1.
Raoul Walsh
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Raoul A. Walsh was an American film director, actor, founding member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the brother of the silent screen actor George Walsh. His directed his last film in 1964, Walsh was born in New York as Albert Edward Walsh to Elizabeth T. Bruff, the daughter of Irish Catholic immigrants, and Thomas W. Walsh, an Englishman. Like his younger brother, he was part of Omega Gamma Delta in high school, growing up in New York, Walsh was also a friend of the Barrymore family. Later in life he lived in Palm Springs, California and he was buried at Assumption Catholic Cemetery, Simi Valley, Ventura County, California. Walsh was educated at Seton Hall College and he began acting in 1909, first as a stage actor in New York City and later as a film actor. In 1914 he became an assistant to D. W. Walsh played John Wilkes Booth in Griffiths epic The Birth of a Nation and this was followed by the critically acclaimed Regeneration in 1915, possibly the earliest feature gangster film, shot on location in Manhattans Bowery district. Walsh served as an officer in the United States Army during World War I and he later directed The Thief of Bagdad, starring Douglas Fairbanks and Anna May Wong, and What Price Glory. starring Victor McLaglen and Dolores del Río. In Sadie Thompson, starring Gloria Swanson as a prostitute seeking a new life in Samoa, Walsh starred as Swansons boyfriend in his first acting role since 1915, he also directed the film. He was then hired to direct and star in In Old Arizona, while on location for that film Walsh was in a car crash when a jackrabbit jumped through the windshield as he was driving through the desert, he lost his right eye as a result. He gave up the part and never acted again, warner Baxter won an Oscar for the role Walsh was originally slated to play. Walsh would wear an eyepatch for the rest of his life, in the early days of sound with Fox, Walsh directed the first widescreen spectacle, The Big Trail, an epic wagon train western shot on location across the West. Robinson, Marlene Dietrich and George Raft, and White Heat, Walshs contract at Warners expired in 1953. He directed several films afterwards, including three with Clark Gable, The Tall Men, The King and Four Queens and Band of Angels. Some of Walshs film-related material and personal papers are contained in the Wesleyan University Cinema Archives, to which scholars, Walsh replaced director Bretaigne Windust, who fell severely ill, on The Enforcer and shot over half the film, but refused to take screen credit. The Conqueror The Big Trail Captain Horatio Hornblower R. N, the Lawless Breed Esther and the King The Men Who Made the Movies, Raoul Walsh Himself Moss. Raoul Walsh, The True Adventures of Hollywoods Legendary Director, the Films of Raoul Walsh, A Critical Approach excerpt and text search Paolo Bachmann. Turin, Quaderni del Movie Club di Torino, Raoul Walsh o dellavventura singolare, Rome, Bulzoni. Http, //www. lafuriaumana. it Raoul Walsh at the Internet Movie Database Raoul Walsh at AllMovie Senses of Cinema, Great Directors Critical Database Raoul Walsh at Virtual History
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Mario Bava
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Mario Bava was an Italian director, screenwriter, special effects artist, and cinematographer from the golden age of Italian horror films. His work kick-started the giallo genre and the modern slasher film. His son Lamberto Bava later went on to become a horror film director in his own right. Mario Bava was born in San Remo, Liguria on 31 July 1914 and he was the son of Eugenio Bava, a sculptor who also worked as a special effects photographer and cameraman in the Italian silent movie industry. Mario Bavas first ambition was to become a painter, unable to turn out paintings at a profitable rate, he went into his fathers business, working as an assistant to other Italian cinematographers like Massimo Terzano. He also helped his father at the effects department at Benito Mussolinis film factory. Bava became a cinematographer in his own right in 1939, shooting two films with Roberto Rossellini. He made his debut in the early 1940s. Bavas camerawork was a factor in developing the screen personas of such stars of the period as Gina Lollobrigida, Steve Reeves. Bava completed filming I vampiri for director Riccardo Freda in 1956, Bava co-directed The Day the Sky Exploded in 1958, the first Italian science fiction film, predating even the sci-fi films of Antonio Margheriti. Because he had no earlier credited experience as a director, the film was credited solely to Paolo Heusch, in 1960, Bava directed the gothic horror classic Black Sunday, his first solo directorial effort, which made a genre star out of Barbara Steele. His use of light and dark in black-and-white films is widely acclaimed along with his use of color in films such as Black Sabbath, Kill. Blood and Black Lace and The Whip and the Body and his work has proved very influential. Bava directed what is now regarded as the earliest of the Italian giallo films, The Girl Who Knew Too Much and Blood and his 1965 sci-fi/ horror film Planet of the Vampires was a thematic precursor to Alien. Although comic books had served as the basis for countless serials and childrens films in Hollywood, Bavas Danger, many elements of his 1966 film Kill, Baby. Regarded by Martin Scorsese as Bavas masterpiece, also appear in the Asian strain of terror film known as J-horror, 1971s A Bay of Blood is considered one of the earliest slasher films, and was explicitly imitated in Friday the 13th Part 2. Mario Bava was very disappointed with the distribution of some of his later films. His Lisa and the Devil was never picked up by a distributor, in 1977, Bava directed his last horror film, Shock, which was co-directed with his son Lamberto Bava who did the work uncredited
3.
Michael Elkins
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Michael Elkins was an American broadcaster and journalist who worked for the American network, CBS, for the magazine Newsweek and then for 17 years with the BBC. He was the first to report Israels destruction of Arab air forces on the day of the Six-Day War in 1967. CBS did not trust his report and he left, Elkins was the youngest of three sons of East European Jewish immigrants who made clothes in the sweatshops of the Lower East Side. He was embarrassed that his parents spoke Yiddish and that his father walked ahead of his mother in the street and he excelled at school and educated himself in libraries. He fell in with hoodlums in New York, then moved to the American West Coast as a union organiser before joining his brother Saul to write scripts in Hollywood. He worked in Europe in the Office of Strategic Services, the forerunner of the CIA during the world war. In 1947 Elkins met Teddy Kollek in New York, Kollek was later mayor of Jerusalem. In 1947 he was organising illegal shipments of arms to the Jewish Haganah in Palestine, the FBI discovered his involvement and he and his wife, Martha, fled to Israel. They lived on a kibbutz, then moved a year later to Jerusalem, Elkins began broadcasting with CBS in the USA in September 1956. He became the correspondent in Israel. The previous correspondent said he was returning to the United States because nothing ever happens in Israel, a month later Britain and France invaded Suez as Israeli tanks moved into Sinai. Elkins was the first to report Israels destruction of Arab air forces on the first day of the Six Day War and he telephoned CBS but it hesitated to broadcast his story. Elkins had come across a politician he knew, the politician directed him to the war-room. Elkins wrote the story but Israeli military censors delayed it and he would hold back the story if the censors gave him permission to be the first to broadcast when it was cleared. CBS sent him a one-liner, You alone with Israeli victory, Elkins visited New York in the autumn and called on CBS. He was congratulated for his scoop and he said he didnt want the job if they didnt trust him. The journalist David Sells said, He told me once that CBS had then offered him the earth to stay as their correspondent, well done, I enthused, praising his probity. I have to tell you something, David, he said, if Newsweek had not already given me the earth, I would have been sorely tempted
4.
Joan Collins
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Dame Joan Henrietta Collins, DBE is an English actress, author, and columnist. Born in Paddington, west London, and brought up in Maida Vale, after making her stage debut in the Henrik Ibsen play A Dolls House at the age of nine, she trained as an actress at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. She then signed a contract with the Rank Organisation and appeared in various British films. In 1955, at the age of 22, Collins headed to Hollywood and landed roles in several popular films, including The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing and Rally Round the Flag. While she continued to make films in the US and the UK throughout the 1960s, she also guest-starred in an episode of Star Trek in 1967 named The City on the Edge of Forever, as Edith Keeler. Her career languished in the 1970s, when she appeared in a number of horror flicks, near the end of the decade, she starred in two softcore pornographic films based on best-selling novels by her younger sister Jackie Collins, The Stud and its sequel The Bitch. She began appearing on stage, playing the role in the 1980 British revival of The Last of Mrs. Cheyney. Collins also received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1983 for career achievement, in 2015, Collins was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II for services to charity. Since the late 1970s, Collins has written several books, in 1988, she published her first novel, Prime Time, and she has continued to publish various kinds of writing. A member of the Conservative Party, Collins was one of the handful of guests to be invited to the funeral of former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in April 2013 and her father, a native of South Africa, was Jewish, and her British mother was Anglican. She has two siblings, Jackie and Bill, a property agent. She was educated at the Francis Holland School, an independent day school for girls in London, at the age of 17, Collins was signed to the J. Arthur Rank Film Company, a British film studio. Collins made her debut as a beauty contest entrant in Lady Godiva Rides Again followed by The Womans Angle in a minor role as a Greek maid. Next was a significant role as a gangsters moll in Judgment Deferred. Her big break came when the Rank Organisation signed her for a role in I Believe in You. Other roles to follow included Cosh Boy, Decameron Nights, Turn the Key Softly, The Square Ring and she was chosen by director Howard Hawks to star in his lavish production of Land of the Pharaohs as the scheming Princess Nellifer opposite Jack Hawkins. She finished her Fox contract with the crime caper Seven Thieves and the biblical epic Esther, One notable film release in the 1960s was The Road to Hong Kong, the last road picture of Bing Crosby and Bob Hope. She took a hiatus from her career to concentrate on having a family after marrying Anthony Newley
5.
Richard Egan (actor)
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Richard Egan was an American actor. In some films he is credited as Richard Eagan, born and raised in San Francisco, California, Egan graduated from St. Ignatius College Preparatory. He served in the United States Army as an instructor during World War II. A graduate of the University of San Francisco and Stanford University, he studied and taught at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, having studied theatre, he took a bit role in the 1949 Hollywood film The Story of Molly X. This start would lead to his signing of a contract with 20th Century Fox where his talent, rugged physique, and good looks made him a favorite and respected leading man. In 1956, he starred as Elvis Presleys older brother in Presleys first film, Love Me Tender and he co-starred with Jane Russell in two of her last films, Underwater. and The Revolt of Mamie Stover. In 1960, Egan appeared with Jane Wyman and Hayley Mills in Disneys Pollyanna and he also starred as Ahasuerus in Esther and the King. Egan was Rod Serlings first choice to narrate The Twilight Zone, however, contractual issues got in the way, and Serling narrated instead, rather than select any other actor than his first choice. During the decade of the 1960s, Egan worked extensively in television, starring in the NBC western dramatic series, Empire, in the shortened second season, the program was renamed Redigo after Egans character, ranch manager Jim Redigo. After his series ended, he made guest appearances on television shows. In 1982 he joined the cast for the new daytime television political drama Capitol, Egan met his wife, the former Patricia Hardy, in 1956. The couple married in June 1958 and remained together for almost thirty years until his death and they had five children, including son Rich Egan, the founder of Vagrant Records, daughter Maureen Egan, a writer and director, as well as Patricia, Kathleen, and Colleen. Egan was respected within the community for having helped a number of young actors get their first break in the film industry. One of these actors was Ryan ONeal. He worked out at the gym as Egan, who got him credited work in four episodes of Empire. Richard Egan died in Los Angeles, California, on July 20,1987, of prostate cancer and he is interred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California
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20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
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Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
8.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
9.
Religion
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Religions have sacred histories and narratives, which may be preserved in sacred scriptures, and symbols and holy places, that aim mostly to give a meaning to life. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life. Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has considered a source of religious beliefs. There are an estimated 10,000 distinct religions worldwide, about 84% of the worlds population is affiliated with one of the five largest religions, namely Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism or forms of folk religion. With the onset of the modernisation of and the revolution in the western world. The religiously unaffiliated demographic include those who do not identify with any religion, atheists. While the religiously unaffiliated have grown globally, many of the religiously unaffiliated still have various religious beliefs, about 16% of the worlds population is religiously unaffiliated. The study of religion encompasses a variety of academic disciplines, including theology, comparative religion. Theories of religion offer various explanations for the origins and workings of religion, Religion is derived from the Latin religiō, the ultimate origins of which are obscure. One possible interpretation traced to Cicero, connects lego read, i. e. re with lego in the sense of choose, go over again or consider carefully. The medieval usage alternates with order in designating bonded communities like those of monastic orders, we hear of the religion of the Golden Fleece, of a knight of the religion of Avys. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin root religio was understood as a virtue of worship, never as doctrine, practice. In the Quran, the Arabic word din is often translated as religion in modern translations and it was in the 19th century that the terms Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and Confucianism first emerged. Max Müller characterized many other cultures around the world, including Egypt, Persia, what is called ancient religion today, they would have only called law. Some languages have words that can be translated as religion, but they may use them in a different way. For example, the Sanskrit word dharma, sometimes translated as religion, throughout classical South Asia, the study of law consisted of concepts such as penance through piety and ceremonial as well as practical traditions. Medieval Japan at first had a union between imperial law and universal or Buddha law, but these later became independent sources of power. There is no equivalent of religion in Hebrew, and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities
10.
Epic film
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Epic film is a style of filmmaking with large scale, sweeping scope, and spectacle. The usage of the term has shifted over time, sometimes designating a film genre, like epics in the classical literary sense it is often focused on a heroic character. An epics ambitious nature helps to set it apart from other types of such as the period piece or adventure film. The most common subjects of epic films are royalty, and important figures from various periods in world history, the term epic originally came from the poetic genre exemplified by such works as the Iliad, Epic of Gilgamesh, or the Odyssey. In classical literature, epics are considered works focused on deeds or journeys of heroes upon which the fate of a number of people depend. Similarly, films described as epic typically take a historical character, common subjects of epics are royalty, gladiators, great military leaders, or leading personalities from various periods in world history. Such films usually have a setting, although fantasy or science fiction settings have become common in recent decades. The central conflict of the film is seen as having far-reaching effects. The main characters actions are often central to the resolution of the societal conflict, in its classification of films by genre, the American Film Institute limits the genre to historical films such as Ben-Hur. However, film scholars such as Constantine Santas are willing to extend the label to science-fiction films such as 2001, A Space Odyssey and Star Wars. Stylistically, films classed as epic usually employ spectacular settings and specially designed costumes, often accompanied by a musical score. Epics are usually among the most expensive of films to produce and they often use on-location filming, authentic period costumes, and action scenes on a massive scale. Biographical films may be less lavish versions of this genre, many writers may refer to any film that is long as an epic, making the definition epic a matter of dispute, and raise questions as to whether it is a genre at all. As Roger Ebert put it, in his Great Movies article on Lawrence of Arabia, what you realize watching Lawrence of Arabia is that the word epic refers not to the cost or the elaborate production, but to the size of the ideas and vision. Werner Herzogs Aguirre, The Wrath of God didnt cost as much as the catering in Pearl Harbor, but it is an epic, the comedy film Monty Python and the Holy Grail had the joking tagline Makes Ben Hur look like an epic. This boom period of international co-productions is generally considered to have ended with Cleopatra, The Fall of the Roman Empire, Epic films continue to be produced, although since the development of CGI they typically use computer effects instead of an actual cast of thousands. Since the 1950s, such films have regularly been shot with an aspect ratio for a more immersive. Epic films were recognized in a montage at the 2006 Academy Awards, War epics are generally focused on specific battles in a war, P. O. W camps or the personal consequences of living in an invaded/occupied country
11.
CinemaScope
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CinemaScope is an anamorphic lens series used, from 1953 to 1967, for shooting widescreen movies. Its creation in 1953 by Spyros P. Skouras, the president of 20th Century Fox, marked the beginning of the modern anamorphic format in both principal photography and movie projection. The anamorphic lenses theoretically allowed the process to create an image of up to a 2.66,1 aspect ratio, although the CinemaScope lens system was made obsolete by new technological developments, primarily advanced by Panavision, the CinemaScope anamorphic format has continued to this day. Bausch & Lomb won a 1954 Oscar for its development of the CinemaScope lens, french inventor Henri Chrétien developed and patented a new film process that he called Anamorphoscope in 1926. It was this process that would form the basis for CinemaScope. He attempted to interest the motion picture industry in his invention, by 1950, however, cinema attendance seriously declined with the advent of a new competitive rival, television. The optical company Bausch & Lomb was asked to produce a prototype anamorphoser lens, test footage shot with these lenses was screened for Skouras, who gave the go-ahead for development of a widescreen process based on Chrétiens invention, which was to be known as CinemaScope. Twentieth Century-Foxs pre-production of The Robe, originally committed to Technicolor Three-Strip origination, was halted so that the film could be changed to a CinemaScope production, two other CinemaScope productions were also planned, How to Marry a Millionaire and Beneath the Twelve-Mile Reef. The introduction of CinemaScope enabled Fox and other studios to reassert its distinction from the new competitor, Chrétiens Hypergonars proved to have significant optical and operational defects. Ultimately Bausch & Lomb formula combined lens designs incorporated both the lens and the anamorphic lens in one unit. These combined lenses continue to be used to day, particularly in special effects units. Other manufacturers lenses are preferred for so-called production applications that benefit from significantly lighter weight or lower distortion. When, however, developers found that magnetic stripes could be added to the film to produce a composite picture/sound print and this reduction was kept to a minimum by reducing the width of the normal KS perforations so that they were nearly square, but of DH height. This was the CinemaScope, or CS, perforation, known colloquially as fox-holes, later still an optical soundtrack was added, reducing the aspect ratio further to 2.35,1. This change also meant a shift in the center of the projected image. All of Foxs CinemaScope films were made using an aperture for the negatives, as was this studios practice for all films. In order to better hide so-called negative assembly splices, the ratio of the image was changed by others to 2.39,1 and, finally. All professional cameras are capable of shooting 2.55,1 or 2.66,1, Fox selected The Robe as the first film to start production in CinemaScope, a project chosen because of its epic nature
12.
Deluxe Entertainment Services Group
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Deluxe Entertainment Services Group Inc. often shortened to Deluxe, is an American global provider of digital services and technology solutions for content creation and delivery. Clients include major motion-picture groups, television studios, digital content providers, founded in 1915 by producer William Fox, Deluxe has been owned by MacAndrews & Forbes since 2006. Deluxes headquarters are in Los Angeles and New York, with operations in 25 key media markets worldwide, Deluxe began as a film processing laboratory which was part of a conglomeration owned and operated by producer William Fox in the early 1900s. In 1915, Fox established the De Luxe laboratory as part of the Fox Film Corporation in Fort Lee, in 1916, Fox Film Corporation opened its studio in Hollywood at Sunset and Western. The business manager of the laboratory was Alan E. Freedman who guided the company into the 1960s, during the depression, the Fox Film Corporation encountered financial difficulties. Among the actions taken to maintain liquidity, Fox sold the laboratories to Freedman who renamed the operation Deluxe, under Freedmans leadership, Deluxe added two more plants in Chicago and Toronto. As part of the plan, Freedman sold Deluxe back to Fox. Under Freedmans direction, innovations, including the processing and sound striping of Cinemascope, were developed and implemented, many of those were patented and/or received Academy awards. With the decline of motion picture production on the east coast, the Chicago and Toronto plants followed. In recent years Deluxe expanded to a high capacity manufacturing plant that was one of several film labs worldwide. The Los Angeles plant continued to operate until May,2014 and this segment also distributes motion-picture-related marketing materials and provides digital-distribution and asset-management products and services. Deluxe has been owned by MacAndrews & Forbes since 2006
13.
Esther
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Esther, born Hadassah, is the eponymous heroine of the Book of Esther. According to the Hebrew Bible, Esther was a Jewish queen of the Persian king Ahasuerus, Ahasuerus is traditionally identified with Xerxes I during the time of the Achaemenid Empire, although Flavius Josephus wrote that Esthers king husband was Xerxes son Artaxerxes. Her story is the basis for the celebration of Purim in Jewish tradition, King Ahasuerus displayed his wealth for 180 days then held a 7 day feast in Susa. While in high spirits from the wine, he ordered his queen, Vashti, to appear before him, but when the attendants delivered the kings command to Queen Vashti, she refused to come. Furious at her refusal to obey, the king asked his men what should be done. One of them said that all the women in the empire would hear that The King Ahasuerus commanded Vashti the queen to be brought in before him, then these women would despise their husbands, which would cause many problems in the kingdom. Therefore, it would be prudent to depose Vashti, many beautiful maidens were then brought before the king in order that he might choose a successor to the unruly Vashti. The King chose Esther, a daughter of a Benjamite named Abihail. Esther was originally named Hadassah, meaning myrtle and she had spent her life among the Jewish exiles in Persia, where she lived under the protection of her cousin Mordecai. When Cyrus gave permission for the exiles to return to Jerusalem, Mordecai was the son of Jair, a Benjamite, who had been carried into captivity together with Jeconiah by Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon. Mordecai became chief minister of Ahasuerus and lived in the Persian capital of Susa, one day, while sitting at the gate of the kings palace, Mordecai overheard a plot of two eunuchs, Bigthan and Teresh, to kill the king. Having informed the king through Esther of the conspiracy, Mordecai brought about the execution of the two conspirators, and the event was recorded in the royal chronicles, the grand vizier, Haman the Agagite, commanded Mordecai to do obeisance to him. The king then issued a proclamation ordering the confiscation of Jewish property, Mordecai tore his robes and put ash on his head on hearing this news. Sheltered in the harem, Esther was unaware of the decree until Mordecai advised her of it through Hathach and he informed her that she should not think that she would escape simply because she was in the palace. At the request of Esther, Mordecai instituted at Susa a general fast for three days. Esther could not approach the king without being summoned, on pain of death, nevertheless, at the end of the three days, Esther dressed in her royal apparel and went before the king, who was pleased to see her. When the king asked her what her request was, she invited the king, at the banquet they accepted her invitation to dine with her again on the following day. Haman, carried away by the joy that this gave him
14.
Book of Esther
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The Book of Esther, also known in Hebrew as the Scroll, is a book in the third section of the Jewish Tanakh and in the Christian Old Testament. It relates the story of a Hebrew woman in Persia, born as Hadassah but known as Esther, the story forms the core of the Jewish festival of Purim, during which it is read aloud twice, once in the evening and again the following morning. Esther is the book in the Bible that does not explicitly mention God. The biblical Book of Esther is set in the Persian capital of Susa in the year of the reign of the Persian king Ahasuerus. Assuming that Ahasuerus is indeed Xerxes I, the events described in Esther began around the years 483–482 BCE, and concluded in March 473 BCE. The Book of Esther consists of an introduction in chapters 1 and 2, the action in chapters 3 to 9,19. The plot is structured around banquets, a word that occurs twenty times in Esther and only 24 times in the rest of the Hebrew bible. This is appropriate given that Esther describes the origin of a Jewish feast, the feast of Purim, the books theme, rather, is the reversal of destiny through a sudden and unexpected turn of events, the Jews seem destined to be destroyed, but instead are saved. The story begins with Ahasuerus, ruler of the Persian Empire, holding a banquet, initially for his court and dignitaries and afterwards for all inhabitants of the capital city. On the seventh day, Ahasuerus orders the queen, Vashti, to come, furious, Ahasuerus has her removed from her position and makes arrangements to choose a new queen from a selection of beautiful young women from throughout the empire. One of these is the Jewish orphan, Esther, after the death of her parents, she was fostered by her cousin, Mordecai. She finds favour in the Kings eyes, and is crowned his new queen, shortly afterwards, Mordecai discovers a plot by two courtiers, Bigthan and Teresh, to assassinate Ahasuerus. The conspirators are apprehended and hanged, and Mordecais service to the King is duly recorded, Ahasuerus appoints Haman as his viceroy. Mordecai, who sits at the gates, falls into Hamans disfavour. Having discovered that Mordecai is Jewish, Haman plans to not just Mordecai. She invites him to a feast in the company of Haman, during the feast, she asks them to attend a further feast the next evening. Meanwhile, Haman is again offended by Mordecai and, at his wifes suggestion, has a built to hang him. Ahasuerus is informed that Mordecai never received any recognition for this, to his surprise and horror, the King instructs Haman to do so to Mordecai
15.
Purim
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Purim is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the saving of the Jewish people from Haman, who was planning to kill all the Jews. This took place in the ancient Achaemenid Persian Empire, the story is recorded in the Biblical Book of Esther. The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing, Purim is celebrated annually according to the Hebrew calendar on the 14th day of the Hebrew month of Adar, the day following the victory of the Jews over their enemies. Today, only Jerusalem and a few other cities celebrate Purim on the 15th of Adar. At this feast Ahasuerus gets thoroughly drunk, and at the prompting of his courtiers, orders his wife Vashti to display her beauty before the nobles and populace and her refusal prompts Ahasuerus to have her removed from her post. Ahasuerus then orders all young women to be presented to him, one of these is Esther, who was orphaned at a young age and was being fostered by her first cousin Mordecai. Some rabbinic commentators state that she was actually Mordecais wife, since the Torah permits an uncle to marry his niece and she finds favor in the kings eyes, and is made his new wife. Esther does not reveal her origins and that she is Jewish, shortly afterwards, Mordecai discovers a plot by two courtiers Bigthan and Teresh to kill Ahasuerus. They are apprehended and hanged, and Mordecais service to the king is recorded in the record of the court. Ahasuerus appoints Haman as his viceroy, Mordecai, who sits at the palace gates, falls into Hamans disfavor as he refuses to bow down to him. Having found out that Mordecai is Jewish, Haman plans to not just Mordecai. Obtaining Ahasuerus permission and funds to execute this plan, he casts lots to choose the date on which to do this – the thirteenth of the month of Adar. Esther discovers what has transpired, there follows an exchange of messages between her and Mordecai, with Hatach, one of the servants, as the intermediary. Mordecai requests that she intercede with the king on behalf of the embattled Jews, she replies that nobody is allowed to approach the king, under penalty of death. Esther has a change of heart, says she will fast and pray for three days and will approach the king to seek his help, despite the law against doing so. She also requests that Mordecai tell all Jews of Shushan to fast, on the third day, she seeks an audience with Ahasuerus, during which she invites him to a feast in the company of Haman. During the feast, she asks them to attend a further feast the next evening, Ahasuerus asks whether anything was done for Mordecai and is told that he received no recognition for saving the kings life. Just then, Haman appears, and King Ahasuerus asks him what should be done for the man that the wishes to honor
16.
Achaemenid Empire
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The Achaemenid Empire, also called the Persian Empire, was an empire based in Western Asia, founded by Cyrus the Great. The empires successes inspired similar systems in later empires and it is noted in Western history as the antagonist of the Greek city-states during the Greco-Persian Wars and for the emancipation of the Jewish exiles in Babylon. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was built in a Hellenistic style in the empire as well. By the 7th century BC, the Persians had settled in the portion of the Iranian Plateau in the region of Persis. From this region, Cyrus the Great advanced to defeat the Medes, Lydia, Alexander, an avid admirer of Cyrus the Great, conquered the empire in its entirety by 330 BC. Upon his death, most of the former territory came under the rule of the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Seleucid Empire. The Persian population of the central plateau reclaimed power by the second century BC under the Parthian Empire, the historical mark of the Achaemenid Empire went far beyond its territorial and military influences and included cultural, social, technological and religious influences as well. Many Athenians adopted Achaemenid customs in their lives in a reciprocal cultural exchange. The impact of Cyruss edict is mentioned in Judeo-Christian texts, the empire also set the tone for the politics, heritage and history of modern Iran. Astronomical year numbering Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details Due to the duration of their reigns, Smerdis, Xerxes II. The Persian nation contains a number of tribes as listed here, the Pasargadae, Maraphii, and Maspii, upon which all the other tribes are dependent. Of these, the Pasargadae are the most distinguished, they contain the clan of the Achaemenids from which spring the Perseid kings. Other tribes are the Panthialaei, Derusiaei, Germanii, all of which are attached to the soil, the Achaemenid Empire was created by nomadic Persians. The Achaemenid Empire was not the first Iranian empire, as by 6th century BC another group of ancient Iranian peoples had established the short lived Median Empire. The Iranian peoples had arrived in the region of what is today Iran c.1000 BC and had for a number of centuries fallen under the domination of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, based in northern Mesopotamia. However, the Medes and Persians, Cimmerians, Persians and Chaldeans played a role in the overthrow of the Assyrian empire. The term Achaemenid means of the family of the Achaemenis/Achaemenes, despite the derivation of the name, Achaemenes was himself a minor seventh-century ruler of the Anshan in southwestern Iran, and a vassal of Assyria. At some point in 550 BC, Cyrus rose in rebellion against the Medes, eventually conquering the Medes and creating the first Persian empire
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Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
18.
Ahasuerus
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Ahasuerus is a name used several times in the Hebrew Bible, as well as related legends and Apocrypha. This name is applied in the Hebrew Scriptures to three rulers, the same name is also applied uncertainly to a Babylonian official noted in the Book of Tobit. The original name was Old Persian Xšayārša and this became Babylonian Achshiyarshu, borrowed into Hebrew as אחשורוש ʼĂḥašwērôš, and thence into Latin as Ahasuerus, the form traditionally used in English Bibles. The Persian name was rendered in Ancient Greek as Ξέρξης Xérxēs. Many newer English translations and paraphrases of the Bible have used the name Xerxes, Ahasuerus is given as the name of the King of Persia in the Book of Esther. 19th century Bible commentaries generally identified him with Xerxes I of Persia, the Greek version of the Book of Esther refers to him as Artaxerxes, and the historian Josephus relates that this was the name by which he was known to the Greeks. Similarly, the Vulgate, the Midrash of Esther Rabba, I,3, the Ethiopic text calls him Arťeksis, usually the Ethiopic equivalent of Artaxerxes. John of Ephesus and Bar-Hebraeus identified him as Artaxerxes II, a strongly supported by the 20th century scholar Jacob Hoschander. Indeed, an inscription from the time of Artaxerxes II records that he was known as Arshu understood to be a shortening of the Babylonian form Achshiyarshu derived from the Persian Khshayarsha. On his accession however Artaxerxes II lost Egypt to pharaoh Amyrtaeus after which it wasnt part of the Persian empire anymore, in his Historia Scholastica Petrus Comestor identified Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes III who in agreement with Esther 1,1 reconcurred Egypt. Ahasuerus is also given as the name of a King of Persia in the Book of Ezra, modern commentators associate him with Xerxes I who reigned from 486 BC until 465 BC. Other identifications have been made for Cambyses II or with Bardiya who reigned for seven months between Cambyses II and Darius I, the Elephantine papyri mention the high priest Johanan as a contemporary of Darius II. The book of Ezra mentions him as a contemporary of the king who succeeded Darius, Ahasuerus is given as the name of the father of Darius the Mede in the Book of Daniel. Thus this Ahasuerus is commonly identified with Astyages and he is alternatively identified, together with the Ahasuerus of the Book of Tobit, as Cyaxares I, said to be the father of Astyages. Views differ on how to reconcile the sources in this case, one view is that the description of Ahasuerus as the father of Darius the Mede should be understood in the broader sense of forebear or ancestor. In the book of Daniel the kings name changes from king of the Chaldeans = Babylonians to king of the Persians which also occurred between the kingships of Darius I and Xerxes. Furthermore the 120 satraps mentioned in Daniel 6,1 can be translated as 20 tribute owing satraps through who Darius I devided his kingdom, suggesting Ahasuerus refers to Darius Is father Hystaspes. A traditional Catholic view is that he is identical to the Ahasuerus of Daniel 9,1 In the Codex Sinaiticus Greek edition, other Septuagint texts have the name Achiachar
19.
Haman
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Haman is the main antagonist in the Book of Esther, who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was a vizier in the Persian empire under King Ahasuerus, traditionally identified as Xerxes I. As his name indicates, Haman was a descendant of Agag, the king of the Amalekites, Haman is described as the son of Hammedatha the Agagite. In the story, Haman instigates a plot to all of the Jews of ancient Persia. Haman attempts to convince Ahasuerus to order the killing of Mordecai, the plot is foiled by Queen Esther, the kings recent wife, who is herself a Jew. Haman is hanged from the gallows that had originally built, on the advice of his wife Zeresh. The dead bodies of his ten sons Parshandatha, Dalphon, Aspatha, Poratha, Adalia, Aridatha, Parmashta, Arisai, Aridai and Vaizatha, are also hanged after they die in battle trying to kill the Jews. Haman is upset that Mordecai refuses to bow down to him, as told in chapter 3. and advanced him, and all the kings servants, who were in the kings gate, bowed, and did obeisance to Haman, for the king had so commanded concerning him. But Mordecai did not bow, or do him obeisance, and when Haman saw that Mordecai did not bow or do him obedience, then Haman was full of wrath. Queen Esther, learning that her people are in danger, risks her own life to spare the Jews living in Ancient Persia, King Ahasuerus asked Queen Esther, Who is he. Where is the man who has dared to do such a thing,6 Esther said, The adversary and enemy is this vile Haman. Then Haman was terrified before the king and queen,7 The king got up in a rage, left his wine and went out into the palace garden. But Haman, realizing that the king had decided his fate. 8 Just as the king returned from the garden to the banquet hall. The king exclaimed, Will he even molest the queen while she is with me in the house,9 As soon as the word left the kings mouth, they covered Hamans face. 9 Then Harbona, one of the attending the king, said. He had it made for Mordecai, who spoke up to help the king,10 The king said, Hang him on it. 10 So they hanged Haman on the gallows he had prepared for Mordecai, or 9 Then Harbona, one of the kings eunuchs, said, Haman has set up a sharpened pole that stands seventy-five feet tall in his own courtyard. He intended to use it to impale Mordecai, the man who saved the king from assassination,10 So they impaled Haman on the pole he had set up for Mordecai, and the kings anger subsided
20.
Denis O'Dea
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Denis ODea was an Irish stage and film actor. When very young he and his mother Kathleen moved in with her sister and he worked in insurance until taking up acting. Other films in which he appeared include, The Mark of Cain, The Fallen Idol, Alfred Hitchcocks Under Capricorn, The Bad Lord Byron, Landfall, Marry Me. He was married to actress Siobhán McKenna from 1946 until his death in 1978 at the age of 73, they had one son, Donnacha ODea, guests of the Nation The Informer - Street Singer Beloved Enemy - Seans I. R. A. Friend The Plough and the Stars - The Covey Odd Man Out - Inspector The Mark of Cain - Sir William Godgrey The Fallen Idol - Inspector Crowe The Bad Lord Byron - Prosecuting Counsel Marry Me. - Saunders Under Capricorn - Mr. Corrigan Landfall - Capt. Burnaby Treasure Island - Dr. Livesey The Long Dark Hall - Sir Charles Morton Captain Horatio Hornblower - RAdm
21.
Sergio Fantoni
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Sergio Fantoni is an Italian actor. He was born in Rome, the son of actor Cesare Fantoni, in 1960 he played the villainous Haman in Esther and the King, starring Joan Collins and Richard Egan in the title roles. Among his TV roles, he appeared alongside Anglo-Italian actress Cherie Lunghi in the Channel 4 series The Manageress, hornets Nest Bad Mans River The Bloody Hands of the Law The Belly of an Architect Private Affairs Sergio Fantoni at the Internet Movie Database
22.
Renato Baldini
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Renato Baldini was an Italian film actor. He appeared in 87 films between 1950 and 1983 and he was born in Rome, Italy. Who Killed the Prosecutor and Why, return of Halleluja Renato Baldini at the Internet Movie Database Renato Baldini at AllMovie
23.
Daniela Rocca
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Daniela Rocca was an Italian actress, model and writer. Rocca was born and raised in Acireale, a town near Catania. She became Miss Catania in 1953, and was discovered by talent scouts after competing in a Miss Italy competition. She made her debut in French director Maurice Cloches Marchands de Filles and also appeared in the Riccardo Freda film Caltiki - il mostro immortale, and Esther. More film roles followed, but Rocca did not find fame until Divorzio allItaliana, Rocca became a star after playing the part of the smothering wife Marcello Mastroianni is desperate to escape in Pietro Germis international box-office hit. Rocca fell in love with Germi during filming and attempted suicide when he rejected her, after that, she was considered unstable and was not offered significant roles. A nervous breakdown led to a stay in a mental hospital, after playing minor roles in movies and television, her show business career ended in 1967. She ended her days in a retirement home in Milo, near Catania. There she wrote four books, Agente segreto con licenza di vivere, Avvocato offresi, Il condannato a morte, and Psicoanalisi, sogni, fantasie nascosti nella mente, and a collection of poems, Ara
24.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
25.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
26.
Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
27.
AllMovie
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AllMovie is an online guide service website with information about films, television programs, and screen actors. As of 2013, AllMovie. com and the AllMovie consumer brand are owned by All Media Network, AllMovie was founded by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine, who also founded AllMusic and AllGame. The AllMovie database was licensed to tens of thousands of distributors and retailers for point-of-sale systems, websites, the AllMovie database is comprehensive, including basic product information, cast and production credits, plot synopsis, professional reviews, biographies, relational links and more. AllMovie data was accessed on the web at the AllMovie. com website and it was also available via the AMG LASSO media recognition service, which can automatically recognize DVDs. In late 2007, Macrovision acquired AMG for a reported $72 million, the AMG consumer facing web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in August 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. The buyers also include the founders of SideReel and Ackrell Capital investor Mike Ackrell. All Media Network offices are located in San Francisco, California, AllMusic AllGame SideReel All Media Network Official website
28.
Turner Classic Movies
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Turner Classic Movies is an American movie-oriented basic cable and satellite television network owned by the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary of Time Warner. TCM is headquartered at the Techwood Campus in Atlanta, Georgias Midtown business district, historically, the channels programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros. However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. and occasionally shows more recent films. The channel is available in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Latin America, France, Spain, Nordic countries, Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific. In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, concerns over Turner Entertainments corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio less than a year before. As part of the deal, Turner Entertainment retained ownership of MGMs library of films released up to May 9,1986, Turner Broadcasting System was split into two companies, Turner Broadcasting System and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and reincorporated as MGM/UA Communications Co. The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the form of programming for TCM upon the networks launch. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release. Turner Classic Movies debuted on April 14,1994, at 6,00 p. m. Eastern Time, the date and time were chosen for their historical significance as the exact centennial anniversary of the first public movie showing in New York City. The first movie broadcast on TCM was the 1939 film Gone with the Wind, at the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. AMC had broadened its content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002. In the early 90s AMC abandoned its format, leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption. In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies, in March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video. In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting, in April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event – now held annually – at the Graumans Chinese Theater and the Graumans Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. In 2007, some of the films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCMs website. The networks programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any video release
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Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
30.
The Life of General Villa
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The Life of General Villa was a silent biographical action–drama film starring Pancho Villa as himself, shot on location during a civil war. The movie incorporated both staged scenes and authentic live footage from real battles during the Mexican Revolution, around which the plot of the movie revolved, the film was produced by D. W. Griffith and featured future director Raoul Walsh as the younger version of Villa. Currently the film is presumably lost, with only unedited fragments, the filming of the movie and associated events were dramatized in the film And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself with Antonio Banderas starring as Villa and Kyle Chandler playing Walsh. Pancho Villas reason for starring in the movie was financial as he needed funds to fight the Mexican Revolution
31.
Regeneration (1915 film)
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Regeneration is a 1915 American silent biographical crime drama co-written and directed by Raoul Walsh. The film, which was the first full-length feature film directed by Walsh, stars Rockliffe Fellowes, nilsson and was adapted for the screen by Carl Harbaugh and Walsh from the memoir My Mamie Rose, by Owen Frawley Kildare and the adapted play by Kildare and Walter C. Cited as one of the first full-length gangster films, Regeneration tells the story of an orphan who rises to control the mob until he meets a woman for whom he wants to change. The story follows the life of Owen, a young Irish American boy who is forced into a life a poverty after his mother dies, as a result, Owen is forced to live on the street eventually turning to a life of crime. Owen is eventually reformed, however, by the benevolent Marie Deering, also featured is a fire aboard an excursion ferry, much like the General Slocum disaster of 1904. Rockliffe Fellowes - Owen Conway James A. Marcus - Jim Conway Anna Q and it is the first produced by Fox Film Corporation, a forerunner of the 20th Century Fox. The film was released on September 13,1915 to critical acclaim and was a box office hit. It was re-released to theaters on January 12,1919, Regeneration was previously thought to be lost but was rediscovered in the 1970s. A copy of the film is preserved and held by the Museum of Modern Art Department of Film, in 2000, Regeneration was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically or aesthetically significant. In 2001, Regeneration was released on Region 1 DVD by Image Entertainment along with the 1915 film Young Romance in 2001, the same two-film set was released on manufactured-on-demand DVD by Image Entertainment in 2012. The film is currently in the public domain, Regeneration at the Internet Movie Database synopsis at AllMovie glass slide for the 1919 rerelease version
32.
Betrayed (1917 film)
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For other films of the same title, see Betrayed. Betrayed is a silent drama directed and written by Raoul Walsh, starring Hobart Bosworth, Miriam Cooper, and Monte Blue. It is not known if the film survives, which suggests that it is a lost film. Carmelita Carrito, a young Mexican girl, is an aristocrat at heart despite the coarseness exhibited by her father Carpi, although she has a lover named Pepo, Carmelita finds herself attracted to the bandit Leopoldo Juares when he takes refuge in her house. After his departure, Carmelita watches wistfully after him, eventually falling asleep by the window. A U. S. Army officer, William Jerome, comes searching for Juares, discovering her duplicity, Juares forces Carmelita to don his hat and coat. Jerome, mistaking Carmelita for the bandit, shoots the girl and is ordered to be executed before a firing squad. Carmelita then awakens from her dream and discovers that United States troops, led by Pepo, are converging upon her house to arrest Juares, Pepo captures the bandit and wins a large reward as well as Carmelitas affections. The Chicago Board of Censors cut an attack on a man, shooting and two rioting scenes in store, attack on driver, shooting man off horse, last part of love scene, Betrayed at the Internet Movie Database
33.
The Prussian Cur
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The Prussian Cur is a 1918 American anti-German silent propaganda film produced during World War I. Now considered a lost film, it is notable for telling the story of the Crucified Soldier. The films director Raoul Walsh called it his rottenest picture ever for its anti-German sentiment, the film was shot in Fort Lee, New Jersey where Fox and many other early film studios in Americas first motion picture industry were based at the beginning of the 20th century. As luridly described in a magazine, the Kaiser has plans to conquer the world while all of the other nations are engaged in peaceful pursuits. The Germans enter France and their U-boats work like sharks in the sea, before Bernstorff leaves the country, he establishes a spy system headed by Otto Goltz. Under his orders, German agents burn factories, wreck trains, stir up labor troubles, Goltz marries a young American woman and brutally drives her to her death. Her sister finds her in a condition and takes her home to die. A young brother goes after Goltz, who is running a nest of spies where bombs are being made. Dick Gregory, an American soldier, sees Goltz on the street dressed in a uniform on a day when a confidential order was given out that no officer was to wear one. Dick follows him and finds the nest of spies, under his command the regiment wipes out the nest and Goltz while trying to escape is overtaken by the brother of the young dead woman and is killed. Meanwhile, American forces are pouring into France so fast that the Kaiser sees his dream crumbling, hartigan as Admiral von Tirpitz John E. Franklin as James W. Gerard John W. Harbon as U. S. Congressman Like many American films of the time, The Prussian Cur was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. For example, the Chicago Board of Censors required cuts, in Reel 1, of the intertitle Kill the men and save the women for yourselves and, Reel 8, of a German soldier taking off his coat in a bedroom. List of lost films 1937 Fox vault fire Alan Gevinson, Within Our Gates The Prussian Cur at the Internet Movie Database Progressive Silent Film List, The Prussian Cur at silentera. com
