1.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
2.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
3.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
4.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
5.
Maurice Barrymore
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Herbert Arthur Chamberlayne Blythe, known professionally by his stage name Maurice Barrymore, was a British-born stage actor. He was the patriarch of the Barrymore acting family, father of John, Lionel and Ethel, Herbert, the youngest of seven had an older brother named Will and two sisters named Emily and Evelin. Three other siblings had died in infancy, matilda, after a difficult pregnancy, died shortly after giving birth to Herbert on September 21,1849. In his formative years Herbert was raised by his Aunt Amelia Blythe, his mothers sister, Amelia, a Chamberlayne by birth, had married a brother of Herberts father and was a Blythe by marriage. Herbert was sent back to England for education at Harrow School, and studied Law at Oxford University, Herbert also became enamored of the sport of boxing. The Marquess of Queensberry rules were established at this time. On 21 March 1872 Herbert won the boxing championship of England. Herberts father expected him to become a barrister, but Herbert fell in with a group of actors and that same year 1872 Herbert sat for his first posed theatrical photographic portrait by noted photographer Oliver Sarony, an older brother of the better remembered Napoleon Sarony. He wanted his first name to be pronounced in the French manner instead of the English and his friends avoided that altogether by simply calling him Barry. On December 29,1874, Barrymore emigrated to the USA, sailing aboard the SS America to Boston and he made his Broadway début in December 1875 in Pique, in the cast was a young actress, Georgiana Drew, known as Georgie. Maurice and Georgiana had been introduced earlier by her brother John Drew Jr. who had befriended Maurice when he first arrived in America, after a brief courtship, Barrymore and Georgie married on December 31,1876, and had three children, Lionel, Ethel, and John. While their parents were on tour, the children lived with Georgianas mother in Philadelphia, Maurice also owned a farm on Staten Island to keep his collection of exotic animals. Georgiana died July 2,1893, from consumption, for a summer in 1896, Lionel and John were left on the farm in the care of the man who fed the animals. Barrymore remarried exactly one year after Georgies death to Mamie Floyd, on March 19,1879, in Marshall, Texas, Barrymore and fellow actor Ben Porter were shot by a notorious gunfighter and bully named Jim Currie. Barrymore and Porter had played earlier with Currie, winning some money from him. That evening, while Barrymore, Porter and the actress Ellen Cummins dined at the White House Saloon, Barrymore challenged Currie to a fistfight. Currie shot him in the chest and then shot Porter in the stomach, Porter was killed, while doctors spent the night operating on Barrymore to save his life. Georgie, then several months pregnant with Ethel, rushed to Texas to be at her husbands side enduring a long train trip and he made a full recovery, and returned to Marshall for the legal procedures that followed
6.
Georgiana Drew
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Georgie Drew Barrymore, was an American stage actress and comedian and a member of the Barrymore acting family. Born in Philadelphia, her family — parents John Drew and Louisa Lane Drew, brothers John Drew, Jr. and Sidney and she made her theatrical debut in 1872 in The Ladies Rattle. She followed John Jr. to New York City, where she acted in many Broadway hits, such as Pique, in Pique she met a young English actor,26 year old, Maurice Barrymore, whom she married on December 31,1876. They had three children, Lionel, Ethel, and John and she is a great-grandmother and partial namesake of actress Drew Barrymore. According to a 2004 A&E Biography piece, the marriage, happy at first, Georgie even filed for divorce, but they reconciled. He asked her to tour with him and Helena Modjeska in a play he wrote, learning that he and Helena had resumed their romance, Georgie, who had been given ownership of the play by Maurice, forced her hand by closing it. Helenas husband, its producer, sued her, the real reason for Georgies actions never got into the press. In 1890, she had a success in The Senator co-starring William H. Crane and, in 1891. Her stage career at this time was being managed by a young up-and-coming producer named Charles Frohman, Frohman would play a big part in managing the early careers of her three children, as well as her brother John Drew. In December 1891, illness forced her to leave the stage, suffering from what turned out to be tuberculosis—then called consumption—she traveled West in 1893 with Ethel to take a cure, but she died a few months later in Santa Barbara, California. Her reported last words, Oh my poor kids, what shall ever become of them, were related to her son John in the 1920s by an elderly woman who had been staying at the same boarding house in Santa Barbara as Georgie and Ethel. It was 13-year-old Ethels responsibility to see that her mothers remains were returned to Philadelphia for burial by Mrs Drew and Maurice, in 1893, this coast-to-coast journey would have lasted a week. All three of her children would die within a hundred miles of where their mother died at Santa Barbara back in 1893
7.
Lionel Barrymore
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Lionel Barrymore was an American actor of stage, screen and radio as well as a film director. He is also remembered as Ebenezer Scrooge in annual broadcasts of A Christmas Carol during his last two decades. He was a member of the theatrical Barrymore family, Lionel Barrymore was born Lionel Herbert Blythe in Philadelphia, the son of actors Georgiana Drew Barrymore and Maurice Barrymore. He was the brother of Ethel and John Barrymore, the uncle of John Drew Barrymore and Diana Barrymore. He attended private schools as a child, including the Art Students League of New York, while raised a Roman Catholic, Barrymore attended the Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia. Barrymore graduated from Seton Hall Preparatory School, the Roman Catholic college prep school and he was married twice, to actresses Doris Rankin and Irene Fenwick, a one-time lover of his brother, John. Doriss sister Gladys was married to Lionels uncle Sidney Drew, which made Gladys both his aunt and sister-in-law, Doris Rankin bore Lionel two daughters, Ethel Barrymore II and Mary Barrymore. Barrymore never truly recovered from the deaths of his girls, and their loss undoubtedly strained his marriage to Doris Rankin, Years later, Barrymore developed a fatherly affection for Jean Harlow, who was born about the same time as his daughters. When Harlow died in 1937, Barrymore and Clark Gable mourned her as though she had been family. Although reluctant to follow his parents career, Barrymore appeared together with his formidable grandmother Louisa Lane Drew on tour and he later recounted that I didnt want to act. I wanted to paint or draw, the theater was not in my blood, I was related to the theater by marriage only, it was merely a kind of in-law of mine I had to live with. Nevertheless, he found success on stage in character roles and continued to act, although he still wanted to become a painter. He appeared on Broadway in his twenties with his uncle John Drew Jr. in such plays as The Second in Command and The Mummy and the Hummingbird. Both were produced by Charles Frohman, who produced plays for Barrymore and his siblings, John. The Other Girl in 1903–04 was a success for Barrymore. In 1905, he appeared with John and Ethel in a pantomime, starring as the character in Pantaloon and playing another character in the other half of the bill. In 1906, after a series of disappointing appearances in plays, Barrymore and his first wife, the actress Doris Rankin, left their careers and travelled to Paris. He did not achieve success as a painter, and in 1909 he returned to the US, the producers gave appendicitis as the reason for his sudden departure
8.
John Barrymore
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John Barrymore was an American actor on stage, screen and radio. After a success as Hamlet in London in 1925, Barrymore left the stage for 14 years, in the silent film era, he was well received in such pictures as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Sherlock Holmes and The Sea Beast. During this period, he gained his nickname, the Great Profile and his stage-trained voice proved an asset when sound films were introduced, and three of his works, Grand Hotel, Twentieth Century and Midnight have been inducted into the National Film Registry. Barrymores personal life has been the subject of attention before. He struggled with alcohol abuse from the age of 14, was married and divorced four times, Much of his later work involved self-parody and the portrayal of drunken has-beens. His obituary in The Washington Post observed that with the passing of the years – and as his life became more public – he became, despite his genius in the theater. Barrymore was born John Sidney Blyth in Philadelphia, and was known by family, although the Barrymore family bible puts his date of birth as February 15,1882, his birth certificate shows February 14. He was the youngest of three children and his siblings were Lionel, and Ethel. Barrymores mother, Georgie Drew Barrymore, was born into a prominent theatrical family, Barrymores maternal grandparents were Louisa Lane Drew, a well-known 19th-century American actress and the manager of the Arch Street Theatre, and John Drew, also an actor whose specialty was comedy. Barrymores maternal uncles were two more thespians, John Drew, Jr. and Sidney, Much of Barrymores early life was unsettled. In October 1882, the family toured in the US for a season with Polish actress Helena Modjeska, the following year his parents toured again with Modjeska but left the children behind. Modjeska was influential in the family, and she insisted that all three children be baptized into the Catholic Church, in 1884 the family traveled to London as part of Augustin Dalys theatrical company, returning to the US two years later. As a child, Barrymore was sometimes badly behaved, and he was sent away to schools in an attempt to instill discipline, the strategy was not always successful, and he attended elementary schools in four states. He was sent first to the annex of the Convent of Notre Dame in Philadelphia. I wanted to be an artist and he was expelled from the school in 1891 and was sent to Seton Hall Preparatory School in New Jersey, where Lionel was already studying. Barrymore was unhappy at Seton and was withdrawn, after which he attended several public schools in New York. In 1892, his grandmother Louisa Drews business began to suffer, the loss of their mothers income prompted both Ethel and Lionel to seek work as professional actors. Barrymores father was absent from the family home while on tour, and when he returned he would spend time at The Lambs
9.
Barrymore family
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The Barrymore family is an American acting family. The Barrymores are also the inspiration of a Broadway and West End play called The Royal Family, william Edward Blythe Herbert Arthur Chamberlayne Blyth ∞ married Georgiana Emma Drew, and had three children, Lionel, Ethel, and John. Lionel Barrymore ∞ Married Doris Rankin, and had two daughters, ∞ Married to Irene Fenwick Ethel Barrymore ∞ Married Russell Griswold Colt, and had three children. Ethels children also acted, primarily on the stage, samuel Peabody Colt John Drew Colt Ethel Barrymore Colt. Howard ∞ Married Robert Wilcox ∞ Married Dolores Costello, and had, except for John Drew, Diana, Drew, and John Blyth, none of the other members of John Barrymores family have yet entered the entertainment industry. The family of Georgiana Emma Drew, mother of Lionel, Ethel, John Drew, actor ∞ Louisa Lane Drew, actress Georgiana Emma Drew, ∞ wife of Maurice Barrymore and mother of Lionel, Ethel, and John. Uncle Jack by the Barrymore siblings, married actress Josephine Baker Aunt Dodo, louise Drew, Cousin Bee, ∞ married performer Jack Devereaux, their son John Drew Devereaux was a Broadway stage manager Sidney Drew, known for the Mr. & Mrs. around 1909. Frank Drew, brother of John Drew Sr
10.
Old West
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Frontier refers to a contrasting region at the edge of a European-American line of settlement. American historians cover multiple frontiers but the folklore is focused primarily on the 19th century west of the Mississippi River. As defined by Hine and Faragher, frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of the land, the development of markets, and the formation of states. They explain, It is a tale of conquest, but also one of survival, persistence, thus, Turners Frontier Thesis proclaimed the westward frontier as the defining process of American history. As the American frontier passed into history, the myths of the West in fiction and film took firm hold in the imagination of Americans, America is exceptional in choosing its iconic self-image. David Murdoch has said, No other nation has taken a time and place from its past, the frontier line was the outer line of European-American settlement. It moved steadily westward from the 1630s to the 1880s, Turner favored the Census Bureau definition of the frontier line as a settlement density of two people per square mile. The West was the settled area near that boundary. Thus, parts of the Midwest and American South, though no longer considered western, have a frontier heritage along with the western states. In the 21st century, however, the term American West is most often used for the area west of the Mississippi River, in the colonial era, before 1776, the west was of high priority for settlers and politicians. The American frontier began when Jamestown, Virginia was settled by the English in 1607, English, French, Spanish and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes and mid-west region they settled down. French settlement was limited to a few small villages such as Kaskaskia. They created a rural settlement in upstate New York. Areas in the north that were in the stage by 1700 generally had poor transportation facilities. The wealthy speculator, if one was involved, usually remained at home, the class of landless poor was small. Few artisans settled on the frontier except for those who practiced a trade to supplement their primary occupation of farming, there might be a storekeeper, a minister, and perhaps a doctor, and there were a number of landless laborers. However frontier areas of 1700 that had good river connections were transformed into plantation agriculture
11.
Shootout
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A shootout, also called a firefight or gunfight, is a gun battle between armed groups. A shootout often, but not necessarily, pits law enforcement against criminal elements, a shootout in a war-like context would usually be considered a battle, rather than a shootout. Shootouts are often portrayed in films and Western films. McDonald was killed instantly, and Dr. Sparks was fatally wounded, however Captain Davis, out of bullets, Captain Davis, an expert fencer, pulled out his Bowie knife and killed four more of his attackers. The surviving bandits fled for their lives, the shootout was witnessed by a group of miners, who buried the bodies of the dead. Shooting broke out during a highly charged trial in the Cherokee Nation, Deaths, US Marshals,8, Cherokee citizens,3 September 7,1876. Jesse James, Cole Younger, and their gang attempted to rob a bank in Northfield and they exchanged fire with the townspeople. Two of the members were killed in the fire fight along with two innocent civilians. Deaths, James-Younger gang,2, Northfield town,2 October 26,1881, deputy U. S. Outcome, Clanton/McLaury,3 killed, Earps/Holliday,3 wounded October 19,1882. Mechanics National Bank president Thomas OConnor, businessman Joseph Mabry, Jr. and Mabrys son, Joseph Mabry, III, were killed in a shootout in Knoxville, the incident was documented in Chapter 40 of Mark Twains 1883 book, Life on the Mississippi. Deaths, OConnor,1, Mabry,2 December 1,1884, legendary lawman Elfego Baca ignited an intense shootout with 80 cowboys in Frisco, New Mexico. Deaths, Cowboys,4, Baca,0 October 5,1892, the Dalton Gang attempted to rob two banks simultaneously in Coffeyville, Kansas, only to find themselves ambushed by lawmen and armed townspeople before they could make their escape. The gang was cornered in an alley and shot to pieces by the swarming townspeople, Deaths, Robbers,4, Townspeople,4 May 19,1920. Deaths, Townspeople,3, Baldwin-Felts,7 See, Battle of Matewan, Matewan March 22,1933, Bonnie Parker & Clyde Barrow and their friends entered a firefight with the local police who had been sent to investigate them in Joplin, Missouri. Deaths, Lawmen,2, Bonnie and Clyde,0 June 17,1933, in an attempt to free their friend, a criminal gang ambushed seven FBI agents and Kansas City police at the train station as they were escorting captured fugitive Frank Nash back to prison. The FBI agents were unarmed, but the police exchanged fire with the criminal gang. The gang unintentionally killed Nash along with the law officers, the FBI claimed that the gang included Charles Pretty Boy Floyd, but the evidence is debatable and contradicts with Floyds alleged presence. Deaths, Kansas City Police,2, Oklahoma police,1, FBI,1, Nash,1, Gang,0 April 22,1934
12.
William Makepeace Thackeray
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William Makepeace Thackeray was an English novelist of the 19th century. He is known for his works, particularly Vanity Fair. Thackeray, a child, was born in Calcutta, British India. His mother, Anne Becher, was the daughter of Harriet Becher and John Harman Becher. Richmond died in 1815, which caused Anne to send her son to England in 1816, the ship on which he travelled made a short stopover at St. Helena, where the imprisoned Napoleon was pointed out to him. Once in England he was educated at schools in Southampton and Chiswick, and then at Charterhouse School, Thackeray disliked Charterhouse, and parodied it in his fiction as Slaughterhouse. Nevertheless, Thackeray was honoured in the Charterhouse Chapel with a monument after his death, Thackeray then travelled for some time on the continent, visiting Paris and Weimar, where he met Goethe. He returned to England and began to study law at the Middle Temple and he also lost a good part of his fortune in the collapse of two Indian banks. The Thackerays had three children, all girls, Anne Isabella, Jane and Harriet Marian, who married Sir Leslie Stephen, editor, Thackeray now began writing for his life, as he put it, turning to journalism in an effort to support his young family. Between 1837 and 1840 he also reviewed books for The Times and he was also a regular contributor to The Morning Chronicle and The Foreign Quarterly Review. Later, through his connection to the illustrator John Leech, he began writing for the newly created magazine Punch, in which he published The Snob Papers and this work popularised the modern meaning of the word snob. Thackeray was a regular contributor to Punch between 1843 and 1854. Tragedy struck in Thackerays personal life as his wife, Isabella, succumbed to depression after the birth of their third child, in 1840. Finding that he could get no work done at home, he spent more and more time away until September 1840, struck by guilt, he set out with his wife to Ireland. During the crossing she threw herself from a water-closet into the sea and they fled back home after a four-week battle with her mother. From November 1840 to February 1842 Isabella was in and out of professional care and she eventually deteriorated into a permanent state of detachment from reality. Isabella outlived her husband by 30 years, in the end being cared for by a family named Thompson in Leigh-on-Sea at Southend until her death in 1894, after his wifes illness Thackeray became a de facto widower, never establishing another permanent relationship. He did pursue other women, however, in particular Mrs Jane Brookfield, in 1851 Mr Brookfield barred Thackeray from further visits to or correspondence with Jane. Baxter, an American twenty years Thackerays junior whom he met during a tour in New York City in 1852
13.
The Newcomes
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The Newcomes is a novel by William Makepeace Thackeray, first published in 1855. The Newcomes was published serially over about two years, as Thackeray himself says in one of the final chapters. The novel shows its origin, it is very long and its events occur over many years. The main part of The Newcomes is set a decade or two after the action of Vanity Fair, and some of the characters in Vanity Fair are mentioned peripherally in The Newcomes, the narrator is Arthur Pendennis, the protagonist of Pendennis. The novel tells the story of Colonel Thomas Newcome, a virtuous, Colonel Newcome goes out to India for decades, then returns to England where Clive meets his cousin Ethel. After years in England, the returns to India for another several years and while he is there, Clive travels Europe. Dozens of background characters appear, fade, and reappear, the colonel and Clive are only the central figures in The Newcomes, the action of which begins before the colonels birth. Over several generations the Newcome family rises into wealth and respectability as bankers, a theme that runs throughout the novel is the practice of marrying for money. Herein we find first use of the word capitalism, as reference an economic system. Religion is another theme, particularly Methodism, truth is never sacrificed to piquancy. Just as the stream of life runs on through these volumes, there are also plenty of Latin, French language, and even Italian language and ancient-Greek phrases — all untranslated. Colonel Newcome came to be an emblem of virtue for a period, for example, in his autobiography, Theodore Roosevelt described his uncle, James Dunwoody Bulloch, as a veritable Colonel Newcome. Ethel Barrymore is named after the character in the play,1855 in literature The Newcomes at Project Gutenberg
14.
John Drew Barrymore
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John Drew Barrymore was a film actor and member of the Barrymore family of actors, which included his father, John Barrymore, and his fathers siblings, Lionel and Ethel. He was the father of four children, including John Blyth Barrymore, diana Barrymore was his half-sister from his fathers second marriage. Barrymore was born in Los Angeles, California to John Barrymore and his parents separated when he was 18 months old, and he rarely saw his father afterward. Educated at private schools, he made his debut at 17. This was followed by a resurgence in Italian movies as he appeared in several leading roles. He also appeared several times in the TV series Gunsmoke, however, Barrymores social behavior obstructed any professional progress. In the 1960s, he was incarcerated for drug use, public drunkenness. In 1966, Barrymore was signed to play a guest role as Lazarus in the Star Trek episode The Alternative Factor, however, he failed to show up, resulting in a SAG suspension of six months. He did appear as Stacey Daggart in the 1966–67 NBC series The Road West, after the SAG suspension handed to him in 1967 was served, Barrymore only worked on-screen sporadically, sometimes with a few years between appearances. His TV and film career ended permanently by 1976, although even before this point he became more and more reclusive, suffering from the same problems with addiction that had destroyed his father, Barrymore became a derelict. Estranged from his family, including his children, his continued to worsen. In 2003, daughter Drew Barrymore moved him near her home despite their estrangement and he has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to television. All four of Barrymores marriages ended in divorce and he married actress Cara Williams in 1952, they divorced in 1959. Complete 52min episode from 16mm film - aired Nov.24,1958
15.
Drew Barrymore
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Drew Blythe Barrymore is an American actress, author, director, model and producer. She is a member of the Barrymore family of American stage and film actors, Barrymore began acting on television, and soon transitioned to film with roles in E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial and Irreconcilable Differences. Following a turbulent childhood that was marked by drug and alcohol abuse with two stints in rehab, she wrote her autobiography, Little Girl Lost and she appeared in a string of hit films, including Poison Ivy, Boys on the Side, Scream and Ever After. She has also co-starred with Adam Sandler in The Wedding Singer,50 First Dates, Other acting credits include Music and Lyrics, Hes Just Not That Into You, Going the Distance and Miss You Already. Barrymore won the Screen Actors Guild Award and the Golden Globe Award for her portrayal of Little Edie in Grey Gardens, Barrymore currently stars with Timothy Olyphant in the Netflix comedy series Santa Clarita Diet. She was named an Ambassador Against Hunger for the UN World Food Programme, since then, she has donated over $1 million to the program. A recipient of a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Barrymore was born in Culver City, California, to actor John and Jaid, an aspiring actress. Barrymores mother was born in a displaced persons camp in Brannenburg, West Germany and her parents divorced in 1984, when she was nine years old. She is one of four children with a half-brother, John and her godfather is Steven Spielberg while her godmother is Anna Strasberg, Lee Strasbergs widow. Meanwhile, Barrymore is the god-daughter of director Steven Spielberg, Barrymore recounted in her 1989 autobiography, Little Girl Lost, early memories of her abusive father, who left the family when Barrymore was six months old. They never had anything resembling a significant relationship and seldom spoke to each other, Barrymore grew up on Poinsetta Place in West Hollywood until the age of 7, when she moved to Sherman Oaks. In her 2015 memoir Wildflower, she says she talks like a girl because she grew up in Sherman Oaks. She moved back to West Hollywood upon becoming emancipated at 14, Barrymore attended elementary school at Fountain Day School in West Hollywood and Country School. In the wake of her stardom, Barrymore endured a notoriously troubled childhood. Her nightlife and constant partying became a subject with the media. She was in rehab at the age of fourteen, where she spent eighteen months in an institution for the mentally ill, a suicide attempt, also at age fourteen, put her back in rehab, followed by a three-month stay with singer David Crosby and his wife. The stay was precipitated, Crosby said, because she needed to be some people that were committed to sobriety. Barrymore later described this period of her life in her autobiography, after a successful juvenile court petition for emancipation, she moved into her own apartment at the age of fifteen
16.
Louisa Lane Drew
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Louisa Lane Drew was an English-born American actress and theatre owner and an ancestor of the Barrymore acting family. Professionally she was known as Mrs. John Drew. Drew was born Louisa Lane in London, England, the daughter of Eliza Trentner, an actress, and either Thomas Frederick Lane, or William Haycraft Lane, Louisa and her mother came to America when she was six years old. She proved to be a child prodigy playing five different adult roles within one play at the age of eight in 1828. As a young woman and strolling player, her theatrical travels took her, her mother and half sisters as far away as Jamaica, by sailing ship and she returned to the United States in 1847 to support Junius Brutus Booth. She appeared in plays with both him and his son, John Wilkes Booth. She and her third husband John Drew were the parents of Louisa Drew, John Drew, Jr. and she had no known children from her first two marriages. The Drews owned the Arch Street Theatre, where they staged performances, after her husbands death Mrs Drew adopted a baby boy and named him Sidney. She was the grandmother through Georgie of John Barrymore, Ethel Barrymore and her other grand children were Georgie Drew Mendum an actress and Louise Drew also an actress as well as S. Rankin Drew, Sidneys son with his wife Gladys Rankin. She is the great-great-grandmother of Drew Barrymore, in the mid-1890s the aged Mrs Drew appeared in an all star revival of Sheridans The Rivals. In 1897 an ailing Louisa Drew spent the summer at her annual Larchmont, New York retreat with her grandsons Lionel and she died in Philadelphia on August 31,1897 at the age of 77. The historic Arch Street Theatre was demolished in 1936, autobiographical sketch of Mrs. John Drew
17.
John Drew, Jr.
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John Drew Jr. was an American stage actor noted for his roles in Shakespearean comedy, society drama, and light comedies. He was the eldest son of John Drew, who had given up a career in whaling for acting, and Louisa Lane Drew. As such, he was also the uncle of John, Ethel and he was considered to be the leading matinee idol of his day, but unlike most matinee idols Drews acting ability was largely undisputed. John Drew Jr. was educated at an academy in Philadelphia. His first role as a boy was Plumper in Cool as a Cucumber at the familys Arch Street Theater, Drew had a long association with Charles Frohman and leading lady Maude Adams. In these years under Frohman, John Drews stardom was established and his first play with Frohman was The Masked Ball, a comedy adapted from a French play. This show was primarily a vehicle to establish Drews stardom under Frohman, Drew was associated originally with the company of Augustin Daly in the 1880s, a man known for managing and training with grim efficiency. Under Dalys management, John Drew developed his reputation for versatility, appearing in many varieties of plays and his frequent leading lady with Daly was Ada Rehan. His memoirs, titled My Years on the Stage, were published in 1922 and his final Broadway play was The Circle co-starring fellow veteran star Mrs. Leslie Carter and proved to be a popular comeback for the two Victorian actors. The Circle was made into a silent film in 1925 by MGM directed by Frank Borzage, highly esteemed by his fellow actors, John Drew was elected lifetime president of New York Citys Players Club. The abbreviation Jr. distinguishing him from his long deceased father, is usually dropped. He died in San Francisco on July 9,1927 shortly after having been visited by his nephews John, after cremation his remains were taken to Philadelphia and interred at Mount Vernon Cemetery. Drew and his wife Josephine had one daughter, Louise Drew, Louise married Broadway actor Jack Devereaux and they had a son John Drew Devereaux
18.
Vitagraph Studios
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Vitagraph Studios, also known as the Vitagraph Company of America, was a United States motion picture studio. It was founded by J. Stuart Blackton and Albert E. Smith in 1897 in Brooklyn, New York, by 1907 it was the most prolific American film production company, producing many famous silent films. It was bought by Warner Bros. in 1925, in 1896, English émigré Blackton was moonlighting as a reporter/artist for the New York Evening World when he was sent to interview Thomas Edison about his new film projector. The inventor talked the entrepreneurial reporter into buying a set of films, a year later, Blackton and business partner Smith founded the American Vitagraph Company in direct competition with Edison. A third partner, distributor William Pop Rock, joined in 1899, the companys first studio was located on the rooftop of a building on Nassau Street in Manhattan. Operations were later moved to the Midwood neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, the companys first claim to fame came from newsreels, Vitagraph cameramen were on the scene to film events from the Spanish–American War of 1898. These shorts were among the first works of propaganda. In 1897 Vitagraph produced The Humpty Dumpty Circus, which was the first film to use the stop-motion technique, Blackton did his best to avoid lawsuits by buying a special license from Edison in 1907 and by agreeing to sell many of his most popular films to Edison for distribution. The American Vitagraph Company made many contributions to the history of movie-making, in 1903 the director Joseph Delmont started his career by producing westerns, he later became famous by using wild carnivores in his movies—a sensation for that time. In 1909 it was one of the ten production companies included in Edisons attempt to corner movie-making. Major stars included Florence Turner, Maurice Costello, Harry T. Morey, Jean and such stars as Helen Hayes, Viola Dana, Dolores Costello, Norma Talmadge, Constance Talmadge. Larry Trimble was a director of films for Turner and Jean. The first Les Miserables film adaptation, a short silent historical drama starring Maurice Costello as Jean Valjean, the film consists of four reels, each released over the course of three months beginning on 4 September to 27 November 1909. In 1910 a number of houses showed the five parts of the Vitagraph serial The Life of Moses consecutively. A long series of Shakespeare adaptations were the first done of the Bards works in the U. S. In 1911, Vitagraph produced the first aviation film, The Military Air-Scout, directed by William J. Humphrey, the 1915 feature The Battle Cry of Peace was one of the great propaganda films of World War I. Ironically, after America declared war, the film was modified for re-release because it was seen as not being sufficiently pro-war, World War I spelled the beginning of the end for Vitagraph. With the loss of foreign distributors and the rise of the monopolistic Studio system, on January 28,1925, it left the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, the owner, Albert E
19.
Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Drew
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Mr. & Mrs. Sidney Drew were an American comedy team on stage and screen. The team initially consisted of Sidney Drew and his first wife Gladys Rankin, after Gladys died in 1914, Sidney Drew married Lucile McVey, and the two performed as Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Drew. Sidney Drew or Mr. Sidney Drew as he was billed, was an uncle of actors Lionel, Ethel. Drews origins have been the subject of speculation and his mother Mrs. Louisa Drew said she adopted him not long after the death of her husband John Drew, Sr. in 1862. Researchers have speculated that Sidney was Mrs. Drews biological child either from her husband or from a love affair. It was noticed that she disappeared for some time to the country before returning to Philadelphia with baby Sidney, John Barrymore always said Sidney looked too much like Grandmother Louisa to be anyone elses child. In his stage career, Sidney Drew was a leading man along with his wife, Gladys Rankin. In 1896, the pair introduced legitimate drama to the vaudeville stage and they entered films as a team with the old Kalem Company in 1911, but achieved greater success after their switch to Vitagraph in 1913. Gladys Rankin Drew died later that year from undisclosed causes and he remarried to Lucile McVey, born in Sedalia, Missouri, a Vitagraph scriptwriter who briefly went under the name Jane Morrow. Sidney Drew added his new wife to his one-reel comedies, acknowledging McVey as both a writer and co-director. As a comedy team, known as Mr. & Mrs. Sidney Drew and their style of comedy was usually gentle satire on married life, but also poked fun at the world of show business. In 1916, the team was lured to Richard A. Rowlands. Mayers newly founded Metro company, where continued to dominate in the field of marital comedy. During World War I, Sidney Drews son, actor-director S. Rankin Drew, was killed in action, Drew never recovered from the loss. The team left Metro for personal appearances but was signed to V. B. K, Sidney Drew died suddenly on April 9,1919. Lucile McVey Drew died in 1925 from cancer, at the age of 35, Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Drew have a joint Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
20.
Haymarket Theatre
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The Theatre Royal Haymarket is a West End theatre in the Haymarket in the City of Westminster which dates back to 1720, making it the third-oldest London playhouse still in use. Samuel Foote acquired the lease in 1747, and in 1766 he gained a patent to play legitimate drama in the summer months. The original building was a further north in the same street. It has been at its current location since 1821, when it was redesigned by John Nash and it is a Grade I listed building, with a seating capacity of 888. The freehold of the theatre is owned by the Crown Estate, the Haymarket has been the site of a significant innovation in theatre. In 1873, it was the venue for the first scheduled matinée performance, famous actors who débuted at the theatre included Robert William Elliston and John Liston. It was the public theatre opened in the West End. The theatre cost £1000 to build, with a further £500 expended on decorations, scenery and costumes. It opened on 29 December 1720, with a French play La Fille a la Morte, potters speculation was known as The New French Theatre. In 1730, the theatre was taken over by an English company, among the actors who appeared there before 1737 when the theatre was closed under the Licensing Act 1737 were Aaron Hill, Theophilus Cibber, and Henry Fielding. In the eight to ten years before the Act was passed, the Haymarket was an alternative to John Richs Theatre Royal, Covent Garden and the opera-dominated Drury Lane Theatre. Fielding himself was responsible for the instigation of the Act, having produced a play called The Historical Register that parodied prime minister Robert Walpole, as the caricature, in particular, it was an alternative to the pantomime and special-effects dominated stages, and it presented opposition satire. Henry Fielding staged his plays at the Haymarket, and so did Henry Carey, hurlothrumbo was just one of his plays in that series of anti-Walpolean satires, followed by Tom Thumb. Another, in 1734, was his mock-opera, The Dragon of Wantley and this work punctured the vacuous operatic conventions and pointed a satirical barb at Walpole and his taxation policies. The piece was a success, with a record-setting run of 69 performances in its first season. The burlesque itself is very brief on the page, as it relied extensively on absurd theatrics, dances, the Musical Entertainer from 1739 contains engravings showing how the staging was performed. Carey continued with Pasquin and others, the Theatrical Licensing Act, however, put an end to the anti-ministry satires, and it all but entirely shut down the theatre. In 1749 a hoaxer billed as The Bottle Conjuror was advertised to appear at the theatre, the conjurors publicity claimed that, while on stage, he would place his body inside an empty wine bottle, in full view of the audience
21.
Oscar Wilde
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Oscar Fingal OFlahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish playwright, novelist, essayist, and poet. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he one of Londons most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. He is remembered for his epigrams, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, his plays, as well as the circumstances of his imprisonment, Wildes parents were successful Anglo-Irish, Dublin intellectuals. Their son became fluent in French and German early in life, at university, Wilde read Greats, he proved himself to be an outstanding classicist, first at Dublin, then at Oxford. He became known for his involvement in the philosophy of aestheticism. After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles, known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress and glittering conversation, Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day. The opportunity to construct aesthetic details precisely, and combine them with social themes. He wrote Salome in French in Paris but it was refused a licence for England due to the prohibition of Biblical subjects on the English stage. Unperturbed, Wilde produced four society comedies in the early 1890s, at the height of his fame and success, while The Importance of Being Earnest, was still being performed in London, Wilde had the Marquess of Queensberry prosecuted for criminal libel. The Marquess was the father of Wildes lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, the charge carried a penalty of up to two years in prison. The trial unearthed evidence that caused Wilde to drop his charges and led to his own arrest, after two more trials he was convicted and imprisoned for two years hard labour. Upon his release he left immediately for France, never to return to Ireland or Britain, there he wrote his last work, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, a long poem commemorating the harsh rhythms of prison life. He died destitute in Paris at the age of 46, Oscar Wilde was born at 21 Westland Row, Dublin, the second of three children born to Sir William Wilde and Jane Wilde, two years behind William. Wildes mother was of Italian descent, and under the pseudonym Speranza and she read the Young Irelanders poetry to Oscar and Willie, inculcating a love of these poets in her sons. Lady Wildes interest in the neo-classical revival showed in the paintings and busts of ancient Greece, William Wilde was Irelands leading oto-ophthalmologic surgeon and was knighted in 1864 for his services as medical adviser and assistant commissioner to the censuses of Ireland. He also wrote books about Irish archaeology and peasant folklore, a renowned philanthropist, his dispensary for the care of the citys poor at the rear of Trinity College, Dublin, was the forerunner of the Dublin Eye and Ear Hospital, now located at Adelaide Road. On his fathers side Wilde was descended from a Dutchman, Colonel de Wilde, on his mothers side Wildes ancestors included a bricklayer from County Durham who emigrated to Ireland sometime in the 1770s. Wilde was baptised as an infant in St, marks Church, Dublin, the local Church of Ireland church
22.
Santa Barbara, California
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Santa Barbara is the county seat of Santa Barbara County in the U. S. state of California. Situated on a section of coastline, the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States. Santa Barbaras climate is described as Mediterranean, and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera. The population of the county in 2010 was 423,895. In 2004, the sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment. Education in particular is well represented, with four institutions of learning on the south coast. The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city, as does Amtrak, U. S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles to the southeast and San Francisco to the northwest. Behind the city, in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains, is the Los Padres National Forest, Channel Islands National Park and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary are located approximately 20 miles offshore. Evidence of human habitation of the area begins at least 13,000 years ago, an estimated 8,000 to 10,000 Chumash lived on the south coast of Santa Barbara County at the time of the first European explorations. Five Chumash villages flourished in the area, portuguese explorer João Cabrilho, sailing for the Kingdom of Spain, sailed through what is now called the Santa Barbara Channel in 1542, anchoring briefly in the area. In 1602, Spanish maritime explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno gave the name Santa Barbara to the channel, a land expedition led by Gaspar de Portolà visited in 1769, and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespi, who accompanied the expedition, named a large native town Laguna de la Concepcion. Cabrillos earlier name, however, is the one that has survived, the first permanent European residents were Spanish missionaries and soldiers under Felipe de Neve, who came in 1782 to build the Presidio. They were sent both to fortify the region against expansion by other such as England and Russia. Many of the Spaniards brought their families with them, and those formed the nucleus of the small town – at first just a cluster of adobes – that surrounded the Presidio, the Santa Barbara Mission was established on the Feast of Saint Barbara, December 4,1786. It was the tenth of the California Missions to be founded by the Spanish Franciscans and it was dedicated by Padre Fermín Lasuén, who succeeded Padre Junipero Serra as the second president and founder of the California Franciscan Mission Chain. The Mission fathers began the work of converting the native Chumash to Christianity. The Chumash laborers built a connection between the creek and the Santa Barbara Mission water system through the use of a dam. During the following decades, many of the natives died of such as smallpox
23.
Helena Modjeska
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Helena Modjeska, whose actual Polish surname was Modrzejewska, was a renowned actress who specialized in Shakespearean and tragic roles. Helena Modjeska was born in Kraków, Poland, on October 12,1840 and her name was recorded at birth as Jadwiga Benda, but she was later baptized Helena Opid, being given her godfather’s surname. The question of her origins is a complicated one, Modjeska’s mother was Józefa Benda, the widow of a prosperous Kraków merchant, Szymon Benda. In her autobiography, Modjeska claimed that her father was a musician named Michael Opid, while it is true that the Benda family did employ a music teacher named Michal Opid, who later stood as Helena’s godfather, Opid was not the father of Józefa Benda’s two youngest children. There is evidence to suggest that Helena and her older brother Adolf were the results of an affair between Józefa and Prince Władysław Sanguszko, a wealthy and influential Polish nobleman. Also glossed over in Modjeskas autobiography were the details concerning her first marriage, to her former guardian, Gustave was an actor and the director of a second-rate provincial theater troupe. The date of Modjeska’s marriage to Gustave is uncertain and she discovered many years later that they had never been legally married, as he was still married to his first wife when they wed. Together the couple had two children, a son Rudolf, and a daughter Marylka, who died in infancy, Gustaw Zimajer used the stage name Gustaw Modrzejewski. It was the version of this name that Modjeska adopted when she made her stage debut in 1861 as Helena Modrzejewska. Later, when acting abroad, she used a version of her name. In her early Polish acting career, Modrzejewska played at Bochnia, Nowy Sącz, Przemyśl, Rzeszów, in 1862 she appeared for the first time in Lwów, playing in her first Romantic drama, as Skierka in Juliusz Słowackis Balladyna. From 1863 she appeared at Stanisławów and Czerniowce, in plays by Słowacki, in 1865 Zimajer tried to get her a contract with Viennese theaters, but the plan came to naught due to her poor knowledge of the German language. Later that year Helena left Zimajer, taking their son Rudolf, once there she accepted a four-year theatrical engagement. In 1868 she began appearing in Warsaw, during her eight years there and her brothers Józef and Feliks Benda were also well regarded actors in Poland. An incident illustrates the circumstances under which Polish society then labored, at one of Modrzejewskas Warsaw performances, seventeen secondary-school pupils presented her with a bouquet of flowers tied with a ribbon in the red-and-white Polish national colors. The pupils were accused by the Russian Imperial authorities of conducting a patriotic demonstration and they were expelled from their school and banned from admission to any other school. One of the pupils, Ignacy Neufeld, subsequently shot himself, on September 12,1868, Modjeska married a Polish nobleman, Karol Bożenta Chłapowski. Best known in America as Count Bozenta, he was not a count and his family belonged to the untitled landed gentry
24.
Maude Adams
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Adamss personality appealed to a large audience and helped her become the most successful and highest-paid performer of her day, with a yearly income of more than one million dollars during her peak. Adams began performing as a child while accompanying her actress mother on tour, at age 16, she made her Broadway debut, and under Charles Frohmans management, she became a popular player alongside leading man John Drew, Jr. in the early 1890s. Beginning in 1897, Adams starred in plays by J. M. Barrie, including The Little Minister, Quality Street, What Every Woman Knows and these productions made Adams the most popular actress in New York. She also performed in other plays. Her last Broadway play, in 1916, was Barries A Kiss for Cinderella, after a 13-year retirement, she appeared in more Shakespeare plays and then taught acting in Missouri. She then retired to upstate New York, Adams was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, the daughter of Asaneth Ann Annie and James Henry Kiskadden. Adams mother was an actress, and her father had working for a bank. Little else is known of Adamss father, who died when she was young, James was not a Mormon, and Adams once wrote of her father as having been a gentile. On her mothers side, Adamss great grandfather Platt Banker converted to Mormonism and moved his family to Missouri, the family then migrated to Utah, settling in Salt Lake City, where Maudes mother was born. Adams was also a descendant of Mayflower passenger John Howland, the extent of Adamss connection to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is unclear. Adams appeared on stage at two months old in the play The Lost Baby at Brigham Young Theatre and she appeared again at the age of nine months in her mothers arms. Over her fathers objections, Adams began acting as a small child and they toured throughout the western U. S. with a theatrical troupe that played in rural areas, mining towns and some cities. At the age of five, Adams starred in a San Francisco theater as Little Schneider in Fritz, Our German Cousin and she debuted in New York at age ten in Esmeralda and then returned to California. Adams later wrote an essay, The One I Knew Least. She briefly returned to Salt Lake City, where she lived with her grandmother, Adams returned to New York City at age 16 to appear in The Paymaster. She then became a member of E. H. Sotherns theatre company in Boston, appearing in The Highest Bidder, Charles H. Hoyt then cast her in The Midnight Bell where audiences, if not the critics, took notice of her. She soon left behind juvenile parts and began to play leading roles for Frohman, in 1890, Frohman asked David Belasco and Henry C. de Mille to specially write the part of Dora Prescott for Adams in their new play Men and Women, which Frohman was producing. The next year, she appeared as Nell in The Lost Paradise, in 1892, John Drew, Jr. ended his eighteen-year association with Augustin Daly and joined Frohmans company
25.
William Gillette
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William Hooker Gillette was an American actor-manager, playwright, and stage-manager in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best remembered for portraying Sherlock Holmes on stage and in a 1916 silent film long thought lost and his portrayal of Holmes helped create the modern image of the detective. His use of the cap and the curved pipe became enduring symbols of the character. He assumed the role on stage more than 1,300 times over thirty years, starred in the silent motion picture based on his Holmes play, and voiced the character twice on radio. William Gillette was born in Nook Farm, Hartford, Connecticut, a literary and intellectual center with such as Mark Twain, Harriet Beecher Stowe. Gillettes father Francis was a former United States Senator and a crusader for public education, temperance, the abolition of slavery, Gillette had three brothers and a sister. Another sister named Mary died as a small child and his eldest brother Frank Ashbell Gillette went to California and died there in 1859 from consumption. The third oldest brother Robert joined the Union Army and served in the Antietam campaign, was invalided home sick, recovered, Robert Gillette was assigned to the U. S. S. Gettysburg and took part in assaults on Fort Fisher. He was killed the morning after the surrender of the fort when the magazine exploded. His brother Edward moved to Iowa and his sister Elisabeth married George Henry Warner, at the age of 20, he left Hartford to begin his apprenticeship as an actor. Afterward, he was an actor for six years through Boston, New York. He irregularly attended classes at a few institutions, although he never completed their programs, Francis supplied him with an allowance on which to subsist. His fathers health began to fail in 1878, and William forsook the stage for more than a year to care for him in his final illness. Upon his fathers death, he and George Henry Warner were named executors of Francis estate, and they, Elisabeth, in 1882, Gillette married Helen Nichols of Detroit. She died in 1888 from peritonitis caused by a ruptured appendix, Gillette was hired as playwright, director, and actor for $50 per week in 1881, while performing at Cincinnati, by two of the Frohman brothers, Gustave and Daniel. The first play that he wrote and produced was The Professor and it debuted in the Madison Square Theatre, lasting 151 performances, with a subsequent tour through many states. That same year, he produced Esmeralda, written together with Frances Hodgson Burnett, early in his career, Gillette realised that it would be in the triple role of playwright, director, and actor that he could make the most money
26.
Henry Irving
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Sir Henry Irving, born John Henry Brodribb, sometimes known as J. H. In 1895 he became the first actor to be awarded a knighthood, Irving is widely acknowledged to be one of the inspirations for Count Dracula, the title character of the 1897 novel Dracula whose author Bram Stoker was business manager of the theatre. Irving was born to a family in Keinton Mandeville in the county of Somerset. W. H. Davies, the poet, was a cousin. Irving spent his living with his aunt, Mrs Penberthy. He competed in a recitation contest at a local Methodist chapel where he was bested by William Curnow and he attended City Commercial School for two years before going to work in the office of a law firm at age 13. He married Florence OCallaghan on 15 July 1869 at St. Marylebone, London, but his personal life took second place to his professional life. On opening night of The Bells,25 November 1871, Florence, Irving exited their carriage at Hyde Park Corner, walked off into the night, and chose never to see her again. He maintained a distance from his children as well. Florence Irving never divorced Irving, and once he had been knighted she styled herself Lady Irving, Irving never remarried and his elder son, Harry Brodribb Irving, usually known as H B Irving, became a famous actor and later a theatre manager. His younger son, Laurence Irving, became a dramatist and later drowned, with his wife, H B married Dorothea Baird and they had a son, Laurence Irving, who became a well-known Hollywood art director and his grandfathers biographer. In November 1882 Irving became a Freemason, being initiated into the prestigious Jerusalem Lodge No 197 in London, in 1887 he became a founder member and first Treasurer of the Savage Club Lodge No 2190, a Lodge associated with Londons Savage Club. It could be said that Irving found his family in his professional company, whether Irvings long, spectacularly successful relationship with leading lady Ellen Terry was romantic as well as professional has been the subject of much historical speculation. Most of their correspondence was lost or burned by her descendants and we were terribly in love for a while. But at earlier periods in her life, when there were more people around to be offended, Terrys son Teddy, later known as Edward Gordon Craig, spent much of his childhood indulged by Irving backstage at the Lyceum. Craig, who came to be regarded as something of a visionary for the theatre of the future, wrote an especially vivid, George Bernard Shaw, at the time a theatre critic who was jealous of Irvings connection to Ellen Terry, conceded Irvings genius after Irving died. After a few years schooling while living at Halsetown, near St Ives, Cornwall, Irving became a clerk to a firm of East India merchants in London, but he soon gave up a commercial career for acting. On 29 September 1856 he made his first appearance at Sunderland as Gaston, Duke of Orleans, in Bulwer Lyttons play, Richelieu and this name he eventually assumed by royal licence
27.
Ellen Terry
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Dame Alice Ellen Terry, GBE, known professionally as Ellen Terry, was an English actress who became the leading Shakespearean actress in Britain. Born into a family of actors, Terry began performing as a child, acting in Shakespeare plays in London, at 16 she married the 46-year-old artist George Frederic Watts, but they separated within a year. She soon returned to the stage but began a relationship with the architect Edward William Godwin and she resumed acting in 1874 and was immediately acclaimed for her portrayal of roles in Shakespeare and other classics. In 1878 she joined Henry Irvings company as his leading lady, two of her most famous roles were Portia in The Merchant of Venice and Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing. She and Irving also toured with success in America and Britain. In 1903 Terry took over management of Londons Imperial Theatre, focusing on the plays of George Bernard Shaw, the venture was a financial failure, and Terry turned to touring and lecturing. She continued to find success on stage until 1920, while appearing in films from 1916 to 1922. Her career lasted nearly seven decades, Terry was born in Coventry, England, the third surviving child born into a theatrical family. Her parents, Benjamin, of Irish descent, and Sarah, of Scottish ancestry, were actors in a Portsmouth-based touring company. At least five of them actors, Kate, Ellen, Marion, Florence. Two other children, George and Charles, were connected with theatre management, Kate and Marion were particularly successful on stage. Terry made her first stage appearance at age nine, as Mamillius, opposite Charles Kean as Leontes, in Shakespeares The Winters Tale at Londons Princesss Theatre in 1856. She also played the roles of Puck in A Midsummer Nights Dream, Prince Arthur in King John, during the theatres summer closures, Terrys father presented drawing-room entertainments at the Royal Colosseum, Regents Park, London, and then on tour. In 1859, she appeared in the Tom Taylor comedy Nine Points of the Law at the Olympic Theatre, for the next two years, Terry and her sister Kate toured the British provinces in sketches and plays, accompanied by their parents and a musician. Between 1861 and 1862, Terry was engaged by the Royalty Theatre in London, managed by Madame Albina de Rhona, in 1862, she joined her sister Kate in J. H. In 1863, Chute opened the Theatre Royal, Bath, where 15-year-old Terry appeared at the opening as Titania in A Midsummer Nights Dream, buckstones company at the Haymarket Theatre in Shakespearean roles as well as Sheridan and modern comedies. Terry married three times and was involved in numerous relationships, in London, during her engagement at the Haymarket Theatre, she and her sister Kate had their portraits painted by the eminent artist George Frederic Watts. His other famous portraits of her include Ophelia and Watchman, and, with Kate and he proposed marriage to Terry in spite of his being three decades her senior
28.
Winston Churchill
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Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill KG OM CH TD PC DL FRS RA was a British statesman who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his overall, in 1963, he was the first of only eight people to be made an honorary citizen of the United States. Churchill was born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough and his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a charismatic politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, his mother, Jennie Jerome, was an American socialite. As a young officer, he saw action in British India, the Anglo–Sudan War. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns, at the forefront of politics for fifty years, he held many political and cabinet positions. Before the First World War, he served as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary, during the war, he continued as First Lord of the Admiralty until the disastrous Gallipoli Campaign caused his departure from government. He then briefly resumed active service on the Western Front as commander of the 6th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers. He returned to government under Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, at the outbreak of the Second World War, he was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, Churchill became Prime Minister and he led Britain as Prime Minister until victory over Nazi Germany had been secured. After the Conservative Party suffered a defeat in the 1945 general election. He publicly warned of an Iron Curtain of Soviet influence in Europe, after winning the 1951 election, Churchill again became Prime Minister. His second term was preoccupied by foreign affairs, including the Malayan Emergency, Mau Mau Uprising, Korean War, domestically his government laid great emphasis on house-building. Churchill suffered a stroke in 1953 and retired as Prime Minister in 1955. Upon his death aged ninety in 1965, Elizabeth II granted him the honour of a state funeral and his highly complex legacy continues to stimulate intense debate amongst writers and historians. Born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough, a branch of the noble Spencer family, Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, like his father. His ancestor George Spencer had changed his surname to Spencer-Churchill in 1817 when he became Duke of Marlborough, to highlight his descent from John Churchill, Churchill was born on 30 November 1874, two months prematurely, in a bedroom in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. From age two to six, he lived in Dublin, where his grandfather had been appointed Viceroy, Churchills brother, John Strange Spencer-Churchill, was born during this time in Ireland
29.
Charles Frohman
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Charles Frohman was an American theatrical producer. Frohman was producing plays by 1889 and acquired his first Broadway theatre by 1892 and he discovered and promoted many stars of the American theatre. In 1896, Frohman co-founded the Theatrical Syndicate, which grew to exert control over the U. S. theatre industry for nearly two decades. The American opening starred a Frohman favorite, Maude Adams, many of his London successes also enjoyed runs in New York. At the height of his career, he died in the 1915 sinking of the RMS Lusitania, Charles Frohman was born in Sandusky, Ohio, the youngest of three Frohman brothers, including Daniel and Gustave. The year of his date is generally erroneously reported as 1860, and his birthday is shown as July 16 on his tombstone. In 1864, Frohmans family moved to New York City, at the age of twelve, Frohman started to work at night in the office of the New York Tribune, attending school by day. In 1874, he work for the Daily Graphic and at night sold tickets at Hooleys Theatre. In 1877, he took charge of the Chicago Comedy Co. with John Dillon as star in Our Boys and he next joined Haverlys United Mastodon Minstrels as manager, touring the U. S. and Europe. Then for a time he was associated with his brothers Daniel and Gustave in managing the Madison Square Theatre and he began to produce plays by 1886. Frohmans first success as a producer was with Bronson Howards play Shenandoah, Frohman founded the Empire Theatre Stock Company to acquire his first Broadway theatre, the Empire, in 1892. The following year, he produced his first Broadway play, Clyde Fitchs Masked Ball, in this piece, Maude Adams first played opposite John Drew, which led to many future successes. Soon Frohman acquired five other New York City theaters, including the Garrick, working with William Harris and Isaac B. Rich, he became owner of their theatres in Boston. In 1895, he produced the New York premiere of The Importance of Being Earnest, the same year, he produced The Shop Girl. Frohman was known for his ability to develop talent. His stars included William Gillette, John Drew, Jr. Ethel Barrymore, Billie Burke, E. H. Sothern, Julia Marlowe, Maude Adams, Paul Gilmore, Evelyn Millard, Henry Miller and Walter E. Perkins. In 1896, Frohman, Al Hayman, Abe Erlanger, Mark Klaw, Samuel F. Nixon, in 1897, Frohman leased the Duke of Yorks Theatre in London, introducing plays there as well as in the United States
30.
Mrs. Patrick Campbell
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Mrs Patrick Campbell, born Beatrice Stella Tanner and known informally as Mrs Pat, was an English stage actress. Campbell was born Beatrice Rose Stella Tanner in Kensington, London, to John Tanner and Maria Luigia Giovanna Louisa Joanna née Romanini and she studied for a short time at the Guildhall School of Music. During her first marriage, from which she took the name by which she is generally known and her first husband died in the Boer War in 1900. Fourteen years later, Campbell became the wife of George Cornwallis-West, a writer and soldier previously married to Jennie Jerome. Notwithstanding her second marriage she continued to use the stage name Mrs Patrick Campbell, Beatrice Tanner made her professional stage debut in 1888 at the Alexandra Theatre, Liverpool, four years after her marriage to Patrick Campbell. In March 1890, she appeared in London at the Adelphi and she became successful after starring in Sir Arthur Wing Pineros play, The Second Mrs Tanqueray, in 1893, at St. Jamess Theatre where she also appeared in 1894 in The Masqueraders. As Kate Cloud in John-a-Dreams, produced by Beerbohm Tree at the Haymarket in 1894, she had another success, once established as a major star, Campbell assisted in the early careers of some noted actors, such as Gerald Du Maurier and George Arliss. In 1900, Mrs Pat, having become her own Manager/Director, made her performance on Broadway in New York City in Heimat by Hermann Sudermann. Subsequent appearances in New York and on tour in the US established her as a major presence there. Campbell would regularly perform on the New York stage until 1933, other performances included roles in The Joy of Living, Pelléas et Mélisande, Hedda Gabler, Electra, The Thunderbolt, and Bella Donna. In 1914, she played Eliza Doolittle in the original West End production of Pygmalion which George Bernard Shaw had expressly written for her and she successfully played Eliza again in a 1920 London revival of the play. A couple of Mrs Pats later significant performances were as the role in the 1922 West End production of Henrik Ibsens play Hedda Gabler. In her later years, Campbell made notable appearances in films, including One More River, Riptide, and Crime and Punishment. Her tendency, however, to reject roles that could have helped her career in later years caused Alexander Woollcott to declare. she was like a sinking ship firing on the rescuers. It was Campbell who broke off the relationship although Shaw was about to direct her in Pygmalion. They remained friends in spite of the breakup and her subsequent marriage to George Cornwallis-West, when Anthony Asquith was preparing to produce the 1938 film of Pygmalion, Shaw suggested Campbell for the role of Mrs Higgins but she declined. Most of the letters were not published until 1952, two years after Shaws death, Campbell was infamous for her sharp wit. At a dinner in America, she was seated next to a scientist who talked incessantly to her about ants and they even have their own police force and army, he enthused
31.
Minnie Maddern Fiske
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She also spearheaded the fight against the Theatrical Syndicate for the sake of artistic freedom. She was widely considered the most important actress on the American stage in the first quarter of the 20th century and her performances in several Henrik Ibsen plays widely introduced American audiences to the Norwegian playwright. Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, she was the daughter of stage manager Thomas Davey and she performed her first professional show at the age of three as the Duke of York in Richard III. She debuted in New York as a four-year-old in the play A Sheep in Wolfs Clothing and she toured extensively as a child, and was educated in many convent schools. She was a prodigy, touring and performing in numerous productions. According to the New York Times article Ibsen or Shakespeare, Harrison Grey Fiske was 12 years old when he first set eyes on the future Mrs. Fiske—she was but eight, performing in a Shakespearean role. By the time she was 16, she was a leading lady and she was recognized for her unique beauty and singing voice. She married LeGrand White, a musician in Foggs Ferry. Two years later, she married Harrison Grey Fiske in March 1890, and took three years off from the stage. Leaving a life of domesticity, she returned to the theatre in 1893 as a playwright and director, having written one-act plays such as A Light for St. Agnes, The Rose and she wrote several plays and collaborated with her husband in writing Fontenelle. Mr. Fiske directed virtually all of his wifes plays after their marriage and she is perhaps most famous for starring as Becky Sharp in the original 1899 production of Langdon Mitchells Becky Sharp, a play based on William Makepeace Thackerays Vanity Fair. Mrs. Fiske starred in everything from farce to tragedy and even appeared in a comedy with puppets Wake Up and her final appearance on Broadway was in 1930 in an acclaimed production of The Rivals cast as Mrs. Malaprop. She was a pioneer for realism in acting, also supporting Ibsens works for their honest portrayals of humanity and her love for performing Ibsen over Shakespeare, and her position that Ibsen is the better study for actors, can not be overstated. She told The New York Times in January 1908, Ibsen is of interest to the actor because properly to understand a role you must study the character from its earliest childhood, most Ibsen men and women have lived their lives before the curtain rises. Shakespeare has often been pronounced tedious by actors because his characters require a great deal of study, but even Shakespeare seems easy when compared with the thought that must be bestowed upon Ibsen. The beautiful verse, the character drawing of Shakespeare furnish solutions of perplexing problems. He is the Wagner of the drama, Wagner struggled for understanding just as Ibsen has struggled. Although she was praised as an actor, she died poverty-stricken
32.
A Doll's House
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A Dolls House is a three-act play in prose by Henrik Ibsen. It premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 December 1879, the play is significant for its critical attitude toward 19th-century marriage norms. It aroused great controversy at the time, as it concludes with the protagonist, Nora, leaving her husband, in 2006, the centennial of Ibsens death, A Dolls House held the distinction of being the worlds most performed play for that year. UNESCO has inscribed Ibsens autographed manuscripts of A Dolls House on the Memory of the World Register in 2001, the title of the play is most commonly translated as A Dolls House, though some scholars use A Doll House. John Simon argues that the significance in the alternative translation is the difference in the way the toy is named in Britain. Egil Törnqvist argues that the alternative simply sounds more idiomatic to Americans, Nora Helmer – wife of Torvald, mother of three, is living out the ideal of the 19th-century wife, but leaves her family at the end of the play. Torvald Helmer – Noras husband, a newly promoted bank manager, Dr. Rank – a rich family friend, he is secretly in love with Nora. He is terminally ill, and it is implied that his tuberculosis of the spine originates from a disease contracted by his father. Kristine Linde – Noras old school friend, widowed, is seeking employment and she was in a relationship with Krogstad prior to the plays setting. Nils Krogstad – an employee at Torvalds bank, single father, a supposed scoundrel, he is revealed to be a long-lost lover of Kristine. The Children – Nora and Torvalds children, Ivar, Bobby and Emmy Anne Marie – Noras former nanny, helene – the Helmers maid The Porter – delivers a Christmas tree to the Helmer household at the beginning of the play. The play opens at Christmas time as Nora Helmer enters her home carrying a number of packages, Noras husband Torvald is working in his study when she arrives. He playfully rebukes her for spending so much money on Christmas gifts and he teases her about how she spent weeks making gifts and ornaments by hand last year because money was scarce. This year Torvald is due a promotion at the bank where he works, so Nora feels that they can let themselves go a little. The maid announces two visitors, Mrs. Kristine Linde, an old friend of Noras, who has come seeking employment, and Dr. Rank, a friend of the family. Kristine has had a few years, ever since her husband died leaving her with no money or children. Nora explains that things have not been easy for either, Torvald became sick. Kristine further explains that when her mother was ill, she had to care of her brothers
33.
Henrik Ibsen
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Henrik Johan Ibsen was a major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. He is often referred to as the father of realism and is one of the founders of Modernism in theatre and he is the most frequently performed dramatist in the world after Shakespeare, and A Dolls House became the worlds most performed play by the early 20th century. Several of his dramas were considered scandalous to many of his era. Ibsens later work examined the realities that lay behind many façades and it utilized a critical eye and free inquiry into the conditions of life and issues of morality. The poetic and cinematic early play Peer Gynt, however, has strong surreal elements, Ibsen is often ranked as one of the most distinguished playwrights in the European tradition. Richard Hornby describes him as a profound poetic dramatist—the best since Shakespeare and he is widely regarded as the most important playwright since Shakespeare. He influenced other playwrights and novelists such as George Bernard Shaw, Oscar Wilde, Arthur Miller, James Joyce, Eugene ONeill, Ibsen was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902,1903, and 1904. Ibsen wrote his plays in Danish and they were published by the Danish publisher Gyldendal, born into a merchant family connected to the patriciate of Skien, Ibsen shaped his dramas according to his family background. He was the father of Prime Minister Sigurd Ibsen, Ibsens dramas continue in their influence upon contemporary culture and film with notable film productions including A Dolls House featuring Jane Fonda and A Master Builder featuring Wallace Shawn. Ibsen was born to Knud Ibsen and Marichen Altenburg, in a merchant family, in the small port town of Skien in Telemark county. Ibsens grandfather, ship captain Henrich Ibsen, had died at sea in 1797, Knud Ibsens paternal ancestors were ship captains of Danish origin, but he decided to become a merchant, having initial success. His marriage to Marichen Altenburg, a daughter of ship-owner Johan Andreas Altenburg, theodore Jorgenson points out that Henriks ancestry reached back into the important Telemark family of Paus both on the fathers and on the mothers side. Hedvig Paus must have well known to the young dramatist. Henrik Ibsen was fascinated by his parents strange, almost incestuous marriage, Henriks sister Hedvig would write about their mother, She was a quiet, lovable woman, the soul of the house, everything to her husband and children. She sacrificed herself time and time again, There was no bitterness or reproach in her. The Ibsen family eventually moved to a city house, Snipetorp, owned by Knud Ibsens half-brother, Ibsen would both model and name characters in his plays after his own family. At fifteen, Ibsen was forced to leave school and he moved to the small town of Grimstad to become an apprentice pharmacist and began writing plays. In 1846, when Ibsen was age 18, a liaison with a servant produced a child, whose upbringing Ibsen had to pay for until the boy was in his teens
34.
Juliet
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Juliet Capulet is the female protagonist and one of two title characters in William Shakespeares romantic love tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Juliet is the daughter of Capulet, the patriarch of the Capulet family. The story has a history that precedes Shakespeare himself. The play takes place over a span of five days. Within these few days, Juliet is thrust into adulthood quickly—where she must deal with issues of such as, romance, Passion, loss. When Romeo found out he thought she was dead and drank poison to meet her in the after life, Shakespeares Juliet is a headstrong and intelligent character in spite of her young age, though she often seems timid to the audience because of her young age. She is considered by many to be the hero of the play, acting as a sounding board. It is Juliet who sets the boundaries of behavior in her relationship with Romeo, she allows him to kiss her, she pledges her commitment before him, Juliets forgiveness of Romeo after he kills Tybalt indicates her mature nature in contrast to his passionate impulsiveness. Furthermore, Juliet lies and clandestinely subverts her familys wishes, a truly rebellious action against traditional Italian society and these actions and the choices they require establish Juliet as a far more complex character than her family, or even Romeo, appreciate. Juliets wealthy family lived in Verona, headed by old Capulet and she was their only child and was thought of as a gift from heaven. Juliet at this point is two weeks away from her fourteenth birthday, as a child, she was cared for by her nurse, who is now her confidant, or Juliets best companion. In Juliets first scene, she demonstrates her obedience and lack of experience in the world, outlining herself as inexperienced and in many ways dependent on her parents and she does not even give marriage a second thought but she does want to do what her mother asks. It is high time that Juliet go the route Lady Capulet went in her youth, the Count Paris is a bit of a bystander in the play, however, unwittingly mixed up in the drama between the families. The to-be couple only met once in the Friar Lawrences cell. His interest in her is based on her social standing and her familys vast wealth. He politely and nobly asks Capulet for her hand, and apparently would like her to begin bearing his children as soon as physically possible, Younger than she are happy mothers made. Juliet, on the hand, has no interest in becoming a wife. Even her father at first considers her too young to settle down and this may be a reflection on his feelings about his own wife, who might have been happier waiting a few years before marrying him
35.
Romeo and Juliet
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Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeares most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays, today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562, Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters, particularly Mercutio and Paris. Believed to have written between 1591 and 1595, the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597. The text of the first quarto version was of quality, however. Shakespeares use of his dramatic structure has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill. The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters, sometimes changing the form as the character develops, Romeo, for example, grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play. Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage, film, musical, during the English Restoration, it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant. David Garricks 18th-century version also modified several scenes, removing material then considered indecent, Performances in the 19th century, including Charlotte Cushmans, restored the original text and focused on greater realism. John Gielguds 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeares text and used Elizabethan costumes, the play, set in Verona, Italy, begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who, like their masters, are sworn enemies. Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death, later, Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet, but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball. Lady Capulet and Juliets nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Pariss courtship, meanwhile, Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo, Montagues son, about Romeos recent depression. Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline, one of Capulets nieces, persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio, Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline. However, Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet, Juliets cousin, Tybalt, is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliets father, who does not wish to shed blood in his house. Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married, with the help of Friar Laurence, who hopes to reconcile the two families through their childrens union, they are secretly married the next day. Tybalt, meanwhile, still incensed that Romeo had sneaked into the Capulet ball, Romeo, now considering Tybalt his kinsman, refuses to fight. Mercutio is offended by Tybalts insolence, as well as Romeos vile submission, Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight
36.
William Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589
37.
Actors' Equity Association
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However, performers appearing on live stage productions without a book or through-storyline may be represented by the American Guild of Variety Artists. As of 2010, Equity represented over 49,000 theatre artists, actor’s Equity Association is currently under the direction of President Kate Shindle. AEA represents more than 50,000 actors and stage managers nationwide, the AEA works to negotiate and provide performers and stage managers quality living conditions, livable wages, and benefits. In order to become a member of Equity, the performer must generate a number of Equity Membership Candidacy Points and they do this by securing a position at an Equity theatre and then registering as a candidate for Equity. Performers are required to maintain a minimum of 50 weeks of EMC work along with an initial payment in order to become an official Equity member. A person may become a member of Equity if they have been offered a position under an AEA contract. Leading up to the Actors and Producers strike of 1929, Hollywood, Hollywood was producing what was considered the 3 most important IWA/WIR films in the post-Kruse era. The films The Passaic Textile Strike, The Miners’ Strike and The Gastonia Textile Strike, gave audience and producers insight into the effect and accomplishments of labor unions and these films were set apart by being current documentaries and not melodramas produced for glamour. In 1896 the first Actors Union Charter was recognized by the American Federation of Labor as an attempt to create a minimum wage for actors being exploited and it wasnt until January 13,1913 that the Union Charter failed. It later re-emerged as the Actors Equity Association with more than 111 actors with Frances Wilson as its board president. A bronze plaque commemorates the room in which The Players met to establish Actors Equity, members included Frank Gillmore, who from 1918 to 1929 was the Executive Secretary of Actors Equity and its eventual President, a position he held from 1929 to 1937. Actors Equity joined the American Federation of Labor in 1919, the strike ended the dominance of the Producing Managers Association, including theater owners and producers like Abe Erlanger and his partner, Mark Klaw. The strike increased membership from under 3,000 to approximately 14,000, the Chorus Equity Association, which merged with Actors Equity in 1955, was founded during the strike. Equity represented directors and choreographers until 1959, when they broke away, the Actors Equality Strike was a series of walkouts that started in 1927, which started out in smaller local theaters in Los Angeles but quickly grew to the Motion Picture stage. The theater strikes combined with freelance contracts fueled the need for actors and stagehands to strike for better working conditions and pay. On July 20,1929, the Actors Equality would gain its first victory and this would also give all power and representation to one organization in order to create a more organized equality strike. Starting June 5,1929, Frank Gillmore flew and attended meetings in New York with the Heads of Broadway. After the meeting Mr. Anyone else who is involved in the production of pictures was also encouraged to attend
38.
W. Somerset Maugham
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William Somerset Maugham CH, better known as W. Somerset Maugham, was a British playwright, novelist and short story writer. He was among the most popular writers of his era and reputedly the highest-paid author during the 1930s, after losing both his parents by the age of 10, Maugham was raised by a paternal uncle who was emotionally cold. Not wanting to become a lawyer like other men in his family, the initial run of his first novel, Liza of Lambeth, sold out so rapidly that Maugham gave up medicine to write full-time. During and after the war, he travelled in India and Southeast Asia, all of these experiences were reflected in short stories. Maughams father, Robert Ormond Maugham, was a lawyer who handled the affairs of the British embassy in Paris. Since French law declared that all born on French soil could be conscripted for military service, his father arranged for Maugham to be born at the embassy. His grandfather, another Robert, had also been a prominent lawyer and co-founder of the Law Society of England and it was taken for granted that Maugham and his brothers would follow in their footsteps. His elder brother Viscount Maugham enjoyed a legal career and served as Lord Chancellor from 1938 to 1939. Maughams mother, Edith Mary, had tuberculosis, a condition for which her physician prescribed childbirth and she had Maugham several years after the last of his three older brothers, they were already enrolled in boarding school by the time he was three. Being the youngest, he was raised as an only child. Ediths sixth and final son died on 25 January 1882, one day after his birth, Edith died of tuberculosis six days later on 31 January at the age of 41. The early death of his mother left Maugham traumatized, he kept his mothers photograph by his bedside for the rest of his life, two years after Ediths death Maughams father died in France of cancer. Maugham was sent to the UK to be cared for by his uncle, Henry MacDonald Maugham, the move was damaging, as Henry Maugham proved cold and emotionally cruel. The boy attended The Kings School, Canterbury, which was difficult for him. He was teased for his bad English and his short stature, Maugham developed a stammer that stayed with him all his life, although it was sporadic, being subject to his moods and circumstances. Miserable both at his uncles vicarage and at school, the young Maugham developed a talent for making wounding remarks to those who displeased him and this ability is sometimes reflected in Maughams literary characters. At sixteen Maugham refused to continue at The Kings School and his uncle allowed him to travel to Germany, where he studied literature, philosophy and German at Heidelberg University. During his year in Heidelberg Maugham met and had an affair with John Ellingham Brooks
39.
The Constant Wife
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The Constant Wife, a comedy of manners, is a play written by W. Somerset Maugham in 1926 and later published for general sale in April 1927. The leading character, Constance Middleton, is the calm, intelligent, however, when confronted by Marie-Louises jealous husband, Constance reacts in a way not expected by her husband, mother, or sister. She first deftly conceals the affair from the husband, and then tells her family that she has all along. She further shocks them by demonstrating a lack of sentiment on the subject of matrimony. The modern wife, she explains, is nothing but a parasite and she resolves to establish her own economic independence, going into business as an interior decorator with her friend Barbara. After a year of employment, she pays her husband for her room and board. Her husband is, in turn, shocked and outraged at this turn of events, the play was first produced in Cleveland, Ohio, at the Ohio Theatre, on November 1,1926, with Ethel Barrymore playing the title role, and Mabel Terry-Lewis and C. It subsequently opened on Broadway, running for 295 performances, and was toured by Ms. Barrymore afterwards. When the first edition of the play was published in 1927, years later, he said that her performance was the best he had seen in any of his plays. The West End premiere at the Strand Theatre in April 1927, starring Fay Compton, was, by contrast, subsequent London revivals have starred Ruth Chatterton, Ingrid Bergman, and Jenny Seagrove. In December 1951, a revival starring Katharine Cornell was staged for a festival in Colorado. It was such a success that Cornell took the production to the National Theatre on Broadway starring herself and it grossed more money for Cornells production company than any play she and her husband-director Guthrie McClintic ever produced. Recent revivals include New York City, Minneapolis, Charleston, SC and the Gate Theatre, Dublin starring Tara Blaise
40.
Dobbs Ferry, New York
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Dobbs Ferry is a village in Westchester County, New York. The population was 10,875 at the 2010 census, the Village of Dobbs Ferry is located in, and is a part of, the town of Greenburgh. The village ZIP code is 10522, most of the Village falls into the boundaries of the Dobbs Ferry Union Free School District. Dobbs Ferry was ranked seventh in the list of the top 10 places to live in New York State for 2014 according to the national real estate brokerage Movoto. Dobbs Ferry is also the first village in New York State certified as a Climate Smart Community, Dobbs Ferry was named after Jeremiah Dobbs, a descendent of William Dobbs, of Swedish and Dutch ancestry whose family ran a ferry service that traversed the Hudson River at this location. Jeremiah was a fisherman and settled near the part of what is now Dobbs Ferry. He used a style of boat known at that day as a periauger, from this primitive ferry the village took its name. Dobbs Ferry played a role in the American Revolutionary War. The position of the village opposite the northernmost end of The Palisades gave it importance during the war, but on August 14,1781, a communication was received from French Admiral Comte de Grasse in the West Indies, which caused Washington to change his strategy. Washingtons new strategy, adopted and designed in mid-August 1781, at the encampment of the allied armies, the village was originally incorporated in 1873 as Greenburgh, but the name was changed to Dobbs Ferry in 1882. The current local government of Dobbs Ferry is headed by Mayor Hartley S. Connett, the Estherwood and Carriage House, Hyatt-Livingston House, South Presbyterian Church, and United States Post Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,622 people,3,792 households, the population density was 4,350.0 people per square mile. There were 3,941 housing units at a density of 1,614.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 80. 70% White,7. 38% African American,0. 08% Native American,7. 56% Asian,0. 09% Pacific Islander,1. 93% from other races, and 2. 26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 00% of the population, of all households,27. 6% were made up of individuals and 8. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the family size was 3.13. In the village, the population was out with 26. 0% under the age of 18,7. 3% from 18 to 24,27. 4% from 25 to 44,24. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 95.7 males
