1.
Elizabeth Bourchier (died 1557)
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Elizabeth Bourchier was, by her third husband, Sir Edward Stanhope, the mother of Anne Stanhope, wife of the Protector Somerset. Her fourth husband was the courtier Sir Richard Page and she died in 1557, and was buried at Clerkenwell. Elizabeth Bourchier was daughter of Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin, Elizabeth Bourchiers mother was Elizabeth Dynham. She was the daughter of Sir John Dynham by Joan Arches, after the death of her first husband, Fulk Bourchier, she married Sir John Sapcotes of Elton, Huntingdonshire, and after his death, Sir Thomas Brandon of Duddington, Northamptonshire. There were no issue of Elizabeth Dynhams marriage to Thomas Brandon and she died 19 October 1516, and was buried in the Greyfriars, London. Elizabeth Bourchier married firstly Henry Beaumont, and secondly a husband surnamed Verney, by whom she had a daughter and her third husband was Sir Edward Stanhope of Rampton, Nottinghamshire. Sir Edward Stanhope fought in 1487 at the Battle of Stoke and in 1497 at the Battle of Blackheath and he was a Knight of the Body and Constable of Sandal Castle. Elizabeth Bourchiers stepson, Sir Michael Stanhope, was beheaded on Tower Hill on 26 February 1552, by Sir Edward Stanhope Elizabeth Bourchier had a daughter, Anne Stanhope, who married, as his second wife, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset. Elizabeth Bourchiers son-in-law, Somerset, was beheaded on Tower Hill on 22 January 1552. After the death of Sir Edward Stanhope, Elizabeth Bourchier married her husband, the courtier Sir Richard Page, by whom she had a daughter, Elizabeth Page. In the month of June 1537, Lady Pages servant is recorded as having received two shillings as a reward for bringing strawberries and cream to the future Queen Mary. When her daughter, Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset, was imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1552, her mother Elizabeth, Elizabeth Bourchier died 8 August 1557, and was buried at Clerkenwell, as noted in Machyns diary. Beer, Barrett L. Seymour, Edward, duke of Somerset, a General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerages of England, Ireland and Scotland, Extinct, Dormant and in Abeyance. London, Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, a Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Ireland and Scotland. The Complete Peerage, edited by Vicary Gibbs, the Complete Peerage, edited by Vicary Gibbs. The Complete Peerage, edited by Vicary Gibbs and H. A, the Complete Peerage, edited by Geoffrey H. White. Madden, Frederick, ed. Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary, Daughter of King Henry the Eighth, the Visitations of the County of Nottingham in the Years 1569 and 1614. Literary Remains of King Edward the Sixth, the History, Gazetteer and Directory of the County of Derby, Part II
2.
Felsted
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For the record label, see Felsted Records Felsted is a village that lies in the north west of Essex in England, south of the A120 and is located near Braintree, Great Dunmow and Chelmsford. It lies on the bank of the River Chelmer as it leaves Great Dunmow. Felsted is linked to Little Dunmow by the Flitch Way Country Park, the village has links to Lord Riche who founded the public school, the Felsted School, in 1564, and is buried in Holy Cross Church. Lord Riche was an important benefactor of the Felsted Church, the school also has links to Oliver Cromwell, who sent his sons there. The valley between Little Dunmow and Felsted was the location for the sugar beet factory in Essex. The village has a store, a deli, an antiques shop, a ladies clothes shop. Felsted is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Felesteda, Felstede and Phensteda in the Hundred of Hinckford, in 1086, Felstead was part of the land of La Trinité of Caen, who held four hides. The fifth hide was no longer in this manor as King William gave three virgates to Roger God-save-the-ladies and the fourth to Geoffrey fitzSalomon, the winner of the 1928 Epsom Derby was Felstead, sired by Spion Kop, winner of the 1920 Derby. An electoral ward in the name exists. This ward had a population of 5,525 at the 2011 census
3.
Oliver Cromwell
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Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Cromwell was born into the gentry, albeit to a family descended from the sister of King Henry VIIIs minister Thomas Cromwell. Little is known of the first 40 years of his life as only four of his letters survive alongside a summary of a speech he delivered in 1628. He became an Independent Puritan after undergoing a conversion in the 1630s. He was a religious man, a self-styled Puritan Moses. He was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 and for Cambridge in the Short and he entered the English Civil War on the side of the Roundheads or Parliamentarians. Cromwell was one of the signatories of King Charles Is death warrant in 1649 and he was selected to take command of the English campaign in Ireland in 1649–1650. Cromwells forces defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country, during this period, a series of Penal Laws were passed against Roman Catholics, and a substantial amount of their land was confiscated. Cromwell also led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650 and 1651, as a ruler, he executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy. He died from natural causes in 1658 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, the Royalists returned to power in 1660, and they had his corpse dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded. In a 2002 BBC poll in Britain, Cromwell, sponsored by military historian Richard Holmes was selected as one of the ten greatest Britons of all time. However, his measures against Catholics in Scotland and Ireland have been characterised as genocidal or near-genocidal, Cromwell was born in Huntingdon on 25 April 1599 to Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward. Katherine married Morgan ap William, son of William ap Yevan of Wales, Henry suggested to Sir Richard Williams, who was the first to use a surname in his family, that he use Cromwell, in honour of his uncle Thomas Cromwell. They had ten children, but Oliver, the child, was the only boy to survive infancy. Jasper was the uncle of Henry VII and great uncle of Henry VIII, Cromwells paternal grandfather Sir Henry Williams was one of the two wealthiest landowners in Huntingdonshire. Cromwells father Robert was of modest means but still a part of the gentry class, as a younger son with many siblings, Robert inherited only a house at Huntingdon and a small amount of land. This land would have generated an income of up to £300 a year, near the bottom of the range of gentry incomes, Cromwell himself in 1654 said, I was by birth a gentleman, living neither in considerable height, nor yet in obscurity. He was baptised on 29 April 1599 at St Johns Church and he went on to study at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, then a recently founded college with a strong Puritan ethos
4.
Richard Cromwell
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On his fathers death Richard became Lord Protector, but lacked authority. He attempted to mediate between the army and civil society, and allowed a Parliament which contained a number of disaffected Presbyterians. Suspicions that civilian councilors were intent on supplanting the army were brought to a head by an attempt to prosecute a major-general for actions against a Royalist. The army made a show of force against Richard, and may have had him in detention. Without a king-like figure, such as Cromwell, as head of state the government lacked coherence, monck then presided over the Restoration of 1660. Richard Cromwell subsisted in straitened circumstances after his resignation, he went abroad and he eventually returned to his English estate, dying in his eighties. None of his children had offspring of their own and he has no descendants, Cromwell was born in Huntingdon on 4 October 1626, the third son of Oliver Cromwell and his wife Elizabeth. Little is known of his childhood and he and his three brothers were educated at Felsted School in Essex close to their mothers family home. There is no record of his attending university, in May 1647, he became a member of Lincolns Inn. He may have served as a captain in Thomas Fairfaxs lifeguard during the late 1640s, in 1649 Cromwell married Dorothy Maijor, daughter of Richard Maijor, a member of the Hampshire gentry. He and his wife moved to Maijors estate at Hursley in Hampshire. During the 1650s they had nine children, five of whom survived to adulthood, Cromwell was named a Justice of the Peace for Hampshire and sat on various county committees. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents and these fit for public services, for which a man is born. He fought in none of the English civil wars, Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being commander of the New Model Army, which emerged victorious from the English Civil War. A Puritan regime strictly enforced the Sabbath, and banned almost all form of public celebration, in 1653, Cromwell was passed over as a member of Barebones Parliament, although his younger brother Henry was a member of it. Under the Protectorates constitution, Oliver Cromwell was required to nominate a successor and he was present at the second installation of his father as Lord Protector in June, having played no part in the first installation. In July he was appointed chancellor of Oxford University, and in December was made a member of the Council of State, Oliver Cromwell died on 3 September 1658, and Richard was informed on the same day that he was to succeed him. Richard was faced by two immediate problems, the first was the army, which questioned his position as commander given his lack of military experience
5.
Henry Cromwell
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Henry Cromwell was the fourth son of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier, and an important figure in the Parliamentarian regime in Ireland. He was born at Huntingdon and educated at Felsted School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge and he served under his father during the latter part of the English Civil War. His active life, however, was spent in Ireland, whither he took some troops to assist Oliver early in 1650. In 1653 Henry married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Francis Russell and he was the seventh Chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin between 1653 and 1660. Nominally Henry was subordinate to the lord-deputy, Charles Fleetwood, and he moderated the lord-deputys policy of deporting the Irish, and unlike him he paid some attention to the interests of the English settlers. Moreover, again unlike Fleetwood, he appears to have held the scales evenly between the different Protestant sects, and his popularity in Ireland is attested by Clarendon. Although he lost some property at the Restoration, he was allowed after some solicitation to keep the estate he had bought in Ireland and his concluding years were passed peacefully at Spinney Abbey in Wicken, Cambridgeshire. He was unmolested by the government, and, indeed, the king on one occasion visited him there and he died at Wicken and is buried in the parish church alongside his wife. Conquest and Land in Ireland, The Transplantation to Connacht, 1649-1680 and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed
6.
Elizabeth Claypole
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After Cromwell created a peerage for her husband, John Claypole, she was known as Lady Claypole. She was buried in Westminster Abbey and her marriage to John Claypole took place on 13 January 1646. She was the daughter of her father, to whom her spiritual condition seems to have caused some anxiety. On one occasion he writes to his daughter, Bridget, expressing his satisfaction that her sister sees her own vanity and carnal mind, bewailing it, and seeks after what will satisfy. But four years later he bade her mother warn her to take heed of a heart and of being cozened with worldly vanities and worldly company. Mrs. Claypole answered, Ill warrant you washing their dishes at home as they use to do and this hath been extremely ill taken, and now the women do all they can with their husbands to hinder Mrs. Claypole from being a princess. But according to the account of Harrington, she acted the part of a princess very naturally, obliging all persons with her civility and it was to her he applied with success for the restoration of the confiscated manuscript of Oceana. According to Ludlow and Heath, she interceded for the life of Dr. John Hewett, still she is said to have habitually interceded with her father for political offenders. Ludlow reported that her failure in this pleading may have contributed to her death, how many of the royalist prisoners got she not freed. How many did not she save from death whom the laws had condemned and she was taken ill in June 1658, and her sickness was aggravated by the death of her youngest son, Oliver. The nature of her disease is variously stated, The truth is, writes Fleetwood, Clarendon, Heath, Bates, and other royalist writers represent her as upbraiding her father in her last moments with the blood he had shed. The first hint of this occurs in a newsletter of 16 September. She was buried on 10 August in Henry VIIs chapel in Westminster Abbey, however, Peter Gaunt states in the more recent Oxford Dictionary of National Biography that her body was allowed to remain in the Abbey. She inspired the figure of Delmira, in the Italian tragedy of 1671 Il Cromuele written by Girolamo Graziani, Dictionary of National Biography Volume XI, pages 12,13. Sources Nobles House of Cromwell Carlyles Letters and Speeches of Cromwell, Ludlows Memoirs,1751, Clarendon State Papers, C. H. Firth, Claypole, Elizabeth, rev. Peter Gaunt, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press,2004 accessed 9 Aug 2009 Thomas Bayly Howell, Thomas Jones Howell, William Cobbett, ramsey, R. W. Elizabeth Claypole, The English Historical Review, Vol.7, No. 25, pp. 37–47 Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Stephen, Leslie, ed. Claypoole
7.
Lord Protector
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Lord Protector is a title that has been used in British constitutional law for head of state. It is also a title for the British heads of state in respect to the established church. It is sometimes used to refer to holders of temporary posts, for example. The title of The Lord Protector was originally used by princes or other nobles exercising an individual regency while the English monarch was still a minor or otherwise unable to rule. The title was held by Oliver Cromwell and subsequently his son, the replacement constitution of 1657, the Humble Petition and Advice, gave His Highness the Lord Protector the power to nominate his successor. Cromwell chose his eldest surviving son, the politically inexperienced Richard and this was a non-representative and de facto dynastic mode of succession, with royal connotations in both styles awarded, and many other monarchic prerogatives, such as that of awarding knighthoods. Since the Restoration the title has not been used in either of the above manners, george, Prince of Wales, appointed to the regency in 1811, was referred to as His Royal Highness the Prince Regent. George exercised the powers of the monarchy, just as Lords Protector had, in Mary Shelleys novel The Last Man, 21st-century England is a republic, which elects a Lord Protector as the head of state and head of government every three years. The references especially come into play in Heartfire, the book in the series. While the title is not the same, the character Denethor in The Lord of the Rings conducts the same role as Steward of Gondor, due to the absence of the line of kings. Alan BStard on the episode of UK sitcom The New Statesman, after winning the general election. By the end of the episode, the technologically advanced society was governed by the Central Protectorate. In the MicroProse videogame Sid Meiers Civilization II, the term Lord Protector is applied to the leader of the English civilisation under the Fundamentalism type of government, trinidadian calypsonian Patrick Jones, or Chinee Patrick, was also known by the names Lord Protector and Oliver Cromwell. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
8.
Wiltshire
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Wiltshire is a county in South West England with an area of 3,485 km2. It is landlocked and borders the counties of Dorset, Somerset, the county town was originally Wilton, after which the county is named, but Wiltshire Council is now based in the new county town of Trowbridge. Wiltshire is characterised by its high downland and wide valleys, Salisbury Plain is noted for being the location of the Stonehenge and Avebury stone circles and other ancient landmarks, and as a training area for the British Army. The city of Salisbury is notable for its mediaeval cathedral, important country houses open to the public include Longleat, near Warminster, and the National Trusts Stourhead, near Mere. The county, in the 9th century written as Wiltunscir, later Wiltonshire, is named after the county town of Wilton. Wiltshire is notable for its pre-Roman archaeology, the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age people that occupied southern Britain built settlements on the hills and downland that cover Wiltshire. Stonehenge and Avebury are perhaps the most famous Neolithic sites in the UK, in the 6th and 7th centuries Wiltshire was at the western edge of Saxon Britain, as Cranborne Chase and the Somerset Levels prevented the advance to the west. The Battle of Bedwyn was fought in 675 between Escuin, a West Saxon nobleman who had seized the throne of Queen Saxburga, in 878 the Danes invaded the county. Following the Norman Conquest, large areas of the country came into the possession of the crown, at the time of the Domesday Survey the industry of Wiltshire was largely agricultural,390 mills are mentioned, and vineyards at Tollard and Lacock. In the 17th century English Civil War Wiltshire was largely Parliamentarian, the Battle of Roundway Down, a Royalist victory, was fought near Devizes. The Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry currently lives on as Y Squadron, based in Swindon, around 1800 the Kennet and Avon Canal was built through Wiltshire, providing a route for transporting cargoes from Bristol to London until the development of the Great Western Railway. Information on the 261 civil parishes of Wiltshire is available on the Wiltshire Community History website, run by the Libraries and this site includes maps, demographic data, historic and modern pictures and short histories. The local nickname for Wiltshire natives is moonrakers and this originated from a story of smugglers who managed to foil the local Excise men by hiding their alcohol, possibly French brandy in barrels or kegs, in a village pond. The officials took them for simple yokels or mad and left them alone, many villages claim the tale for their own village pond, but the story is most commonly linked with The Crammer in Devizes. Two-thirds of Wiltshire, a rural county, lies on chalk. This chalk is part of a system of chalk downlands throughout eastern and southern England formed by the rocks of the Chalk Group, the largest area of chalk in Wiltshire is Salisbury Plain, which is used mainly for arable agriculture and by the British Army as training ranges. The highest point in the county is the Tan Hill–Milk Hill ridge in the Pewsey Vale, just to the north of Salisbury Plain, the chalk uplands run northeast into West Berkshire in the Marlborough Downs ridge, and southwest into Dorset as Cranborne Chase. Cranborne Chase, which straddles the border, has, like Salisbury Plain, yielded much Stone Age, the Marlborough Downs are part of the North Wessex Downs AONB, a 1,730 km2 conservation area
9.
Quartering (heraldry)
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Quartering in heraldry is a method of joining several different coats of arms together in one shield by dividing the shield into equal parts and placing different coats of arms in each division. Typically, a quartering consists of a division into four equal parts, however, in most traditions there is no limit on the number of divisions allowed, and the records of the College of Arms include a shield of 323 quarterings for the family of Lloyd of Stockton. These 323 quarterings include numerous repeated attributed arms assigned to Welsh chieftains from the 9th century or earlier, another example of a shield of many quarterings is the coat of arms of the Powys-Lybbe family, which contains 64 quarterings. Different rules apply in Scottish heraldry, and may apply in other jurisdictions like Canada. The arms of the Queen of the United Kingdom are arms of dominion, however, the vast majority of quarterly coats of arms display arms which are claimed by descent, in other words, they join together coats of arms of the ancestors of the bearer of the arms. Strict rules apply, both as to what arms may be displayed by way of quarterings, and the order in which they may be displayed. An exception is made, however, if the female who breaks the line of descent is a heraldic heiress—a woman who has no brothers. Such a woman is entitled to transmit her fathers arms to her own children, if her father was himself entitled to one or more quarterings, these will pass to his daughters children as quarterings as well. Quarterings are displayed in the order in which they are acquired by a family by marriage, the larger the number of quarterings, the smaller the space available for each coat of arms, so that most families entitled to many quarterings make a selection of those they ordinarily use. The Duke of Norfolk, for example, uses only four quarterings, in Scotland in some cases the plain unquartered coat is the more prized, as entitlement to its use can indicate who is chief of the name and arms and holds the headship of a clan. For example, Flora Fraser, Lady Saltoun of Abernethy has arms as chief of Fraser — the plain coat of azure, the Powys-Lybbe family appear, likewise, to usually use only the quarterings of Powys and Lybbe. Division of the field Ottfried Neubecker
10.
St Giles-without-Cripplegate
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St Giles-without-Cripplegate is a Church of England church in the City of London, located on Fore Street within the modern Barbican complex. When built it stood without the city wall, near the Cripplegate, the church is dedicated to St Giles, patron saint of beggars and the handicapped. It is one of the few churches left in the City of London. There had been a Saxon church on the site in the 11th century, in 1394 it was rebuilt in the perpendicular gothic style. The stone tower was added in 1682, the church has been badly damaged by fire on three occasions, In 1545, in 1897 and during an air raid of the Blitz of the Second World War on the night of 24 August 1940. German bombs completely gutted the church but it was restored using the plans of the reconstruction of 1545, a new ring of twelve bells was cast by Mears and Stainbank in 1954, and this was augmented with a sharp second bell cast in 2006 by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950, John Field, curate of the church, c.1570 John Foxe, author of the Book of Martyrs, surrogate for Crowley c. Jack Nitzsche, composer, pianist, recorded St. Giles Cripplegate with the London Symphony Orchestra in 1972, John Milton buried here in 1674 The altar from St. Lukes, Old Street, which was dismantled in the 1960s due to subsidence. Designed by the Nicholson Studios, following the pattern of the original medieval window, sedilia and piscina of the medieval church. Display cabinet containing the historic treasures of Cripplegate, John Foxe, author of The Book of Martyrs is buried here. Plaque commemorating Sir Martin Frobisher, explorer and sea Captain, Bust of John Speed, map maker and historian. Statue of John Milton by Horace Montford The organ, from St. Lukes, Old Street Bust of Daniel Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe and John Milton. Busts of Oliver Cromwell and John Bunyan, author of Pilgrims Progress, portrait of Dr. William Nicholls, the first Rector of St. Lukes Church and Vicar of St. Giles. The West Window – shows the coats of arms of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the font – from St. Lukes Church. The Cripplegate Window which celebrates the centenary of the charity The Cripplegate Foundation, Bust of Sir William Staines, Lord Mayor of London in 1801. List of buildings survived the Great Fire of London List of churches
11.
Essex
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Essex /ˈɛsᵻks/ is a county in England immediately north-east of London. It borders the counties of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, the county town is Chelmsford, which is the only city in the county. Essex occupies the part of the old Kingdom of Essex, before this. As well as areas, the county also includes London Stansted Airport, the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, Lakeside Shopping Centre, the port of Tilbury. Originally recorded in AD527, Essex occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea. In changes before the Norman conquest the East Saxons were subsumed into the Kingdom of England and, following the Norman conquest, Essex became a county. During the medieval period, much of the area was designated a Royal forest, including the county in a period to 1204. Gradually, the subject to forest law diminished, but at various times included the forests of Becontree, Chelmsford, Epping, Hatfield, Ongar. County-wide administration Essex County Council was formed in 1889, however County Boroughs of West Ham, Southend-on-Sea and East Ham formed part of the county but were unitary authorities. 12 boroughs and districts provide more localised services such as rubbish and recycling collections, leisure and planning, parish-level administration – changes A few Essex parishes have been transferred to other counties. Before 1889, small areas were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford, Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. Two unitary authorities In 1998 the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were granted autonomy from the county of Essex after successful requests to become unitary authorities. Essex Police covers the county and the two unitary authorities. The county council chamber and main headquarters is at the County Hall in Chelmsford, before 1938 the council regularly met in London near Moorgate, which with significant parts closer to that point and the dominance of railways had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors, before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, the pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. Epping Forest also acts as a barrier to the further spread of London. Part of the southeast of the county, already containing the population centres of Basildon, Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway
12.
Puritans
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Puritanism in this sense was founded as an activist movement within the Church of England. The founders, clergy exiled under Mary I, returned to England shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, Puritanism played a significant role in English history during the first half of the 17th century. One of the most effective stokers of anti-Catholic feeling was John Pym, Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system and they largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism. Consequently, they became a political force in England and came to power as a result of the First English Civil War. Almost all Puritan clergy left the Church of England after the Restoration of 1660, the nature of the movement in England changed radically, although it retained its character for a much longer period in New England. Puritans by definition were dissatisfied with the extent of the English Reformation. They formed and identified with various groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology and, in sense, were Calvinists. In church polity, some advocated separation from all other established Christian denominations in favor of autonomous gathered churches. The Puritans were never a formally defined sect or religious division within Protestantism, the Congregationalist tradition, widely considered to be a part of the Reformed tradition, claims descent from the Puritans. Historically, the word Puritan was considered a term that characterized Protestant groups as extremists. According to Thomas Fuller in his Church History, the dates to 1564. Archbishop Matthew Parker of that used it and precisian with the sense of the modern stickler. In modern times, the word puritan is often used to mean against pleasure, in this sense, the term Puritan was coined in the 1560s, when it first appeared as a term of abuse for those who found the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559 inadequate. The term Puritan, therefore, was not intended to refer to strict morality, a common modern misunderstanding, the word Puritan was applied unevenly to a number of Protestant churches from the late 16th century onwards. Puritans did not originally use the term for themselves, the practitioners knew themselves as members of particular churches or movements, and not by a single term. Precise men and Precisians were other early derogatory terms for Puritans, seventeenth century English Puritan preacher Thomas Watson used the godly to describe Puritans in the title of one of his more famous works The Godly Mans Picture
13.
Antonia Fraser
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Lady Antonia Margaret Caroline Fraser, DBE, née Pakenham, is a British author of history, novels, biographies and detective fiction. She is the widow of the 2005 Nobel Laureate in Literature, Harold Pinter, Fraser is the daughter of Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford, and his wife, Elizabeth Pakenham, Countess of Longford, née Elizabeth Harman. As the daughter of an Earl, she is accorded the courtesy title Lady. As a teenager, she and her siblings converted to Catholicism and her maternal grandparents were Unitarians – a non-conformist faith with a strong emphasis on social reform. In response to criticism of her writing about Oliver Cromwell, she has said and she was educated at the Dragon School in Oxford, St Marys School, Ascot, and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, the last was also her mothers alma mater. Her first major work, published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, was Mary, Queen of Scots and she won the Wolfson History Award in 1984 for The Weaker Vessel, a study of womens lives in 17th century England. From 1988 to 1989, she was president of English PEN and she also has written detective novels, the most popular involved a character named Jemima Shore and were adapted into a television series which aired in the UK in 1983. From 1983-84, she was president of Edinburghs Sir Walter Scott Club, more recently, Fraser published The Warrior Queens, the story of various military royal women since the days of Boadicea and Cleopatra. In 1992, a year after Alison Weirs book The Six Wives of Henry VIII and she chronicled the life and times of Charles II in a well-reviewed 1979 eponymous biography. The book was cited as an influence on the 2003 BBC/A&E mini-series, Charles II, The Power & the Passion, in a featurette on the DVD, Louis Literary Award and the Crime Writers Association Non-Fiction Gold Dagger. She was a contestant on the BBC Radio 4 panel game My Word. from 1979 to 1990 and she serves as a judge for the Enid McLeod Literary Prize, awarded by the Franco-British Society, previously winning that prize for her biography Marie Antoinette. My Life with Harold Pinter was published in January 2010 and she read a version as BBC Radio Fours Book of the Week that month. At the Cheltenham Literary Festival on 17 October 2010, Lady Antonia announced that her work would be on the subject of the Great Reform Bill 1832. She is no longer planning a biography of Queen Elizabeth I of England and Ireland, Fraser acknowledges she is less interested in ideas than in the people who led nations and so on. I dont think I could ever have written a history of thought or anything like that. Id have to come at it another way and they had six children, three sons, Benjamin, Damian, and Orlando, and three daughters, Rebecca Fitzgerald, wife of barrister Edward Fitzgerald, QC, Flora Fraser and Natasha Fraser-Cavassoni. All three daughters are writers and biographers, Benjamin Fraser works for JPMorgan, Damian Fraser is the managing director of the investment banking firm UBS AG in Mexico, and Orlando Fraser is a barrister specializing in commercial law. Fairley, a neighbour of the Frasers, had been walking his dog, in 1975, she began an affair with playwright Harold Pinter, who was then married to the actress Vivien Merchant
14.
Charles I of England
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Charles I was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles was the son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England. He became heir apparent to the English, Irish, and Scottish thrones on the death of his brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. Two years later, he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France instead, after his succession, Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. Charles believed in the right of kings and thought he could govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent and he supported high church ecclesiastics, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to aid Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years War. From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War, after his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament. Charles refused to accept his captors demands for a constitutional monarchy, re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, Charles forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwells New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and a called the Commonwealth of England was declared. The monarchy was restored to Charless son, Charles II, in 1660, the second son of King James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, Charles was born in Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on 19 November 1600. James VI was the first cousin twice removed of Queen Elizabeth I of England, in mid-July 1604, Charles left Dunfermline for England where he was to spend most of the rest of his life. His speech development was slow, and he retained a stammer, or hesitant speech. In January 1605, Charles was created Duke of York, as is customary in the case of the English sovereigns second son, Thomas Murray, a Presbyterian Scot, was appointed as a tutor. Charles learnt the usual subjects of classics, languages, mathematics, in 1611, he was made a Knight of the Garter. Eventually, Charles apparently conquered his physical infirmity, which might have been caused by rickets and he became an adept horseman and marksman, and took up fencing. Even so, his public profile remained low in contrast to that of his stronger and taller elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. However, in early November 1612, Henry died at the age of 18 of what is suspected to have been typhoid, Charles, who turned 12 two weeks later, became heir apparent
15.
Samuel Cooper
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Samuel Cooper, sometimes spelt as Samuel Cowper, was an English miniature painter, and younger brother of Alexander Cooper. He is believed to have born in London, and was a nephew of John Hoskins. He lived in Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, and frequented the Covent Garden Coffee-House, Samuel Pepys, who makes many references to him, tells us he was an excellent musician, playing well upon the lute, and also a good linguist, speaking French with ease. According to other writers, he was a short, stout man. He married one Christiana, whose portrait is at Welbeck Abbey, christianas sister Edith was the mother of Alexander Pope. In 1668 he was instructed by Pepys to paint a portrait of Mrs Pepys and he is known to have painted also the portrait of John Aubrey, which was presented in 1691 to the Ashmolean Museum. From his correspondence with John Ray, the naturalist, evelyn refers to him in 1662, when, on the occasion of the visit that the diarist paid to the king, Cooper was drawing the royal face and head for the new coinage. Examples of his work are to be found at Windsor Castle, Belvoir Castle, Montague House, Welbeck Abbey, Ham House and his largest miniature is in the possession of the Duke of Richmond and Gordon at Goodwood. A piece of the handwriting is to be seen at the back of one of his miniatures in the Welbeck Abbey collection. His own portrait of himself is in the collection of Mr J. Pierpont Morgan, mary Beales reference to his decease is in the following words, Sunday, May 5,1672 Mr Samuel Cooper, the most famous limner of the world for a face, dyed. He is buried in Old St Pancras Church in London and his baroque memorial lies on the far east wall of the church. According to the art historian George Charles Williamson, There is urgent demand for a memoir of Samuel Cooper, the details of his life are hardly known. Williamson, History of Portrait Miniatures, Volume 1 p.64,16 Painting by or after Samuel Cooper at the Art UK site From John Hoskins to Samuel Cooper. Attribution, This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Williamson. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Graves. London, Smith, Elder & Co. p.148
16.
Abraham Cowley
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Abraham Cowley was an English poet born in the City of London late in 1618. He was one of the leading English poets of the 17th century and his father, a wealthy citizen, who died shortly before his birth, was a stationer. His mother was given to works of devotion, but it happened that there lay in her parlour a copy of The Faerie Queene. This became the favourite reading of her son, and he had read it twice before he was sent to school. As early as 1628, that is, in his year, he composed his Tragicall History of Piramus and Thisbe, an epic romance written in a six-line stanza. Two years later the child wrote another and still more ambitious poem, Constantia and Philetus, here he displayed extraordinary mental precocity and versatility, and wrote in his thirteenth year the Elegy on the Death of Dudley, Lord Carlton. The author at once became famous, although he had not, even yet and his next composition was a pastoral comedy, entitled Loves Riddle, a marvelous production for a boy of sixteen, airy, correct and harmonious in language, and rapid in movement. The style is not without resemblance to that of Randolph, whose earliest works, in 1637 Cowley was elected into Trinity College, Cambridge, where he betook himself with enthusiasm to the study of all kinds of learning, and early distinguished himself as a ripe scholar. Portraits of Cowley, attributed to William Faithorne and Stephen Slaughter, are in Trinity Colleges collection, the epic deals with the adventures of King David from his boyhood to the smiting of Amalek by Saul, where it abruptly closes. During the civil war this play was performed at Dublin. It is bright and amusing, in the common to the sons of Ben Jonson. The learned quiet of the poets life was broken up by the Civil War. He became a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, but was ejected by the Parliamentarians in 1643. He made his way to Oxford, where he enjoyed the friendship of Lord Falkland, after the battle of Marston Moor he followed the queen to Paris, and the exile so commenced lasted twelve years. This period was spent almost entirely in the service, bearing a share in the distresses of the royal family. To this purpose he performed several dangerous journeys into Jersey, Scotland, Flanders, but the chief testimony of his fidelity was the laborious service he underwent in maintaining the constant correspondence between the late king and the queen his wife. In spite of these labours he did not refrain from literary industry, during his exile he met with the works of Pindar, and determined to reproduce their lofty lyric passion in English. However, Cowley misunderstood Pindars metrical practice and therefore his reproduction of the Pindaric Ode form in English does not accurately reflect Pindars poetics
17.
Edmund Ludlow
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After service in the English Civil Wars, Ludlow was elected a Member of the Long Parliament. After the establishment of the Commonwealth in 1649 he was made second-in-command of Parliaments forces in Ireland, after the Restoration Ludlow went into exile in Switzerland, where he spent much of the rest of his life. Ludlow himself spelled his name Ludlowe, Ludlow was born in Maiden Bradley, Wiltshire, the son of Sir Henry Ludlow of Maiden Bradley and his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Phelips of Montacute, Somerset. He matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford in September 1634 and graduated in 1636 and he was admitted to the Inner Temple in 1638. At the start of the English Civil War in 1642, Ludlow engaged as a volunteer in the guard of Lord Essex. His first battle was at Worcester on 23 September 1642, his next at Edgehill on 23 October 1642, in 1643 he returned to Wiltshire and became captain of a troop of horse for Sir Edward Hungerfords regiment. Hungerford made him governor of Wardour Castle in 1643, but had to surrender to the Royalists after a tenacious three-month defence on 18 March 1644, after a brief imprisonment in Oxford, he was exchanged soon afterwards, and engaged as major of Arthur Hesilriges regiment of horse. He was present at the battle of Newbury, October 1644, at the siege of Basing House in November. In January 1645 Sir Marmaduke Langdale surprised his regiment, with Ludlow only escaping with difficulty, Ludlow was a Baptist and Calvinist predestinarian, and his political views were inextricably interlinked with providentialist and apocalyptic religious views. Ludlow opposed negotiations with Charles I, and was one of the promoters of Prides Purge in 1648. He was one of the judges, and signed the warrant for his execution. In February 1649 he was elected a member of the new Council of State after having himself been involved in drawing up the terms for its existence, around this time he also married Elizabeth Thomas of Glamorgan. After Oliver Cromwells return from Ireland in June 1650, Cromwell appointed Ludlow as lieutenant-general of horse, here he spared neither health nor money in the public service. He landed in Ireland in January 1651 and was involved in the Siege of Limerick, after Iretons death on 26 November 1651, Ludlow then held the chief command, and had practically completed the conquest of the island when he resigned his authority to Fleetwood in October 1652. Most of his campaigning in Ireland was against Irish guerrillas or tories and much of his operations consisted of hunting small bands and destroying foodstuff, though disapproving of Cromwells action in dissolving the Rump Parliament in April 1653, Ludlow maintained his employment. However, when Cromwell was declared Lord Protector after the failure of Barebones Parliament he declined to acknowledge his authority, according to his Memoirs he believed that Cromwell had not appeared that he ever approved on any persons farther than he might make them subservient to his own ambitious designs. On returning to England in October 1655 he was arrested, when examined by Cromwell, he was asked, Pray then, said he, what is it that you would have. May not every man be as good as he will, what can you desire more than you have
18.
John Claypole
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John Claypole, was an officer in the Parliamentary army in 1645 during the English Civil War. He was created Lord Cleypole by Oliver Cromwell, but this title came to an end with the Restoration of 1660. Claypole married Elizabeth, Oliver Cromwells second daughter, before October 1646 and he was master of the horse to his father-in-law the Lord Protector. A Member of Parliament in 1654 and 1656, he was one of Cromwells peers in 1657. After the restoration of the monarchy he lived quietly, but may have been imprisoned as a suspect in a plot in 1678. Claypole was descended of a gentle family, seated at Narborough, in the county of Northampton, upon the borders of Lincolnshire, possessing considerable estates in both those counties. Claypole was the son of John Claypole the Elder and his wife Mary/Marie, née Angell, senior, and his son lord Claypole. John Claypole married Elizabeth, the second, and favorite, daughter of Oliver Cromwell, John Claypole jnr first appeared in arms for parliamentary cause in the First English Civil War at the siege of Newark in the winter of 1645/6. He was a member of First Protectorate Parliament, in 1654, on 15 January 1656 he was appointed a member of the committee of trade. To raise him still further above the rank of a gentleman, Cromwell granted Claypole a baronet on 16 July 1657. Later that year Claypole was made one of the Protectors lords, during the short reign of his brother-in-law Richard Cromwell, Claypole retained all his places at court, and carried the sword of state when Richard opened his Parliament. In his religious sentiments Claypole was a Presbyterian, and in that communion died, mrs. Pepys mentions a famous running footman who had been in Claypoles service, and Clapole also asked Colonel Verney for a dog of superior fighting capacity. Claypole had a taste for mathematics, and probably for architecture, until her death in 1665 Claypole gave shelter to Elizabeth Cromwell, his mother-in-law and Oliver Cromwells widow. History is silent what became of him after his imprisonment, probably he returned to his estate in Northamptonshire. Elizabeth and John Claypole had a daughter and two sons Henry and Oliver, Oliver died just before his mother, and Mark Noble speculates that the grief for the loss may well have hastened her death in 1658. His children with Elizabeth all predeceased him, Claypole married a second time, in June 1670, Blanche, widow of Lancelot Stavely, by whom he had one daughter, Bridget. However Claypole fell under the influence of Anne Ottee, a laundress, Bridget brought an action in chancery and recovered some portion of his property, but most of it, including the manor of Northborough, Claypole had sold off during his lifetime. Another brother was James Claypoole, 1634-1687, a friend of William Penn, the Quaker
19.
Henry Ireton
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Henry Ireton was an English general in the Parliamentary army during the English Civil War, the son-in-law of Oliver Cromwell. Ireton was the eldest son of German Ireton of Attenborough, Nottinghamshire and he became a gentleman commoner of Trinity College, Oxford in 1626, graduated BA in 1629 and entered the Middle Temple the same year. On the outbreak of the Civil War, he joined the army, fighting at the Battle of Edgehill in October 1642. On the night before the Battle of Naseby, in June 1645, Ireton succeeded in surprising the Royalist army, the next day, on the suggestion of Cromwell, he was made commissary-general and appointed to the command of the left wing, Cromwell himself commanding the right. Ireton was at the siege of Bristol in September 1645 and took part in the subsequent campaign that succeeded in overthrowing the royal cause, on 30 October 1645 Ireton entered parliament as member for Appleby. On 15 June 1646, during the siege of Oxford he married Bridget Cromwell, the marriage brought Iretons career into parallel with Cromwells. He tried to prevent the breach between the army and parliament, but when it happened, he supported the negotiations with the king till his actions made him unpopular. After the rejection by the king of the last offers of the army and he wrote the Armys statement about the regicide – the Remonstrance of the Army – with Hugh Peters. He was active in the choice to purge rather than reelect Parliament and he sat on the kings trial and was one of the commissioners who signed the death warrant. Iretons regiment was chosen by lot to accompany Cromwell in his Irish campaign, Ireton arrived in Dublin two days after Cromwell on 17 August 1649, with 77 ships full of troops and supplies. Ireton was appointed major-general and after the conquest of the south of Ireland and he went over with John Cook with a brief to reform the law of Ireland, to anglicise it and make it a model for a new settlement of English law. This he proceeded to do with his energy, becoming noted as much by the savagery of his methods as for his military skill. By the middle of 1650 Ireton and his commanders faced two problems, one was the capture of the remaining cities held by the Irish Confederate and Royalists forces. The other was a guerrilla war in the countryside as Irish fighters called tories attacked his supply lines. Ireton appealed to the English Parliament to publish lenient surrender terms for Irish Catholics, in order to end their resistance, having done this Ireton blockaded Waterford into surrender by August 1650. Not risking an assault, Ireton systematically constructed trenches to bring his siege guns within range of the walls, Thomas Preston surrendered Waterford after a three-month siege. Ireton then advanced to Limerick by October, but had to call off the siege due to cold and bad weather. Early in 1651 Ireton ordered that areas harbouring the tory guerrillas should be stripped of food – a policy that caused a widespread famine in Ireland by the end of the year
20.
Charles Fleetwood
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Charles Fleetwood was an English Parliamentarian soldier and politician, Lord Deputy of Ireland from 1652–55, where he enforced the Cromwellian Settlement. At the Restoration he was included in the Act of Indemnity as among the twenty liable to other than capital. Charles Fleetwood was the son of Sir Miles Fleetwood of Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire. He may have been educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, before being admitted into Grays Inn on 30 November 1638 and he had already been appointed receiver of the court of wards, and in 1646 became member of parliament for Marlborough. In 1649 he was appointed a governor of the Isle of Wight, the first year of his tenure saw the mopping up of the last Catholic Irish guerrilla resistance to the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Fleetwood negotiated with the guerrilla bands to either surrender or to leave the country for service in the army of a country not at war with the Commonwealth of England. The last organised Irish force surrendered in 1653, Fleetwood carried out these policies ruthlessly. Fleetwood was a strong and unswerving follower of Cromwells policy and he supported Cromwells assumption of the position of Lord Protector and his dismissal of the parliaments. In December 1654 he became a member of the council, and he was therefore, on Cromwell’s death, naturally regarded as a likely successor, and it is said that Cromwell had in fact so nominated him. His project of re-establishing Richard in close dependence upon the army met with failure, in reality, however, his power was undermined and was attacked by parliament, which in October declared his commission void. The next day he assisted John Lambert in his expulsion of the Rump Parliament and was reappointed commander-in-chief, several Parliamentarian Generals led by George Monck had decided that the only way to stabilise the country was to restore the monarchy. Monck accordingly led his troops, which had been garrisoned in Scotland, on George Moncks approach from the North, Fleetwood stayed in London and maintained order. He was included in the Act of Indemnity as among the twenty liable to other than capital. His public career then closed, though he survived till 4 October 1692 and he was buried in Bunhill Fields. It served as a place for Dissenters, and from 1824 housed the Newington Academy for Girls. Cornelius Varley, a painter, named his son Cromwell Fleetwood C. F. Varley, in the belief that the family was descended from both Fleetwood and Cromwell, the Varley family business was near Stoke Newington. Part 1, to the mid-nineteenth century, London Gardens Online, Abney Park Cemetery
21.
Thomas Belasyse, 1st Earl Fauconberg
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Thomas Belasyse, 1st Earl Fauconberg PC was an English peer. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War, becoming close to Oliver Cromwell and marrying Cromwells third daughter, after the Restoration of the monarchy he became a member of the Privy Council to Charles II and was elevated to an earldom by William III. Belasyse was the son of Hon. Henry Belasyse, who was the eldest son of Thomas Belasyse. His father died in 1647 and he succeeded his grandfather to the viscounty of Fauconberg in the Bishopric of Durham in 1652. Belasyse again became a Royalist at the Restoration of the monarchy and he also served as English ambassador in Venice. He was Lord Lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire and he was one of the noblemen who joined in inviting William of Orange to England, and was by that king created Earl Fauconberg, in the Peerage of England, on 9 April 1689. He had no children and on his death the earldom became extinct, on 3 July 1651 Fauconberg married Mildred, daughter of Nicholas Saunderson, 2nd Viscount Castleton. On 18 November 1657, he married Mary Cromwell, the daughter of Oliver Cromwell. She outlived her husband by thirteen years dying on 14 March 1713, while he was in Italy, Fauconberg translated and published the Histoire du gouvernement de Venise, by Abraham Nicolas Amelot de la Houssaye. Green Ribbon Club A post restoration political club which Fauconberg was a member, the Green Ribbon was the badge of The Levellers in the English Civil Wars in which many of the members had fought and was an overt reminder of their radical origins. Attributionn This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Keary. London, Smith, Elder & Co. p.142, grant, Peter, Belasyse, Mary, Countess Fauconberg, Oxford University Press 2004–2008, Bellasis family 1500-1653, page 7. Website of Ingilby History, Retrieved 5 March 2010 Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris & Courthope, Oliver Cromwell, king in all but name, 1653-1658. Stater, Victor Belasyse, Thomas, first Earl Fauconberg, Oxford University Press 2004–2008, Bellasis family 1500-1653, website of Ingilby History, Retrieved 5 March 2010 Staff Green Ribbon Club Two songs at the marriage of the Lord Fauconberg and the Lady Mary Cromwell, by Andrew Marvell
22.
Cromwell (film)
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Cromwell is a British 1970 historical drama film written and directed by Ken Hughes. It is based on the life of Oliver Cromwell, who led the Parliamentary forces during the English Civil War and, as Lord Protector, ruled Great Britain and Ireland in the 1650s. It was also nominated for a British Academy of Film and Television Award in Costume Design, at the 7th Moscow International Film Festival in 1971 it won the award for Best Actor, and was nominated for the Golden Prize as Best Picture. Oliver Cromwell is a devout Puritan, a squire, magistrate. In fact Charles regards himself as a devout Anglican, permitting his French Queen to practise Roman Catholicism in private but forbidding her to bring up the young Prince of Wales in that faith. Cromwell plans to take his family to the New World, but, on the eve of their departure, he is persuaded by his friends to stay and resume a role in politics. Charles has unenthusiastically summoned Parliament for the first time in twelve years, committed to the divine right of kings, and under pressure from his queen to stand firm, Charles refuses. When he attempts to arrest five members of Parliament, war breaks out in England itself, Parliament against the king, both sides convinced that God is on their side. When the Parliamentary forces in which Cromwell is a cavalry officer proved ineffective, he, along with Sir Thomas Fairfax, sets up the New Model Army, the armys discipline, training and numbers secure victory and Cromwells cavalry proves to be the deciding factor. With his army defeated, Charles goes so far as to call on help from Catholic nations and he and his supporters thus have Charles put on trial for treason. Charles, found guilty and sentenced to death, faces execution bravely and even his most ardent critics are moved by his dignity, there is little celebration or satisfaction over his death, even on Cromwells part. However, Parliament soon proves itself just as useless in governing the country and, like the late king, cooper and Peter Bennett, three prominent English actors, were cut out of the film following production. Timothy Dalton,24 years old at the time, was offered the role by casting director Maude Spector, although publicity for the film boasted that it had been made after ten years of research, the film has been criticised for its historical inaccuracies. The main thrust of Cromwell is true, it gets a deal of history. The film received generally favourable reception, with praise for the performances of its two leads, production values and score,1971 Academy Awards, Academy Award for Best Costume Design Nominated, Best Original Score. List of American films of 1970 Cromwell at the Internet Movie Database Cromwell at the TCM Movie Database Cromwell at AllMovie
23.
Zena Walker
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Zena Walker was an English actress in film, theatre and television. Walker was born in Birmingham, Warwickshire, the daughter of George Walker, a grocer and she attended St. Martins School in Solihull and then went on to train at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She starred in an adaptation of A. J and her most memorable performance is considered that of a mother in A Day in the Death of Joe Egg, a black comedy by Peter Nichols, adapted from his stage play, about a handicapped child. For her performance in A Day in the Death of Joe Egg on Broadway and she was a memorable Ophelia opposite Paul Scofield in the lead role of Hamlet, and appeared as Her Ladyship in the film version of Ronald Harwoods play The Dresser. Between 1970 and 1972 she appeared in the television series Man at the Top as Susan Lampton and her first two husbands were actors, Robert Urquhart and later Julian Holloway. Her third husband was John French, a theatrical agent and she died in 2003 in Brockenhurst, Hampshire, aged 69, from undisclosed causes. Her last role was as the messenger in Oedipus
24.
Richard Harris
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Richard St John Harris was an Irish actor and singer. He appeared on stage and in films, appearing as Frank Machin in This Sporting Life, and King Arthur in the 1967 film Camelot. Harris had a top ten hit in the United Kingdom and United States with his 1968 recording of Jimmy Webbs song MacArthur Park, Harris, the sixth of nine children of Mildred Josephine and Ivan John Harris, was born in Limerick. He was brought up in a class and staunchly Roman Catholic family. Harris siblings included Patrick Ivan, Noel William Michael, Diarmid and his maternal niece is actress Annabelle Wallis. Harris was schooled by the Jesuits at Crescent College, a talented rugby player, he was on several Munster Junior and Senior Cup teams for Crescent, and played for Garryowen. Harris athletic career was cut short when he caught tuberculosis in his teens, after recovering from tuberculosis, Harris moved to Britain, wanting to become a director. He could not find any suitable training courses, and enrolled in the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art to learn acting. He had failed an audition at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and had been rejected by the Central School of Speech and Drama, while still a student, Harris rented the tiny off-West End Irving Theatre, and there directed his own production of Clifford Odets play Winter Journey. This show was a success, but was a financial failure. As a result, Harris ended up homeless, sleeping in a coal cellar for six weeks. After completing his studies at the Academy, Harris joined Joan Littlewoods Theatre Workshop and he began getting roles in West End theatre productions, starting with The Quare Fellow in 1956, a transfer from the Theatre Workshop. Harris spent nearly a decade in obscurity, learning his profession on stages throughout the UK, Harris made his film debut in 1958 in the film Alive and Kicking, and played the lead role in The Ginger Man in the West End in 1959. His second film was shot in Ireland, a role as a terrorist in Shake Hands with the Devil. It was directed by Michael Anderson who offered Harris a role in his movie, The Wreck of the Mary Deare. Harris hated it so much that he refused to return there for several years, Harris played another IRA terrorist in A Terrible Beauty, alongside Robert Mitchum. He had a bit part in the film The Guns of Navarone as a Royal Australian Air Force pilot who reports that blowing up the bloody guns of the island of Navarone is impossible by an air raid. He had a part in The Long and the Short
25.
Julian calendar
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The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC, by edict, the Julian calendar gains against the mean tropical year at the rate of one day in 128 years. For the Gregorian the figure is one day in 3,030 years, the difference in the average length of the year between Julian and Gregorian is 0. 002%. The Julian calendar has a year of 365 days divided into 12 months. A leap day is added to February every four years, the Julian year is, therefore, on average 365.25 days long. It was intended to approximate the tropical year, as a result, the calendar year gains about three days every four centuries compared to observed equinox times and the seasons. This discrepancy was corrected by the Gregorian reform of 1582, consequently, the Julian calendar is currently 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar. Egypt converted on 20 December 1874/1 January 1875, turkey switched on 16 February/1 March 1917. Russia changed on 1/14 February 1918, Greece made the change for civil purposes on 16 February/1 March 1923 - the national day, which was a religious holiday, was to remain on the old calendar. Most Christian denominations in the west and areas evangelised by western churches have replaced the Julian calendar with the Gregorian as the basis for their liturgical calendars. However, most branches of the Eastern Orthodox Church still use the Julian calendar for calculating the date of Easter, some Orthodox churches have adopted the Revised Julian calendar for the observance of fixed feasts, while other Orthodox churches retain the Julian calendar for all purposes. The Julian calendar is used by the Berbers of the Maghreb in the form of the Berber calendar. In the form of the Alexandrian calendar, it is the basis for the Ethiopian calendar, during the changeover between calendars and for some time afterwards, dual dating was used in documents and gave the date according to both systems. In contemporary as well as texts that describe events during the period of change. The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, in addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia. According to the later writers Censorinus and Macrobius, the ideal intercalary cycle consisted of ordinary years of 355 days alternating with intercalary years, alternately 377 and 378 days long. In this system, the average Roman year would have had 366 1⁄4 days over four years, Macrobius describes a further refinement whereby, in one 8-year period within a 24-year cycle, there were only three intercalary years, each of 377 days
26.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
27.
Leslie Stephen
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Sir Leslie Stephen KCB was an English author, critic, historian, biographer, and mountaineer, and father of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell. Stephen was born at Kensington Gore in London, and son of Sir James Stephen and his father was Colonial Undersecretary of State and a noted abolitionist. He was the fourth of five children, his siblings including James Fitzjames Stephen and his family had belonged to the Clapham Sect, the early 19th century group of mainly evangelical Christian social reformers. At his fathers house he saw a deal of the Macaulays, James Spedding, Sir Henry Taylor. He recounted some of his experiences in a chapter in his Life of Fawcett as well as in less formal Sketches from Cambridge. These sketches were reprinted from the Pall Mall Gazette, to the proprietor of which, George Murray Smith, the family connections included that of William Makepeace Thackeray. His brother, Fitzjames had been a friend of Thackerays and assisted in the disposition of his estate when he died in 1863 and his sister Caroline met Thackerays daughters, Anny and Minny when they were mutual guests of Julia Margaret Cameron. This led to an invitation to visit from Leslie Stephens mother, Lady Stephen and they also met at George Murray Smiths house at Hampstead. Minny and Leslie became engaged on December 4,1866 and married on June 19,1867. After the wedding they travelled to the Swiss Alps and northern Italy, and on return to England lived at the Thackeray sisters home at 16 Onslow Gardens with Anny, in the spring of 1868 Minny miscarried but recovered sufficiently for the couple to tour the eastern United States. Minny miscarried again in 1869, but became pregnant again in 1870 and on December 7 gave birth to their daughter, Laura was premature, weighing three pounds. In March 1873 Thackeray and the Stephens moved to 8 Southwell Gardens, the couple travelled extensively, and by 1875 Minny was pregnant again, but this time was in poor health. On November 27 she developed convulsions, and died the day of eclampsia. After Minnys death, Leslie Stephen continued to live with Anny, Leslie Stephen and his daughter were also cared for by his sister, the writer Caroline Emelia Stephen, although Leslie described her as Silly Milly and her books as little works. Meanwhile, Anny was falling in love with her younger cousin Richmond Ritchie, Ritchie became a constant visitor and they became engaged in May 1877, and were married on August 2. At the same time Leslie Stephen was seeing more and more of Julia Duckworth and his second marriage was to Julia Prinsep Duckworth. Julia had been born in India and after returning to England she became a model for Pre-Raphaelite painters such as Edward Burne-Jones, in 1867 she had married Herbert Duckworth by whom she had three children prior to his death in 1870. Leslie Stephen and Julia Duckworth were married on March 26,1878 and they had four children, Vanessa married Clive Bell Thoby Virginia married Leonard Woolf Adrian In May 1895, Julia died of influenza, leaving her husband with four young children aged 11 to 15
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Dictionary of National Biography
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The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and he approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine, owned by Smith, to become editor. Stephen persuaded Smith that the work should focus on subjects from the UK and its present, an early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the name of an earlier eighteenth-century reference work. The first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885, in May 1891 Leslie Stephen resigned and Sidney Lee, Stephens assistant editor from the beginning of the project, succeeded him as editor. While much of the dictionary was written in-house, the DNB also relied on external contributors, by 1900, more than 700 individuals had contributed to the work. Successive volumes appeared quarterly with complete punctuality until midsummer 1900, when the series closed with volume 63, the year of publication, the editor and the range of names in each volume is given below. The supplements brought the work up to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co. to Oxford University Press in 1917, until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century. The supplements published between 1912 and 1996 added about 6,000 lives of people who died in the century to the 29,120 in the 63 volumes of the original DNB. In 1993 a volume containing missing biographies was published and this had an additional 1,000 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions. Consequently, the dictionary was becoming less and less useful as a reference work, in 1966, the University of London published a volume of corrections, cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. There were various versions of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography, the last edition, in three volumes, covered everyone who died before 1986. In the early 1990s Oxford University Press committed itself to overhauling the DNB, the new dictionary would cover British history, broadly defined, up to 31 December 2000. The research project was conceived as a one, with in-house staff co-ordinating the work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. Following Matthews death in October 1999, he was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Professor Brian Harrison, in January 2000. The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7500, most UK holders of a current library card can access it online free of charge. In subsequent years, the print edition has been able to be obtained new for a lower price. At publication, the 2004 edition had 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives, a small permanent staff remain in Oxford to update and extend the coverage of the online edition
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Mark Noble (biographer)
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Mark Noble was an English clergyman, biographer and antiquary. He was born in Digbeth, Birmingham, the surviving son of William Heatley Noble. Mark was educated at schools at Yardley, Worcestershire, and Ashbourne, on the death of his father he inherited a modest fortune, and was articled to Mr. Barber, a solicitor of Birmingham. On the expiration of his indentures he went into business on his own account, in 1781 he was ordained to the curacies of Baddesley Clinton and Packwood, Warwickshire. On the sudden death of the incumbent, Noble was himself presented to the two livings, Noble, now a married man, took a house at Knowle, Warwickshire, conveniently situated for both his parishes. Here he divided his interests among his congregation, his books, the Earl of Sandwich supported his writings, and Noble was a frequent guest at Hinchingbrooke House, and a regular correspondent of Lord Sandwich. Lord Leicester also became a patron, and appointed Noble his chaplain, on the recommendation of Sandwich and Leicester Lord Chancellor Thurlow presented Noble to the rectory of Barming, Kent in 1786, where he lived for 42 years. He was elected Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London on 1 March 1781, in 1816, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. He died at Barming on 26 May 1827, and was buried in the church, in 1784 Noble produced a compilation Memoirs of the Protectoral House of Cromwell 2 vols. London,1784, it contains many errors, a copy containing unpublished corrections belongs to his descendants. Thomas Carlyle made use of the book in his Oliver Cromwells Letters, out of his materials Noble made two volumes, The Lives of the English Regicides, Birmingham,1798. From the materials left by Granger and his own collections Noble compiled a Continuation of James Grangers Biographical History of England and his other works are, Two Dissertations on the Mint and Coins of the Episcopal Palatines of Durham, Birmingham,1780. A Genealogical History of the present Royal Families of Europe, the Stadtholders of the United States, an Historical Genealogy of the Royal House of Stuarts from Robert II to James VI, London,1795. Memoirs of the illustrious House of Medici, London,1797, a History of the College of Arms, London,1804. He contributed five papers to Archæologia and his library, which was sold in December 1827, included a large number of manuscript works by him. A youthful portrait of Noble, engraved by Robert Hancock, was prefixed to the first edition of his Memoirs of Cromwell, an oval portrait, engraved by John Keyse Sherwin, was prefixed to the second edition. End notes Citations Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Goodwin. London, Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 81–83
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Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
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BBC Radio 3
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BBC Radio 3 is a British radio network operated by the BBC. Its output centres on classical music and opera, but jazz, world music, drama, culture, the station is the world’s most significant commissioner of new music, and through its New Generation Artists scheme promotes young musicians of all nationalities. The station is notable for its broadcast of the BBC Proms concerts, live and in full, each summer in addition to performances by the BBC Orchestras, there are regular productions of both classic plays and newly commissioned drama. Radio 3 won the Sony Radio Academy UK Station of the Year Gold Award for 2009 and was nominated again in 2011, Radio 3 is the successor station to the BBC Third Programme which began broadcasting on 29 September 1946. The name Radio 3 was adopted on 30 September 1967 when the BBC launched its first pop station, Radio 1 and rebranded its national radio channels as Radio 1, Radio 2, Radio 3. On 10 July 1969 the BBC published its plans for radio, at the time of the review, Radio 3 faced several problems. However Day-time serious music would be the casualty of these proposals, a further rumour was expressed that Radio 3 could be closed altogether as a strong statistical case existed against the station according to The Guardian. However, the Director-General, Charles Curran, publicly denied this as quite contradictory to the aim of the BBC, which is to provide a comprehensive radio service. As a result of Broadcasting in the Seventies, factual content, including documentaries and current affairs, were moved to BBC Radio 4 and the separate titled strands were abolished. The document stated that Radio 3 was to have an output of standard classical music but with some element in the evening of cultural speech programmes – poetry. Equally, questions were being asked by the poet Peter Porter about whether other spoken content, for example poetry, the Broadcasting in the Seventies report also proposed a large cutback in the number and size of the BBCs orchestras. The campaign objected to the dismantling of the Third Programme by cutting down its spoken word content from fourteen hours a week to six, mention of the campaign even reached debate in the House of Commons. From the launch until 1987, the controllers of Radio 3 showed preferences towards speech and arts programming as opposed to focus on classical music and the Proms. The first controller, Newby, made little contribution to the station, focusing on the transition from the Third programme to Radio 3, the second controller, Stephen Hearst who assumed the role in 1972, was different. As Hearst had previously been head of television arts features his appointment was seen with scepticism among the staff who viewed him as a populariser. However, during this time the long running arts discussion programme Critics’ Forum was launched as well as themed evenings, in 1978, Ian McIntyre took over as controller of Radio 3 but quickly faced uncomfortable relationships between departments. An example of this is the replacement of Homeward Bound in 1980 with an extended, senior management was also getting dissatisfied with listening figures leading to the Director-General Alasdair Milne to suggest that presentation style was too stodgy and old-fashioned. In 1987 the positions of Controller of Music and Controller of Radio 3 were merged, Drummond, like Hearst, believed that the music programmes presentation was too stiff and formal and he therefore encouraged announcers to be more natural and enthusiastic
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Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Firth, C.H. (1888). "Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)". In Stephen, Leslie. Dictionary of National Biography. 13. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 155–180.
Firth, C.H. (1888). "
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Memoirs of the court of England, from the revolution in 1688 to the death of George the Second" by John Heneage Jesse (1846)