Ericsson

Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson

Ericsson's headquarters in Kista, Stockholm
Type	Publicly traded Aktiebolag
Traded as	Nasdaq Stockholm: ERIC-A, ERIC-B NASDAQ: ERIC
Industry	Telecommunications equipment Networking equipment
Founded	Stockholm, Sweden (1876; 143 years ago (1876))
Founder	Lars Magnus Ericsson
Headquarters	Kista, Stockholm, Sweden
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Ronnie Leten (Chairman) Börje Ekholm (President and CEO (Chief Executive Officer))
Products	Mobile and fixed broadband networks, consultancy and managed services, TV and multimedia technology
Revenue	SEK 201.3 billion (2017)[1]
Operating income	SEK -38.1 billion (2017)[1]
Net income	SEK -35.1 billion (2017)[1]
Total assets	SEK 260.5 billion (2017)[1]
Total equity	SEK 100.2 billion (2017)[1]
Number of employees	~95,260 [2]
Subsidiaries	Red Bee Media
Website	www.ericsson.com

Ericsson (Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson) is a Swedish multinational networking and telecommunications company headquartered in Stockholm. The company offers services, software and infrastructure in information and communications technology for telecommunications operators, traditional telecommunications and Internet Protocol (IP) networking equipment, mobile and fixed broadband, operations and business support services, cable television, IPTV, video systems, and an extensive services operation.

Ericsson had 35% market share in the 2G/3G/4G mobile network infrastructure market in 2012.^[3]

The company was founded in 1876 by Lars Magnus Ericsson;^[4] as of 2016^[update] it is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The company employs around 95,000 people and operates in around 180 countries.^[2][5] Ericsson holds over 42,000 granted patents as of December 2016, including many in wireless communications.^[6]

History[edit]

Foundation[edit]

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Lars Magnus Ericsson

Lars Magnus Ericsson began his association with telephones in his youth as an instrument maker. He worked for a firm that made telegraph equipment for the Swedish government agency Telegrafverket. In 1876, at the age of 30, he started a telegraph repair shop with help from his friend Carl Johan Andersson in central Stockholm and repaired foreign-made telephones. In 1878 Ericsson began making and selling his own telephone equipment. His telephones were not technically innovative. In 1878 he made an agreement to supply telephones and switchboards to Sweden's first telecommunications operating company, Stockholms Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag.^[4]

Also in 1878, local telephone importer Numa Peterson hired Ericsson to adjust some telephones from the Bell Telephone Company. He bought a number of Siemens telephones and analyzed the technology; Ericsson had a scholarship at Siemens a few years earlier. He was familiar with Bell and Siemens Halske telephones through his firm's repair work for Telegrafverket and Swedish State Railways. He improved these designs to produce a higher-quality instrument to be used by new telephone companies such as Rikstelefon to provide cheaper service than the Bell Group. Ericsson had no patent or royalty problems because Bell had not patented their inventions in Scandinavia. His training as an instrument maker was reflected in the standard of finish and the ornate design of Ericsson telephones of this period. At the end of the year he started to manufacture telephones much like those of Siemens; the first product was finished in 1879.^{[citation needed]}

Ericsson became a major supplier of telephone equipment to Scandinavia. Its factory could not keep up with demand; joinery and metal-plating were contracted out. Much of its raw materials were imported; in the following decades Ericsson bought into a number of firms to ensure supplies of brass, wire, ebonite, and magnet steel. Much of the walnut wood used for cabinets was imported from the United States.

Stockholm's telephone network expanded that year and the company reformed into a telephone manufacturer. When Bell bought the biggest telephone network in Stockholm, it only allowed its own telephones to be used with it. Ericsson's equipment was sold mainly to free telephone associations in the Swedish countryside and in other Nordic countries.^{[citation needed]}

The prices of Bell equipment and services led Henrik Tore Cedergren to form an independent telephone company called Stockholms Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag in 1883. As Bell would not deliver equipment to competitors, he formed a pact with Ericsson to supply the equipment for his new telephone network. In 1918 the companies were merged into Allmänna Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson.^{[citation needed]}

In 1884, a multiple-switchboard manual telephone exchange was mostly copied from a design by C. E. Scribner at Western Electric. This was legal because the device was not patented in Sweden, although in the United States it had held patent 529421 since 1879. A single switchboard could handle up to 10,000 lines. The following year, LM Ericsson and Cedergren toured the United States, visiting several telephone exchange stations to gather "inspiration".^{[citation needed]} They found U.S. switchboard designs were more advanced but Ericsson telephones were equal to others.^{[citation needed]}

In 1884, a technician named Anton Avén at Stockholms Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag combined the earpiece and the mouthpiece of a standard telephone into a handset. It was used by operators in the exchanges where operators needed to have one hand free when talking to customers. Ericsson picked up this invention and incorporated it into Ericsson products, beginning with a telephone named The Dachshund.

International expansion[edit]

An early, wooden, Ericsson telephone, made by the Ericsson Telephone Co. Ltd., of Nottingham, England, it is now in the collection of Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum.

As production grew in the late 1890s, and the Swedish market seemed to be reaching saturation, Ericsson expanded into foreign markets through a number of agents. The UK (Ericsson Telephones Ltd.) and Russia were early markets, where factories were later established improve the chances of gaining local contracts and to augment the output of the Swedish factory. In the UK, the National Telephone Company was a major customer; by 1897 sold 28% of its output in the UK. The Nordic countries were also Ericsson customers; they were encouraged by the growth of telephone services in Sweden.^[4]

Other countries and colonies were exposed to Ericsson products through the influence of their parent countries. These included Australia and New Zealand, which by the late 1890s were Ericsson's largest non-European markets. Mass production techniques now firmly established; telephones were losing some of their ornate finish and decoration.^[7]

Despite their successes elsewhere, Ericsson did not make significant sales into the United States. The Bell Group, Kellogg and Automatic Electric dominated the market. Ericsson eventually sold its U.S. assets. Sales in Mexico led to inroads into South American countries. South Africa and China were also generating significant sales. With his company now multinational, Lars Ericsson stepped down from the company in 1901.

Automatic equipment[edit]

LM Ericsson's former headquarters at Telefonplan in Stockholm, see LM Ericsson building

Ericsson ignored the growth of automatic telephony in the United States and concentrated on manual exchange designs. Their first dial telephone was produced in 1921, although sales of the early automatic switching systems were slow until the equipment had proven itself on the world's markets. Telephones of this period had a simpler design and finish, and many of the early automatic desk telephones in Ericsson's catalogues were magneto styles with a dial on the front and appropriate changes to the electronics. Elaborate decals decorated the cases.^[4] World War I, the subsequent Great Depression, and the loss of its Russian assets after the Revolution slowed the company's development while sales to other countries fell by about half.^[8]

Shareholding changes[edit]

The acquisition of other telecommunications companies put pressure on Ericsson's finances; in 1925, Karl Fredric Wincrantz took control of the company by acquiring most of the shares. Wincrantz was partly funded by Ivar Kreuger, an international financier. The company was renamed Telefon AB LM Ericsson. Kreuger started showing interest in the company, being a major owner of Wincrantz holding companies.^[4]

In 1928, Ericsson began issuing "A" and "B" shares; an "A" share had 1000 votes against a "B" share. Wincrantz controlled the company by having only a few "A" shares, not a majority of the shares. The company raised more money by issuing a lot of "B" shares, while maintaining the status quo of power distribution.^{[citation needed]} In 1930, a second issue of "B"-shares took place, and Kreuger gained majority control of the company with a mixture of "A" and "B" shares he bought with money lent by LM Ericsson, with security given in German state bonds. He then took a loan for his own company Kreuger & Toll from ITT Corporation (administered by Sosthenes Behn), giving parts of LM Ericsson as security, and used its assets and name in a series of international financial dealings.^{[citation needed]}

Ericsson was now regarded by ITT as a takeover target as its main international competitor. In 1931, ITT acquired enough shares from Kreuger to have a majority interest in Ericsson. This news was not made public for some time because of a government-imposed limit on foreign shareholdings in Swedish companies, so the shares were still listed in Kreuger's name.^{[citation needed]} Kreuger in return gained shares in ITT; he stood to make a profit of $11 million^{[clarification needed]} on the deal.^{[citation needed]} When ITT's Behn wanted to cancel this deal in 1932, he discovered there was no money left in the company, just a large claim on the same Kreuger & Toll that Kreuger had himself lent money to. Kreuger had effectively bought LM Ericsson with its own money.^{[citation needed]}

Kreuger had been using the company as security for loans; despite his profits he unable to repay them. Ericsson found they had invested in some doubtful share deals, whose losses were deemed significant. ITT examined the deal and found it had been misled about Ericsson's value.^{[citation needed]} ITT asked Kreuger to go to New York City for a conference, but he did not attend. As word of Kreuger's financial position spread, the banking institutions pressured him to provide security for his loans.^{[citation needed]} ITT canceled the deal to buy Ericsson shares. Kreuger could not repay the $11 million, and committed suicide in Paris in 1932.^{[citation needed]} ITT owned one third of Ericsson, but was forbidden to exercise this ownership because of a paragraph in the company's articles of association stating that no foreign investor was allowed to control more than 20% of the votes.^{[citation needed]}

Wallenberg era begins[edit]

Ericsson was saved from bankruptcy and closure with the help of banks including Stockholms Enskilda Bank (now Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken) and other Swedish investment banks controlled by the Wallenberg family, and some Swedish government backing. Marcus Wallenberg Jr. negotiated a deal with several Swedish banks to rebuild Ericsson financially. The banks gradually increased their possession of LM Ericsson "A" shares, while ITT was still the largest shareholder. In 1960, the Wallenberg family arranged with ITT to buy its shares in Ericsson, and has since controlled the company.^[4]

Market development[edit]

The Ericsson DBH1001 (1931) was the first combined telephone set with a housing and handset made from Bakelite. The design is attributed to Jean Heiberg.

The Ericsson DBH15 telephone, a successor of the DBH 1001 and redesigned in 1947 by Gerard Kiljan

In the 1920s and 1930s, the world telephone markets were being organized and stabilized by many governments. The fragmented town-by-town systems serviced by small, private companies that had evolved were integrated and offered for lease to a single company. Ericsson obtained some leases, which represented further sales of equipment to the growing networks. Ericsson got almost one third of its sales under the control of its telephone operating companies.^[4]

Negotiations between the major telephone companies aimed at dividing up the world between them.^{[citation needed]} The size of ITT made it hard to compete with. Ericsson reduced its involvement in telephone operating companies and went back to manufacturing telephones and switchgear. The Beeston factory in the UK had been a joint venture between Ericsson and the National Telephone Company.^{[citation needed]} The factory built automatic switching equipment for the GPO under license from Strowger, and exported products to former UK colonies.^{[citation needed]} The UK government divided its equipment contracts between competing manufacturers, but Ericsson's presence and manufacturing facilities in the UK allowed it to get most of the contracts.^{[citation needed]}

Sales drives resumed after the Great Depression, but the company never achieved the market penetration that it had at the turn of the century. It still produced a range of telephones and switching equipment; the latter was becoming a more important part of its range. The distinctive Ericsson styles became subdued by the increasing use of bakelite telephones starting in the 1930s.^{[citation needed]}

Further development[edit]

Ericsson introduced the world's first fully automatic mobile telephone system, MTA, in 1956.^[9] It released one of the world's first hands-free speaker telephones in the 1960s. In 1954, it released the Ericofon. Ericsson crossbar switching equipment was used in telephone administrations in many countries.^{[citation needed]} In 1983 the company introduced the ERIPAX suite of network products and services.

1995–2003: emergence of the Internet[edit]

In the 1990s, during the emergence of the Internet, Ericsson was regarded as slow to realize its potential and falling behind in the area of IP technology.^[10] But the company had established an Internet project in 1995 called Infocom Systems to exploit opportunities leading from fixed-line telecom and IT. CEO Lars Ramqvist wrote in the 1996 annual report that in all three of its business areas – Mobile Telephones and Terminals, Mobile Systems, and Infocom Systems – "we will expand our operations as they relate to customer service and Internet Protocol (IP) access (Internet and intranet access)".^[11]

An Ericsson GH337 (1995) and Ericsson T28 (1999) mobile phones

The growth of GSM, which became a de facto world standard, combined with Ericsson's other mobile standards, such as D-AMPS and PDC, meant that by the start of 1997, Ericsson had an estimated 40% share of the world's mobile market, with around 54 million subscribers. There were also around 188 million AXE lines in place or on order in 117 countries.^[11] Telecom and chip companies worked in the 1990s to provide Internet access over mobile telephones. Early versions such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) used packet data over the existing GSM network, in a form known as GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), but these services, known as 2.5G, were fairly rudimentary and did not achieve much mass-market success.^{[citation needed]}

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) had prepared the specifications for a 3G mobile service that included several technologies. Ericsson pushed hard for the WCDMA (wideband CDMA) form based on the GSM standard, and began testing it in 1996. Japanese operator NTT DoCoMo signed deals to partner with Ericsson and Nokia, who came together in 1997 to support WCDMA over rival standards. DoCoMo was the first operator with a live 3G network, using its own version of WCDMA called FOMA. Ericsson was a significant developer of the WCDMA version of GSM, while US-based chip developer Qualcomm promoted the alternative system CDMA2000, building on the popularity of CDMA in the US market. This resulted in a patent infringement lawsuit that was resolved in March 1999^[12] when the two companies agreed to pay each other royalties for the use of their respective technologies and Ericsson purchased Qualcomm's wireless infrastructure business and some R&D resources.^[13]

Once the Qualcomm conflict was settled, Ericsson continued to be involved in mobile Internet. It announced a partnership with Microsoft to combine its web browser and server software with Ericsson's mobile Internet technologies.^[14] The subsequent joint venture was dissolved in 2001 in the aftermath of the Internet and telecom crashes.^{[citation needed]}

Ericsson got caught up in the Dot-com bubble of the late 1990s. The company's market value increased; its share price peaked at SEK 825 in March 2000, from a low of SEK 20 at the start of the 1990s.^[15] Lars Ramqvist resigned as CEO in January 1998, and later became chairperson of the board. Sven-Christer Nilsson took over as CEO in early 1998, and led the company in a clearer IP direction. Under his leadership, the company's acquisitions including a share in US router company Juniper.^[16]

Ericsson had become a leading player in networks and the production of mobile telephones, sharing top place with Nokia and Motorola during 1997.^[17] Services were becoming increasingly important; Ericsson had offered network rollout services for many years, and had operated networks, but at the end of the 1990s the services operations were amalgamated into a services unit.^{[citation needed]}

In June 1999, Kurt Hellström, the head of Ericsson's mobile division, replaced Nilsson as CEO. Worldwide hype around the potential of the internet – and for Ericsson in particular the mobile internet – had inflated industry expectations.^{[citation needed]} Operators in many Westernized countries used much of their capital bidding for 3G licenses, and could not afford the new networks required to use the spectrum they had acquired.^{[citation needed]} The order intake that Ericsson and other telecom vendors had expected, and invested in preparing for, was disappointing, causing job losses and consolidations across the industry.^{[citation needed]}

Ericsson issued a profit warning in March 2001. Over the coming year, sales to operators halved.^[18] Mobile telephones became a burden; the company's telephones unit made a loss of SEK 24 million in 2000. A fire in a Philips chip factory in New Mexico in March 2000 caused severe disruption to Ericsson's phone production,^[19] dealing a coup de grâce to Ericsson's mobile phone hopes. Mobile phones would be spun off into a joint venture with Sony, Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications, in October 2001.^[20] Ericsson launched several rounds of restructuring, refinancing and job-cutting; during 2001, staff numbers fell from 107,000 to 85,000.^[21] A further 20,000 went the next year,^[22] and 11,000 more in 2003.^[23] A new rights issue raised SEK 30 billion to keep the company afloat. The company had survived as mobile Internet started growing. With record profits, it was in better shape than many of its competitors.^[24]

2003–2018: rebuilding and growing[edit]

The emergence of full mobile Internet began a period of growth for the global telecom industry, including Ericsson. After the launch of 3G services during 2003,^[25][26] people started to access the Internet using their telephones.

Ericsson's position as a supplier of GSM equipment to many major operators, and its pioneering role in the emerging 3G standards and associated technology, placed it at the forefront of many of the changes to come. The cutbacks that followed 10 consecutive quarters of losses meant the company could return to profit in Q3 2003, and begin to grow again. After announcing in 2003 that it had returned to growth, new CEO Carl-Henric Svanberg said the company was to concentrate on operational excellence, a wide-ranging push for efficiency and better return on investment that dominated Ericsson's corporate culture for several years.^{[citation needed]}

During the cutbacks, Ericsson had reduced its CDMA organization. This standard, used largely in North America, Japan and mainland Asia, was a rival to GSM, and Ericsson had a global market share of 25%, but the overall volumes were too low so Ericsson wound down its CDMA commitment, ending it completely by 2006.^{[citation needed]} Ericsson started a series of acquisitions to strengthen its position in key technologies and market segments.^{[citation needed]} The first of these was Marconi, a company dating back to the dawn of radio whose assets included a strong portfolio in transmission, fiber optic and fixed network services.^[27]

Further acquisitions included Redback Networks (carrier edge-routers), Entrisphere (fiber) and LHS Telekommunikation (customer care services) in 2007, and Tandberg Television in 2008.^{[citation needed]} Ericsson sold its enterprise PBX division to Aastra Technologies the same year.^[28][29] Ericsson re-entered the CDMA market after acquiring North American vendor Nortel's CDMA operations and assets in 2009.^{[citation needed]} The acquisitions followed Ericsson's general strategy of expanding into next-generation network technologies and multimedia, a combined offering that became more important as video became the dominant form of data traffic on mobile broadband networks.^{[citation needed]}40% of the world's mobile traffic is carried over Ericsson networks.^[30] Ericsson created a division to develop its multimedia business in early 2007.^{[citation needed]}

Ericsson was working on ways to improve WCDMA as operators were buying and rolling it out; it was the first generation of 3G access. New advances included IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) and the next evolution of WCDMA, called High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA). It was initially deployed in the download version called HSDPA; the technology spread from the first test calls in the US in late 2005^[31] to 59 commercial networks in September 2006.^[32] HSPA would provide the world's first mobile broadband.

In July 2016, Hans Vestberg stepped down as Ericsson's CEO after heading the company for six years. Jan Frykhammar, who has been working for the company since 1991 will be stepping in as interim CEO as Ericsson searches for a full-time replacement.^[33]

On 16 January 2017, following Ericsson's announcement on 26 October 2016, new CEO Börje Ekholm started and interim CEO Jan Frykhammar stepped down the following day.^[34]

In June 2018, Ericsson, Inc. and Ericsson AB have agreed to pay $145,893 to settle potential civil liability for an apparent violation of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and the Sudanese Sanctions Regulations, 31 C.F.R. part 538 (SSR).1^[35]

Acquisitions, expansion, consolidation and cooperation[edit]

Around 2000, companies and governments began to push for standards for mobile Internet. In May 2000, the European Commission created the Wireless Strategic Initiative,^[36] a consortium of four telecommunications suppliers in Europe – Ericsson, Nokia, Alcatel (France), and Siemens AG (Germany) – to develop and test new prototypes for advanced wireless communications systems. Later that year, the consortium partners invited other companies to join them in a Wireless World Research Forum in 2001.^[37] In December 1999, Microsoft and Ericsson announced a strategic partnership to combine the former's web browser and server software with the latter's mobile-internet technologies.^[38] In 2000, the Dot-com bubble burst with marked economic implications for Sweden. Ericsson, the world's largest producer of mobile telecommunications equipment, shed thousands of jobs, as did the country's Internet consulting firms and dot-com start-ups. In the same year, Intel, the world's largest semiconductor chip manufacturer, signed a $1.5 billion deal to supply flash memory to Ericsson over the next three years.^[39]

The short-lived joint venture called Ericsson Microsoft Mobile Venture AB, owned 70/30 percent by Ericsson and Microsoft, respectively, ended in October 2001 when Ericsson announced it would absorb the former joint venture and adopt a licensing agreement with Microsoft instead.^[40] The same month, Ericsson announced the launch of Sony Ericsson, a joint venture mobile telephone business, together with Sony Corporation.^[41] Sony Ericsson remained in operation until February 2012, when Sony bought out Ericsson's share; Ericsson said it wanted to focus on the global wireless market as a whole.^[42][43]

Lower stock prices and job losses affected many telecommunications companies in 2001. The major equipment manufacturers – Motorola (U.S.), Lucent Technologies (U.S.), Cisco Systems (U.S.), Marconi (UK), Siemens AG (Germany), Nokia (Finland), as well as Ericsson – all announced job cuts in their home countries and in subsidiaries around the world. Ericsson's workforce worldwide fell during 2001 from 107,000 to 85,000.^[44]

In September 2001, Ericsson purchased the remaining shares in EHPT from Hewlett Packard.^[45] Founded in 1993, Ericsson Hewlett Packard Telecom (EHPT) was a joint venture made up of 60% Ericsson interests and 40% Hewlett-Packard interests.^[46]

In 2002, ICT investor losses topped $2 trillion and share prices fell by 95% until August that year. More than half a million people lost their jobs in the global telecom industry over the two years.^[47] The collapse of U.S. carrier WorldCom, with more than $107 billion in assets, was the biggest in U.S. history.^[48] The sector's problems caused bankruptcies and job losses, and led to changes in the leadership of a number of major companies. Ericsson made 20,000 more staff redundant and raised about $3 billion from its shareholders.^[49] In June 2002, Infineon Technologies AG (then the sixth-largest semiconductor supplier and a subsidiary of Siemens) bought Ericsson's microelectronics unit for $400 million.^[50]

Co-operation with Hewlett-Packard did not end with EHPT; in 2003 Ericsson outsourced its IT to HP, which included Managed Services, Help Desk Support, Data Center Operations, and HP Utility Data Center. The contract was extended in 2008.^[51] There have also been a number of joint Ericsson/HP Telecoms outsourcing deals with telecoms operators including H3G and Vodafone.^{[citation needed]} In October 2005, Ericsson acquired the bulk of the troubled UK telecommunications manufacturer Marconi Company, including its brand name that dates back to the creation of the original Marconi Company by the "father of radio" Guglielmo Marconi.^[52] In September 2006, Ericsson sold the greater part of its defense business Ericsson Microwave Systems, which mainly produced sensor and radar systems, to Saab AB, which renamed the company to Saab Microwave Systems.^[53] The sale meant Saab Ericsson Space, previously a joint venture, was now fully owned by Saab. Not included in the sale to Saab was the National Security & Public Safety division, which was transferred to Ericsson with the sale.^{[citation needed]}

In 2007, Ericsson acquired carrier edge-router maker Redback Networks, and then Entrisphere, a US-based company providing fiber-access technology.^[54] In September 2007, Ericsson acquired an 84% interest in German customer-care and billing software firm LHS, a stake later raised to 100%.^[55] In 2008, Ericsson sold its enterprise PBX division^[56] to Aastra Technologies, and acquired Tandberg Television, the television technology division^[57] of Norwegian company Tandberg.

In 2009, Ericsson bought the CDMA2000 and LTE business of Nortel’s carrier networks division for US$1.18 billion;^[58] Bizitek, a Turkish business support systems integrator; the Estonian manufacturing operations of electronic manufacturing company Elcoteq; and completed its acquisition of LHS.^[59] Acquisitions in 2010 included assets from the Strategy and Technology Group of inCode, a North American business and consulting-services company;^[60] Nortel's majority shareholding (50% plus one share) in LG-Nortel, a joint venture between LG Electronics and Nortel Networks providing sales, R&D and industrial capacity in South Korea, now known as Ericsson-LG; further Nortel carrier-division assets, relating from Nortel's GSM business in the United States and Canada; Optimi Corporation, a U.S.–Spanish telecommunications vendor specializing in network optimization and management;^[61] and Pride, a consulting and systems-integration company operating in Italy.

In 2011, Ericsson acquired manufacturing and research facilities, and staff from the Guangdong Nortel Telecommunication Equipment Company (GDNT)^[62] as well as Nortel's Multiservice Switch business.^[63] It also formed a strategic alliance with Akamai Technologies to develop and market mobile cloud acceleration services.^{[citation needed]} Ericsson acquired U.S. company Telcordia Technologies in January 2012,^[64] an operations and business support systems (OSS/BSS) company.^[65] In March, Ericsson announced it was buying the broadcast-services division of Technicolor, a media broadcast technology company.^{[citation needed]} In April 2012 Ericsson completed the acquisition of BelAir Networks a strong Wi-Fi network technology company.^[66]

On 3 May 2013, Ericsson announced it would divest its power cable operations to Danish company NKT Holding.^[67]

On 1 July 2013, Ericsson announced it would acquire the media management company Red Bee Media, subject to regulatory approval.^[68] The acquisition was completed on 9 May 2014.^[69] In September 2013, Ericsson completed its acquisition of Microsoft's Mediaroom business and televisions services, originally announced in April the same year. The acquisition makes Ericsson the largest provider of IPTV and multi-screen services in the world, by market share; it was renamed Ericsson Mediaroom.^[70] On 20 June 2017, Bloomberg disclosed that Ericsson hired Morgan Stanley to explore the sale of its media businesses.^[71] The Red Bee Media business was kept in-house, as no suitable buyer was found, but a 51% stake of the remainder of the Media Solution division was sold to private equity firm One Equity Partners. Red Bee Media will be an independent subsidiary company, and the new joint media venture is expected to be up and running by the third quarter of 2018^[72]

In September 2014, Ericsson acquired majority stake in Apcera for cloud policy compliance.^[73]

In February 2018, Ericsson acquired the location-based mobile data management platform Placecast. Ericsson has since integrated Placecast's platform and capabilities with its programmatic mobile ad subsidiary, Emodo.^[74]

In May 2018, SoftBank partnered with Ericsson to trial new radio technology.^[75]

Corporate governance[edit]

As of 2016^[update], members of the board of directors of LM Ericsson were: Leif Johansson, Jacob Wallenberg, Kristin S. Rinne, Helena Stjernholm, Sukhinder Singh Cassidy, Börje Ekholm, Ulf J. Johansson, Mikael Lännqvist, Zlatko Hadzic, Kjell-Åke Soting, Nora Denzel, Kristin Skogen Lund, Pehr Claesson, Karin Åberg and Roger Svensson.^[76]

With 25 locations in India that have approximately 10,000 employees, Ericsson was creating a large amount of plastic waste – 25,000 bottles a month on average. Knowing the impact of plastics on the environment, both on land and in the oceans (and specifically the Pacific Garbage Patch) Ericsson team in India was keen to find a new approach to providing clean drinking water to their staff. They reviewed the volumes, counted the cost, considered the environmental impact, and then identified a solution – a simple and straightforward water filtration process called reverse osmosis (RO). The company identified a total of 21 suitable locations (the remaining four were too small to be cost efficient) and in February they installed 150 free-standing RO free systems, thereby removing approximately 25,000 plastic bottles a month from circulation. ^[77]

Research and development[edit]

Ericsson has structured its R&D in three levels depending on when products or technologies will be introduced to customers and users.^[78] Its research and development organization is part of Group Function Technology and addresses several facets of network architecture: wireless access networks; radio access technologies; broadband technologies; packet technologies; multimedia technologies; services software; EMF safety and sustainability; security; and global services.^[79] The head of research since 2012 is Sara Mazur.^[80]

Group Function Technology holds research co-operations with several major universities and research institutes including: Lund University in Sweden, Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary and Beijing Institute of Technology in China.^[81] Ericsson also holds research co-operations within several European research programs such as GigaWam and OASE.^[82] Ericsson holds 33,000 granted patents, and is the number-one holder of GSM/GPRS/EDGE, WCDMA/HSPA, and LTE essential patents.^[83]

Ericsson hosts a developer program called Ericsson Developer Connection^[84] designed to encourage development of applications and services.^[85] Ericsson also has an open innovation initiative for beta applications and beta API's & tools called Ericsson Labs.^[86] The company hosts several internal innovation competitions among its employees.^[87]

Products and services[edit]

Ericsson's business includes technology research, development, network and software development, and running and evolving operations.^[79][88] and software^[89][90] Ericsson offers end-to-end services for all major mobile communication standards,^[91] and has four main business units.^[92]

Business Area Networks (earlier Business Unit Networks)[edit]

Business Unit Networks has been headed by Johan Wibergh since 2008. It develops network infrastructure for communication needs over mobile and fixed connections.^[92] As of 1 July 2014, BNET has been divided into Business Unit Radio and Business Unit Cloud & IP.^[93] Its products include radio base stations, radio network controllers, mobile switching centers and service application nodes. Operators use Ericsson products to migrate from 2G to 3G and, most recently, to 4G networks.^[94]

The company's network division has been described as a driver in the development of 2G, 3G, 4G/LTE technology, future 5G and the evolution towards all-IP,^[95] and it develops and deploys advanced LTE systems,^[96] but it is still developing the older GSM,^[97][98] WCDMA, and CDMA technologies.^[99] The company's networks portfolio also includes core networks, microwave transport, Internet Protocol (IP) networks, fixed-access services for copper and fiber, and mobile broadband modules, several levels of fixed broadband access,^[100][101] radio access networks from small pico cells to high-capacity macro cells, controllers for radio base stations, and core network nodes that interconnect radio access networks with other parts of the network.^{[citation needed]} Ericsson Power Modules supplies direct current (DC)/DC converters and DC/DC regulators, mainly to the communications industry, for advanced applications, such as multiplexors, switches, routers and radio base stations.^[102] Manufacturing is in China.

Business Unit Global Services[edit]

Since 2010, Magnus Mandersson has been head of Business Unit Global Services.^[103] It provides telecoms-related managed services, including taking responsibility for running an operator's network and the related business support systems.^{[citation needed]} The unit is active in 180 countries; it supplies managed services,^[104] systems integration, consulting, network rollout, design and optimization, broadcast services, learning services and support.^{[105][106][107][108]} The company also works with television and media, public safety, and utilities. Ericsson claims to manage networks that serve more than 1 billion subscribers worldwide,^[109] and to support customer networks that serve more than 2.5 billion subscribers.

Business Unit Support Solutions[edit]

Per Borgklint has headed Business Unit Support Solutions since 2011.^[103] Initially established in 2007, as Business Unit Multimedia, Ericsson announced a new strategy for its multimedia business in February 2012.^[110] Its Business Unit Support Solutions now develops software for operations and business support systems (OSS and BSS), real-time, multi-screen and on-demand television and media, and for the emerging m-commerce eco-system. Ericsson claims a leading position in charging and billing, serving 1.6 billion people.^[111]

• OSS and BSS expanded after the integration of Telcordia,^[112] and it focuses on Customer experience management including fulfilment, assurance, network optimization and real-time charging.
• TV and media offers products that enable operators and content owners to sell multi-screen TV services.^[113]
• M-Commerce sells mobile e-commerce products,^[114] for mobile operators and financial institutions offer mobile wallet services to consumers.^[115] Ericsson has announced m-commerce deals with Western Union^[116] and African wireless carrier MTN.^[117]

Systems integration[edit]

Ericsson's systems integration offering currently^[when?] consists of seven service offerings:^[118]

• Operations Support Systems
• Business Support Systems
• IP Networks and Architecture
• TV, Applications and Service Delivery Platforms
• Solution and Life-Cycle Management
• Data Migration
• Multi-Vendor Verification

Network services[edit]

Ericsson's network rollout services employ in-house capabilities, subcontractors and central resources to make changes to live networks.^[119] Services such as technology deployment, network transformation, and network optimization are also provided.^[105]

Broadcast services[edit]

Ericsson's Broadcast Services deal with the playout of live and pre-recorded, commercial and public service television programmes, including presentation (continuity announcements), trailers, and ancillary access services such as closed-caption subtitles, audio description and in-vision sign language interpreters.^[120] Its media management services consist of Managed Media Preparation and Managed Media Internet Delivery.^[121]

Business Unit Modems[edit]

As of 7 May 2014, Robert Puskaric assumed the role as vice president and head of Business Unit Modems, succeeding Mats Norin who had the position since August 2013.^[122] This unit designs and sells LTE multimode thin modems, including 2G, 3G and 4G interoperability.^[123] This activity was transferred to Ericsson from ST-Ericsson when the new Modems organization was put in place.^[124] The unit has developed products including the Ericsson M7000 series multimode modems which support LTE (FDD /TDD), HSPA+, HSPA, TD-SCDMA and EDGE. In September 2014, Ericsson announced it would stop developing modems, shutting a loss-making unit it took on after joint venture partner STMicroelectronics pulled out.^[125]

Divested businesses[edit]

Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB (Sony Ericsson) was a joint venture with Sony that merged the previous mobile telephone operations of both companies. It manufactured mobile telephones, accessories and personal computer (PC) cards. Sony Ericsson was responsible for product design and development, marketing, sales, distribution and customer services. On 16 February 2012, Sony announced it had completed the full acquisition of Sony Ericsson.^[126]

Mobile (cell) telephones[edit]

As a joint venture with Sony, Ericsson's mobile telephone production was moved into the company Sony Ericsson in 2001. The following is a list of mobile phones marketed under the brand name Ericsson.

GF 768

• Ericsson GS88 – Cancelled mobile telephone where Ericsson invented the "Smartphone" name for
• Ericsson GA628 – Known for its Z80 CPU
• Ericsson SH888 – First mobile telephone to have wireless modem capabilities
• Ericsson A1018 – Dualband cellphone, notably easy to hack
• Ericsson A2618 & Ericsson A2628 – Dualband cellphones. Use graphical LCD display based on PCF8548 I²C controller.^[127]
• Ericsson PF768
• Ericsson GF768
• Ericsson GH388
• Ericsson T10 – Colourful Cellphone
• Ericsson T18 – Business model of the T10, with active flip
• Ericsson T28 – Very slim telephone. Uses lithium polymer batteries. Ericsson T28 FAQ use graphical LCD display based on PCF8558 I²C controller.
• Ericsson T20s
• Ericsson T29s – Similar to the T28s, but with WAP support
• Ericsson T29m – pre-alpha prototype for the T39m
• Ericsson T36m – Prototype for the T39m. Announced in yellow and blue. Never hit the market due to release T39m
• Ericsson T39 – Similar to the T28, but with a GPRS modem, Bluetooth and triband capabilities
• Ericsson T65
• Ericsson T66
• Ericsson T68m – The first Ericsson handset to have a color display, later branded as Sony Ericsson T68i
• Ericsson R250s Pro – Fully dust and water resistant telephone
• Ericsson R310s
• Ericsson R320s
• Ericsson R320s Titan – Limited Edition with titanium front
• Ericsson R320s GPRS – Prototype for testing GPRS networks
• Ericsson R360m – Pre-alpha prototype for the R520m
• Ericsson R380 – First cellphone to use the Symbian OS
• Ericsson R520m – Similar to the T39, but in a candy bar form factor^{[clarification needed]} and with added features such as a built-in speakerphone and an optical proximity sensor
• Ericsson R520m UMTS – Prototype to test UMTS networks
• Ericsson R520m SyncML – Prototype to test the SyncML implementation
• Ericsson R580m – Announced in several press releases. Supposed to be a successor of the R380s without external antenna and with color display
• Ericsson R600

Telephones[edit]

• Ericsson Dialog
• Ericofon

Ericsson Mobile Platforms[edit]

Ericsson Mobile Platforms was a supplier of technology platforms for GSM/EDGE and WCDMA/HSPA platforms used in devices, such as mobile handsets and PC cards.^{[citation needed]} Through Ericsson Mobile Platforms, Ericsson licensed open-standard, end-to-end interoperability-tested GSM/EDGE and WCDMA technology platforms.^{[citation needed]} The product offering included reference designs, platform software, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs and development boards, development and test tools, training, support and documentation. Ericsson Mobile Platforms had operations at nine global locations, with main operations in Sweden.^{[citation needed]}

The company existed for eight years; on 12 February 2009, Ericsson announced it would be merged with the mobile platform company of STMicroelectronics, ST-NXP Wireless, to create a 50/50 joint venture owned by Ericsson and STMicroelectronics.^[128] This joint venture was divested in 2013 and remaining activities can be found in Ericsson Modems and STMicroelectronics. Ericsson Mobile Platform ceased being a legal entity early 2009.^[129]

Ericsson Enterprise[edit]

Starting in 1983 Ericsson Enterprise provided communications systems and services for businesses, public entities and educational institutions. It produced products for voice over Internet protocol (VoIP)-based private branch exchanges (PBX), wireless local area networks (WLAN), and mobile intranets. Ericsson Enterprise operated mainly from Sweden but also operated through regional units and other partners/distributors. In 2008 it was sold to Aastra.^[130][131]

.mobi and mobile Internet[edit]

Ericsson was an official backer in the launch of the .mobi top level domain created specifically for the mobile internet.^[132] Since the launch of .mobi in September 2006, Ericsson has launched SonyEricsson.mobi, the mobile portal of Sony Ericsson.

See also[edit]

• Cedergren
• Damovo
• Ericsson Nikola Tesla
• Erlang (programming language)
• Investor AB
• List of networking hardware vendors
• List of Sony Ericsson products
• Red Jade
• Tandberg Television

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• John Meurling & Richard Jeans (1994) A switch in time: AXE — creating a foundation for the information age. London: Communications Week International. ISBN 0-9524031-1-0.
• John Meurling & Richard Jeans (1997). The ugly duckling. Stockholm: Ericsson Mobile Communications. ISBN 91-630-5452-3.
• John Meurling & Richard Jeans (2000). The Ericsson Chronicle: 125 years in telecommunications. Stockholm: Informationsförlaget. ISBN 91-7736-464-3.
• The Mobile Phone Book: The Invention of the Mobile Telephone Industry. ISBN 0-9524031-0-2
• Mobile media and applications – from concept to cash: successful service creation and launch. ISBN 0-470-01747-3
• Anders Pehrsson (1996). International Strategies in Telecommunications. London: Routledge Research. ISBN 0-415-14829-4

External links[edit]

• Official website
• General reference to all chapters on the Ericsson history: "The History of Ericsson". Center for Business History, Stockholm, and Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson.