1.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
2.
North Carolina
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North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain
3.
Jesse Helms
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Jesse Alexander Helms Jr. was an American politician and a leader in the conservative movement. He was elected five times as a Republican to the United States Senate from North Carolina, as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1995 to 2001 he had a major voice in foreign policy. Helms helped organize and fund the resurgence in the 1970s. Helms was the popularly elected Senator in North Carolinas history. He was widely credited with shifting the one-party state into a competitive two-party state and he successfully advocated the movement of conservatives from the Democratic Party – which they deemed too liberal – to the Republican Party. Helms was the most stridently conservative politician of the post-1960s era, Helms was credited by even his most critical opponents with providing excellent constituent services through his Senate office. As long-time chairman of the powerful Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he demanded a staunchly anti-communist foreign policy that would reward Americas friends abroad and his relations with the State Department were often acrimonious, and he blocked numerous presidential appointees. However, he worked smoothly with Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, in domestic affairs, Helms promoted industrial development in the South, seeking low taxes and few labor unions so as to attract northern and international corporations to relocate to North Carolina. On social issues, Helms was conservative and he was a master obstructionist who relished his nickname, Senator No. He combined cultural, social and economic conservatism, which helped his legislation win wide public support. Helms brought an aggressiveness to his conservatism, as in his rhetoric against homosexuality and he used racially charged language in his campaigns and editorials. The Almanac of American Politics once wrote that no American politician is more controversial, beloved in some quarters and hated in others, than Jesse Helms. Helms was born in 1921 in Monroe, North Carolina, where his father, nicknamed Big Jesse, Helms was of English ancestry on both sides. Helms briefly attended Wingate Junior College, now Wingate University, near Monroe, Helms met Dorothy Dot Coble, editor of the society page at The News & Observer, and they married in 1942. Helms first interest in politics came from conversations with his conservative father-in-law, in 1945, he and Dots first child Jane was born. Helmss first full-time job after college was as a reporter with The Raleigh Times. During World War II, Helms served stateside as a recruiter in the United States Navy, after the war, he pursued his twin interests of journalism and Democratic Party politics. Helms became the city editor of The Raleigh Times
4.
Kay Hagan
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Janet Kay Hagan is an American politician who served as a United States Senator from North Carolina from 2009-15. Previously she served in the North Carolina Senate from 1999 to 2009 and she is a member of the Democratic Party. When Hagan defeated Republican incumbent Elizabeth Dole in the 2008 United States Senate election and she ran for re-election in 2014, losing to Republican Thom Tillis on November 4,2014. Hagan was born Janet Kay Ruthven in Shelby, North Carolina, the daughter of Jeanette, a homemaker, and Josie Perry Joe Ruthven, both Hagans father and her brother served in the U. S. Navy. She spent most of her childhood in Lakeland, Florida, with business success came political engagement, in this case with the Democratic Party, with her father later becoming mayor of Lakeland. To this day, the multigenerational Ruthven family remains one of the wealthiest and most politically influential families in Lakeland, Hagan also spent summers on her grandparents farm in Chesterfield, South Carolina, where she helped string tobacco and harvest watermelons. Her uncle is the late Lakeland native and U. S, Senator Lawton Chiles, who later became Florida Governor following his service in the U. S. Senate. In the 1970s, she was an intern at the Capitol, operating an elevator that carried senators, including her uncle, to and from the Chamber. She earned a B. A. degree from Florida State University in 1975, while a student at Florida State, Hagan became a member of the Chi Omega sorority, though she later resigned her membership. Prior to beginning her career, Hagan worked in the financial industry. During this time she became a president of North Carolinas largest bank, NCNB. Hagan became a county manager for Governor Jim Hunts gubernatorial campaign. Hagan was first elected to the North Carolina General Assembly as state Senator for the 32nd district in 1998, during the 1998 campaign, her uncle Lawton Chiles walked the district with her. She represented most of central Guilford County, including most of Greensboro, after Hagan first decided not to run against Elizabeth Dole, the Swing State Project announced on October 26,2007, that two independent sources had reported that Hagan would, in fact, run. Hagan made her candidacy official on October 30,2007, however, most polling from September onward showed Hagan slightly ahead of Dole, although Hagan had previously fallen behind by as many as 17 points at one point. Hagan was helped by Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obamas aggressive push for North Carolinas 15 electoral votes, the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee expended more money in North Carolina than in any other state during the 2008 election season. In late October, the Dole campaign released an ad that stated the leader of the Godless Americans PAC had held a secret fundraiser in Kay Hagans honor. The ad showed sound bites of group members espousing their views, then stated Kay Hagan hid from cameras, what did Hagan promise in return
5.
Bill Frist
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William Harrison Bill Frist Sr. is an American physician, businessman, and politician. He began his career as a heart and lung transplant surgeon, Frist later served two terms as a Republican United States Senator representing Tennessee, serving as Majority Leader from 2003 until his retirement in 2007. Frist was born in Nashville, Tennessee, the son of Dorothy Frist and Thomas Fearn Frist, Frists brother, Thomas F. Frist, Jr. became chairman and chief executive of Hospital Corporation of America in 1997. In 1972, he held an internship with Tennessee Congressman Joe L. Evins. Frist proceeded to Harvard Medical School, where he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine with honors in 1978, while at Harvard he shared an apartment with future United States Congressman David Wu. Frist joined the lab of W. John Powell Jr. at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1977 and he left the lab in 1978 to become a resident in surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1983, he spent time at Southampton General Hospital, Southampton and he returned to Massachusetts General in 1984 as chief resident and fellow in cardiothoracic surgery. From 1985 until 1986, Frist was senior fellow and chief resident in cardiac transplant service, after completing his fellowship, he became a faculty member at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, where he began a heart and lung transplantation program. He also became surgeon at the Nashville Veterans Administration Hospital. In 1989, he founded the Vanderbilt Transplant Center, in 1991, Frist operated on then–Lieutenant Colonel David Petraeus after he had been shot in a training accident at Fort Campbell. He is currently licensed as a physician, and is certified in both general surgery and thoracic surgery. He has performed over 150 heart transplants and lung transplants, including pediatric heart transplants and combined heart, in 1990, Frist met with former Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker about the possibilities of public office. Baker advised him to pursue the Senate, and in 1992 suggested that Frist begin preparations to run in 1994, during the 1994 election, Frist promised not to serve for more than two terms, a promise he honored. In his 2000 reelection campaign, Frist easily won with 66 percent of the vote and he received the largest vote total ever by a statewide candidate. Frists 2000 campaign organization was fined by the Federal Election Commission for failing to disclose a $1.44 million loan taken out jointly with the 1994 campaign organization. Frist first entered the spotlight when two Capitol police officers were shot inside the United States Capitol by Russell Eugene Weston Jr. in 1998. Frist, the closest doctor, provided medical attention. He also was the Congressional spokesman during the 2001 anthrax attacks, as the chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee, he helped Republicans win back the Senate in the 2002 midterm election
6.
George Allen (American politician)
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George Felix Allen is an American politician and member of the Republican Party from the Commonwealth of Virginia. After his district was eliminated during redistricting, he declined to run for a term in 1992. He defeated Democratic Attorney General of Virginia Mary Sue Terry by a large margin, Allen ran for re-election in the 2006 election, but after a close and controversial race, he was defeated by Democratic former Secretary of the Navy Jim Webb. When Webb had decided to retire, Allen ran for his old seat again in the 2012 election but was defeated again, Allen now serves on the Reagan Ranch Board of Governors of Young Americas Foundation, where he is a Reagan Ranch Presidential Scholar. Allen was born in Whittier, California, Allens father, George Herbert Allen, was a legendary NFL coach who was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2002. During the 2006 senatorial campaign, it was revealed that Allens mother and he and his family lived there until 1957. They moved to the suburbs of Chicago after George Sr. got a job with the Chicago Bears, then, the family moved back to Southern California in 1966 after Allens father was named head coach of the Los Angeles Rams. Allen graduated in 1970 from Palos Verdes High School, where he was a member of the falconry club and he was also quarterback of the varsity football team. Allen attended the University of California, Los Angeles, for a year. A. degree with distinction in history in 1974 and he was class president in his fourth year at UVA, and played on the UVA football and rugby teams. After graduating, Allen completed a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1977, in 1976 he was the chairman of the Young Virginians for Ronald Reagan. Out of law school, he served as a law clerk for Judge Glen Morgan Williams of the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, Allens first race for the Virginia House of Delegates was in 1979, two years after he graduated from law school. He ran in the 26th House District which was composed of two seats. He placed third in a field of four candidates, Allen states that he lost because he wasnt himself and was listening to the advice of his campaign manager who suggested he wear wingtips instead of his usual cowboy boots. He ran again in 1982 for the House in the 58th House District with the boots and won the election. Murray, whose previous 24th House District was eliminated after redistricting and he faced Murray again in a 1983 rematch, defeating him 53%–47%. He ran unopposed in 1985,1987, and 1989, the seat he held was the same one held by Thomas Jefferson. He was a delegate from 1983 to 1991 and he lived in Charlottesville and represented parts of Albemarle County and Nelson County. Allen was an advocate for the death penalty, and actively supported expanding it in Virginia
7.
John Ensign
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John Eric Ensign is an American veterinarian and former politician based in Las Vegas, Nevada. He was a Congressman and United States Senator from Nevada, serving in the seat from January 2001 until May 2011. He resigned amid a Senate Ethics Committee investigation after revelations of an affair with an aide and allegations of questionable actions taken to keep it secret. He is a member of the Republican Party, he rose to chair of the Senate Republican Policy Committee, but resigned after six months on June 17,2009 in the wake of his scandal. Ensign and his family returned to Las Vegas after his resignation from the U. S. Senate, Ensign was born in 1958 in Roseville, California, to Sharon Lee Cipriani, whose father was Italian, and a father whose surname was Mueller. Johns father abandoned the family when the boy was four, John and his mother later married Michael S. Ensign, a gaming industry executive, he formally adopted young John, who considers him his real father. The senior Ensign later became chairman of the board of directors of Mandalay Resort Group, John Ensign attended the University of Nevada, Las Vegas and he graduated from Oregon State University with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1981. He received his Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from Colorado State University in 1985 and he became a successful businessman, opening a 24-hour animal hospital in Las Vegas. He owned two animal hospitals before entering politics, in political campaigns, Ensign frequently referred to his ancestry, noting that he is one-eighth Filipino. But, he has never met his Philippine-born paternal grandfather Mueller, Ensign did not learn of this grandfathers ancestry until about 1994. In 1994, Ensign won the Republican nomination for Nevadas 1st congressional district and he trailed four-term incumbent Democrat James Bilbray by a wide margin for most of the campaign. Ensign gained considerable momentum after reports surfaced that a Bilbray aide stood to make a profit from lands legislation sponsored by Bilbray. He was reelected in 1996 by seven points, although the presidential candidate Bill Clinton carried the district by a large margin, in 1998, Ensign ran for the Senate but was defeated by the Democratic incumbent, future Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, by 428 votes. Ensign won a Senate seat on his try in 2000, defeating Democratic opponent Ed Bernstein by a 55%–40% margin, to succeed the retiring Democratic incumbent. Ensign was reelected in 2006, he defeated businessman Jack Carter, Ensign and Reid developed a fairly good relationship, despite their bruising 1998 contest. They frequently worked together on Nevada issues, in April 2009, Ensign was planning a June 1 trip to Iowa, the first in his career, causing speculation that he was mulling a presidential campaign in 2012. Given the disclosure of his affair and cover-up in mid-June of that year. On July 14,2009, Ensign announced his plan to run for re-election to his Nevada Senate seat in 2012, even though his polling numbers had recently decreased
8.
United States Secretary of Labor
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Formerly, there was a U. S. Secretary of Commerce and Labor, who led this department along with the U. S. Department of Commerce as one department. Since the two split in 1913, the Department of Commerce is now headed by a separate U. S. Secretary of Commerce. The most recent Secretary of Labor to die was William Usery Jr. on December 10,2016, United States Deputy Secretary of Labor List of living former members of the United States Cabinet Hall of the Secretaries of Labor, Portraits and Biographies
9.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima
10.
Ann McLaughlin Korologos
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Ann McLaughlin Korologos, formerly known as Ann Dore McLaughlin, was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1987 to 1989. Korologos was born in Chatham, New Jersey, the daughter of Marie and Edward Joseph Lauenstein and she has received honorary degrees from Marymount, the University of Rhode Island, the New England School of Law, the College of Saint Elizabeth, and Tri-State University. Before becoming the Labor Secretary, she had served as the Under Secretary of the Department of the Interior and as Under Secretary of the Department of the Treasury. From 1990 to 1995, she was head of the Federal City Council, a group of business, civic, education, from 1996 to 2000, she was the chair of the Aspen Institute. From 2000 to 2006, she was on the board of directors of Microsoft, in 2008, she was on the District of Columbia Republican presidential primary ballot as a John McCain delegate. She now is married to Tom C, Korologos, former U. S. Ambassador to Belgium. Korologos is an art collector, and in 2007 she purchased the Basalt Gallery, of Basalt. In June 2009, the gallery outgrew its old location and moved to a larger space downtown and she changed the name to the Ann Korologos Gallery at the same time. Biography on Microsoft web site A Few Good Women
11.
Lynn Morley Martin
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Lynn Morley Martin is a businesswoman and former United States politician. In the U. S. House, she was chair of the House Republican Conference. She served as U. S. Secretary of Labor from 1991 to 1993 and she is a member of Gamma Phi Beta Sorority. Martin taught in the Rockford Public School District prior to and including her time as a local representative, a loyalist to the Reagan Administration, she assisted then-Vice President George H. W. Bush with his debate preparation for the 1984 Vice Presidential Candidate Debate against Geraldine Ferraro. Bush touted her as a running mate in his 1988 presidential campaign. In 1990 Martin ran for the U. S. Senate in Illinois against Democratic incumbent Paul Simon, George H. W. Bush tapped Martin to be U. S. Secretary of Labor in his Cabinet when Elizabeth Dole resigned to become president of the American Red Cross. Martin also served together with British politician Shirley Williams as U. N, special Representative to the Former Yugoslavia during the civil war. In 1995, she tested the waters to run for the 1996 Republican presidential nomination and she participated in a Republican primary debate in New Hampshire on New Hampshire local television. Arguably, she would have been the most viable woman to run for the Republican presidential nomination in history to that date, Martin has been a director on the boards of AT&T Corporation, Ryder System, Inc. Dreyfus Funds, Constellation Energy Group and Procter & Gamble, Martin served as Chairman of the Board of the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago. Lynn Morley Martin was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
12.
United States Secretary of Transportation
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The United States Secretary of Transportation is the head of the United States Department of Transportation, a member of the Presidents Cabinet, and thirteenth in the Presidential Line of Succession. The post was created with the formation of the Department of Transportation on October 15,1966, johnsons signing of the Department of Transportation Act. The Secretary of Transportation oversees eleven agencies, including the Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Highway Administration, in April 2008, Mary Peters launched the official blog of the Secretary of Transportation called The Fast Lane. The first Secretary of Transportation was Alan Stephenson Boyd, nominated to the post by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson, ronald Reagans second Secretary of Transportation, Elizabeth Dole, was the first female holder, and Mary Peters was the second. Gerald Fords nominee William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr, neil Goldschmidt was the youngest secretary, taking office at age thirty nine, while Norman Mineta was the oldest, retiring at age seventy four. The salary of the Secretary of Transportation is $199,700, elaine Chao, who served as Secretary of Labor under President George W. Bush, was nominated by President-elect Donald Trump on November 29,2016. On January 31,2017 the Senate confirmed her appointment by a vote of 93-6, the most recent Secretary of Transportation to die was William T. Coleman, Jr. on March 31,2017. The most recently serving Secretary of Transportation to die was Andrew L. Lewis, general Biographical Sketches of the Secretaries of Transportation. Specific Official website The Fast Lane, the blog of the Secretary The Department of Transportation Act
13.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
14.
Andrew L. Lewis Jr.
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Andrew Lindsay Drew Lewis Jr. was an American businessman and politician from the state of Pennsylvania. Andrew Lindsay Lewis Jr. was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania and he received his Bachelor of Science in 1953 from Haverford College in Haverford, Pennsylvania, and in 1955 his Master of Business Administration from Harvard University. He did postgraduate work at MIT in 1968, in June 1950, he married the former Marilyn Stoughton, a Republican former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. The Lewises had four children together and fourteen grandchildren, son Andrew L. Lewis, III and his son Andrew Andy Lewis, IV, served as a township commissioner in Haverford Township between 2004 and 2007 and was elected in 2007 to the Delaware County Council. Lewiss sister, Floy Lewis Bakes, graduated from Ursinus College, he donated $3 million to Ursinus to build a field house, at the time of his nomination for Transportation Secretary, he was a member of the Schwenkfelder Church. Lewis died of complications from pneumonia in Prescott, Arizona on February 10,2016, in the 1950s he held several positions at Henkels and McCoy, Inc. In the 1960s he rose up the ranks of National Gypsum Company, from 1972 to 1974 he was president and Chief Executive Officer of Snelling and Snelling, Inc. From 1974 to 1981 he headed Lewis and Associates, a consulting firm. He became involved in politics through a friend, Richard S. Schweiker, for whom he managed successful campaigns for the U. S. House of Representatives and U. S. Senate. The Philadelphia Inquirer described him as among the two or three most powerful Republicans in Pennsylvania and one of the most powerful in the Northeast. During the 1976 Republican presidential campaign, Lewis, as head of the powerful Pennsylvania delegation, had backed Gerald Ford, at the Republican convention, Reagan announced that if nominated he would name Richard Schweiker, Lewis friend, as his running mate. Lewis had already committed to Ford and so honored his word, Reagan remembered his loyalty in 1980, and appointed Lewis to head his Pennsylvania campaign organization. In 1980, Lewis served as Reagans Pennsylvania campaign chairman, when Reagan was elected President, he named Lewis as his Secretary of Transportation, where he served from 1981 to 1983. During his tenure, the 1981 air traffic controllers strike occurred despite his efforts to avoid it, when the strikers defied Reagans threat to fire them if they did not return to work, it was Lewis who announced their controversial en masse dismissal. Another milestone was the enactment of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, by the time he left Washington, The Washington Post reported that Lewis was generally regarded here as the most able domestic Cabinet officer in the administration. In 1983, Lewis was hired as chairman and CEO of Warner-Amex Cable Communications, in this role, he was also chairman of the WACCI subsidiary, Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment Company, which eventually became known as MTV Networks after a public offering in 1984. In 1986, Lewis appeared at the commencement exercises of his alma mater, Haverford College and he said he did so out of respect for the Quaker tradition of making decisions by consensus. In October 1986, he became president and CEO of Union Pacific Corporation, one year later, on October 1,1987, he became Chairman and CEO of Union Pacific Corporation, succeeding William S. Cook
15.
James H. Burnley IV
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James Horace Burnley IV is an American politician and lawyer. He served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1987 until 1989, Burnley was born in High Point, North Carolina, on July 30,1948 to Dorothy Mary and James H. Burnley III. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, magna cum laude from Yale University in 1970 and he received his Juris Doctor from Harvard University in 1973. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan chose Burnley, Doles Deputy Secretary, Burnley served as Secretary of Transportation from 1987 to 1989. He also helped to produce the Departments policies on aviation safety and security and he also set up policies to encourage greater private-sector participation in meeting transportation needs, and supported Coast Guard efforts to upgrade equipment and facilities. In 1988, while Secretary, Burnley directed an investigation into Texas Air Corporation, the review concluded that Texas Air and the two subsidiaries still met the DOT’s economic fitness criteria. As to Eastern Airlines, the review determined that the relationships between the company and its unions increased the risk that safety could be jeopardized. Burnley appointed former Secretary of Labor William E. Brock, III to try to build the lines of communication and cooperation inside the company that are essential to safety, Burnley also served as General Counsel of the Department of Transportation in 1983. Prior to his years with the USDOT, Burnley served as Associate Deputy Attorney General for the United States Department of Justice from 1982-1983 and as Director of the VISTA Program from 1981-1982. Burnley was the Senior Domestic Policy Advisor to Elizabeth Doles presidential campaign and he served on the transportation transition team for the George W. Bush administration. He also advised Senator McCains Presidential campaign on transportation issues, Burnley is partner at Venable LLP in Washington DC, where he is considered one of the nation’s foremost authorities on transportation law and policy. His practice is focused on government relations and regulatory and legislative affairs with a concentration in transportation matters, Burnley has been recognized as the top U. S. attorney in the Transportation category in the 2013 edition of Global Law Experts. He is also the 2013 and 2014 Client Choice Award winner for the United States, Burnley represents a wide array of transportation clients. He also has experience in more traditional publicly financed projects. For example, he co-chaired the coalition successfully lobbied for the more than two billion dollars required to replace the Wilson Bridge, which is a part of the Washington. He also worked on the provision providing for back-up federal terrorism insurance, Congressional Quarterly characterized enactment of this package as being generally regarded as an unrivaled lobbying coup. He has also represented a variety of clients on airport-related issues and he has represented airport operators on federal issues and airport vendors concerned about applicable federal regulations. Burnley was one of the leaders of a coalition of transportation, Burnley maintains an active and visible presence in transportation and holds several board affiliations
16.
Anne Wexler
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Anne Levy Wexler was an American influential Democratic political consultant, public policy advisor and later, the first woman to head a leading lobbying firm in Washington. She was born as Anne Levy on February 10,1930, in Manhattan, the daughter of Leon R. Levy and her first involvement in politics was ringing doorbells for Harry S. Truman as a history major at Skidmore College. She married ophthalmologist Richard Wexler two weeks after her 1951 graduation, bill and Hillary Clinton, then students at Yale Law School, were recruited among the campaigns volunteer workers. After a divorce from her first husband, in September 1974, Wexler married Duffey, who would head the National Endowment for the Humanities. Working for Common Cause in 1971, Wexler headed a short-lived voting rights effort before directing the 1972 presidential campaign of Democrat Edmund Muskie. When Muskie dropped out of the race, she led a voter registration campaign for Democratic nominee George McGovern, during the 1976 Presidential Election, Wexler worked for the Jimmy Carter campaign and served on his transition team after Carters victory over Gerald Ford. Being responsible for screening candidates for positions, she recommended the little-known Juanita M. Kreps as the first woman to become United States Secretary of Commerce. Wexler herself then became Undersecretary of the Department of Commerce, Carters White House Chief of Staff Hamilton Jordan described her in 1978 as the most competent woman in Democratic politics in this country. The firms clients included General Motors and the Government of Australia and her firm was acquired by Hill & Knowlton in 1990, within which it operated independently. She died at the age of 79 on August 7,2009, in her home in Washington, Wexler had breast cancer since being diagnosed in 1981. ODea, Suzanne, Collins, Susan M. Richards, Ann Waugh, from suffrage to the Senate Americas political women, an encyclopedia of leaders, causes & issues. CS1 maint, Extra text Obituary SourceWatch Bio
17.
Faith Whittlesey
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Faith Ryan Whittlesey is a former Pennsylvania Republican politician and White House Senior Staff member notable for her effort to communicate Reagans entire policy agenda to U. S. These groups became a significant component of the Reagan coalition as they grew more politically self-conscious in the 1980s. President Judge Stephen J. McEwen Jr. Whittlesey, a fighter on behalf of Reagans policies, was not, however. Her tenure was marked by initiatives to improve the access of conservative religious believers to the American political process and she was considered their most aggressive ally in the White House. She noted that school prayer was not unlike the tuition tax credit issue, politically we win if we get votes on the Senate floor. Whittlesey focused on the core Reagan agenda during her White House tenure, at its height, her office included 38 people. She developed active White House outreach to labor leaders, Reagan Democrats, Faith Whittlesey has 2 surviving children, Amy and William, and 10 grandchildren. Her older son, Henry, a Harvard College graduate, died in 2012, among those groups that participated in the Outreach Group effort was the AFL-CIO because the Sandinistas were against free labor unions. Despite its effectiveness, Whittlesey says the Outreach Group was shut down in 1985 when Donald Regan took over as Chief of Staff, what we were doing was completely open and above board. It was an honest effort to change minds and hearts and to provide a forum for truth telling, later, when asked about Iran-Contra she said, I had no knowledge of the Iran-Contras connection. I had no involvement in it, nor was I asked to be a part of it, Whittlesey was appointed U. S. Ambassador to Switzerland under Ronald Reagan from 1981–83 and again from 1985-88. She was a particularly active Ambassador and traveled often around Switzerland explaining and advocating Reagans policies, after careful consideration, she declined the nomination. A judicial appointment would have removed her from the public policy and political arena. She had taken the job of Public Liaison because of a sense of obligation to the grassroots voters who had elected Reagan believing him to be a man of deep principle. Infighting in the White House continued, however and she eventually decided to return to Switzerland after Donald Regan became Chief of Staff, replacing James A. Baker. Whittlesey resumed her duties representing the U. S. in Bern for a term in 1985. She was the first to greet President Reagan as he stepped off the plane in Geneva for his meeting with Gorbachev in November,1985. Hearings into the subject were held by a House Foreign Affairs subcommittee, the Wall Street Journal, in an editorial entitled True Grit, echoing a popular movie of the time, dismissed the investigation
18.
Federal Trade Commission
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The Federal Trade Commission is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Its principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices, the Federal Trade Commission Act was one of President Woodrow Wilsons major acts against trusts. Trusts and trust-busting were significant political concerns during the Progressive Era. Since its inception, the FTC has enforced the provisions of the Clayton Act, over time, the FTC has been delegated with the enforcement of additional business regulation statutes and has promulgated a number of regulations. He would make the first speech on the House floor advocating its creation on February 21,1912, though the initial bill did not pass, the questions of trusts and antitrust dominated the 1912 election. With the 1912 presidential election decided in favor of the Democrats and Woodrow Wilson, the national debate culminated in Wilsons signing of the FTC Act on September 26, with additional tightening of regulations in the Clayton Antitrust Act three weeks later. The new Federal Trade Commission would absorb the staff and duties of Bureau of Corporations, previously established under the Department of Commerce, the following table lists commissioners as of March 2017. Recent former commissioners were, The Bureau of Consumer Protections mandate is to protect consumers against unfair or deceptive acts or practices in commerce, with the written consent of the Commission, Bureau attorneys enforce federal laws related to consumer affairs and rules promulgated by the FTC. Its functions include investigations, enforcement actions, and consumer and business education, areas of principal concern for this bureau are, advertising and marketing, financial products and practices, telemarketing fraud, privacy and identity protection, etc. The bureau also is responsible for the United States National Do Not Call Registry, under the FTC Act, the Commission has the authority, in most cases, to bring its actions in federal court through its own attorneys. In some consumer protection matters, the FTC appears with, or supports, the Bureau of Competition is the division of the FTC charged with elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices. It accomplishes this through the enforcement of antitrust laws, review of proposed mergers, the FTC shares enforcement of antitrust laws with the Department of Justice. The FTC investigates issues raised by reports from consumers and businesses, pre-merger notification filings, congressional inquiries and these issues include, for instance, false advertising and other forms of fraud. FTC investigations may pertain to a company or an entire industry. Traditionally an administrative complaint is heard in front of an independent administrative law judge with FTC staff acting as prosecutors. The case is reviewed de novo by the full FTC commission which then may be appealed to the U. S. Court of Appeals, in numerous cases, the FTC employs this authority to combat serious consumer deception or fraud. Additionally, the FTC has rulemaking power to address concerns regarding industry-wide practices, Rules promulgated under this authority are known as Trade Rules. In the mid-1990s, the FTC launched the fraud sweeps concept where the agency and its federal, state, the first sweeps operation was Project Telesweep in July 1995 which cracked down on 100 business opportunity scams
19.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
20.
Salisbury, North Carolina
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Salisbury /ˈsɔːlzbəri/ SAULZ-ber-ee is a town in and the county seat of Rowan County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 33,663 in the 2010 Census, Salisbury is the home to famed North Carolina soft drink, Cheerwine, regional supermarket Food Lion, and the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association. It is one of two cities in North Carolina to have gigabit capacity through its municipally-owned broadband system Fibrant. Salisbury has developed a record of historic preservation over the last few decades. It is the site of a prisoner of war camp during the American Civil War and has ten National Register historic districts. The city has historic homes and commercial buildings dating from the 19th century and early 20th century. Price High School, Kesler Manufacturing Co. –Cannon Mills Co, Salisbury is located at 35°40′6″N 80°28′43″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 17.8 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 33,663 people,10,276 households, the population density was 1,488.3 people per square mile. There were 11,288 housing units at a density of 634.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 57. 30% White,37. 56% African American,0. 28% Native American,1. 39% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,1. 92% from other races, and 1. 48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 30% of the population,34. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the family size was 2.92. In the city, the population was out with 21. 8% under the age of 18,13. 1% from 18 to 24,25. 0% from 25 to 44,20. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males, the median income for a household in the city was $32,923, and the median income for a family was $41,108. Males had an income of $31,149 versus $25,019 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,864, about 12. 2% of families and 16. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22. 3% of those under age 18 and 11. 0% of those age 65 or over
21.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
23.
Bob Dole
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In the 1976 presidential election, Dole was the Republican Party nominee for Vice President and incumbent President Gerald Fords running mate. He ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination in 1980 and 1988, in 1996, Dole secured the Republican nomination for President of the United States, but lost the general election to incumbent President Bill Clinton. Dole is currently a member of the council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation and special counsel at the Washington. Dole is married to former U. S. cabinet member and former U. S, Senator Elizabeth Hanford Dole of North Carolina. Dole was born on July 22,1923, in Russell, Kansas, Doles father, who had moved the family to Russell shortly before Robert was born, earned money by running a small creamery. One of Doles fathers customers was the father of future Senator Arlen Specter, during the Great Depression, which severely impacted Kansas and its residents, the Dole family moved to the basement of their home and eventually rented out the upper floors to raise money. As a boy, Dole worked as a jerk in the local drug store. Dole graduated from Russell High School in the spring of 1941, Dole had been a star high school athlete in Russell, and Kansas basketball coach Phog Allen traveled to Russell to recruit him to play for the Jayhawks basketball team. While at KU, Dole played for the team, the track team. In football, Dole played at the end position, earning varsity letters in 1942 and 1944, while in college, Dole joined the Kappa Sigma Fraternity, and in 1970 was bestowed with the Fraternitys Man of the Year honor. Doles pre-med studies at KU were interrupted by World War II, after the war, Dole returned to become a law student. Dole attended the University of Arizona from 1948 to 1951 and earned both his law degree and BA degrees from Washburn University in 1952, Dole was initiated as a Freemason of Russell Lodge No. 177, Russell, Kansas on April 19,1955, Dole grew up in a house at 1035 North Maple in Russell and it remained his official residence throughout his political career. In 1942, Dole joined the United States Armys Enlisted Reserve Corps to fight in World War II, Dole was transported to the United States, where his recovery was slow, interrupted by blood clots and a life-threatening infection. After large doses of penicillin had not succeeded, Dole overcame the infection with the administration of streptomycin and he nevertheless remained despondent, not ready to accept the fact that my life would be changed forever. He was encouraged to see Hampar Kelikian, an orthopedist in Chicago who had working with veterans returning from war. Dr. K, as Dole later came to call him, operated on him seven times, free of charge, and had, in Doles words. Dole recovered from his wounds at the Percy Jones Army Hospital, Dole was decorated three times, receiving two Purple Hearts for his injuries, and the Bronze Star with combat V for valor for his attempt to assist a downed radioman
24.
Duke University
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Duke University is an American private research university located in Durham, North Carolina. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the town of Trinity in 1838. In 1924, tobacco and electric power industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment, at time the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father. Dukes campus spans over 8,600 acres on three campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort. The main campus—designed largely by architect Julian Abele—incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot Duke Chapel at the campus center, the first-year-populated East Campus contains Georgian-style architecture, while the main Gothic-style West Campus 1.5 miles away is adjacent to the Medical Center. Duke is the seventh-wealthiest private university in America with $11.4 billion in cash, Dukes research expenditures in the 2015 fiscal year were $1.037 billion, the seventh largest in the nation. In 2014, Thomson Reuters named 32 of Dukes professors to its list of Highly Cited Researchers, Duke also ranks fifth among national universities to have produced Rhodes, Marshall, Truman, Goldwater, and Udall Scholars. Ten Nobel laureates and three Turing Award winners are affiliated with the university, Dukes sports teams compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference and the basketball team is renowned for having won five NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championships, most recently in 2015. Duke is consistently included among the best universities in the world by numerous university rankings, according to a Forbes study, Duke is ranked 11th among universities that have produced billionaires. Duke started in 1838 as Browns Schoolhouse, a subscription school founded in Randolph County in the present-day town of Trinity. Organized by the Union Institute Society, a group of Methodists and Quakers, the academy was renamed Normal College in 1851 and then Trinity College in 1859 because of support from the Methodist Church. Carr donated land in 1892 for the original Durham campus, which is now known as East Campus, in 1924 Washington Dukes son, James B. Duke, established The Duke Endowment with a $40 million trust fund, income from the fund was to be distributed to hospitals, orphanages, the Methodist Church, and four colleges. Duke thought the change would come off as self-serving. Money from the endowment allowed the University to grow quickly, Dukes original campus, East Campus, was rebuilt from 1925 to 1927 with Georgian-style buildings. By 1930, the majority of the Collegiate Gothic-style buildings on the one mile west were completed. In 1878, Trinity awarded A. B. degrees to three sisters—Mary, Persis, and Theresa Giles—who had studied both with private tutors and in classes with men. With the relocation of the college in 1892, the Board of Trustees voted to allow women to be formally admitted to classes as day students
25.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
26.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
27.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
28.
Harvard Law School
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Harvard Law School is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest continually-operating law school in the United States and is considered to be one of the most prestigious in the world. The school is ranked third by the U. S. News & World and its acceptance rate was 15. 4% in the 2013–14 admissions cycle, and its yield rate of 66. 2% was the second-highest of any law school in the United States. It is ranked first in the 2016 QS World University Rankings, Harvard Law admitted 16. 5% of applicants in its most recent class, compared to 9. 2% at Yale and 11. 2% at Stanford. With a current enrollment of 1,990, HLS has about as many students as its three closest-ranked peer institutions, first-ranked Yale, second-ranked Stanford, and fourth-ranked Chicago, combined. The first-year class is broken into seven sections of approximately 80 students, Harvards uniquely large class size and its prestige have led the law school to graduate a great many distinguished alumni in the judiciary, government, and the business world. According to Harvard Laws 2015 ABA-required disclosures,95. 33% of the Class of 2014 passed the Bar exam. Harvard Law Schools founding is linked to the funding of Harvards first professorship in law, paid for from a bequest from the estate of Isaac Royall. Today, it is home to the largest academic law library in the world, the current dean of Harvard Law School is Martha Minow, who assumed the role on July 1,2009. The law school has 328 faculty members, Harvard Law Schools founding is traced to the establishment of a law department at Harvard in 1817. Dating the founding to the year of the creation of the law department makes Harvard Law the oldest continuously-operating law school in the nation, William & Mary Law School opened first in 1779, but closed due to the American Civil War, reopening in 1920. The University of Maryland School of Law was chartered in 1816, but did not begin classes until 1824, and also closed during the Civil War. Or a Professor of Physick and Anatomy, whichever the said overseers and Corporation shall judge to be best. ”The value of the land, when fully liquidated in 1809, was $2,938, the Harvard Corporation allocated $400 from the income generated by those funds to create the Royall Professorship of Law in 1815. The dean of the law school traditionally held the Royall chair, deans Elena Kagan, royalls Medford estate, the Isaac Royall House, is now a museum which features the only remaining slave quarters in the northeast United States. The Royall family coat-of-arms, which shows three stacked wheat sheaves, was adopted as the school crest in 1936, topped with the university motto, in March 2016, following requests by students, the school decided to remove the emblem because of its association with slavery. By 1827, the school, with one faculty member, was struggling, nathan Dane, a prominent alumnus of the college, then endowed the Dane Professorship of Law, insisting that it be given to then Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story. For a while, the school was called Dane Law School, in 1829, John H. Ashmun, son of Eli Porter Ashmun and brother of George Ashmun, accepted a professorship and closed his Northampton Law School, with many of his students following him to Harvard. Enrollment remained low through the 19th century as university legal education was considered to be of little added benefit to apprenticeships in legal practice, at Harvard, Langdell also developed the case method of teaching law, now the dominant pedagogical model at U. S. law schools
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American Red Cross
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The American Red Cross, also known as the American National Red Cross, is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief and education in the United States. It is the designated US affiliate of the International Federation of Red Cross, the group was issued a corporate charter by the United States Congress under Title 36 of the United States Code, Section 3001. It is governed by volunteers and supported by community donations, income from health and safety training and products, the group is headquartered in Washington, D. C. In 2016, the Board Chair was Bonnie McElveen-Hunter and the President, ARC was established in Washington, D. C. on May 21,1881, by Clara Barton. Barton organized a meeting on May 12 of that year at the home of Senator Omar D. Conger, fifteen people were present at this first meeting, including Barton, Conger and Representative William Lawrence. The first local chapter was established in 1881 at the English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Dansville at Dansville, jane Delano founded the American Red Cross Nursing Service on January 20,1910. Clara Barton founded the American chapter after learning of the Red Cross in Geneva, in 1869, she went to Europe and became involved in the work of the International Red Cross during the Franco-Prussian War. She determined to bring the organization to America, Barton became President of the American branch of the society, known as the American National Red Cross in May 1881 in Washington. The first chapters opened in upstate New York, where she had connections, ultimately, John D. Rockefeller, Lars Kovala and three others donated money to help create a national headquarters near the White House. Barton led one of the groups first major efforts, a response to the September 4–6,1881 Great Fire of 1881 in the Thumb region of Michigan. Over 5,000 people were left homeless, the next major disaster was the Johnstown Flood, which occurred on May 31,1889. Over 2,209 people died and thousands more were injured in or near Johnstown, Barton was unable to build up a staff she trusted and her fundraising was lackluster. She was forced out in 1904, professional social work experts took control and made the group a model of Progressive Era scientific reform. New leader Mabel Thorp Boardman constantly consulted with government officials, military officers. William Howard Taft was especially influential and they imposed an ethos of managerialism, transforming the agency from Bartons cult of personality to an organizational humanitarianism ready for expansion. ARC is a network of more than 650 chapters and 36 blood service regions. S. military service personnel. ARC is the largest supplier of blood and blood products to more than 3,000 hospitals and assists victims of international disasters, in 2006 the organization had over $6 billion in total revenues. Revenue from blood and blood products alone were over $2 billion, in 2007, U. S. legislation clarified the role for the Board of Governors and that of the senior management in the wake of difficulties following Hurricane Katrina
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Party leaders of the United States Senate
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The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
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United States presidential election, 1976
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The United States presidential election of 1976 was the 48th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2,1976. The winner was the relatively unknown Jimmy Carter, a former Governor from Georgia with his mate, Walter Mondale. Senator from Minnesota, the Democratic candidates, over the incumbent President Gerald Ford from Michigan and his mate, Bob Dole. Senator from Kansas, the Republican candidates, Ford was thus the only sitting President who had never been elected to national office. The race was so close that Ford was unable to secure the nomination until the Party Convention, Carter, who was less well known than other Democratic hopefuls, ran as a Washington outsider and reformer. He narrowly won the election, becoming the president to date ever elected from Georgia. It was an election as all four presidential and vice-presidential candidates would ultimately lose a presidential election. This would be the election in which the Democratic party would win in a 28 year period. Democratic candidates Jimmy Carter, former Governor of Georgia Morris Udall, representative from Arizona Jerry Brown, Governor of California George Wallace, Governor of Alabama Ellen McCormack, housewife from New York Frank Church, U. S. Senator from Idaho Henry M. Jackson, U. S, Senator from Washington Fred R. Harris, former U. S. Senator from Oklahoma Robert Byrd, U. S, Senator from West Virginia Milton Shapp, Governor of Pennsylvania Sargent Shriver, former U. S. Ambassador to France, from Maryland Birch Bayh, U. S. Senator from Indiana Lloyd Bentsen, U. S, Senator from Texas Terry Sanford, former Governor of North Carolina Walter Fauntroy, U. S. The surprise winner of the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination was Jimmy Carter, Carter also took advantage of the record number of state primaries and caucuses in 1976 to eliminate his better-known rivals one-by-one. Senator Jackson made a decision not to compete in the early Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary. Though Jackson went on to win the Massachusetts and New York primaries, Carter then defeated Governor Wallace, his main conservative challenger, by a wide margin in the North Carolina primary, thus forcing Wallace to end his campaign. Representative Udall, a liberal, then became Carters main challenger, however, the fact that Udall finished second to Carter in most of these races meant that Carter steadily accumulated more delegates for the nomination than he did. However, their campaigns started too late to prevent Carter from gathering the remaining delegates he needed to capture the nomination, by June 1976, Carter had captured more than enough delegates to win the Democratic nomination. At the 1976 Democratic National Convention, Carter easily won the nomination on the first ballot, Carter then chose Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, a liberal and political protégé of Hubert Humphrey, as his running mate
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United States presidential election, 1996
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The United States presidential election of 1996 was the 53rd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 5,1996, the Democratic national ticket was led by Bill Clinton, the former five-term governor of Arkansas, and his running mate Al Gore, congressman and senator for the state of Tennessee. The Republican nominee for President was Bob Dole, the former long-time Senator from Kansas who was previously the running mate of incumbent Gerald Ford in 1976. Doles running mate for Vice President was Jack Kemp, a former NFL football player, standards, did not renew his success of the 1992 election. Turnout was registered at 49. 0%, the lowest for an election since 1924. He was able to ground as the economy began to recover from the early 1990s recession with a relatively stable world stage. He went on to win re-election with a margin in the popular vote. Despite Doles defeat, the Republican Party was able to maintain a majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win re-election after serving a full term. As of 2017, this is the last time Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, West Virginia, in 1995, the Republican Party was riding high on the significant gains made in the 1994 mid-term elections. Gingrich became Speaker of the House, while Bob Dole elevated to Senate Majority leader, the Republicans of the 104th Congress pursued an ambitious agenda, highlighted by their Contract with America, but were often forced to compromise with President Clinton, who wielded veto power. A budget impasse between Congress and the Clinton Administration eventually resulted in a government shutdown, Clinton, meanwhile, was praised for signing the GOPs welfare reform and other notable bills, but was forced to abandon his own health care plan. At the 1996 Democratic National Convention, Clinton and incumbent Vice President Al Gore were renominated with token opposition, incarcerated fringe candidate Lyndon LaRouche won a few Arkansas delegates who were barred from the convention. Jimmy Griffin, former Mayor of Buffalo, New York, mounted a brief campaign, former Pennsylvania governor Bob Casey contemplated a challenge to Clinton, but health problems forced Casey to abandon a bid. Clinton easily won primaries nationwide, with margins consistently higher than 80%, Bill Clinton –9,706,802 Lyndon LaRouche –596,422 Unpledged –411,270 Republican Candidates Bob Dole, U. S. S. Senator from Texas Alan Keyes, former U. S. ECOSOC Ambassador from Maryland Richard Lugar, Senator from Indiana Bob Dornan, U. S. Representative from California Arlen Specter, U. S, the fragmented field of candidates debated issues such as a flat tax and other tax cut proposals, and a return to supply-side economic policies popularized by Ronald Reagan. Former U. S. Army General Colin Powell was widely courted as a potential Republican nominee, however, on November 8,1995, Powell announced that he would not seek the nomination. Former and future Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld formed a presidential campaign exploratory committee, ahead of the 1996 primary contest, Senate majority leader and former vice-presidential nominee Bob Dole was seen as the most likely winner
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Virginia Knauer
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Virginia Harrington Knauer was an American Republican politician. She served as the Special Assistant to the President for Consumer Affairs, in 1960 she became the first Republican woman to be elected to the Philadelphia City Council, in which she served for eight years. She was appointed to the newly created post of chief advisor to Pennsylvania Governor Ray Shafer. She was also the mentor and good friend of former North Carolina Senior Senator Elizabeth Dole, Knauer died on October 16,2011 in Washington, D. C. at age 96. Knauer was born Virginia Harrington Wright on March 28,1915 and she grew up in Philadelphia, where her father was a professor of accounting at Temple University. She was educated at the Philadelphia High School for Girls, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, during the 1950s, Knauer was one of the countrys top breeders of Doberman Pinschers. She served as president of the Doberman Pinscher Club of America, a Republican party operative, Knauer was elected to the Philadelphia City Council in 1959. Later, she was the head of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Consumer Protection and she became Richard Nixons special assistant for consumer affairs in 1969. At the time, she was the woman in the administration. She also became the director of the U. S. Office of Consumer Affairs, in 1970, she told The Washington Post, Ive been a feminist for 20 years, and Im all for advancing women in public office. Her top assistant was a lawyer named Elizabeth Hanford, whom she introduced to her future husband, in office, Knauer promoted recycling and nutritional labeling, unit pricing of groceries, and other consumer-friendly features. She also headed the Office of Consumer Affairs during the Gerald Ford, Knauer married Wilhelm F. Knauer, a lawyer, in 1940. Wilhelm Knauer served as Pennsylvania Deputy Attorney General, the Knauers had one son, Judge Wilhelm F. Knauer, Jr. one daughter, Valerie Knauer Burden, and three granddaughters, Virginia Burden, Frances Burden, and Nancy J. Knauer. Virginia Knauer died October 16,2011, of heart failure, in Washington. Brief bio at Penn State Libraries
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Washington National Cathedral
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The cathedral is the seat of both the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, Michael Bruce Curry, and the Bishop of the Diocese of Washington, Mariann Edgar Budde. In 2009, nearly 400,000 visitors toured the structure, average attendance at Sunday services in 2009 was 1,667, the highest of all domestic parishes in the Episcopal Church that year. The Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation, under the first seven Bishops of Washington, decorative work, such as carvings and statuary, is ongoing as of 2011. The Cathedral stands at Massachusetts and Wisconsin Avenues in the northwest quadrant of Washington and it is an associate member of the recently organized inter-denominational Washington Theological Consortium. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in 2007, it was ranked third on the List of Americas Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects. In 1792, Pierre LEnfants Plan of the Federal City set aside land for a church for national purposes. The National Portrait Gallery now occupies that site, in 1891, a meeting was held to renew plans for a national cathedral. On January 6,1893, the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation of the District of Columbia was granted a charter from Congress to establish the cathedral, the commanding site on Mount Saint Alban was chosen. Henry Yates Satterlee, first Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Washington, chose George Frederick Bodley, Britains leading Anglican church architect, Henry Vaughan was selected supervising architect. Construction started September 29,1907, with an address by President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1912, Bethlehem Chapel opened for services in the unfinished cathedral, when construction of the cathedral resumed after a brief hiatus for World War I, both Bodley and Vaughan had died. Gen. John J. Pershing led fundraising efforts for the church after World War I, American architect Philip Hubert Frohman took over the design of the cathedral and was thenceforth designated the principal architect. Funding for the National Cathedral has come entirely from private sources, maintenance and upkeep continue to rely entirely upon private support. The United States Congress has designated the Washington National Cathedral as the National House of Prayer, during World War II, monthly services were held there on behalf of a united people in a time of emergency. Before and since, the structure has hosted major events. Secretary of Commerce Ronald Brown Funeral for U. S. S, a memorial service for King was held at the cathedral later the same week. The cathedral was damaged in August 2011 during the Virginia earthquake, finial stones on several pinnacles broke off, and several pinnacles twisted out of alignment or collapsed entirely. Some gargoyles and other carvings were damaged, and a hole was punched through the roof by falling masonry
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United Methodist Church
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The United Methodist Church is a mainline Protestant denomination, and a major part of Methodism. In the 19th century, its main predecessor—the Methodist Church—was a leader in Evangelicalism and it was founded in 1968 in Dallas, Texas, United States, by union of the Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church. The UMC traces its roots back to the movement of John. As such, the theological orientation is decidedly Wesleyan. It embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements and it has a connectional polity, a typical feature of a number of Methodist denominations. The United Methodist Church, with at least 12 million members as of 2014, is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement of approximately 80 million people across the world. In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination, the largest Protestant church after the Southern Baptist Convention, and the third largest Christian denomination. In 2014, its membership was distributed as follows,7.2 million in the United States. It is a member of the World Council of Churches, the World Methodist Council, the movement which would become The United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England. A small group of students, including John Wesley, Charles Wesley and George Whitefield and they focused on Bible study, methodical study of scripture and living a holy life. Other students mocked them, saying they were the Holy Club, eventually, the so-called Methodists started individual societies or classes for members of the Church of England who wanted to live a more religious life. In 1735, John and Charles Wesley went to America, hoping to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia, instead, John became vicar of the church in Savannah. His preaching was very legalistic and full of rules. After two years in America, he returned to England dejected and confused, Peter believed a person is saved solely through the grace of God and not by works, and John had many conversations with Peter about this topic. On May 25,1738, after listening to a reading of Martin Luthers preface to Romans, John finally understood that his works could not save him. For the first time in his life, he felt complete peace, in less than two years, the Holy Club disbanded. John Wesley met with a group of clergy, the ministers retained their membership in the Church of England. Though not always emphasized or appreciated in the Anglican churches of their day, their teaching emphasized salvation by Gods grace, three teachings they saw as the foundation of Christian faith were, People are all by nature dead in sin and consequently, children of wrath
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National Presbyterian Church
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The National Presbyterian Church is a Christian congregation of approximately 1,500 members of all ages from the greater metropolitan Washington, D. C. area. The mission statement of the church is Leading People to Become Faithful Followers of Jesus Christ Together in God’s World The congregation meets at 4101 Nebraska Avenue NW, Washington, President Dwight D. Eisenhower laid the cornerstone October 14,1967. The site also includes the National Presbyterian School, which provides pre-school-to-Grade 6 education, the school is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and the Association of Independent Maryland and DC Schools and is open to all children. The National Presbyterian Church dates its origins back to 1795, when a group of Scottish stonemasons working on the construction of the White House met for worship, since then, the congregation has been housed in several buildings across the city. Numerous presidents as well as national and international leaders have attended the church. The church has hosted the British royal family, Mother Teresa, the National Presbyterian Church conducts several weekly worship services as well as many other teaching, caring and music services for the community. These services include biblical preaching, a choir, classic hymns traditional and modern. On special occasions, the offerings are augmented by members of local or visiting orchestral and choral groups. Communion is served on the first Sunday of each month and is open to all persons within the Christian faith, live video of the worship service is available online. The Scripture readings and sermon are identical to those at the traditional services, pastoral staff and elders provide numerous adult Christian education classes on Sunday mornings, Wednesday evenings and often on Saturdays. Sessions include several Bible classes, as well as dealing with current issues. One class, called Wrestlers, has been operating since 1978, over 300 audio, lectures, conferences, and seminars are frequently hosted, including meetings of the National Capital Presbytery and the Reformed Institute. The Childrens Sunday School includes preschool, elementary and youth group classes, the church also houses archives of historical documents, and contains two libraries with a full range of theological and historical books. The congregation and staff support numerous caring ministries, both in the area and at many locations around the globe. With such activities the Women’s Association raised over a million dollars through over 150 years of their existence, the main sanctuary has superb acoustics and the third-largest pipe organ in Washington, D. C. which accommodates a variety of musical styles in its worship and concerts. Its seating capacity makes the sanctuary a sought-after venue for many organizations from the Washington, D. C. area. The Reverend Michael Denham is Director of Music Ministries, the choir includes both talented volunteers and professional artists. Festival Choir, provides music for the two major high holy days of Christmas and Easter performed by a 100-member choir developed from members
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The Order of The Red Friars
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The Order of the Red Friars was a secret society established at Duke University in 1913. Alongside The Order of the White Duchy, the members of the Order strived to create a bridge between the student body and the faculty and their core focus was to develop a sense of fellowship. The Red Friars were established in 1913, in Ulster folklore, The Red Friar, or Frater Ruber of the North is accredited with haunting a number of buildings, especially those associated with travellers, such as Inns, or hotels. Some people associated with the Order of Red Friars include Rex Adams, Arthur Hollis Edens, Herbert J. Herring, Furman McLarty, Raymond Nasher, Richard M. Nixon, and William H. Wannamaker. Among their many contributions toward improving student life at Duke, the Red Friars commissioned a plaque in the center of the West Campus quadrangle that still stands today. They also hung a bell, the Charley Bell in the Kilgo Quadrangle Belfry in 1950 that can still be seen today, drew Klein, Building a Social Life, Duke University Chronicle. Ellen Mielke, Secret Societies, Do They Still Haunt the Campus, emily Almas, Behind the Hood, Duke University Towerview. Friar, for information on the religious orders
38.
Pi Sigma Alpha
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Pi Sigma Alpha, the National Political Science Honor Society, is the only honor society for college and university students of political science in the United States. Its purpose is to recognize and promote academic achievement in the field of political science. It is a member of the Association of College Honor Societies and adheres to all the set by ACHS for an upper-division. Pi Sigma Alpha is not a fraternity or club. The first chapter of Pi Sigma Alpha was founded in 1920 at the University of Texas at Austin, chapters are guided by faculty advisors and by student officers. There are three classes of membership in Pi Sigma Alpha, student, faculty, and honorary, individual chapters may raise the eligibility threshold, they may not lower it. For graduate students, completion of nine graduate credits in science with no grade lower than a B in those courses. Faculty in political science departments where chapters are located are automatically eligible for membership in the honor society, honorary membership is intended for persons of recognized ability and achievement in the field of political science. No more than two such honorary members may be elected by a chapter in any one year. Election to membership may be based solely on stated criteria and is irrespective of membership in an affiliation with any organization or group. Chapters may not discriminate on any basis prohibited by law, membership, once conferred, is for life. The lifetime national membership fee is $35.00, individual chapters often collect additional money from each initiate to use for their own chapter programs. The initiation fee is the only payment members ever make to the office of the honor society. Pi Sigma Alpha is governed by an elected Executive Council, which acts as its board of directors. The Council includes the President, the President-elect, the three most recent past presidents, the Executive Director, the Newsletter Editor, the General Counsel, six of these are elected every two years to serve four-year terms. Members of the Council are almost always faculty of recognized distinction in the field of political science, elections take place in even numbered years at the Biennial Business Meeting of the honor society. The daily business of Pi Sigma Alpha is conducted by the National Office staff, Pi Sigma Alpha has programs to benefit its student members and their chapters, and the profession of political science. It also co-sponsors APSAs annual awards for teachers of science in higher education
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Delta Delta Delta
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Delta Delta Delta, also known as Tri Delta and Tri-Delt, is an international sorority founded on November 27,1888 at Boston University. With over 200,000 initiates, Tri Delta is one of the largest National Panhellenic Conference sororities, Delta Delta Delta was founded by Sarah Ida Shaw, Eleanor Dorcas Pond, Florence Isabelle Stewart, and Isabel Morgan Breed at Boston University. Three womens groups were represented at Boston University in 1888. Shaw enlisted the help of Eleanor Dorcas Pond and told her, Let us found a society that shall be kind alike to all and think more of an inner self. The two young women began the work of creating a new national fraternity, later Sarah wrote. The two enthusiastic friends were unaware of the fact that there was something stupendous about the task they had set hands, heads and hearts to accomplish. They were working for a principle, and it never occurred to them there could be such a thing as failure. Earnestness of purpose, energy and enthusiasm had brought them success in college and why should not these same qualities bring assurance of good fortune to the new venture. Shaw and Pond wrote the rituals and constitution and designed the emblems, choosing the name was a mutual decision. Pond suggested a triple letter while Shaw chose the letter and developed Greek mottos. Inspiration came from Egyptian Lore, Hindu mysticism, Greek Mythology and Astronomy, reflecting Shaws wide, the Founders of ΔΔΔ, Tri Delta was the first sorority to, write all ritual without the help of men. Be founded as a organization with complete plans for governmental structure. Regularly publish its magazine, The Trident, published continuously since 1891. Pioneer chapter visitation in 1905, appointing an officer to visit all chapters, publish a book-length history, A Detailed Record of Delta Delta Delta, 1888–1907. Finance proper housing for collegiate chapters and has an investment in houses, lodges and suites. Concentrate its national philanthropic efforts on education through the Founders Anniversary Fellowships, the Zoe Gore Perrin Scholarships. Adopt a central accounting system for its collegiate chapters, colors, The colors of Tri Delta are silver, gold and cerulean blue. Green is also a significant color, symbolizing the union of the three colors, symbols, The Greek alphabet letters Delta Delta Delta are the official symbols. The dolphin is recognized as an symbol of importance as it was considered to be a good omen by the ancient Greeks
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The Chronicle (Duke University)
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The Chronicle is a daily student newspaper at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. It was first published as The Trinity Chronicle on December 19,1905 and its name was changed to The Chronicle when Trinity College was renamed Duke University following a donation by James Buchanan Duke. One of the most highly honored college newspapers in the United States, The Chronicle commands a budget of more than $1 million and its coverage gained national significance in light of the 2006 Duke lacrosse team scandal. The Chronicle has a print readership of roughly 30,000, in June 2013, The Chronicle announced it was cutting one day of print heading into the 2013-14 academic year, the papers 109th volume. The papers editors and board members emphasized the change was part of a commitment to a digital-first strategy, during the academic year, The Chronicle has printed Monday through Thursday since August 2013. At the 2009 Associated Collegiate Press National College Media Convention in Austin, Texas, in 2007, The Chronicle took home four awards from the ACP, including Online Story of the Year for its ongoing coverage of the Duke lacrosse scandal. In 2006, the paper took place in the Best in Show category in St. Louis. The Chronicles former editor, Ryan McCartney, placed third in the reporter of the year category. The paper also won Best in Show in the division in 2005 in Kansas City, Missouri. In addition, Towerview took home fifth-place honors in the magazine division, in October 2015, The Chronicle was again honored by the Associated College Press, taking home its first Online Pacemaker Award, sharing honors with The Daily Orange and The Stanford Daily. Journalist and New York magazine founder Clay Felker was an editor of The Chronicle while a student at Duke in the 1950s, washington Post sports reporter John Feinstein was a sports writer for The Chronicle and was its sports editor for two years. Wall Street Journal travel editor Scott McCartney was editor of The Chronicle in the 1980s
41.
Fuqua School of Business
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The Fuqua School of Business is the business school of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, United States. It currently enrolls more than 1,300 students in degree-seeking programs. D, additionally, Duke Executive Education offers non-degree business education and professional development programs. Fuqua is currently the 3rd ranked business school in the United States by Bloomberg BusinessWeek, formed in 1969, the Graduate School of Business Administration enrolled its first class of 20 students in 1970. In 1974, Thomas F. Keller, a 1953 Duke graduate, in three years, Kellers capital campaign raised $24 million, $10 million of which came from businessman and philanthropist J. B. Fuqua. The graduate schools name was changed to The Fuqua School of Business. J. B. Fuqua was raised by his grandparents on a farm in Prince Edward County. Fuqua began his relationship with Duke University when he borrowed books by mail from the Duke library, J. B. Fuquas cumulative giving to Duke was nearly $40 million at the time of his death on April 5,2006. In September 2008, Fuqua launched an initiative to establish offices in St. Petersburg, Russia, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Shanghai/Kunshan, China, New Delhi, India. Admission to the Fuqua School is highly competitive, for the Daytime MBA Class of 2018, 22% of 3,737 applicants were accepted to fill a class of 446, the average GMAT score was 695. Fuqua reports an 80% GMAT range of 640-750, with 40% international, the faculty was ranked No.1 in the US by BusinessWeek in 2010 and 2012. While working at Duke University, former Professor Robert E. Whaley developed the Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index, another notable faculty member is Dan Ariely, an Israeli-American professor of psychology and behavioral economics. The Duke MBA offers several joint degree programs in conjunction with other highly respected graduate and these programs allow students to earn two degrees in less time than if they pursued the two separately. The 2011 Forbes full-time MBA rankings indicated that Fuqua graduates achieved the 15th highest average salary following graduation for the class of 2013, for the graduating, full-time MBA Class of 2013, the top three hiring companies include, Deloitte, Microsoft, and Accenture. Research centers at The Fuqua School of Business further specific academic interests of the business school, Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship – The center promotes innovative and entrepreneurial approaches to improving social conditions through education and research. Center for Energy, Development and the Global Environment – EDGE pursues education, research, Fuqua School of Business spans several buildings. They include, Thomas F. Keller Center has several classrooms, wesley Alexander Magat Academic Center was built in 1999. The majority of faculty offices and smaller meeting rooms are located here, fox Student Center has a student lounge, dining facilities, student communications center, and additional office space. Breeden Hall was named in honor of Dean Douglas Breeden and his wife Josie and it was built in 2008 and holds classrooms and auditoriums, the Ford Library, team rooms, meeting space, and MBA admissions and operations offices
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Melrose High School (Massachusetts)
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Melrose High School is a public high school serving children in grades 9–12. It is located at 360 Lynn Fells Parkway in Melrose, Massachusetts and is Melroses only high school, enrollment for the 2010–2011 school year is 987 students. The school is accredited by the New England Association of Schools & Colleges and is a member of the METCO program, Melrose High School began teaching children in the 1800s and has called several buildings home. The oldest known location is on West Emerson Street where the Melrose Public Library now stands. On March 30,1868, Melrose appropriated $20,000 for the construction of the school on a 30,000 sq ft lot located on the corner of West Emerson Street. An Additional $7,500 was added to the tag of the school on January 19,1869 and on July 15,1869. Almost thirty years later on January 25,1897, a fire destroyed the building, the town selected a lot of land known as the Old Burial Ground on Main Street across from the Central Fire Station as the location for the new school building. On August 1,1898, an additional $3,000 was appropriated for site work around the building, the school was dedicated on September 17,1898 and at the time, was one of the finest school buildings to be found in New England. Two additional wings were added to the building and opened in 1909. In 1932, another new school was built and the school building became the Calvin Coolidge Elementary School. This time the new building was built on land taken from Ell Pond on Lynn Fells Parkway. It was a large school, featuring a 900-seat Auditorium. 1961 saw the addition of the Daffinee Gymnasium which contained new locker rooms for both basketball and football and also extra classroom space, the addition also included the construction of a three-floor annex attached by a bridge. Many historians praised the building for its period design and architectural beauty. In 1975, a new modern Melrose High School opened next-door to the old one and this building is renowned for its open spaces, which were large open areas with movable walls. Less than half of the classrooms were in open spaces. The school was built by an architect who also designed prisons. Numerous classrooms contain no windows and masonry is the building material
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Melrose, Massachusetts
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Melrose is a city located in the Greater Boston metropolitan area in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. Its population as per the 2010 United States Census is 26,983 and it is a suburb located approximately seven miles north of Boston and is situated in the center of the triangle created by Interstates 93,95 and US Route 1. The land that comprises Melrose was first discovered in 1628 and was part of Charlestown. It became the Town of Melrose in 1850 and then the City of Melrose in 1900, Melrose was originally called Ponde Fielde for its abundance of ponds and streams or Mystic Side because of its location in a valley north of the Mystic River. The area was first explored by Richard and Ralph Sprague in 1628, in 1649, the neighborhood of Charlestown known as Malden was incorporated as a separate town, the new town of Malden included most of present-day Melrose within its borders. North Malden largely remained a lightly populated farming community, in 1845, the Boston and Maine Railroad built three stops. Boston workers in search of a country atmosphere moved to the area, the population of North Malden began growing, and in 1850 North Malden split from Malden proper and was incorporated as the town of Melrose. Melrose annexed the highlands from neighboring Stoneham in 1853, creating the current borders. The population of Melrose continued to grow throughout the half of the nineteenth century. Farmland was increasingly partitioned into parcels for residences and businesses. The fire department and the school district were founded and town hall was built in 1873. In 1899, the City of Melrose became the 33rd incorporated city in Massachusetts, levi S. Gould became the city’s first mayor on January 1,1900. The population of Melrose peaked at 33,180 in 1970 before beginning a slow decline continuing through 2010, on April 1,1982, downtown Melrose was added to the National Register of Historic Places, the public library was similarly added to the register in 1988. The name Melrose comes from the burgh of Melrose, Scotland and it was a reference to the hills of Melrose, Scotland which the new town resembled. The name was suggested and advocated for by William Bogle, a Scotland native, Melrose is located at 42°27′33″N 71°3′44″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.8 square miles, of which 4.7 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles. The citys largest body of water is Ell Pond, situated near the center of the city, while other bodies are Swains Pond and Towners Pond. Melrose is approximately 7 miles north of Boston, Massachusetts and it borders four cities and towns, Malden, Saugus, Stoneham, and Wakefield
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Phi Beta Kappa Society
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The Phi Beta Kappa Society - the oldest honor society for the liberal arts and sciences in the United States - is widely recognized and considered as the nations most prestigious honor society. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the arts and sciences and to induct the most outstanding students of arts. Phi Beta Kappa stands for Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Cybernētēs, according to Phi Beta Kappa, they have chapters in about 10% of American higher learning institutions, and about 10% of these schools Arts and Sciences graduates are invited to join the society. Although most students are elected their senior year, many colleges elect a limited number of extremely select students in their junior year. There is an initiation fee, which is sometimes covered by the inductees university. There had been earlier fraternal societies at the College, but these, Society, founded in 1750, were Latin-letter societies, their names were taken from initial letters of a secret Latin motto. William and Mary alumnus and third U. S. President Thomas Jefferson was perhaps the most famous member of the F. H. C, other notable members of the original Society included Col. James Innes, St. George Tucker, and George Wythe. Jefferson noted that When I was a student of Wm. & Mary college of this state, Society, confined to the number of six students only, of which I was a member, but it had no useful object, nor do I know whether it now exists. The best opinion is that the society did not survive the invasion by British forces during the Revolution, a second Latin-letter fraternity at William and Mary was the P. D. A. John Heath, chief organizer of Phi Beta Kappa, according to tradition earlier sought but was refused admission to the P. D. A, though he may instead have disdained to join it. The new society was intended to be purely of domestic manufacture, without any connexion whatever with anything European, either English or German. The founders of Phi Beta Kappa declared that the society was formed for congeniality and to good fellowship, with friendship as its basis and benevolence. Like the older, Latin-letter fraternities, the Phi Beta Kappa was a secret society, the new society was given the motto, Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Kybernētēs, which means in English The Love for Knowledge be the Guide of Life. Greek was chosen, because Greek was in Roman times the language of science like Latin in medieval times, one official historian of the society, William T. The heading on the original list of states, A List of the members. This new complex of gestures was created to allow the recognition of members in any foreign country or place. A second chapter was founded at Yale College in late 1780, a third, at Harvard College in 1781, from these new chapters, the Phi Beta Kappa evolved from a fraternity with principally academic and some social purposes to an entirely honorary organization recognizing scholastic achievement. Further chapters appeared at Union College in 1817, Bowdoin College in 1825, the original chapter at William and Mary was re-established
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John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
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