1.
Keilaniemi
–
Keilaniemi is a district in the south-eastern part of Espoo, Finland. It is a business district mostly known for the numerous head offices of large corporations located there. The district includes the offices of Microsoft Mobile, Kone, Fortum, Neste Oil. Keilaniemi rose to the position of a concentration in 1976. The 18-story building is one of the tallest office buildings in Finland. The distance from Keilaniemi to the centre of Helsinki along the Länsiväylä highway is about 8 km, länsimetro, an extension of the Helsinki metro, is under construction, includes a metro station in Keilaniemi. Significant new construction is planned, construction of new tower blocks for office. Immediately south of Keilaniemi proper, there is the peninsula of Karhusaari, where a 19th-century mansion. The mansion, owned by the City of Espoo, houses the Karhusaari Art Centre and is used for weddings, Keilaniemi metro station Districts of Espoo Media related to Keilaniemi at Wikimedia Commons
Keilaniemi
–
The Fortum head office is located in Keilaniemi.
Keilaniemi
–
Panorama of Keilaniemi, seen from Keilalahti bay.
2.
Espoo Cultural Centre
–
The Espoo Cultural Centre is a culture centre in Tapiola, Espoo, Finland. It is most famous for hosting the central library of Tapiola, near the culture centre is the Tapiola swimming pool and the Tapiola Garden hotel. The Espoo Cultural Centre hosts arts events, hosts activities to further culture in Espoo, offers cultural and public services, and hosts parties, meetings, fairs, and private events. Among others, the Espoo city theatre, April Jazz, the Espoo Ciné film festival, according to the web page of the city of Espoo, the cultural centre is the main stage for performing arts and cultural life in Espoo. The Espoo cultural centre is located next to the Tapiola central tower, the building was designed by the architect Arto Sipinen and was completed in 1989. The building has two halls, Louhisali, with 300 seats, suitable for theatre, and Tapiolasali, with 800 seats, location of the Espoo cultural centre, Google Maps
Espoo Cultural Centre
–
The Espoo Cultural Centre in the summer
Espoo Cultural Centre
–
The Espoo Cultural Centre
Espoo Cultural Centre
–
The Espoo Cultural Centre seen from the south
3.
Haukilahti
–
Haukilahti or Gäddvik is a mainly residential district in the city of Espoo, Finland. Haukilahti is a quiet, peaceful district with lots of trees, right across the road from the main residential area is the Toppelund forest, beyond which lies the seashore. Name of Haukilahti can be translated as Bay of Pikes, Haukilahti is located between districts of Westend in the east, Matinkylä in the west and Niittykumpu in the north. South of Haukilahti is Miessaarenselkä, part of Gulf of Finland, stream called Gräsanoja forms border of Haukilahti and Matinkylä, and it opens in Haukilahti harbour. Buildings in Haukilahti are a mixture of apartment blocks and lower houses, detached, the apartment blocks are by roads Mellstenin rantatie and Haukilahdenkatu, on hills Pitkänkallionmäki and Hauenkallionmäki and near border to Westend. In 2012, there were 2854 homes in Haukilahti,54 of which were built before 1960, majority or 1386 during 1960-1969,673 in 1970-1979, there are two public beaches in Haukilahti. The eastern beach, in the Toppelund area, is smaller and quieter, the western beach, in the Mellsten area, is larger and more popular. In 2015, readers of local newspaper voted it was the best beach in Espoo, dogs are allowed to swim in a section of the beach. Haukilahti also has its own school and Gymnasium, a library. Southwest of the present water tower has been a Bronze Age burial place, there are remains of First world war fortifications in Toppelundinpuisto. These were related to Krepost Sveaborg, districts of Espoo Haukilahti water tower Media related to Haukilahti at Wikimedia Commons
Haukilahti
–
The Mellsten harbour is popular among boat owners
Haukilahti
–
Location of Haukilahti within
Espoo
Haukilahti
–
As a mainly residential district, Haukilahti offers many parks and playgrounds
Haukilahti
–
Simpukka ("clam", named after its shape) is a youth and cultural house in Haukilahti
4.
Aalto University
–
Aalto University is a university primarily located in Greater Helsinki, Finland. It was established in 2010 as a merger of three major Finnish universities, the Helsinki University of Technology, the Helsinki School of Economics, the close collaboration between the scientific, business and arts communities is intended to foster multi-disciplinary education and research. The Finnish government, in 2010, set out to create a university that fosters innovation, the university is composed of six schools with close to 20,000 students and 4,500 staff members, making it Finlands second largest university. The main campus of Aalto University is located in Otaniemi, Espoo, other functions of the School of Business are located in Töölö. The School of Arts, Design and Architecture is located in Arabianranta, in addition, the university operates several units outside Greater Helsinki in Mikkeli, Pori and Vaasa. Aalto universitys operations showcase Finland’s experiment in higher education, in 2004, a workgroup led by Anne Brunila of the Finnish Ministry of Finance concluded that Finland had too many universities and other institutes of tertiary education which should be consolidated. Following this, Yrjö Sotamaa, president of the University of Art and Design Helsinki at the time, sotamaas line of reasoning was that this move would create a unique interdisciplinary university that was needed to create new innovative thought. The idea received attention within the Finnish Ministry of Education, which appointed Raimo Sailas, after Sailas group reported that it considered the merger to be beneficial to the Finnish academic world and economy, the Finnish government decided to go on with the project on November 11,2007. On May 29,2008, the government announced that the new university would be named after the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto in honor of his achievements in technology, economics and art. On December 19,2008, Prof. Tuula Teeri was selected by the Board to be the first President of Aalto University, Aalto University started operating on January 1,2010. In the process of creating the university the university law of Finland was rewritten for the university to be allowed to collect endowment, the university managed to reach its goal of collecting 200 million euros in private donations. The sum was augmented by 2.5 times by the Finnish state, as the Aalto University was founded the four schools of science and engineering were formed out of the departments of the Helsinki University of Technology, founded in 1849 by Grand Duke Nicholas I. It received university status in 1908, in 1966, the University of Technology moved from Hietalahti in downtown Helsinki to its current Otaniemi campus, designed by Alvar Aalto. At the time of creation of Aalto University, TKK had about 250 professors and this means the largest part of the Aalto University is formed from the former Helsinki University of Technology. The Helsinki School of Economics was established in Helsinki in 1904 by the community and was given the status of a university in 1911. It operated as a university until 1974, when the state of Finland was given the financial responsibility of the university. Following the merger, the university was briefly renamed Aalto University School of Economics, the University of Art and Design Helsinki has been the largest art university in the Nordic countries. Media Centre Lume - the National Research and Development Center of audiovisual media - is also located in the university, the university awarded the following academic degrees, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, and Doctor of Arts
Aalto University
–
Surveying students with professor in the early days of the university of technology.
Aalto University
–
Aalto University
Aalto University
–
A lecture of mathematics for undergraduates inside the main building.
Aalto University
–
Radio science done with the receiver in the Planck probe reveals the age and composition of the universe.
5.
Otaniemi
–
Otaniemi, or Otnäs, is a district of Espoo, Finland. It is located near the border of Helsinki, the capital of Finland, Otaniemi is the home of the Aalto University engineering schools campus, thus Otaniemi is often used as a synonym for Aalto. However, several research and business facilities are located in Otaniemi. Business is represented in the area by the business incubator Technopolis, in 2010, Otaniemi became home to Aalto University, formed from the merger of the Helsinki University of Technology, the University of Art and Design Helsinki, and the Helsinki School of Economics. As late as the 1940s, Otaniemi was part of the Hagalund manor and used as a park and farmland, from where an old linden allée survives. In 1949, the Government of Finland purchased the lands of Hagalund Manor for use as the campus of the Helsinki University of Technology and the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. First to be built was the student campus of the Helsinki University of Technology, several thousand students currently live in Otaniemi. The region has since built up around TKK and VTT. The area is unique, boasting buildings designed by leading Finnish architects including Alvar Aalto, Heikki and Kaija Sirén. Aalto is an alumnus of TKK, and the designer of both the city plan for the Otaniemi area and the building of TKK. The area is protected as a scenic area, representing the modernist and functionalist architecture for which Finland is internationally famous. Otaniemi hosts a vibrant—and at times rowdy—student community especially concentrated in the blocks of student housing called Teekkarikylä. Some buildings of Teekkarikylä are owned by the student association of Aalto University AYY, there are very few non-student apartments in Otaniemi, because almost all inhabitants are students, Otaniemi is technically a low-income area. Otaniemi has three daycares, a stadium and an arena, a small shopping center with an Alepa grocery store, pharmacy, kiosk, bank. The closest general services and shopping centers are in Tapiola, the name is a tribute to Alvar Aalto, a prominent architect known for his achievements in technology, economics, and art. Otaniemi is also the location of the Border and Coast Guard Academy, until 2008, the officer school of the Police College of Finland was also located there. Helsinki University of Technologys 10 national centers of excellence create most of Finlands hi-tech patents within this small area, major companies that have sites in Otaniemi are for instance Tieto and Pöyry. The Finnish Customs laboratory is located in Otaniemi, Otaniemi Chapel Otaniemi metro station Home pages of Otaniemi Helsinki University of Technology Map of Otaniemi Otaniemi at Google Maps
Otaniemi
–
Otaniemi from the air, 1989.
Otaniemi
–
Location of Otaniemi within
Espoo
Otaniemi
–
Alvar Aalto 's landmark auditorium of the main building of the Otaniemi campus. The
amphitheatre -like structure contains the main auditoriums, while its exterior can be used for plays and other activities.
Otaniemi
–
Technopolis 's business incubator Innopoli.
6.
Fortum head office
–
The Fortum head office is a high-rise office building located in Espoo, just outside Helsinki, the capital of Finland. With a height of 84 metres, it is currently the third tallest habitable building in Finland, the building houses the head office of Fortum, an energy company owned primarily by the Finnish state. It was constructed between 1973 and 1978, while Uolevi Raade was the manager of Neste, which merged and later demerged with Imatran Voima and this is why the building is sometimes referred to as Raaden hammas. When Imatran Voima merged with Neste, the merged company Fortum took the building as its HQ, however, in the demerger six years later, the building was not returned to Neste Oil, but was retained by Fortum, the electricity producer. Consequently, Neste Oil had to construct a new HQ building nearby, list of tallest buildings in Finland Media related to Fortum headquarters at Wikimedia Commons
Fortum head office
–
The Fortum head office.
7.
Uusimaa
–
Uusimaa or Nyland is a region in Finland. It borders the regions Southwest Finland, Tavastia Proper, Päijänne Tavastia, finland’s capital Helsinki, its second largest city Espoo and its fourth largest city Vantaa are all located centrally in Uusimaa, making it by far the most populous region. Uusimaa was, along with the rest of Southern and Western Finland, the Swedish placenames of Uusimaa date back to this period. However, there are traces of the older Tavastian placenames left in some names, the names Uusimaa and Nyland mean “new land” in English. The Swedish-language name Nyland appears in the documents from the 14th century, the Finnish-language name Uusimaa appears for the first time in 1548 as Wsimaa in the first translation of the New Testament to Finnish by Mikael Agricola. The Finnish provinces were ceded to Imperial Russia in the War of Finland in 1809, after this, Uusimaa became the Province of Uusimaa of the old lääni system. From 1997 to 2010, Uusimaa was a part of the Province of Southern Finland and it has been divided in the regions of Uusimaa and Eastern Uusimaa. In 2011, two regions were merged, Uusimaa is an officially bilingual region, with both Finnish and Swedish having the same status. Helsinkis slang, stadin slangi, first evolved in the late 19th century,8. 5% of population of the region speak Swedish language as native. Is the main governing body for region and focueses primarily on urban planning, like all regional councils it is mandated by law. The region of Uusimaa is made up of 26 municipalities, of which 13 have city status, also two popular tabloid newspapers, Iltalehti and Ilta-Sanomat, are published there. The coat of arms of the shows a yellow boat which is a symbol for the coastal areas. Uusimaa received its coat of arms at the end of the 16th century, there is an image of the coat of arms made in 1599. In 1997, the coat of arms became the official coat of arms of the region
Uusimaa
–
Helsinki Cathedral, the symbol of the capital
Uusimaa
–
Logo of the Regional Council
Uusimaa
–
Porvoo Old Town
Uusimaa
–
Nurmijärvi Church
8.
Regions of Finland
–
Finland comprises 19 regions called maakunta in Finnish and landskap in Swedish. The regions are governed by councils, which serve as forums of cooperation for the municipalities of a region. The main tasks of the regions are planning and development of enterprise. In addition, the health services are usually organized on the basis of regions. Currently, the region where a popular election is held for the council is Kainuu. Other regional councils are elected by municipal councils, each municipality sending representatives in proportion to its population and they are each responsible for one or more of regions of Finland, and include offices of the Ministries of Employment and the Economy, Transport and Communications and Environment. The Finnish Defence Forces regional offices are responsible for the defence preparations. Regions represent dialectal, cultural and economic variations better than the former provinces, historically, regions are divisions of historical provinces of Finland, areas which represent dialects and culture more accurately
Regions of Finland
–
Regions of Finland (the borders of historical provinces are shown in grey)
9.
Greater Helsinki
–
Greater Helsinki is the metropolitan area including the smaller Capital Region urban kernel and commuter towns surrounding Helsinki, the capital city of Finland. Greater Helsinki is sometimes incorrectly called Helsinki Region due to a direct translation of the Finnish and Swedish terms Helsingin seutu. It is part of Uusimaa province and these regions are located in the south of Finland, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, which is part of the Baltic Sea. The smaller Capital Region includes Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo, the Greater Helsinki region is the largest urbanised area in the country with 1,420,284 inhabitants and is by far the most important economic, cultural, and scientific region of Finland. In the strictest sense, the Finnish Capital Region consists of four municipalities with city status, Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen, whose total population is about 1.1 million. This area is most often called the Capital region in English, Pääkaupunkiseutu in Finnish, the vast majority of the inhabitants live in the urban areas of the cities, but within the boundaries of these cities there are also suburban and rural areas. Commonly about ten more municipalities are considered to be part of Greater Helsinki, as they can be considered to be commuter towns and exurbs of Helsinki. When Hyvinkää, Järvenpää, Kerava, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, Sipoo, Tuusula, Mäntsälä, Pornainen and Vihti are included, all of the municipalities belong to the region of Uusimaa. Of these, Kerava, Järvenpää, Mäntsälä, Tuusula, and Nurmijärvi are part of the urban area, as a part of Urban audit project the Eurostat has attempted to standardise the concept of metropolitan area. According to this study the Metropolitan area of Helsinki consists of the kernel of Helsinki, Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, Helsinki Larger Urban Area consists of 12 cities and municipalities, the kernel of Helsinki and the aforementioned eight municipalities. Statistics Finland define the commuter belt of Helsinki to include a total of 24 municipalities, with an area of 7,359.80 km2. In addition to that, there are people from as far as Lahti, the table below lists population, area, and population density for the largest municipalities of the Greater Helsinki area. The commuter towns of Lohja and Porvoo are not usually included, though, if they were, they would raise the overall population to nearly 1.5 million people
Greater Helsinki
–
Central Helsinki, the focal point of the Capital Region, from the sky.
Greater Helsinki
–
Map of Greater Helsinki (Light blue) and the Capital Region (Blue).
10.
Finland
–
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
Finland
–
Hakkapeliitta featured on a 1940 Finnish stamp
Finland
–
Flag
Finland
–
Now lying within Helsinki,
Suomenlinna is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of an inhabited 18th century sea fortress built on six islands. It is one of Finland's most popular tourist attractions.
Finland
–
Pioneers in Karelia (1900) by
Eero Järnefelt
11.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
12.
Charter
–
A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. The word entered the English language from the Old French charte and it has come to be synonymous with the document that lays out the granting of rights or privileges. The term is used for a case to an institutional charter. A charter school, for example, is one that has different rules, regulations, charter is sometimes used as a synonym for tool or lease, as in the charter of a bus or boat or plane by an organization, intended for a similar group destination. A charter member of an organization is a member, that is. Anglo-Saxon Charters are documents from the medieval period in Britain which typically make a grant of land or record a privilege. They are usually written on parchment, in Latin but often with sections in the vernacular, describing the bounds of estates, the British Empire used three main types of colonies as it sought to expand its territory to distant parts of the earth. These three types were royal colonies, proprietary colonies, and corporate colonies, a charter colony by definition is a colony…chartered to an individual, trading company, etc. by the British crown. Although charter colonies were not the most prevalent of the three types of colonies in the British Empire, they were by no means insignificant, a congressional charter is a law passed by the United States Congress that states the mission, authority and activities of a group. Congress issued federal charters from 1791 until 1992 under Title 36 of the United States Code, a municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located, often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter. Charters for chivalric orders and other orders, such as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, in project management, a project charter or project definition is a statement of the scope, objectives and participants in a project. It provides a preliminary delineation of roles and responsibilities, outlines the objectives, identifies the main stakeholders. It serves as a reference of authority for the future of the project, in medieval Europe, royal charters were used to create cities. The date that such a charter was granted is considered to be when a city was founded, at one time a royal charter was the only way in which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means are generally now used instead
Charter
–
An example of a charter (
Magna Carta).
13.
City manager
–
A city manager is an official appointed as the administrative manager of a city, in a council–manager form of city government. Local officials serving in this position are sometimes referred to as the executive officer or chief administrative officer in some municipalities. Other small or middle sized American cities, especially in the West, in Europe, smaller cities in the Netherlands were specially attracted by the plan. Most sources trace the first city manager to Staunton, Virginia in 1908, some of the other cities that were among the first to employ a manager were Sumter, South Carolina and Dayton, Ohio, Dayton was featured in the national media, and became a national standard. The first City Managers Association meeting of eight city managers was in December 1914, by 1930200 American cities used a city manager form of government. In addition, many states, such as the states of New Hampshire, the City Manager position focuses on efficiency and providing a certain level of service for the lowest possible cost. The competence of a city manager can be assessed using composite indicators, Manager members of the ICMA are bound by a rather rigid and strongly enforced code of ethics that was originally established in 1924. Since that time the code had been up-dated/revised on seven occasions, in the early years of the profession, most managers came from the ranks of the engineering professions. As of 2005 more than 60% of those in the profession had a MPA, MBA, the average tenure of a manager is now 7–8 years and has risen gradually over the years. Tenures tend to be less in smaller communities and higher in larger ones, educational Level of Local Government Managers, Local government Local government in the United States council-manager government Clerk Kemp, Roger L. Managing Americas Cities, A Handbook for Local Government Productivity, McFarland, jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng. UK1998. _______, Model Government Charters, A City, County, Regional, State, jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng. UK,2003 _______, Forms of Local Government, A Handbook on City, County and Regional Options, McFarland, jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng. The rise of the city manager, A public professional in local government, organized business and the city commission and manager movements. In JSTOR White, Leonard D. Staunton, Virginia, Birthplace Of City Manager Form Of Government, a history on the city manager system of government
City manager
–
This article is about city managers in the United States. For county and city managers in the Republic of Ireland, see
Chief executive (Irish local government). For County managers in the United States, see
County executive.
14.
Languages of Finland
–
The two main official languages of Finland are Finnish and Swedish. There are also several minority languages, three variants of Sami, Romani, Finnish Sign Language and Karelian. Finnish is the language of the majority, 91% of the population and it is a Finnic language closely related to Estonian and less closely to the Sami languages. The Finnic languages belong to the Uralic language family, so Finnish is distantly related to languages as diverse as Hungarian, Swedish is the main language of 5. 4% of the population, down from 14% at the beginning of the 20th century. In 2012, 44% of Finnish citizens with another registered primary language than Swedish could hold a conversation in this language, Swedish is a North Germanic language, closely related to Norwegian and Danish. As a subbranch of Indo-European, it is closely related to other Germanic languages such as German. Swedish was the language of the administration until the late 19th century, today it is one of the two main official languages, with a position equal to Finnish in most legislation, though the working language in most governmental bodies is Finnish. Both Finnish and Swedish are compulsory subjects in school with an exception for children with a language as their native language. A successfully completed language test is a prerequisite for governmental offices where a university degree is required, the four largest Swedish-speaking communities in Finland, in absolute numbers, are those of Helsinki, Espoo, Porvoo and Vaasa, where they constitute significant minorities. Helsinki, the capital, had a Swedish-speaking majority until late in the 19th century, currently 6. 1% of the population of Helsinki are Swedish-speaking and 9. 6% speaks languages other than Finnish and Swedish. The Swedish dialects spoken in Finland mainland are known as Finland-Swedish, there is a rich Finland-Swedish literature, including authors such as Tove Jansson, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Edith Södergran and Zacharias Topelius. Runeberg is considered Finlands national poet and wrote the anthem, Vårt land. The Sami languages are a group of related languages spoken across Lapland and they are distantly related to Finnish. The three Sami languages spoken in Finland, Northern Sami, Inari Sami and Skolt Sami, have a native speaker population of roughly 1,800. Up to World War II, Karelian was spoken in the historical Border-Karelian region on the shore of Lake Ladoga. After the war immigrant Karelians were settled all over Finland, in 2001 the Karelian Language Society estimated that the language is understood by 11, 000–12,000 people in Finland, most of whom are elderly. A more recent estimate is that the size of the community is 30,000. Karelian was recognized in a regulation by the President in November 2009, in fact, Finland places among the top four countries in the world when it comes to the fluency of English
Languages of Finland
–
Knowledge of
foreign languages and Swedish as
second language in Finland, in percent of the adult population, 2005.
Languages of Finland
–
QWERTY Basic Finnish/Swedish
Finnish Multilingual
Languages of Finland
–
Proportions of main languages in Finland 2007.
Languages of Finland
–
Number of speakers of the largest unofficial languages in Finland, 2007.
15.
Finnish language
–
Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. It is one of the two languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both standard Finnish and Meänkieli, a Finnish dialect, are spoken, the Kven language, a dialect of Finnish, is spoken in Northern Norway by a minority group of Finnish descent. Finnish is the member of the Finnic language family and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages. It modifies and inflects nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs, Finnish is a member of the Finnic group of the Uralic family of languages. The Finnic group also includes Estonian and a few minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea, several theories exist as to the geographic origin of Finnish and the other Uralic languages. The most widely held view is that they originated as a Proto-Uralic language somewhere in the boreal forest belt around the Ural Mountains region and/or the bend of the middle Volga. The Finns are more similar to their Indo-European-speaking neighbours than to the speakers of the geographically close Uralic language Sami. It has been argued that a native Finnic-speaking population absorbed northward migrating Indo-European speakers who adopted the Finnic language, the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, United States classifies Finnish as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers. Finnish is spoken by five million people, most of whom reside in Finland. There are also notable Finnish-speaking minorities in Sweden, Norway, Russia, Estonia, Brazil, Canada, the majority of the population of Finland,90. 37% as of 2010, speak Finnish as their first language. The remainder speak Swedish, Sami and other languages and it has achieved some popularity as a second language in Estonia. Finnish is one of two languages of Finland and one of the official languages in the European Union since 1995. Finnish language started to gain its role during the Grand Duchy of Finland, along with the nationalistic Fennoman movement and it enjoys the status of an official minority language in Sweden. The Finnic languages evolved from the Proto-Finnic language after Sámi was separated from it around 1500–1000 BCE, current models assume three or more hypothetical Proto-Finnic proto-dialects evolving over the first millennium BCE. During the Middle Ages, Finnish was solely an oral language, the first known written example of Finnish comes from this era and was found in a German travel journal dating back to c.1450, Mÿnna tachton gernast spuho somen gelen emÿna daÿda. According to the journal, a Finnish bishop, whose name is unknown, was behind the above quotation. Finnish priestdom at the time was largely Swedish-speaking, the first comprehensive writing system for Finnish was created by Mikael Agricola, a Finnish bishop, in the 16th century
Finnish language
–
Mikael Agricola, a 19th-century drawing by
Albert Edelfelt
Finnish language
–
Official language.
Finnish language
–
Elias Lönnrot as depicted in a 19th-century caricature – Lönnrot made several journeys to Karelia and Eastern Finland to collect folklore, from which he compiled the
Kalevala
Finnish language
–
Suomalaisen Sana-Lugun Coetus (1745) by
Daniel Juslenius was the first comprehensive dictionary of the Finnish language with 16,000 entries.
16.
Finland Swedish
–
Most Swedish-speaking Finns emphasize that Finland Swedish is not a language separate from the Swedish of Sweden. The Swedish dialects in Finland are considered varieties of Swedish, Swedish as spoken in Finland is regulated by the Swedish Department of the Institute for the Languages of Finland. An often repeated fact is that the municipality with the highest proportion of Swedish speakers in the world, korsnäs has also held this title and is often cited as such. However, as there are no statistics on the mother tongue of inhabitants of Sweden. In addition bilingualism is common for immigrants in Sweden, so the term Swedish-speaking may be diffuse in that sense. In the spoken vernacular, especially young people in Finnish-dominated areas. There are also words in Finland Swedish that would be considered slightly archaic in Sweden. Some government and public service terms that have created in recent centuries also differ. The same is true of other new words, notably loanwords from English. e. in normal, in 1809, when Finland was conquered by the Russian Empire and became an autonomous Grand Duchy, Swedish remained the only official language. Finland has since then been a country with a Swedish-speaking minority living mostly in the coastal areas of southern, south-western. During the 20th century, the following the Industrial Revolution has led to large majorities of Finnish speakers in all major cities. The capital Helsinki became predominantly Finnish-speaking as recently as around 1900, a large and important part of the Swedish-speaking population nevertheless lives in the capital. The autonomous island province of Åland is an exception, being monolingually Swedish-speaking according to international treaties and it is a matter of definition whether the Swedish dialects spoken on Åland are to be considered a kind of Finland Swedish or not. Most Swedish-speaking Finns and linguists consider them to be closer to some of the dialects spoken in parts of Sweden. Swedish is one of the two languages of the republic of Finland, the other being Finnish. These two languages have equal status in nearly all legislation. The other minority languages are regulated separately, Finland Swedish is regulated by the Institute for the Languages of Finland. Official Swedish is not supposed to be different from Swedish as found in Sweden
Finland Swedish
–
Unofficial flag of the Swedish-speakers in Finland
17.
Demographics
–
Demography is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. As a very general science, it can analyse any kind of dynamic living population, Demography encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations, and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, ageing, and death. Based on the research of the earth, earths population up to the year 2050 and 2100 can be estimated by demographers. Demographics are quantifiable characteristics of a given population, demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as education, nationality, religion, and ethnicity. Educational institutions usually treat demography as a field of sociology, though there are a number of independent demography departments, demographic thoughts can be traced back to antiquity, and were present in many civilizations and cultures, like Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, India and China. In ancient Greece, this can be found in the writings of Herodotus, Thucidides, Hippocrates, Epicurus, Protagoras, Polus, Plato and Aristotle. In Rome, writers and philosophers like Cicero, Seneca, Pliny the elder, Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Cato, in the Middle ages, Christian thinkers devoted much time in refuting the Classical ideas on demography. Important contributors to the field were William of Conches, Bartholomew of Lucca, William of Auvergne, William of Pagula, and Ibn Khaldun. One of the earliest demographic studies in the period was Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality by John Graunt. Among the studys findings were that one third of the children in London died before their sixteenth birthday, mathematicians, such as Edmond Halley, developed the life table as the basis for life insurance mathematics. Richard Price was credited with the first textbook on life contingencies published in 1771, followed later by Augustus de Morgan, at the end of the 18th century, Thomas Robert Malthus concluded that, if unchecked, populations would be subject to exponential growth. He feared that population growth would tend to outstrip growth in production, leading to ever-increasing famine. He is seen as the father of ideas of overpopulation. Later, more sophisticated and realistic models were presented by Benjamin Gompertz, the period 1860-1910 can be characterized as a period of transition wherein demography emerged from statistics as a separate field of interest. There are two types of data collection—direct and indirect—with several different methods of each type, direct data comes from vital statistics registries that track all births and deaths as well as certain changes in legal status such as marriage, divorce, and migration. In developed countries with good registration systems, registry statistics are the best method for estimating the number of births and deaths, a census is the other common direct method of collecting demographic data. A census is conducted by a national government and attempts to enumerate every person in a country. Analyses are conducted after a census to estimate how much over or undercounting took place and these compare the sex ratios from the census data to those estimated from natural values and mortality data
Demographics
–
Sociology
18.
Eastern European Time
–
Eastern European Time is one of the names of UTC+02,00 time zone,2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. The zone uses daylight saving time, so that it uses UTC+03,00 during the summer, a number of African countries use UTC+02,00 all year long, where it is called Central Africa Time, although Egypt and Libya also use the term Eastern European Time. The following countries, parts of countries, and territories use Eastern European Time all year round, Egypt, since 21 April 2015, used EEST from 1988–2010, Kaliningrad Oblast, since 26 October 2014, also used EET in years 1945 and 1991–2011. Libya, since 27 October 2013, switched from Central European Time, used year-round EET from 1980–1981, 1990–1996 and 1998–2012. Belarus, in years 1922–30 and 1990–2011 In Poland this time was used in years 1918–22, in time of World War II, Germany implemented MET in east occupied territories. Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol used EET as part of Ukraine in years 1991-94 and 1996-2014 Turkey, used EET in years 1910-1978, now uses year round DST timezone called Further-eastern European Time or Turkey Time. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also uses FET, sometimes, due to its use on Microsoft Windows, FLE Standard Time or GTB Standard Time are used to refer to Eastern European Time. Since political, in addition to geographical, criteria are used in the drawing of time zones. The EET time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, the easternmost part of the Republic of Macedonia, including the city of Strumica. The absolutely easternmost part of Serbia, in the Pirot District, the easternmost town in Norway, Vardø, lies at 30°51 E, which is located east of even of the central meridian of UTC+2, i. e. east of Istanbul and Alexandria. The Norwegian-Russian border is the place where CET borders Moscow time. There is a point at the Norway-Finland-Russia tripoint, near the town of Rayakoski. Belarus is located between 23°11′E and 32°47′E and is fully located with the physical UTC+2 area, but it uses UTC+3 year around. This also includes the city of Anapa, at the westernmost tip of the Krasnodar Krai near the entrance to the Sea of Azov, the Norway–Russia–Finland tri-zone point at Muotkavaara is surrounded by three different times in winter, two in summer. It had three time zones year-around before 2014, two of the four tripoints of Belarus and the tripoint of the Kaliningrad Region are surrounded by three different times in winter
Eastern European Time
–
light blue
19.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
–
Ancient
water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
–
G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
–
Retailers generally favor DST.
United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
–
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
20.
Eastern European Summer Time
–
Eastern European Summer Time is one of the names of UTC+3 time zone,3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used as a daylight saving time in some European and Middle Eastern countries. During the winter periods, Eastern European Time is used, since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October, previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Syria, since 1983 Ukraine, Moscow Summer Time in years 1981–89, regular EEST from 1992 In one year 1991 EEST was used also in Moscow, egypt has previously used EEST from 1957–2010 and 2014–2015. Turkey, has previously used EEST from 1970-1978 EEST, Moscow Summer Time from 1979–1983, and EEST from 1985-2016
Eastern European Summer Time
–
light blue
21.
Humid continental climate
–
Precipitation is usually well distributed through the year. Some climatologists prefer to use the 0 °C isotherm as it is commonly used. In addition, the location in question must not be semi-arid or arid, humid continental climates tend to be found between latitudes 40° N and 60° N, within the central and northeastern portions of North America, Europe, and Asia. They are much less commonly found in the Southern Hemisphere due to the ocean area at that latitude. More extreme humid continental climates found in southern Siberia and the American Midwest combine hotter summer maxima, climatological averages are used to determine which locations are within a certain climate regime. The World Meteorological Organization has defined this average as through a 30 year period, the version from 1936 utilized a mean temperature of the coldest month of below −3 °C and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above 10 °C. In Europe, the −3 °C average temperature isotherm was near the extent of winter snowpack. Many climatologists in the U. S. prefer to use 0 °C as the standard because they feel it better reflects consistency in regional landscapes, the 10 °C average temperature was found to be the minimum temperature necessary for the tree growth. Large temperature ranges are common within this climate zone, in addition, the location in question must not be semi-arid or arid. This is from an update to the climate regime definition introduced by Trewartha & Horn in 1980, despite the 1980 update, climate regimes are essentially the same within the Southern Hemisphere. The largest changes are seen in North America, Europe, under Köppen, the following variants of this climate are possible. The climate regime uses a three letter code, beginning with the letter D. Otherwise, The second letter f , s , A dry summer — the driest summer month has at most 30 millimetres of rainfall and has at most 1⁄3 the precipitation of the wettest winter month. W , A dry winter — the driest winter month has at most one‑tenth of the found in the wettest summer month. The third letter a , Warmest month averages above 22 °C b , Does not meet the requirements for a, within North America, moisture within this climate regime is supplied by the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent western subtropical Atlantic. Snowfall occurs in all areas with a continental climate and in many such places is more common than rain during the height of winter. In places with sufficient wintertime precipitation, the cover is often deep. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms, and in North America, though humidity levels are often high in locations with humid continental climates, the humid designation means that the climate is not dry enough to be classified as semi-arid or arid. By definition, forests thrive within this climate, biomes within this climate regime include temperate woodlands, temperate grasslands, temperate deciduous, temperature evergreen forests, and coniferous forests
Humid continental climate
–
The snowy city of
Sapporo, Japan.
Humid continental climate
–
Dsa
Humid continental climate
–
Deciduous forest in autumn
22.
Swedish language
–
Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken natively by more than 9 million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish, along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. It is currently the largest of the North Germanic languages by number of speakers, Standard Swedish, spoken by most Swedes, is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties descended from the rural dialects still exist. The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages, V2, Swedish morphology is similar to English, that is, words have comparatively few inflections. There are two genders, no cases, and a distinction between plural and singular. Older analyses posit the cases nominative and genitive and there are remains of distinct accusative and dative forms as well. Adjectives are compared as in English, and are inflected according to gender, number. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes, complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles, the prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless velar fricative, a highly variable consonant phoneme. Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages, by many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had some changes. This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, the dialects of Old East Norse that were spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish while the dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish. The dialects are described as runic because the body of text appears in the runic alphabet. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, from 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. An early change that separated Runic Danish from the dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é. This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain, there was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr dead
Swedish language
–
The initial page of the first complete copy of
Västgötalagen, the
law code of
Västergötland, from c. 1280. It is one of the earliest texts in Swedish written in the
Latin script.
Swedish language
–
Major Swedish-speaking areas
Swedish language
–
Front page of
Gustav Vasa 's Bible from 1541, using
Fraktur. The title translated to English reads: "The Bible / That is / The Holy Scripture / in Swedish. Printed in
Uppsala. 1541".
Swedish language
–
August Strindberg, one of the most influential writers in modern Swedish literature.
23.
List of cities and towns in Finland
–
The following is a list of towns in Finland. In the year 1977 the juridical difference between cities, towns and municipalities were removed, today only municipalities are recognized, some of which are commonly referred to as towns. Municipality can decide itself, whether it uses municipality or city / town designation, also, even the centre or conurbation of the city itself may not be so urban itself. A simple, independent decision in the council is required to change the name of a rural municipality into a city. For towns founded before the 1960s the list includes the year the town was chartered, a lot of municipal mergers have been made in Finland, which also makes it difficult to define city, because in merger, while population increases a bit, population density decreases. In Finland, the municipality area along its borders is officially considered the city or town area. From there on, villages, possible conurbation areas, and administrative area are distinguished quite accurately in official concepts. List of cities List of urban areas in Finland by population Media related to Cities in Finland at Wikimedia Commons Map at Archive. is
List of cities and towns in Finland
–
Helsinki,
Capital of Finland
List of cities and towns in Finland
–
Espoo
List of cities and towns in Finland
–
Tampere
List of cities and towns in Finland
–
Vantaa
24.
Municipalities of Finland
–
The municipalities represent the local level of administration in Finland and act as the fundamental, self-governing administrative units of the country. The entire country is incorporated into municipalities and legally, all municipalities are equal, municipalities have the right to levy a flat percentual income tax, which is between 16 and 22 percent, and they provide two thirds of public services. Municipalities control many community services, such as schools, health care and the water supply and they do not maintain highways, set laws or keep police forces — these tasks are the responsibility of the central government. Municipalities have council-manager government, i. e. they are governed by an elected council, the size of the council is proportional to the population, the extremes being 9 in Sottunga and 85 in Helsinki. A subsection of the council, the executive board, controls the municipal government. Its decisions must be approved by the council, unlike national cabinets, its composition is derived from the composition of the council, not along government-opposition lines. Furthermore, individual decisions are prepared in specialized municipal boards for a meeting, these include e. g. zoning, social assistance. Council, executive board and board membership is responsible position, not a full-time job, municipal managers are civil servants named by the council. The city manager of Helsinki is called ylipormestari/överborgmästare Lord Mayor for historical reasons, there were previously no mayors in Finland, but after a change in law, Tampere was first city to elect a mayor in 2007. The mayor is not, however, currently elected directly, the mayor acts as municipal manager and as a speaker of municipal council. Although municipalities do not have police or legislative powers, local ordinances concerning traffic can be set, municipalities are legal persons and can appear in an administrative court. Likewise, the state of Finland is a legal person. Excluding judicial review of compliance to administrative law, municipalities are independent. Municipalities cooperate in regions of Finland, the municipal tax is a flat income tax that is levied on lower income levels than state taxes, which in contrast are progressive taxes. The lowest tax of 16% is found in Kauniainen, while a 20% tax is the other extreme, municipalities also receive funding directly from the state. Municipalities levy a property tax on property, which is comparatively low and it is higher for summer cottages or other property intended for leisure. Municipalities receive part of the corporate tax yhteisövero income collected from companies having a place of business within their jurisdiction, some functions are funded both by the municipality and the state, e. g. AMK schools. The municipal tax, although in principle a flat tax, is affected by deductions, municipal taxes are collected by the state and paid to the municipalities
Municipalities of Finland
25.
Urban area
–
An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
Urban area
–
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
Urban area
–
Buenos Aires Córdoba
Urban area
Urban area
–
Rosario Mendoza
26.
Helsinki metropolitan area
–
Greater Helsinki is the metropolitan area including the smaller Capital Region urban kernel and commuter towns surrounding Helsinki, the capital city of Finland. Greater Helsinki is sometimes incorrectly called Helsinki Region due to a direct translation of the Finnish and Swedish terms Helsingin seutu. It is part of Uusimaa province and these regions are located in the south of Finland, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, which is part of the Baltic Sea. The smaller Capital Region includes Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo, the Greater Helsinki region is the largest urbanised area in the country with 1,420,284 inhabitants and is by far the most important economic, cultural, and scientific region of Finland. In the strictest sense, the Finnish Capital Region consists of four municipalities with city status, Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen, whose total population is about 1.1 million. This area is most often called the Capital region in English, Pääkaupunkiseutu in Finnish, the vast majority of the inhabitants live in the urban areas of the cities, but within the boundaries of these cities there are also suburban and rural areas. Commonly about ten more municipalities are considered to be part of Greater Helsinki, as they can be considered to be commuter towns and exurbs of Helsinki. When Hyvinkää, Järvenpää, Kerava, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, Sipoo, Tuusula, Mäntsälä, Pornainen and Vihti are included, all of the municipalities belong to the region of Uusimaa. Of these, Kerava, Järvenpää, Mäntsälä, Tuusula, and Nurmijärvi are part of the urban area, as a part of Urban audit project the Eurostat has attempted to standardise the concept of metropolitan area. According to this study the Metropolitan area of Helsinki consists of the kernel of Helsinki, Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, Helsinki Larger Urban Area consists of 12 cities and municipalities, the kernel of Helsinki and the aforementioned eight municipalities. Statistics Finland define the commuter belt of Helsinki to include a total of 24 municipalities, with an area of 7,359.80 km2. In addition to that, there are people from as far as Lahti, the table below lists population, area, and population density for the largest municipalities of the Greater Helsinki area. The commuter towns of Lohja and Porvoo are not usually included, though, if they were, they would raise the overall population to nearly 1.5 million people
Helsinki metropolitan area
–
Central Helsinki, the focal point of the Capital Region, from the sky.
Helsinki metropolitan area
–
Map of Greater Helsinki (Light blue) and the Capital Region (Blue).
27.
Helsinki
–
Helsinki is the capital and largest city of Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. Helsinki has a population of 629,512, a population of 1,231,595. Helsinki is located some 80 kilometres north of Tallinn, Estonia,400 km east of Stockholm, Sweden, Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities. The Helsinki metropolitan area includes the core of Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, Kauniainen. It is the worlds northernmost metro area of one million people. The Helsinki metropolitan area is the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Nordic countries, Helsinki is Finlands major political, educational, financial, cultural, and research center as well as one of northern Europes major cities. Approximately 75% of foreign companies operating in Finland have settled in the Helsinki region, the nearby municipality of Vantaa is the location of Helsinki Airport, with frequent service to various destinations in Europe and Asia. In 2009, Helsinki was chosen to be the World Design Capital for 2012 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, the city was the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics and the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest 2007. In 2011, the Monocle magazine ranked Helsinki the most liveable city in the world in its Liveable Cities Index 2011, in the Economist Intelligence Units August 2015 Liveability survey, assessing the best and worst cities to live in globally, Helsinki placed among the worlds top ten cities. Helsinki is used to refer to the city in most languages, the Swedish name Helsingfors is the original official name of the city. The Finnish name probably comes from Helsinga and similar names used for the river that is known as the Vantaa River. Helsingfors comes from the name of the parish, Helsinge and the rapids, which flowed through the original village. As part of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, one suggestion for the origin of the name Helsinge is that it originated with medieval Swedish settlers who came from Hälsingland in Sweden. Others have proposed that the name derives from the Swedish word helsing, other Scandinavian cities located at similar geographic locations were given similar names at the time, for example Helsingør and Helsingborg. The name Helsinki has been used in Finnish official documents and in Finnish language newspapers since 1819, the decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue. This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish, in Helsinki slang the city is called Stadi. Hesa, is not used by natives to the city, helsset is the Northern Sami name of Helsinki
Helsinki
–
Clockwise from top:
Helsinki Cathedral, view of central Helsinki, Headquarters of
Sanoma, Helsinki city centre at night, beaches at
Aurinkolahti,
Parliament House and
Suomenlinna.
Helsinki
–
Coat of arms
Helsinki
–
Central Helsinki in 1820 before rebuilding. Illustration by
Carl Ludvig Engel.
Helsinki
–
Construction of
Suomenlinna began in the 18th century.
28.
Vantaa
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Vantaa is a city and municipality in Finland. It is part of the core of the Finnish Capital Region along with Helsinki, Espoo. With a population of 215,813, Vantaa is the fourth most populated city of Finland. Vantaa is bordered by Helsinki, the Finnish capital, to the south, Espoo to the southwest, Nurmijärvi to the northwest, Kerava and Tuusula to the north, the city encompasses 238.36 square kilometres, of which 1.97 km2 is water. The largest airport in Finland, and the airport and airline hub of Greater Helsinki. Companies with headquarters in Vantaa include Finnair, Finavia, Air Finland, Blue1, R-kioski, Tikkurila Oyj, Veikkaus Oy, the city also hosts a science center, Heureka. The city of Vantaa is bilingual, both Finnish and Swedish being official languages,88. 6% of the population are Finnish speakers, while 3% speak Swedish as their first language. 8. 4% of the population speak a language other than Finnish or Swedish. Prior to the name Vantaa being taken into use in 1974, the earliest record of the area is as Helsinge in 1351 when king Magnus II of Sweden granted salmon fishing rights on the river Vantaa to the Estonian Padise monastery. The rapids of river Vantaa were known as Helsingfors, from which the current Swedish name of Helsinki derives, early settlement in Vantaa was centered around the river, and from it the citys current coat of arms derived its imagery. Since the 14th century, the road between Turku and Vyborg, Kings Road, has run through Vantaa, the road brought significant attention to the city, and its location on the salmon rich river led to a permanent population. Ore deposits in Helsingin Pitäjä had been discovered in the 1700s, ore extraction and processing lead to rapid industrialization in the area, with communities forming around locations like Tikkurila and Kerava. The industrial community in Tikkurila included an expeller pressing plant, which operates in the area as the paint manufacturer Tikkurila Oyj. In 1862, the railway between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna was constructed, and one of its seven stations was built in Tikkurila, the railway brought industry and induced population growth. Helsingin Pitäjä gained municipality rights in 1865, after which it was named Helsingin maalaiskunta, in 1952, the new international airport of Helsinki opened in Vantaa for the 1952 summer olympics. In 1972, the municipality was renamed Vantaa and promoted to a köping, in 1974, the town got full city rights as Vantaan kaupunki/Vanda stad or City of Vantaa. The city grew rapidly starting from 1960s and a line was built to the western side of the city in 1970s. On October 112002, a bomb exploded in the mall of Myyrmanni in Myyrmäki district, killing 7, in 2015, an extension to the existing railway line, the Ring Rail Line opened, providing service to the airport and new residential and working districts
Vantaa
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Clockwise from top-left: Kielotorni in
Tikkurila,
Helsinki Airport,
Sotunki,
Flamingo and
Jumbo shopping centers, the
Church of St. Lawrence, Ostari shopping center in
Martinlaakso, and the Vaarala Church.
Vantaa
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The old station building of
Tikkurila
Vantaa
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The historical parish of Helsingin Pitäjä in the late 1800s
Vantaa
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Rapids of
river Vantaa
Finland
Uusimaa
