1.
Actors' Equity Association
–
However, performers appearing on live stage productions without a book or through-storyline may be represented by the American Guild of Variety Artists. As of 2010, Equity represented over 49,000 theatre artists, actor’s Equity Association is currently under the direction of President Kate Shindle. AEA represents more than 50,000 actors and stage managers nationwide, the AEA works to negotiate and provide performers and stage managers quality living conditions, livable wages, and benefits. In order to become a member of Equity, the performer must generate a number of Equity Membership Candidacy Points and they do this by securing a position at an Equity theatre and then registering as a candidate for Equity. Performers are required to maintain a minimum of 50 weeks of EMC work along with an initial payment in order to become an official Equity member. A person may become a member of Equity if they have been offered a position under an AEA contract. Leading up to the Actors and Producers strike of 1929, Hollywood, Hollywood was producing what was considered the 3 most important IWA/WIR films in the post-Kruse era. The films The Passaic Textile Strike, The Miners’ Strike and The Gastonia Textile Strike, gave audience and producers insight into the effect and accomplishments of labor unions and these films were set apart by being current documentaries and not melodramas produced for glamour. In 1896 the first Actors Union Charter was recognized by the American Federation of Labor as an attempt to create a minimum wage for actors being exploited and it wasnt until January 13,1913 that the Union Charter failed. It later re-emerged as the Actors Equity Association with more than 111 actors with Frances Wilson as its board president. A bronze plaque commemorates the room in which The Players met to establish Actors Equity, members included Frank Gillmore, who from 1918 to 1929 was the Executive Secretary of Actors Equity and its eventual President, a position he held from 1929 to 1937. Actors Equity joined the American Federation of Labor in 1919, the strike ended the dominance of the Producing Managers Association, including theater owners and producers like Abe Erlanger and his partner, Mark Klaw. The strike increased membership from under 3,000 to approximately 14,000, the Chorus Equity Association, which merged with Actors Equity in 1955, was founded during the strike. Equity represented directors and choreographers until 1959, when they broke away, the Actors Equality Strike was a series of walkouts that started in 1927, which started out in smaller local theaters in Los Angeles but quickly grew to the Motion Picture stage. The theater strikes combined with freelance contracts fueled the need for actors and stagehands to strike for better working conditions and pay. On July 20,1929, the Actors Equality would gain its first victory and this would also give all power and representation to one organization in order to create a more organized equality strike. Starting June 5,1929, Frank Gillmore flew and attended meetings in New York with the Heads of Broadway. After the meeting Mr. Anyone else who is involved in the production of pictures was also encouraged to attend
2.
Trades Union Congress
–
The Trades Union Congress is a national trade union centre, a federation of trade unions in England and Wales, representing the majority of trade unions. There are fifty-one affiliated unions with a total of about 5.8 million members, the TUC refers to themselves as the voice of Britain at work. The current General Secretary is Frances OGrady, the TUCs decision-making body is the Annual Congress, which takes place in September. Between congresses decisions are made by the General Council, which every two months. An Executive Committee is elected by the Council from its members, affiliated unions can send delegates to Congress, with the number of delegates they can send proportionate to their size. Each year Congress elects a President of the Trades Union Congress, the TUC is not affiliated to the Labour Party. At election time the TUC cannot endorse a particular party by name, however it can point to policies that it believes would be positive for workers’ rights, or to social cohesion and community welfare. It can also politically campaign against policies that it believes would be injurious to workers, the TUC also runs the Tolpuddle Martyrs Museum and annual Tolpuddle Martyrs Festival and Rally commemorating the Tolpuddle Martyrs and their impact on trade unionism. The TUC Library preserves documents related to history in Britain. It was established in 1922 and now focuses on expanding the online, the TUC archives are held at the Modern Records Centre at the University of Warwick Library. The archive contains files from c1920 -1991 consisting of correspondence, internal and external documents, minutes, reports, printed material, the TUC campaigns on a wide range of issues relating to the experience of people at work. Notably, the TUC succeeded in forcing Sports Direct to undergo an independent review into their treatment of workers in September 2016, in October 2016, the TUCs campaign against the Trade Union Bill won Best Public Affairs Campaign at the PR Week Awards. The TUCs Campaign Priorities for 2016-17 are,1, working people must not pay the price of the vote to leave the EU2. Standing up for abandoned communities 3, reaching out to young workers 5. Building a stronger movement after the union act In 1948 the NHS was created as a result of union campaigning. In 1970 the Equal Pay Act made it illegal for employers to give a woman worker different pay, in 1999 the National Minimum Wage was established to protect low-paid workers. In 1999 a limit was placed on working hours, largely as a health and this was quickly followed by a minimum holiday entitlement. In 2007 the no-smoking ban was introduced in areas in response to union arguments that workers were risking their health
3.
Irish Congress of Trade Unions
–
There are currently 55 trade unions with membership of Congress, representing about 600,000 members in the Republic of Ireland. Trade union members represent 35. 1% of the Republics workforce and this is a significant decline since the 55. 3% recorded in 1980 and the 38. 5% reported in 2003. In the Republic, roughly 50% of union members are in the public sector, on a day-to-day basis Congress is run by an Executive Committee and a staffed secretariat headed up by the general secretary, Patricia King who succeeded David Begg in the position in 2015. John Douglas of Mandate became President of Congress at the conference in Belfast in July 2013 succeeding Eugene McGlone of Unite. The president serves for a period and is succeeded by one of two vice-presidents. This involved a series of seven corporatist agreements with the government and the main manufacturing/services employer body IBEC and it was a classic European-style alliance of government, labour and capital built on six decades of voluntary employment relations regulated by state institutions such as the Labour Court. For many years the leaders agreed to dampen pay rises in return for regular reductions in income tax rates. They also negotiated a new system of pay determination for public employees under the rubric of benchmarking using external assessment of pay scales for assorted grades. The era of Christian democratic style corporatism also saw a fall in trade union density from 62% in 1980 to 31% in 2007. Irelands period of centralised social pacts ended in late 2009 when the government imposed pay cuts of between 5% and 8% on public service employees, on a more positive note Begg asserted that the ending of social partnership arrangements liberates us to advocate and campaign for our own policies
4.
Scottish Trades Union Congress
–
The Scottish Trades Union Congress is the national trade union centre in Scotland. With 39 affiliated unions as of 2007, the STUC represents around 630,000 trade unionists, the current General Secretary of the STUC is Grahame Smith. The Scottish Trades Union Congress is a independent and autonomous trade union centre for Scotland. It is not a Scottish regional organisation of the TUC and it was established in 1897 largely as a result of a political dispute with the Trades Union Congress regarding political representation for the Labour movement. A number of meetings were held by the various Scottish trades councils to discuss the situation, resulting in the formation of the STUC in Glasgow, Scotland, close contact was retained with the TUC with reciprocal arrangements existing for mutual assistance and co-operation when the occasion warranted. The STUC originally had an office at 58 Renfield Street, Glasgow, Scotland. Between 1900 and 1949 the STUC had offices in locations in Glasgow city centre. In 1998, the moved to Woodlands Road. The Annual Congress is the Governing Body of the STUC, the Congress was also involved with the Scottish Workers Representation Committee which continued to function until 1909 when its duties were taken over by the national Labour Party. A Scottish Council of the Labour Party was formed in 1915, despite this involvement in the process which established the Labour Party, the STUC is not, and has never been, affiliated to any political party. The STUC has always had women members. In 1897 a female delegate, Miss M H Irwin, obtained the highest vote in the election of the first Parliamentary Committee and she was nominated for chairman but declined nomination on the grounds that to appoint a woman chairman at that time was too premature. However, she acted as the Parliamentary Secretary and was also Secretary of the Scottish Council for Womens Trade, the first female President, Miss Bell Jobson, presided at the 1937 Congress. In 1926, the Organisation of Women Committee was established by the Congress, in 1937 the Congress agreed a motion to establish youth fellowships as a way of attracting young people to join the unions, and therefore encourage union membership regardless of sex or age. It was realised that to create separate youth fellowships was restrictive, suggesting that the old, therefore, in 1938, it was decided to establish the Trade Union Youth Advisory Committee encouraging youth sections within the existing unions. It also organises day and weekend schools and other activities for young trade unionists, from the 1930s onwards, probably the most important concern of the Congress has been the Scottish economy. The STUC has played its part in the legend of Red Clydeside 1910-1922, by 1947 the STUC consisted of 83 affiliated trades unions with a membership of 671,630. In addition,51 trades councils were affiliated, membership was made up of members of the Scottish unions and Scottish members of unions covering the British Isles
5.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
6.
Actor
–
An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
7.
Stage management
–
Stage management is the practice of organizing and coordinating a theatrical production. It encompasses a variety of activities, including organizing the production, Stage management is a sub-discipline of stagecraft. Stage managers may use a Stage Managers book to help organize the production, a stage manager is one who has overall responsibility for stage management and the smooth execution of a production. Between the Renaissance and the 16th century, actors and playwrights took upon themselves the handling of finances, general directorial duties, and stage management. Stage management first emerged as a role in the 17th century during Shakespeares and Molières time. This was the first time a person other than actors and playwright was hired to direct or manage the stage, many playwrights, directors and actors had as their first job in the theatre work as an assistant stage manager. One is very aware that everything depends on the delivery of the cue at exactly the right microsecond. One stands there, knees bent, breathing heavily. The responsibilities and duties of stage management vary depending on the setting of a production, most broadly, it is the stage managers responsibility to ensure that the directors artistic choices are realized in actual performance. As the lighting, sound, and set change cues are developed, the stage manager maintains a prompt book, sometimes called the book or the bible, which contains all cues, technical notes, blocking and other information pertinent to the show. Stage managers are responsible for helping establish a shows rehearsal schedule, the stage manager typically documents each rehearsal in a rehearsal report. Once the house opens for a performance, the stage manager controls all aspects of the performance by calling the cues for all transitions and acting as communications hub for the cast and crew. After a show opens, the manager is also responsible for calling brush-up, put in. The stage manager ensures that lighting and sound cues are acted upon at the time by issuing verbal standby. Each cue call begins with the word standby to indicate that an action is imminent and, in response, occasionally, after a long pause or break in the productions action, the stage manager will give a warning cue. This warns the technicians that the cue is approaching. At the appropriate time, the manager will prompt immediate execution of the action by saying go. In the United States, Stage Manager is a title that may be applied to anyone who performs stage management functions
8.
European Court of Human Rights
–
The European Court of Human Rights is a supra-national or international court established by the European Convention on Human Rights. It hears applications alleging that a state has breached one or more of the human rights provisions concerning civil and political rights set out in the Convention. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals or one or more of the contracting states, and, besides judgments. The Convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, the Court is based in Strasbourg, France. The jurisdiction of the Court has been recognised to date by all 47 member states of the Council of Europe. In 1998, the Court became an institution and the European Commission of Human Rights. The accession of new states to the European Convention on Human Rights following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 led to a increase in applications filed in the Court. The efficiency of the Court was threatened seriously by the number of pending applications. In 19998,400 applications were allocated to be heard, in 200327,200 cases were filed and the number of pending applications rose to approximately 65,000. In 2005, the Court opened 45,500 case files, in 200957,200 applications were allocated, with the number of pending applications rose to 119,300. Protocol 14 entered into force on 1 June 2010, three months after it was ratified by all 47 contracting states to the Convention, between 2006 and 2010, Russia was the only contracting state to refuse to ratify Protocol 14. In 2010, Russia ended its opposition to the protocol, in exchange for a guarantee that Russian judges would be involved in reviewing complaints against Russia. Protocol 14 amended the Convention so that judges would be elected for a term of nine years. Amendments were also made so that a judge could reject plainly inadmissible applications. In cases of doubt, the single judge refers the applications to the Committee of the Court, a single judge may not examine applications against the state which nominated him. The three judge committee has jurisdiction to declare applications admissible and decide on the merits of the if it was clearly well founded and based on well established case law. Protocol 14 also provides that when a three judge committee decides on the merits of a case, the elected to represent that state is no longer a compulsory member of this committee. The judge can be invited by the committee, to one of its members
9.
Margaret Thatcher
–
She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century, and the first woman to have held the office. A Soviet journalist dubbed her The Iron Lady, a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics, as Prime Minister, she implemented policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism. A research chemist before becoming a barrister, Thatcher was elected Member of Parliament for Finchley in 1959, Edward Heath appointed her Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970 government. In 1975, Thatcher defeated Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election to become Leader of the Opposition and she became Prime Minister after winning the 1979 general election. Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation, flexible labour markets, the privatisation of state-owned companies and she narrowly escaped an assassination attempt in 1984. Thatcher was re-elected for a term in 1987. During this period her support for a Community Charge was widely unpopular and she resigned as Prime Minister and party leader in November 1990, after Michael Heseltine launched a challenge to her leadership. After retiring from the Commons in 1992, she was given a peerage as Baroness Thatcher which entitled her to sit in the House of Lords. After a series of strokes in 2002, she was advised to withdraw from public speaking. Despite this, she managed to pre-record a eulogy to Ronald Reagan prior to his death, in 2013, she died of another stroke in London, at the age of 87. Always a controversial figure, she has described as one of the greatest and most influential politicians in British history. Thatcher was born Margaret Hilda Roberts on 13 October 1925, in Grantham and her father was Alfred Roberts, originally from Northamptonshire, and her mother was Beatrice Ethel from Lincolnshire. She spent her childhood in Grantham, where her father owned two grocery shops, Prior to the Second World War, in 1938 the Roberts family gave sanctuary to a teenage Jewish girl escaping Nazi Germany. Thatcher was to describe this in her memoirs as among the significant events of her formative years, Alfred Roberts was an alderman and a Methodist local preacher, and brought up his daughter as a strict Wesleyan Methodist attending the Finkin Street Methodist Church. He came from a Liberal family but stood as an Independent and he was Mayor of Grantham in 1945–46 and lost his position as alderman in 1952 after the Labour Party won its first majority on Grantham Council in 1950. Margaret Roberts attended Huntingtower Road Primary School and won a scholarship to Kesteven and her school reports showed hard work and continual improvement, her extracurricular activities included the piano, field hockey, poetry recitals, swimming and walking. She was head girl in 1942–43, in her upper sixth year she applied for a scholarship to study chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford, but she was initially rejected and was offered a place only after another candidate withdrew. Her dissertation was on the structure of the antibiotic gramicidin, even while working on chemistry, she was already thinking towards law and politics
10.
Conservative Party (UK)
–
The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
11.
South African Broadcasting Corporation
–
The South African Broadcasting Corporation is the state broadcaster in South Africa, and provides 19 radio stations as well as 4 television broadcasts to the general public. However, the Afrikaans newscasts on SABC2 use SABC Nuus instead of SAUK Nuus, the term is still used by other Afrikaans language media. The SABC took over the African Broadcasting Companys staff and assets and it maintained a state monopoly on radio until the launch of Radio 702 in 1980. Although the subscription-funded television service M-Net was launched in 1986, the SABC had a monopoly on television until the launch of e. tv in 1998. During National Party rule from 1948 onwards, it came under increasing criticism, at one time most of its senior management were members of the Broederbond, the Afrikaner secret society and later drawn from institutions like Stellenbosch University. The SABC was a service until the introduction of television in 1976. There were three main SABC radio stations, the English Service, the Afrikaans Service and the commercial station, accomplished musicians such as pianist and composer, Charles Segal were featured on all three stations on a regular basis in shows like Piano Playtime. Accordionist Nico Carstens was a regular on the Afrikaans programmes, on 4 February 1996, two years after the ANC came to power, the SABC reorganised its three TV channels, so as to be more representative of different language groups. This resulted in the downgrading of Afrikaans status by reducing its airtime from 50% to 15%, the SABC has since been accused of favouring the ruling ANC political party, mostly in the area of news broadcasting. It remains the dominant player in the countrys broadcast media, criticism of the public broadcaster intensified around 2003–2005, when it was accused of a wide range of shortcomings including self-censorship, lack of objectivity and selective news coverage. Following its establishment in 1936, the SABC established services in what were then the official languages, English and Afrikaans. Broadcasts in languages such as Zulu, Xhosa, Sesotho and Tswana followed in 1940, Springbok Radio, the SABCs first commercial radio service, started broadcasting on 1 May 1950. Bilingual in English and Afrikaans, it broadcast from the Johannesburg Centre for 113, the service proved to be so popular with advertisers that at the time of its launch, commercial time had been booked well in advance. One popular Saturday noontime comedy show was Telefun Time, whose hosts would phone various people and conjure up situation comedy, by 1985, Springbok Radio was operating at a heavy loss. After losing many listeners with the handing over of its frequencies to Radio 5 and facing competition from television. The News Service was established in June 1950, replacing the programmes of the BBC, by 1968, it had over 100 full-time reporters in the main cities and local correspondents all over the country, with overseas news provided by Reuters, AFP, AP and UPI. There was a News Film Unit which, prior to television in 1976, produced films for news agencies, the SABC Symphony Orchestra has its origins in its three studio ensembles in Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town and the Municipal Orchestra of the Johannesburg City Council. The SABC was able to form an orchestra of 80 musicians from these groupings in 1954, the orchestra would be led for many years by the SABCs head of music, Anton Hartman but had other conductors such as Franceco Mander and Edgar Cree
12.
Apartheid
–
Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991, when it was abolished. The countrys first multiracial elections under a universal franchise were held three years later in 1994, Apartheid as a policy was embraced by the South African government shortly after the ascension of the National Party during the countrys 1948 general elections. Apartheid was also enforced in South West Africa until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990, with the rapid growth and industrialisation of the British Cape Colony in the nineteenth century, racial policies and laws became increasingly rigid. Cape legislation that discriminated specifically against black Africans began appearing shortly before 1900, the policies of the Boer republics were also racially exclusive, for instance, the Transvaal constitution barred nonwhite participation in church and state. Places of residence were determined by racial classification, from 1960 to 1983,3.5 million nonwhite South Africans were removed from their homes, and forced into segregated neighbourhoods, in one of the largest mass removals in modern history. Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the population to ten designated tribal homelands, also known as bantustans. The government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans, Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition, resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of the twentieth century. It was the target of frequent condemnation in the United Nations, some reforms of the apartheid system were undertaken, including allowing for Indian and coloured political representation in parliament, but these measures failed in appeasing most activist groups. In 1990, prominent ANC leaders such as Nelson Mandela were released from detention, Apartheid legislation was abolished in mid-1991, pending multiracial elections set for April 1994. Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning separateness, or the state of being apart and its first recorded use was in 1929. The governors and assemblies that governed the process in the various colonies of South Africa were launched on a different and independent legislative path from the rest of the British Empire. In the days of slavery, slaves required passes to travel away from their masters, in 1797 the Landdrost and Heemraden of Swellendam and Graaff-Reinet extended pass laws beyond slaves and ordained that all Khoikhoi moving about the country for any purpose should carry passes. Ordinance No.49 of 1828 decreed that prospective black immigrants were to be granted passes for the purpose of seeking work. These passes were to be issued for Coloureds and Khoikhoi, but not for other Africans, the United Kingdoms Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation. To comply with the act the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835 and this was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848, which introduced an indenture system for Xhosa that was little different from slavery. The Glen Grey Act of 1894, instigated by the government of Prime Minister Cecil John Rhodes limited the amount of land Africans could hold, in 1905 the General Pass Regulations Act denied blacks the vote, limited them to fixed areas and inaugurated the infamous Pass System. The Asiatic Registration Act required all Indians to register and carry passes, one of the first pieces of segregating legislation enacted by Jan Smuts United Party government was the Asiatic Land Tenure Bill, which banned land sales to Indians. The United Party government began to move away from the enforcement of segregationist laws during World War II
13.
Charles Purdom
–
Charles Benjamin Purdom, usually credited as C. B. Purdom, was a British author, drama critic, town planner and he was one of the pioneers and founders of the first garden cities, Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City, the latter of which he was appointed Finance Director between 1919–1928. He was then made Honorary Secretary, then Treasurer of the International Federation for Housing and Planning and he was also founder of the Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City Theatre Society, now the Welwyn Drama Club. He won the Howard Walden cup at the Welwyn Garden City Drama Festival and he was an author of many books on city development, on Shakespeare and Bernard Shaw plays, Harley Granville-Barker, and on producing plays. He was General Secretary of British Equity and joint secretary of the London Theatre Council and he was also the earliest biographer of Meher Baba. He was father of the actor Edmund Purdom and he died in Welwyn Garden City in 1965. Purdom was a follower of the Indian silent teacher Meher Baba after meeting him in Devon. Sixty Personal Narratives of the War, Dutton, New York,1930 and J. M. Dent, London,1939 The Perfect Master, The Life of Shri Meher Baba, Williams & Norgate Ltd, London,1937. Reprinted as Perfect Master, The Early Life of Meher Baba, by Sheriar Press USA in 1976 The New Order, J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd,1941 How Shall We Rebuild London. J. M. Dent, London,1946 Economic Wellbeing, Nicholson and Watson,1947 Producing Shakespeare, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London,1950 Life Over Again, J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd. London,1951 Drama Festivals and Their Adjudication, a Handbook for Producers, Actors, Festival Organisers, and Adjudicators, J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd. London,1951 Harley Granville Barker, Man of the Theatre, Dramatist, London,1955 Bernard Shaws Letters to Granville Barker, Phoenix House, London,1956 A Guide to the Plays of Bernard Shaw, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London,1963 The Letchworth Achievement, J. M. Dent & Sons,1963 What Happens in Shakespeare, Purdom Biographical Notes Charles Purdom at meherbabatravels. com Divine Drama, the Valiant Life of Charles B. Purdom Purdom with Meher Baba in London,1932 on YouTube
14.
Godfrey Tearle
–
Sir Godfrey Seymour Tearle was a British actor who portrayed the quintessential British gentleman on stage and in both British and US films. His maternal grandmother was Sarah Crocker Conway, in 1893, he made his stage debut as young Prince Richard, Duke of York, in his fathers production of Richard III and in 1908 he appeared in his first film as Romeo in Romeo and Juliet. He became a Shakespearean actor of note, appearing on stage in the roles of Othello, Macbeth. His theatrical career was interrupted when he joined the Royal Artillery for a four-year stint beginning in 1915, Tearle made his Broadway theatre debut in Carnival in 1919. It is a spare and unsubstantial piece at best, and the role it offers him is distinctly secondary in importance, additional Broadway credits include The Fake, The Flashing Stream, and Antony and Cleopatra. Tearle was knighted in the 1951 Kings Birthday Honours for services to drama, sir Godfrey Tearle died on 9 June 1953, aged 68
15.
Lewis Casson
–
Sir Lewis Thomas Casson MC was a British actor and theatre director, and the husband of actress Dame Sybil Thorndike. Lewis Casson was born at 18 Alfred Road, Birkenhead, Cheshire and he was the son of a bank manager and amateur organ-builder, Thomas Casson, from Wales, and his wife Laura Ann. When he was young the family moved to Denbigh in Wales, in 1891 Cassons father decided to make a business of his hobby of building organs, and the family moved to London. Lewis soon began working in his fathers business, when this failed, he began to study chemistry, but then trained as a teacher at St Marks College, Chelsea, where he gained a teaching certificate. In 1900 Cassons father began another organ making business and Lewis worked in this for the four years. Casson had always interested in acting and had taken part in amateur productions in his youth. He continued to act semi-professionally until 1904, when he left his fathers business to work as a professional actor, on 22 December 1908, in Aylesford, Kent, he married Sybil Thorndike, who was another member of the company. They both joined Charles Frohmans repertory season in London, in 1909 Sybil gave birth to their first son, John, and soon after, they joined Frohman on a tour of the United States. When Casson returned to England he became a director working with Annie Horniman from 1911-13. In 1912, a son, Christopher, was born. At the out break of the First World War, Casson joined the Royal Army Service Corps and he later joined the Royal Engineers finally reaching the rank of major. He was invalided home in 1917 after being wounded, and was awarded the Military Cross, during the war, Sybil Thorndike gave birth to their final two children, Mary and Ann. Following the war, Casson resumed his career as a theatrical director, at this point, his wifes fame as an actress was becoming widespread, and Casson supported her in her burgeoning career. He directed his wife in Saint Joan and he also directed productions of The Trojan Women and Medea, written by Euripides and translated by Gilbert Murray. He also directed Henry VIII in 1925 and Macbeth in 1926, Lewis and Sybil toured South Africa in 1928 and the Middle East, Australia and New Zealand in 1932. Whereas his wife played the role of Edith Cavell in the 1928 silent movie Dawn, Casson had the role of chaplain in the play Nurse Cavell by C. E. Bechhofer Roberts and C. S. Forester in 1934. In 1938 Casson directed Henry V for Ivor Novello In 1939 he led an Old Vic tour around the Mediterranean and he played Gonzalo in The Tempest, that tale of a son missing at sea, while his own son was for a time missing off the Norwegian coast. During the Second World War, Casson organised tours of the Old Vic company to the South Wales valleys and he was president of the British Actors Equity Association from 1941 to 1945, and was knighted in 1945
16.
Leslie Banks
–
Leslie James Banks, CBE was an English stage and screen actor, director, and producer now best remembered for playing gruff, menacing characters in black-and-white films of the 1930s and 1940s. Leslie Banks was born in West Derby, Liverpool, Lancashire, to George and he attended school at Glenalmond College in Scotland and later studied at Keble College, Oxford with the intention of becoming a parson but decided against this. He joined Frank Bensons company and made his debut in October 1911 at the town hall, Brechin. He then toured the United States and Canada with Henry V. Esmond, returning to London, he appeared for the first time on the West End stage at the Vaudeville Theatre on 5 May 1914, as Lord Murdon in The Dangerous Age. During the First World War he served with the Essex Regiment He received injuries that left his face scarred and paralysed. After the war, Banks joined the Birmingham Repertory Theatre and he returned to London in 1921 and established himself as a leading dramatic actor and West End star known for his powerful yet restrained performances. His formidable bulk and intimidating aspect served him well in his first important film role, the film features Joel McCrea and Fay Wray. For the rest of his career, he divided his time between Britain and the United States and between film and theatre. Other film roles included Alfred Hitchcocks The Man Who Knew Too Much, Fire Over England, Jamaica Inn, Laurence Oliviers Henry V, against type, Banks starred in The Arsenal Stadium Mystery, as the eccentric Inspector Anthony Slade. He married Gwendoline Haldane Unwin in 1915 and had three daughters, Daphne, Virginia, and Evangeline, Banks was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to theatre in 1950, the year of his last appearances on stage and screen. He died in 1952, aged 61, from a stroke he suffered while walking, works by or about Leslie Banks at Internet Archive Leslie Banks at the Internet Movie Database
17.
Felix Aylmer
–
Sir Felix Edward Aylmer Jones, OBE, known as Felix Aylmer, was an English stage actor who also appeared in the cinema and on television. Aylmer made appearances in films with such as Will Hay. Felix Aylmer was born in Corsham, Wiltshire, the son of Lilian and he trained under the Victorian-era actress and director Rosina Filippi before securing his first professional engagement at the London Coliseum in 1911. He appeared in the premiere of The Farmers Wife by Eden Phillpotts at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre in 1917. He acted with Sir Laurence Olivier in Shakespearean films, appearing as Polonius in Hamlet and he played the Archbishop of Canterbury in the film adaptation of Becket, with Richard Burton and Peter OToole and gave elocution lessons to the young Audrey Hepburn. His memorable style of delivery—dignified and learned— was frequently mimicked by comedians such as Peter Sellers, indeed, as dramatist and barrister John Mortimer noted, the mannerisms Aylmer brought to bear in his roles came to be imitated in the real-life performances of judges on the bench. Aylmer was President of Equity from 1950 to 1969 and he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1950 Kings Birthday Honours and knighted in the 1965 Queens Birthday Honours. At the age of 80 Felix Aylmer played a villain in an episode of Randall and his last major screen role was as the Abbot in the sitcom Oh, Brother. He appeared as a doctor in an episode of the TV series Jason King called If Its Got To Go, Aylmer died in a nursing home in Pyrford, Surrey in 1979. One of his siblings was Air Chief Marshal Sir John Whitworth-Jones
18.
Ernest Clark
–
Ernest Clark was a British actor of stage, television and film. Clark was the son of a builder in Maida Vale. After leaving school he became a reporter on a newspaper in Croydon. He had always wanted to be an actor and when offered a job with the local rep, he took it and apart from six years in the army, he remained in the profession. His first stage appearance was at the Festival Theatre, Cambridge and he also appeared as the Dean in the BBC sitcom All Gas and Gaiters. Clark was President of the trade union, Equity, from 1969 to 1973. He married three times, one of his wives was actress Avril Hillyer, the first two marriages were dissolved and he died 11 November 1994 in Hinton St. George, Somerset, aged 82. Ernest Clark at the Internet Movie Database
19.
Hugh Manning
–
Hugh Manning was an English film, radio and television actor. He is best remembered as the Reverend Donald Hinton, in the soap opera Emmerdale Farm and he regularly played Inspector Vosper in the BBC radio detective series, Paul Temple. Hugh Gardner Manning was born in Birmingham, Warwickshire in 1920 and he began his career as a trainee accountant, before joining the Birmingham School of Speech and Drama and becoming an actor. I
20.
Nigel Davenport
–
Arthur Nigel Davenport was an English stage, television and film actor. Best known as the Duke of Norfolk and Lord Birkenhead in the Academy Award-winning films A Man for All Seasons and Chariots of Fire, Davenport was born in Great Shelford, Cambridgeshire, to Katherine Lucy and Arthur Henry Davenport. His father was a bursar at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge and he grew up in an academic family and was educated at St Peters School, Seaford, Cheltenham College and Trinity College, Oxford. Originally he chose to study Philosophy, Politics and Economics but switched to English on the advice of one of his tutors and he began appearing in British film and television productions in supporting roles, including a walk-on in Tony Richardsons film, Look Back in Anger. Subsequent roles included a theatre manager opposite Laurence Olivier in the version of The Entertainer. In 1972, he appeared as George Adamson, opposite Susan Hampshire in Living Free, during the production of Stanley Kubricks 1968 film 2001, A Space Odyssey, Davenport read the lines of HAL9000 off-camera during the computers dialogues with actors Keir Dullea and Gary Lockwood. Canadian actor Douglas Rain was ultimately chosen for the role of HALs voice, Davenport took the leading role in the off-beat Phase IV, which failed to find an audience. In 1979 he portrayed King George III in Prince Regent, in February 1997, Davenport was the subject of This Is Your Life when he was surprised by Michael Aspel at David Nicholsons stables near Cheltenham. He was president of Equity from 1986 to 1992, Davenport was married twice, first to Helena Margaret White whom he met while he was studying at Oxford University. They married in 1951 and had a daughter, Laura and a son and his second wife was actress Maria Aitken with whom he had a second son, Jack, also an actor, best known for co-starring in Pirates of the Caribbean. According to Jerry Bruckheimer, producer of the Pirates of the Caribbean films, Jack was cast as the James Norrington character, Nigel Davenport at the Internet Movie Database Nigel Davenport recalls his appearance on This Is Your Life
21.
SAG-AFTRA
–
The organization was formed on March 30,2012, following the merger of the Screen Actors Guild and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. SAG-AFTRA is a member of the AFL–CIO, the largest federation of unions in the United States, as of January 2013, Variety reported that the merger had proceeded with few bumps, amid shows of good will on both sides. The union is perceived as having two factions, the larger faction has focused on creating job opportunities for members. A second faction has criticized the current administration for being too quick, ken Howard, first president of the merged union, died on March 23,2016. He was succeeded as president by Gabrielle Carteris on April 9,2016, membership in SAG-AFTRA is considered a rite of passage for new performers and media professionals. It is often procured after getting hired for their first job in a studio that has a bargaining agreement with the union. SAG-AFTRA work is considered to be substantially more prestigious than non-union jobs, due to the size and influence of the union, most major media firms have a collective bargaining agreement with SAG-AFTRA. Studios that have signed a collective bargaining agreement with SAG-AFTRA are not closed shops, nearly all professional actors and media professionals working for medium or large-scale American media firms are expected to be unionized. As a result, SAG-AFTRA has many members who are out of work, uncommon for a union. These members are ineligible to vote in the union, honorable withdrawals constitute the largest portion of these, at 20% of the total membership, or 46,934 members. Suspended payment members are the second largest, at 14%, or 33,422 members and this classification scheme is continued from the Screen Actors Guild, rather than the scheme used by AFTRA. The strike resulted from attempted negotiations since February 2015 to replace the previous contract, the Interactive Media Agreement, there are four major issues being fought for with this strike. It was the first such organized strike within the game industry. As of January 24,2017, it is the second-longest strike within SAG, surpassing the 95-day 1980 Emmy Awards strike, miller, Sean J. SAG-AFTRA Names Top Leadership. SAG, AFTRA members overwhelmingly approve merger
22.
The Guardian
–
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
23.
BBC News
–
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. The department is the worlds largest broadcast news organisation and generates about 120 hours of radio and television output each day, the service maintains 50 foreign news bureaux with more than 250 correspondents around the world. James Harding has been Director of News and Current Affairs since April 2013, the departments annual budget is in excess of £350 million, it has 3,500 staff,2,000 of whom are journalists. BBC News domestic, global and online news divisions are housed within the largest live newsroom in Europe, parliamentary coverage is produced and broadcast from studios in Millbank in London. Through the BBC English Regions, the BBC also has regional centres across England, as well as national news centres in Northern Ireland, Scotland, all nations and English regions produce their own local news programmes and other current affairs and sport programmes. As with all media outlets, though, it has been accused of political bias from across the political spectrum. The British Broadcasting Company broadcast its first radio bulletin from radio station 2LO on 14 November 1922, on Easter weekend in 1930, this reliance on newspaper wire services left the radio news service with no information to report. The BBC gradually gained the right to edit the copy and, in 1934, however, it could not broadcast news before 6 PM until World War II. Gaumont British and Movietone cinema newsreels had been broadcast on the TV service since 1936, a weekly Childrens Newsreel was inaugurated on 23 April 1950, to around 350,000 receivers. The network began simulcasting its radio news on television in 1946, televised bulletins began on 5 July 1954, broadcast from leased studios within Alexandra Palace in London. The publics interest in television and live events was stimulated by Elizabeth IIs coronation in 1953 and it is estimated that up to 27 million people viewed the programme in the UK, overtaking radios audience of 12 million for the first time. Those live pictures were fed from 21 cameras in central London to Alexandra Palace for transmission and that year, there were around two million TV Licences held in the UK, rising to over three million the following year, and four and a half million by 1955. This was then followed by the customary Television Newsreel with a commentary by John Snagge. It was revealed that this had been due to producers fearing a newsreader with visible facial movements would distract the viewer from the story. On-screen newsreaders were finally introduced a year later in 1955 – Kenneth Kendall, Robert Dougall, mainstream television production had started to move out of Alexandra Palace in 1950 to larger premises – mainly at Lime Grove Studios in Shepherds Bush, west London – taking Current Affairs with it. It was from here that the first Panorama, a new programme, was transmitted on 11 November 1953. On 28 October 1957, the Today programme, a radio programme, was launched in central London on the Home Service. In 1958, Hugh Carleton Greene became head of News and Current Affairs and he set up a BBC study group whose findings, published in 1959, were critical of what the television news operation had become under his predecessor, Tahu Hole
24.
Portable Document Format
–
The Portable Document Format is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, PDF was developed in the early 1990s as a way to share computer documents, including text formatting and inline images. It was among a number of competing formats such as DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica, in those early years before the rise of the World Wide Web and HTML documents, PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows. Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993 and these proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe’s website. Many of them are not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. So when organizations publish PDFs which use proprietary technologies, they present accessibility issues for some users. In 2014, ISO TC171 voted to deprecate XFA for ISO 32000-2, on January 9,2017, the final draft for ISO 32000-2 was published, thus reaching the approval stage. The PDF combines three technologies, A subset of the PostScript page description programming language, for generating the layout, a font-embedding/replacement system to allow fonts to travel with the documents. A structured storage system to bundle these elements and any associated content into a single file, PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image, a process requiring many resources. It can handle graphics and standard features of programming such as if. PDF is largely based on PostScript but simplified to remove flow control features like these, often, the PostScript-like PDF code is generated from a source PostScript file. The graphics commands that are output by the PostScript code are collected and tokenized, any files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers also are collected. Then, everything is compressed to a single file, therefore, the entire PostScript world remains intact. PDF supports graphic transparency, PostScript does not, PostScript is an interpreted programming language with an implicit global state, so instructions accompanying the description of one page can affect the appearance of any following page. Therefore, all preceding pages in a PostScript document must be processed to determine the appearance of a given page. A PDF file is a 7-bit ASCII file, except for elements that may have binary content. A PDF file starts with a header containing the magic number, the format is a subset of a COS format. A COS tree file consists primarily of objects, of which there are eight types, Boolean values, representing true or false Numbers Strings, enclosed within parentheses, objects may be either direct or indirect
25.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
26.
Wales TUC
–
The Wales TUC is the co-ordinating body of trade unions in Wales. With over 50 affiliated unions as of 2016, the Wales TUC represents nearly 400,000 workers trade unionists. The Wales TUC is an part of the Trades Union Congress of Great Britain. The Wales TUC aims to work with, and make representations to, Wales TUC has responsibility over devolved matters in Wales. The General Secretary of the Wales TUC is Martin Mansfield, who is based in the Cardiff office, Wales TUC develops policy on all devolved matters and others specific to Wales. Its General Council also oversees the implementation of UK wide or International matters agreed by the TUCs General Council, in 1982, The Wales TUC established the Wales Co-operative Centre to provide business support to co-operatives and to help redundant workers during the 1980s recession. The Centre is now the largest co-operative development body in the UK,1974, George Wright 1984, David Jenkins 2004, Felicity Williams 2008, Martin Mansfield Official website Wales Co-operative Centre
27.
Accord (trade union)
–
Accord is an independent trade union, affiliated to the TUC and the Scottish TUC. Accord is a specialist union for staff in financial services with members in the Lloyds Banking Group, TSB, Equitable Life, Accord can trace its origins back to 1978, when it was founded as the Halifax Building Society Staff Association. The HBSSA was founded by John Simmons, the manager of the Halifax branch in Plymouth. He had concluded that staff within the Halifax Building Society were in need of trade union representation, Simmons was keen to avoid the use of the word union because of the negative connotations associated with militant trade unions in the UK in the 1970s. Accords headquarters, Simmons House, is named after John Simmons, in 1978 Ernie Roberts was appointed as the first General Secretary. Branch reps were elected and Regional Committees established, from these groups a National Committee was elected, which met for the first time in August 1978. By the end of 1978 the HBSSA was recognised by the then Halifax Building Society as the bargaining agent for its members below Executive. In January 1979 the HBSSA was granted its Certificate of Independence and this meant that it was recognised by the Government as a bona fide trades union and was afforded the rights to which it was entitled. In 1980 the HBSSA held its first conference in Manchester, in 1983 Ernie Roberts retired, allowing David Nash to become the second General Secretary. Bill Wright was appointed Assistant General Secretary, at the 1994 Conference delegates voted to rename the HBSSA the Independent Union of Halifax Staff. In 1995 the Halifax Building Society merged with the Leeds Permanent Building Society, the following year the Leeds Staff Association joined the IUHS. Also in 1996, The Halifax acquired the Clerical Medical Investment Group, the union was therefore renamed again by delegates at the 2002 conference to reflect the diversity of its membership. From this point onwards it was known as Accord,1978, Ernie Roberts 1983, David Nash 1993, Ged Nichols ACCORD official site
