed a desire to convert to Catholicism and said she was considering religious orders, in 1790 at the age of 18, Martha married Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr. a planter. Soon after their marriage, her father, Thomas Jefferson, deeded eight slaves from Monticello as a gift, including Molly Hemings. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, who married Jane Hollins Nicholas, ellen Wayles Randolph, who was named after deceased sister, and was married to Joseph Coolidge Cornelia Jefferson Randolph. Virginia Jefferson Randolph, who married Nicholas Philip Trist, James Madison Randolph, who was the first child born in the White House. Benjamin Franklin Randolph, who married Sally Champe Carter, meriwether Lewis Randolph, who married Elizabeth Martin. After his death, Martin remarried to Andrew Jackson Donelson, a nephew of President Andrew Jackson, septimia Anne Randolph, who married Dr. David Scott Meikleham. George Wythe Randolph, who briefly in 1862 was Secretary of War of the Confederate States of America, Martha Randolph educated her children at home, likely with the help of private tutors, as most planters did
28.
Dolley Madison
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Dolley Payne Todd Madison was the wife of James Madison, President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She was noted for her social graces, which boosted her husband’s popularity as President. In this way, she did much to define the role of the President’s spouse, Dolley Madison also helped to furnish the newly constructed White House. When the British set fire to it in 1814, she was credited with saving the classic portrait of George Washington, in widowhood, she often lived in poverty, partially relieved by the sale of her late husband’s papers. Mary Coles, a Quaker, had married John Payne, a non-Quaker, three years later, he applied and was admitted to the Quaker Monthly Meeting in Hanover County, Virginia, where Coles parents lived, and they reared their children in the Quaker faith. By 1769, the Paynes had returned to Virginia, and young Dolley grew up in comfort at her parents plantation in rural eastern Virginia and became deeply attached to her mothers family. Eventually she had three sisters, Lucy, Anna, and Mary, and four brothers, Walter, William Temple, Isaac, in 1783, following the American Revolutionary War, John Payne emancipated his slaves, as did numerous slaveholders in the Upper South. Some, like Payne, were Quakers, who had long encouraged manumission, others were inspired by revolutionary ideals. From 1782 to 1810, the proportion of blacks to the total black population in Virginia increased from less than one percent to 7.2 percent. Payne moved his family to Philadelphia, where he went into business as a starch merchant, in January 1790, Dolley Payne had married John Todd, a Quaker lawyer in Philadelphia. They quickly had two sons, John Payne and William Temple, after Mary Payne left Philadelphia in 1793, Dolleys sister Anna Payne moved in with them to help with the children. By mid-September 20,000 people had fled the city, at age 25 Dolley Todd was a widow with her young son Payne to support. Dolley Payne Todd and James Madison, who represented Virginia in the U. S. House of Representatives, in May 1794, Burr made the formal introduction between the young widow and Madison, who at 43 was a longstanding bachelor 17 years her senior. A brisk courtship followed, and by August, Dolley accepted his marriage proposal, as he was not a Quaker, she was expelled from the Society of Friends for marrying outside her faith. They were married on September 15,1794, and lived in Philadelphia for the three years. In 1797, after eight years in the House of Representatives, James Madison retired from politics and he returned with his family to Montpelier, the Madison family plantation in Orange County, Virginia. There they expanded the house and settled in, when Thomas Jefferson was elected as the third president of the United States in 1800, he asked Madison to serve as his Secretary of State. Madison accepted and moved Dolley, her son Payne, her sister Anna and they took a large house, as Dolley believed that entertaining would be important in the capital
29.
Elizabeth Monroe
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Elizabeth Kortright Monroe was First Lady of the United States from 1817 to 1825, as the wife of James Monroe, fifth President. Due to the condition of Elizabeths health, many of the duties of official hostess were assumed by her eldest daughter. Born in New York City on June 30,1768, Elizabeth was the youngest daughter of Lawrence Kortright, a wealthy merchant and her father was one of the founders of the New York Chamber of Commerce. During the Revolutionary War, he was owner of several privateers fitted out at New York. He purchased land tracts in what is now Delaware county, New York, Elizabeth acquired social graces and elegance at an early age. She grew up in a household with four siblings, Sarah, Hester, John. According to the records of Trinity Church, New York, Elizabeths mother, Hannah, died on September 6 or 7,1777. The cause of death was recorded as resulting from Child Bed, an unidentified sibling of Elizabeth, age 13 months, succumbed to flux and fever a few days later. Mother and infant were both buried at St. Georges Chapel in New York, at the time of their deaths, Elizabeth was nine years old. A historian later wrote that this blaze was due to the mismanagement of British troops while directing the firefighters, Elizabeth, age 10, with her father and siblings, survived the fire unscathed. Elizabeth first caught the attention of James Monroe in 1785 while he was in New York City serving as a member of the Continental Congress, James, age twenty-seven, married Elizabeth, age seventeen, on February 16,1786, at her fathers home in New York City. The marriage was performed by Reverend Benjamin Moore, and recorded in the records of Trinity Church. After a brief honeymoon on Long Island, the returned to New York to live with her father until Congress adjourned. Their first child, whom they named Eliza Kortright Monroe, was born in December,1786, in 1794, James was appointed United States Minister to France by President George Washington. The Monroes also provided support and shelter to the American citizen Thomas Paine in Paris and this association led to a friendship between the family of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Monroes. James was recalled from his Ambassadorship in 1796, due to his support of France in the opposition of the Jay Treaty, the Monroes returned to Virginia where he became Governor. A son, James Monroe, Jr. was born in 1799, during this time, Elizabeth suffered the first of a series of seizures and collapses, which would plague her for the rest of her life, and gradually cause her to restrict social activities. The Monroes third child, a daughter whom they named Maria Hester, was born in Virginia in early 1802, in 1803, President Jefferson appointed James to be United States Minister to Great Britain, and also the United States Minister to Spain
30.
Louisa Adams
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Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, wife of John Quincy Adams, was First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829. There would not be another foreign-born First Lady until 2017, when Slovenian-born Melania Trump became First Lady following the election of her husband, joshua Johnson was originally from Maryland. Louisa had six sisters, Ann, Caroline, Harriet, Catherine, Elizabeth, and Adelaide, and she grew up in London and Nantes, France, where the family took refuge during the American Revolution. She met John Quincy Adams at her fathers house in Coopers Row, near Tower Hill and her father had been appointed as United States consul general in 1790, and Adams first visited him in November 1795. Adams at first showed interest in her sister but soon settled on Louisa. Adams, aged 30, married Louisa, aged 22, on July 26,1797, at the church of All Hallows-by-the-Tower. Her parents left Europe in 1797 and went to the U. S, when her father was forced into bankruptcy, President John Adams appointed him as U. S. Her father died in Frederick, Maryland, in 1802 of severe fever and some mental problems and her mother died in September 1811, in her mid-fifties, and is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery. Louisa was sickly, plagued by headaches and frequent fainting spells. She had several miscarriages over the course of her marriage and she left her two older sons in Massachusetts for education in 1809 when she took two-year-old Charles Francis Adams to Russia, where Adams served as a Minister. Despite the glamour of the court, she had to struggle with cold winters, strange customs, limited funds. An infant daughter born in 1811 died the next year, peace negotiations called Adams to Ghent in 1814 and then to London. To join him, she made a journey across war-ravaged Europe by coach in winter. Roving bands of stragglers and highwaymen filled her with unspeakable terrors for her son, the next two years gave her an interlude of family life in the country of her birth. Music enhanced her Tuesday evenings at home, and theater parties contributed to her reputation as an outstanding hostess, the pleasures of moving into the White House in 1825 were dimmed by the bitter politics of the election, paired with her deep depression. Though she continued her weekly drawing rooms, she preferred quiet evenings of reading, composing music and verse, as First Lady, she became reclusive and depressed. For a time, she regretted ever having married into the Adams family, in his diary for June 23,1828, her husband recorded her winding silk from several hundred silkworms that she has been rearing, evidently in the White House. She thought she was retiring to Massachusetts permanently, but in 1831 her husband began seventeen years of service in the United States House of Representatives, the untimely deaths of her two oldest sons added to her burdens
31.
Sarah Yorke Jackson
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Sarah Yorke Jackson was the daughter-in-law of U. S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and de facto First Lady of the United States from November 26,1834 to March 4,1837, Sarah was born on July 16,1803 into a wealthy family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her father Peter Yorke, a sea captain and successful merchant and her mother Mary Haines Yorke died during a trip to New Orleans in 1820 leaving Sarah and her two sisters orphaned. She was raised by two aunts, Mrs. George Farquhar and Mrs. Mordecai Wetherill, Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr. the adopted son of Andrew Jackson, in Philadelphia on November 24,1831. After an extended honeymoon at the White House, the new couple left for The Hermitage, the couple remained at the Hermitage managing the plantation until a fire destroyed much of the main house in 1834. The couple and their two children went to Washington to live with President Jackson at the White House. Sarah arrived at the White House on November 26,1834, the President referred to Sarah as the mistress of the Hermitage rather than White House hostess, apparently to avoid any possible ill feeling between the two women. The arrangement was awkward but appeared to work relatively smoothly. It was the time in history when there were two women simultaneously acting as White House hostess. She took over all duties as White House hostess after Emily Donelson fell ill with tuberculosis and she remained at the White House until Jacksons term expired in 1837, but made several lengthy trips including one to the Hermitage to oversee its reconstruction. She lived at the plantation with her husband and father-in-law until the former President’s death in 1845, the couple continued to live at the Hermitage until shortly before the Civil War when they moved to Mississippi. The state of Tennessee later purchased the plantation as a memorial to Andrew Jackson and she died on August 23,1887 in Nashville, Tennessee
32.
Angelica Singleton Van Buren
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Sarah Angelica Singleton Van Buren, was the daughter-in-law of the 8th United States President Martin Van Buren. She was married to the Presidents son, Abraham Van Buren and she assumed the post of First Lady because the presidents wife, Hannah Van Buren, had died 17 years earlier and he remained unwed throughout the rest of his life. Although she was never married to a president, she is the youngest woman ever to hold the title of First Lady, sarah Angelica Singleton was born in Wedgefield, South Carolina, the daughter of Richard Singleton and his wife, Rebecca Travis Coles. She was the fourth of six children, Van Buren was educated at the Columbia Female Academy in South Carolina and Madame Grelauds French School in Philadelphia. Van Buren was a student at Madame Grelauds and the school gave her the opportunity to meet a more diverse group of people. Although all of students at Madame Grelauds were wealthy, they included Roman Catholic and Sephardi Jews, in 1838, Van Buren visited Washington, D. C. with her sister. Former First Lady Dolley Madison, a cousin of Rebecca Travis Coles, decided to play matchmaker, eight months later, Angelica Singleton married Abraham Van Buren on November 27,1838 in Wedgefield. The marriage strengthened President Van Burens ties to the Old South, following the wedding, Van Buren assumed the duties of hostess at the White House with great success. In the spring of 1839, the took a extended trip through England. The trip was a success and when Van Buren returned to Washington. Angelica and other honored female guests began standing on a dais in the Blue Room to greet guests at the beginning of White House functions, although the French Ambassador enjoyed the reception, Americans did not. In March 1840, Angelica gave birth to the couples first child, Rebecca died a few months later. After leaving the White House, the couple had four sons, after Martin Van Buren was defeated for re-election in 1840, Angelica and her husband lived at the Van Buren home of Lindenwald, in Kinderhook, NY, wintering at her family home in South Carolina. From 1848 until her death, she lived in New York City, singletons Graveyard, her familys plantation cemetery near Wedgefield, South Carolina James C. The Presidents of the United States, 1789-1914, Angelica Van Buren biography at American Presidents Blog Angelica Singleton Van Buren Collection at University of South Carolina
33.
Anna Harrison
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She was the last First Lady to have been born in British America. Anna was born at her fathers estate Solitude, just outside Morristown, New Jersey on July 25,1775, to Judge John Cleves Symmes and her father was a Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court and later became a prominent landowner in southwestern Ohio. She grew up on Long Island, receiving a broad education for a woman of the times. She attended Clinton Academy at Easthampton, Long Island, and the school of Isabella Graham in New York City. When she was thirteen years old, Anna went with her father and stepmother into the Ohio wilderness, while visiting relatives in Lexington, Kentucky in the spring of 1795, she met Lieutenant William Henry Harrison, in town on military business. Harrison was stationed at nearby Fort Washington, Annas father thoroughly disapproved of Harrison, largely because he wanted to spare his daughter the hardships of army camp life. Despite his decree that the two stop seeing each other, the courtship flourished behind his back. While her father was away on business in Cincinnati, the couple eloped and married on November 22,1795 at the home of Dr. Stephen Wood, treasurer of the Northwest Territory, the couple honeymooned at Fort Washington, as Harrison was still on duty. Two weeks later, at a dinner for General Mad Anthony Wayne. Addressing Harrison sternly, Symmes demanded to know how he intended to support a family with Anna, Harrison responded by my sword, and my own right arm, sir. Not until his son-in-law had achieved fame on the battlefield did Symmes come to accept him, the couple apparently had a happy marriage despite the succession of tragedies in the untimely deaths of five of their grown children. His service in Congress as territorial delegate from Ohio gave Anna and their children a chance to visit his family at Berkeley and her third child was born on that trip, at Richmond in September 1800. Harrisons appointment as governor of Indiana Territory took them farther into the wilderness, he built a handsome house at Vincennes, Indiana that blended fortress. Facing war in 1812, the moved to the farm at North Bend. When William was inaugurated in 1841, Anna was detained by illness at their home in North Bend and she decided not to accompany him to Washington. President-elect Harrison asked his daughter-in-law Jane Irwin Harrison, widow of his son, to accompany him. Half a dozen other relatives happily went with them, on April 4, exactly one month after his inauguration, President Harrison died. Anna was packing for the move to the White House when she learned of Williams death in Washington, following Williams death she lived with her son John Scott in North Bend, and helped raise his children, including eight-year-old Benjamin who later became President of the United States
34.
Letitia Christian Tyler
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Letitia Christian Tyler, first wife of John Tyler, was First Lady of the United States from 1841 until her death. Born at the Cedar Grove plantation in New Kent County, Virginia, Letitia Christian was the daughter of Colonel Robert Christian, a prosperous planter, Letitia was shy, quiet, pious, and by all accounts, selfless and devoted to her family. She met John Tyler, then a law student, in 1808 and their five-year courtship was restrained and it was three weeks before the wedding that Tyler first kissed her — on the hand. They married on Tylers 23rd birthday at Cedar Grove, her familys home and their 29-year marriage appears to have been a happy one. Letitia Tyler avoided the limelight during her husbands political rise, preferring domestic responsibilities to those of a public wife, during his congressional service, she remained in Virginia except for one visit to Washington during the winter of 1828-1829. In 1839, she suffered a stroke that left her an invalid. As first lady, she remained in the living quarters of the White House, she came down once. John and Letitia Tyler had four daughters and three sons live to maturity, Mary Tyler-Jones - In 1835 she married Henry Lightfoot Jones, Robert Tyler - lawyer, public official. Having served as his fathers secretary in the White House, he settled in Philadelphia. He also was chief clerk of the supreme court. As a leader of the Democratic Party in Pennsylvania, Robert Tyler promoted the career of James Buchanan, at the outbreak of the American Civil War, he fled Philadelphia when an antisouthern mob attacked his home. He returned to Virginia, where he served as register of the Treasury of the Confederacy, penniless after the war, he settled in Montgomery, Alabama, and there regained his fortunes as a lawyer, editor of the Montgomery Advertiser, and leader of the state Democratic Party. John Tyler, III - lawyer, public official, like his older brother, he also became a lawyer, served as private secretary to his father and campaigned for James Buchanan. During the Civil War, he served as assistant secretary of war of the Confederacy, after the war, he settled in Baltimore, where he practiced law. Under the Grant administration, he was appointed to a position in the IRS in Tallahassee. In 1839, she married James Semple, whom her father appointed a purser in the U. S. Navy, the marriage was an unhappy one. At the close of the American Civil War, she left her husband to open a school, elizabeth Tyler-Waller - At a White House wedding in 1842, she married William N. Waller. She died from the effects of childbirth at age 27, alice Tyler-Denison - In 1850 she married the Reverend Henry M. Denison, an Episcopal rector in Williamsburg
35.
Priscilla Cooper Tyler
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Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper Tyler was the daughter-in-law of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She served as official White House hostess and de facto First Lady of the United States from September 10,1842 to June 26,1844, Priscilla Cooper was born in New York City in 1816. Her father Thomas Apthorpe Cooper was a stage actor and producer. Her mother Mary Fairlee Cooper was a New York socialite, Priscilla began to work as an actress at the age of 17. Thomas Apthorpe Cooper achieved great success in the business and they lived in a grand house on Broadway. The familys fortunes were reversed during the Panic of 1837, the family lost their house and at one point were reduced to subsisting on radishes and strawberries. While playing Desdemona in a production of Othello in Richmond, Virginia, she met Robert Tyler, in Victorian America, acting was considered a scandalous profession and actresses had little social standing. The addition of the Coopers financial woes seemed to conspire to make any match between the two unlikely, despite their social differences, the couple wed in Bristol, Pennsylvania on September 12,1839. After their marriage, the moved to Williamsburg, Virginia to live with Roberts family. John and Letitia Tyler warmly welcomed her into the Tyler family, Priscilla became close to her father-in-law and their fondness for each other grew quickly. John Tyler even allowed her to open an account in every store in Williamsburg, John Tyler was the successful candidate for Vice President of the United States in the 1840 election. After the sudden death of President William Henry Harrison just one month after taking office, by the time John Tyler assumed the Presidency, his wife Letitia was a semi-invalid. The president asked Priscilla to assist him as White House hostess, Priscilla was described as extroverted, attractive, intelligent, and witty. Priscillas status as a surrogate or proxy hostess reflected a trend during the antebellum years in which younger female family members stood in for the wives of presidents. Martha Jefferson Randolph established the precedent when she acted as hostess for her widowed father. Emily Donelson, wife of Andrew Jacksons nephew, served as hostess during the Jackson administration, angelica Singleton Van Buren, daughter-in-law of Jacksons successor, the widower Martin Van Buren, served as official hostess from 1837 to 1841. Mary Taylor, daughter of President Zachary Taylor, became official hostess in place of her mother, as did Mary Abigail Fillmore. Finally, Harriet Lane, James Buchanans niece, acted as hostess for the only president in American history
36.
Julia Gardiner Tyler
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Julia Gardiner Tyler was the second wife of John Tyler, who was the tenth President of the United States, and served as First Lady of the United States from June 26,1844, to March 4,1845. Julia Gardiner Tyler was born in 1820 on New Yorks Gardiners Island and she was the daughter of David Gardiner, a landowner and New York State Senator, and Juliana MacLachlan Gardiner. Her ancestry was part Dutch, part Scottish and part English and she was raised in the town of East Hampton and the small hamlet of Bay Shore. In 1839, she shocked polite society by appearing, posed with a man and identified as The Rose of Long Island. Her family took her to Europe to avoid publicity and allow her notoriety to subside. They first left for London, arriving on October 29,1840 and they visited England, France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Ireland and Scotland before returning to New York in September 1841. On January 20,1842, the 21-year-old Julia was introduced to President John Tyler at a White House reception, after the death of his first wife, Letitia Christian Tyler, on September 10,1842, Tyler made it clear that he wished to get involved with Julia. Initially the high-spirited and independent-minded northern beauty felt little attraction to the grave, reserved Virginia gentleman and he first proposed to her on February 22,1843, when she was 22, at a White House Masquerade Ball. She refused that and later proposals he made, the increased time spent together prompted public speculation about their relationship. Julia, her sister Margaret, and her father joined a Presidential excursion on the new steam frigate Princeton, David Gardiner, along with a number of others, lost his life in the explosion of a huge naval gun called the Peacemaker. Julia was devastated by the death of her adored father and she spoke often in later years of how the Presidents quiet strength sustained her during this difficult time. Tyler comforted Julia in her grief and won her consent to a secret engagement, because of the circumstances surrounding her fathers death, the couple agreed to marry with a minimum of celebration. President Tyler was 54 years old, while Julia was just 24, Tylers oldest daughter, Mary, was 5 years older than her fathers new wife. The marriage made Julia the first First Lady to marry a President who was already in office at the time of the wedding, the brides sister Margaret and brother Alexander were bridesmaid and best man. Only the Presidents son, John Tyler III, represented the grooms family, Tyler was so concerned about maintaining secrecy that he did not confide his plans to the rest of his children. Although his sons accepted the sudden union, the Tyler daughters were shocked. The news was broken to the American people, who greeted it with keen interest, much publicity. It was awkward for the eldest Tyler daughter, Mary, to adjust to a new stepmother five years younger than herself, one daughter, Letitia, never made peace with her stepmother
37.
Sarah Childress Polk
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Sarah Childress Polk was the wife of the 11th President of the United States, James Polk, serving as First Lady of the United States from 1845 to 1849. Sarah Childress was born in 1803 to Joel Childress, a prominent planter, merchant, and land speculator, Sarah met James Polk while both were receiving instruction from Samuel P. Black in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, he was 19, she was 12. Several years later James began courting her, legend says Andrew Jackson called her “wealthy, pretty, ambitious, and intelligent, ” and urged James K. Polk to marry her. In 1823 the two became engaged, and on January 1,1824, Sarah Childress, aged 20, married James Polk, aged 28, the Polks had no children of their own, but raised a nephew, Marshall Tate Polk as their personal ward. After her husbands death, Mrs. Polk assumed guardianship of a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton. In physical appearance, Sarah was fairly tall, with hair that was parted in the middle and worn in ringlets, dark brown eyes. She had prominent teeth that caused her to tighten her lips, giving her a disapproving look and she usually dressed in vibrant blues, reds and maroons, that suited her dark coloring. During Polks political career, Sarah assisted her husband with his speeches, gave him advice on policy matters, in Washington as a congressmans wife during the administrations of John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van Buren, Mrs. Polk very much enjoyed her social duties. Calhouns wife, Floride Calhoun, and most of the members wives. In 1845, Sarah Polk became the 11th First Lady of the United States and she was lively, charming, intelligent, and a good conversationalist. President Polk at times discussed policy matters with her, while she enjoyed politics, she also cautioned her husband, whose health was never robust, against overwork. A devout Presbyterian, as First Lady she banned dancing, card games, when she attended the Inaugural Ball, she did not dance. She hosted the first annual Thanksgiving dinner at the White House, unlike Julia Tylers waltzes, the Polk entertainments were sedate and sober affairs which earned the First Lady the nickname Sahara Sarah. After attending the inauguration of James Polks successor, Zachary Taylor, on March 5,1849, he and Sarah left by horse and carriage to their new home Polk Place in Nashville, Tennessee. Three months later, James Polk died, having had the shortest retirement of any former U. S. President, the United States government granted her a yearly pension of $5,000. Sarah Polk lived at Polk Place for 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady, and always wore black. She died on August 14,1891, at age 87, only 41 when her husband became president, she outlived several of her successors including Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes. Only a handful of first ladies have lived longer -- Anna Harrison, Barbara Bush, Edith Bolling Wilson, Betty Ford, Lady Bird Johnson, Nancy Reagan, Bess Truman, and Rosalynn Carter
38.
Margaret Taylor
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Margaret Peggy Mackall Smith Taylor was the wife of Zachary Taylor. She was First Lady of the United States from 1849 to 1850, while visiting her sister in Kentucky in 1809, she was introduced to Lieutenant Zachary Taylor, then home on leave, by Dr. Alexander Duke. Lt. Taylor, aged 25, married Peggy Smith, aged 21, on June 21,1810, at the home of the sister, Mrs. Mary Chew, near Louisville. Their marriage appears to have been a happy one, a devout Episcopalian, Mrs. Taylor prayed regularly for her soldier husband. She became somewhat reclusive because, it is said, she had promised God to give up the pleasures of society if her husband returned safely from war. While he was serving in the Mexican-American War, she lived at their Cypress Grove Plantation near Rodney in Jefferson County, the Taylors surviving children were, Ann Mackall Taylor Wood – Born near Louisville, she married army surgeon Robert Crooke Wood, in 1829. Sarah Knox Knoxie Taylor Davis – Born at Fort Knox, she was the first wife of Jefferson Davis, Mary Elizabeth Betty Taylor Dandridge – She was the White House hostess for her father President Taylor. Richard Scott Dick Taylor – Planter, politician, Confederate general, he married in Louisiana, with the rise in Zachary Taylors political career, his wife Peggy Taylor literally prayed for his defeat, for she dreaded the personal consequences of his becoming President. By the time she became First Lady, the hardships of following her husband from fort to fort, a semi-invalid, she remained in seclusion on the second floor of the White House, leaving the duties of official hostess to her daughter Mary Elizabeth Betty Bliss. With the sudden death of the President, Mrs. Taylors health deteriorated rapidly, Margaret Peggy Taylor died two years later, on August 14,1852, at Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was buried next to her husband near Louisville, Kentucky, no portraits or photographs of Margaret Taylor can be fully authenticated and none are known to exist. A suggested likeness was created in 1903 for Presiding Ladies of the White House, by Lila G. A. Woolfall, published by the Bureau of National Literature and Art, Washington, D. C. A brief description of her appearance in 1825, when she was about 37, describes her as a fat. The source of this description is Early Days at Red River Settlement, made a trip to Detroit to pay a visit to her relatives, the Hunts and Mclntoshes, at that place. I accompanied them on that journey, when we reached Prairie du Chien, we put up at Fort Crawford, and tarried there a day or two, to rest. The Snellings were guests of Col. and Mrs. Zachary Taylor and it was a daughter of this couple which Jefferson Davis married, while a lieutenant in the army. I fell sick here, and wanted to return home, i. e. to the Fort, there was really nothing the matter with me but home-sickness. I had never separated from my parents before
39.
Abigail Fillmore
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Abigail Powers Fillmore, wife of Millard Fillmore, was First Lady of the United States from 1850 to 1853. Abigail was born in Stillwater, New York,1798, in Saratoga County and she was the daughter of the Reverend Lemuel Powers, a Baptist minister, and Abigail Newland-Powers. Abigail grew up in Moravia, New York, not far from the Fillmore farm and her father died shortly after her birth. After moving to Cayuga County, New York by wagon train and her father left behind a large library of his personal books, and she was educated by her mother from this wealth of books. She came to love literature and also proficient in other subjects such as math, government, history, philosophy. After finishing school she became a teacher and continued to teach after marriage, in 1814 Abigail became a part-time school teacher at the Sempronius Village school. In 1817 she becomes a teacher and in 1819 she took on another teaching job. Then, in 1824 she became a tutor in Lisle to three of her cousins. She was then asked to open up a school in Broome County, she opened the school. In 1819, she took a teaching post at the new academy in New Hope, the world of knowledge and Fillmores steady progress in it drew them together, and gradually the relationship of teacher and student evolved into romantic attachment. After a long courtship, Millard, aged 26, and Abigail, aged 27, were married on February 5,1826, by the Reverend Orasius H. Smith at the home of the brides brother Judge Powers in Moravia, New York. Without a honeymoon, they settled at East Aurora, New York, Mrs. Fillmore continued to teach school until the birth of her first son and maintained a lifelong interest in education. She shared her husbands love of books and helped build their personal library, the Fillmores had a son and a daughter, Millard Powers Fillmore Mary Abigail Fillmore Attaining prosperity at last, Fillmore bought his family a six-room house in Buffalo, New York. Enjoying comparative luxury, Abigail learned the ways of society as the wife of a Congressman and she cultivated a noted flower garden, but much of her time, as always, she spent reading. In 1847 when Fillmore was elected New York State Comptroller the family moved to Albany, New York, their children were away in boarding school. In 1849, Abigail Fillmore came to Washington, D. C. as wife of the Vice President and she thereby became the Second Lady of the United States. Sixteen months later, after Zachary Taylors death at a height of sectional crisis, even after the period of official mourning, the social life of the Fillmore administration remained subdued. Every friday night the White House hosted a reception, where she had to stand for hours greeting and socializing with guests, when Abigail first moved into the White House she was reportedly appalled at the fact that there was no library in it
40.
Jane Pierce
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Jane Means Appleton Pierce, wife of U. S. President Franklin Pierce, was First Lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857. Born in Hampton, New Hampshire, the daughter of Reverend Jesse Appleton, a Congregationalist minister and she was the third of their six children. While going to school in Keene, New Hampshire, she discovered at a young age her interest in literature, Jane was a slender girl, estimated to be 54 and only around 100 pounds. Pierce allowed Jane to visit her sister as much as needed, how she met Pierce, a young lawyer with political ambitions, is unknown, but her brother-in-law Alpheus S. Packard was one of Pierces instructors at Bowdoin. It is assumed that they met through this Bowdoin association, Franklin, almost 30, married Jane,28, on November 19,1834, at the brides maternal grandparents home in Amherst, New Hampshire. Janes family was opposed to the due to Pierces political ambitions. The Reverend Silas Aiken, Janes brother-in-law, conducted the small ceremony, the couple honeymooned six days at the boardinghouse of Sophia Southurt near Washington, D. C. In 1836, their first son, Franklin Jr died just three days after his birth, Franklin Pierce was a member of the U. S. House of Representatives by the time they married and became a U. S. She was forced to become the wife she never wanted to be. Jane hated life in Washington, D. C. and encouraged her husband to resign his Senate seat and return to New Hampshire and she blamed politics for all the troubles in her life including the death of her child and Franklins excessive alcohol consumption. Service in the Mexican-American War brought him the rank of Brigadier General and local fame as a hero and he returned home safely, and for four more years the Pierces lived quietly at Concord, New Hampshire. Unfortunately their son Frank passed from typhus a year later, causing stress for the entire family, in 1842, President James K. Polk offered Franklin the U. S. attorney post, however due to Janes objection, he turned it down. A senate seat and New Hampshire governor was also offered, in 1852, the Democratic Party made Pierce their candidate for president, Jane fainted at the news. When he took her to Newport for a respite, 11-year-old Benny wrote to her, I hope he wont be elected for I should not like to be at Washington, but the President-elect convinced his wife that his office would be an asset for Bennys success in life. The Pierces apparently had genuine affection for each other, but they quarreled often—preferring private life, when Benny was killed in a train accident before the swearing-in on January 6,1853, Jane believed that God was displeased with her husbands political ambitions. On March 4, the inauguration took place and Jane was not present for the ceremony. She distanced herself during her husbands presidency, wrapped in melancholia after losing one of her young children. She never recovered from the tragedy, for nearly two years, she remained in the upstairs living quarters of the White House, spending her days writing maudlin letters to her dead son
41.
Harriet Lane
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Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston, acted as First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her uncle, lifelong bachelor James Buchanan, from 1857 to 1861. Lane is among at least thirteen women who have served as First Lady but were not married to the President, in appearance Hal Lane was of medium height, with masses of light, almost golden-colored hair. Harriet Lanes family was from Franklin County, Pennsylvania and she was the youngest child of Elliott Tole Lane, a merchant, and Jane Ann Buchanan Lane. She lost her mother when she was 9, when her fathers death 2 years later made her an orphan, she requested that her uncle, James Buchanan. In 1854, she joined him in London, where he was minister to the Court of St. Jamess, Queen Victoria gave dear Miss Lane the rank of ambassadors wife, admiring suitors gave her the fame of a beauty. The capital welcomed its new Democratic Queen to the White House in 1857, Harriet was a popular hostess during the four years of the Buchanan presidency. Women copied her hair and clothing styles, parents named their daughters for her, while in the White House, she used her position to promote social causes, such as improving the living conditions of Native Americans in reservations. She also made a point of inviting artists and musicians to White House functions. For both her popularity and her work, she has been described as the first of the modern first ladies. The presidential yacht was named for her—the first of several ships to be named for her and her tact did not falter, but her task became impossible—as did her uncles. Seven states had seceded by the time Buchanan retired from office and returned with his niece to his spacious country home, Wheatland, near Lancaster, during her time in England, Sir Fitzroy Kelly, then Prime Minister Palmerstons attorney general, proposed to her in marriage. Queen Victoria was strongly in favor of this match, as it would keep Lane in England, Lane considered the advantages of a number of bachelors. Her uncle cautioned Lane against rushing precipitately into matrimonial connections as his ward found her potential suitors pleasant, Lane eventually married a Baltimore banker called Henry Elliott Johnston at the age of 36. They had two sons but within 18 years her uncle, her husband, and her children died, Harriet wrote her will in 1895 and lived another eight years, during which the countrys general prosperity greatly increased the value of her estate. A codicil of 1903 increased her gift by one third but said only half the total was to be spent on the building. The remainder was specially to provide for the maintenance, education and training of choirboys. This bequest founded the prestigious school that today is called St. Albans School. At Harriet Lane Johnstons funeral, services were conducted by Bishop Satterlee and she was buried in Green Mount Cemetery, Baltimore, Maryland, her grave marked with a Celtic cross like the Peace Cross on the cathedral close
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Lucy Hayes
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Lucy Ware Webb Hayes was a First Lady of the United States and the wife of President Rutherford B. Lucy Hayes was the first First Lady to have a college degree and she was also a more egalitarian hostess than previous First Ladies. An advocate for African-Americans both before and after the Civil War, Lucy invited the first African-American professional musician to appear at the White House and she was a Past Grand of Lincoln Rebekah Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, together with her husband, President Rutherford Hayes. Lucy Webb Hayes was born on August 28,1831 in Chillicothe and her parents were Dr. James Webb and Maria Cook. She had two brothers who both became medical doctors. In 1833, Lucys father went to his familys home in Lexington, there was a cholera epidemic happening at the time and James cared for the sick. Soon James became infected with cholera himself and died, friends of Lucys mother advised the family to sell the slaves rather than free them. Maria responded that she would take in washing to earn money before she would sell a slave, marias father, Isaac Cook, was a temperance advocate and he encouraged young Lucy to sign a pledge to abstain from alcohol. In 1844, the Webb family moved to Delaware, Ohio, lucy’s brothers enrolled at Ohio Wesleyan University and although women were not allowed to study at Wesleyan, Lucy was permitted to enroll in the college prep program at the university. A term report signed by the vice-president of Ohio Wesleyan in 1845 noted that her conduct was unexceptionable, several months later Lucy transferred to Cincinnati Wesleyan Female College and she graduated from there in 1850. Lucy was unusually well educated for a lady of her day. While in college, Lucy wrote essays on social and religious issues, One essay was entitled Is Traveling on the Sabbath Consistent with Christian Principles. At her commencement, she read an essay, The Influence of Christianity on National Prosperity. Lucy first met Rutherford B. Hayes at Ohio Wesleyan University, at the time, Lucy was fourteen years old and Rutherford was twenty-three. Rutherfords mother was hopeful that the two would find a connection, but at this point Rutherford considered Lucy not quite old enough to fall in love with, in 1850, Rutherfords older sister Fanny Platt encouraged him to visit with Lucy again. That summer Lucy and Rutherford were members of the wedding party. Rutherford was so taken with Lucy that he gave her the prize that he had found in the wedding cake, in 1851, Rutherford wrote in his diary, I guess I am a great deal in love with L…. Her low sweet voice…her soft rich eyes. Rutherford also praised her intelligence and character, She sees at a glance what others study upon and she is a genuine woman, right from instinct and impulse rather than judgment and reflection
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Lucretia Garfield
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Lucretia Rudolph Garfield, wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881. Her ancestry includes German, Welsh, English and Irish, Lucretia Garfields paternal great-grandfather immigrated to Pennsylvania from Württemberg, the Eclectic Institute believed in the education of women and because of this Lucretia became an educated women of her time. Lucretia studied all of the classics, and learned to speak Greek, Latin, French, additionally, she studied science, biology, math, history, and philosophy. She graduated from Hiram College and then became a teacher and she first met James Garfield in 1849 while she was attending school at Hiram College where James was her teacher in Chester, Ohio. He then went to Williams College while she stayed behind to begin teaching in Cleveland, Ohio and Bayou and they then began correspondence and became engaged shortly after. Garfield was attracted to her intellect and appetite for knowledge. Never a faithful fiancé or husband, James took on several lovers, Lucretia, kept up her studies and her teaching determined to have something to fall back on if ever she found herself unmarried. She didnt want to have to depend on her father to support her, both James and Crete were 26 when they married on November 11,1858 at the home of the brides parents in Hiram. Although both were members of the churches of Christ, the nuptials were performed by Henry Hitchcock, the newlyweds did not take a honeymoon but instead set up housekeeping immediately in Hiram. His service in the Union Army from 1861 to 1863 kept them apart, but after his first winter in Washington as a freshman Representative, the family remained together. With a home in the capital as well as one in Mentor, Ohio, in Washington, D. C. they shared intellectual interests with congenial friends, she went with him to meetings of a locally celebrated literary society. They read together, made social calls together, dined with each other, two died in early childhood, Eliza Arabella Trot Garfield and Edward Garfield. Four sons and a daughter lived to maturity, Harry Augustus Garfield - lawyer, educator, James Rudolph Garfield - lawyer, public official. Educated at private schools in Cleveland and Connecticut, she in 1888 married Joseph Stanley-Brown, presidential secretary during Garfields term and she lived in New York and Pasadena, California. He followed his brothers to Williams College and Columbia Law School. He settled in Boston, where he prospered as partner in the firm of Warren & Garfield, a graduate of Williams College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he settled in Cleveland, where he worked as an architect from offices in the James A. Garfield Building. He served as chairman of the Cleveland Planning Commission 1929-1942 and was active in the American Institute of Architects, James Garfields election to the presidency brought a cheerful family to the White House in 1881. Aside from hosting dinners and receptions, Lucretia advised her husband on who to select as cabinet officers and her choice for Secretary of State, James Blaine, proved to be successful
