1.
Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
2.
History of the Jews in Germany
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Jewish settlers founded the Ashkenazi Jewish community in the Early and High Middle Ages. The community survived under Charlemagne, but suffered during the Crusades, accusations of well poisoning during the Black Death led to mass slaughter of German Jews, and they fled in large numbers to Poland. The Jewish communities of the cities of Mainz, Speyer, and this was a golden age as area bishops protected the Jews resulting in increased trade and prosperity. The First Crusade began an era of persecution of Jews in Germany, Entire communities, like those of Trier, Worms, Mainz, and Cologne, were murdered. The war upon the Hussite heretics became the signal for renewed persecution of Jews, the end of the 15th century was a period of religious hatred that ascribed to Jews all possible evils. The atrocities during the Khmelnytsky Uprising committed by Khmelnytskyis Cossacks drove the Polish Jews back into western Germany, with Napoleons fall in 1815, growing nationalism resulted in increasing repression. From August to October 1819, pogroms that came to be known as the Hep-Hep riots took place throughout Germany, during this time, many German states stripped Jews of their civil rights. As a result, many German Jews began to emigrate, from the time of Moses Mendelssohn until the 20th century, the community gradually achieved emancipation, and then prospered. In January 1933, some 522,000 Jews lived in Germany, however, following the growth of Nazism and its antisemitic ideology and policies, the Jewish community was severely persecuted. Over half emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship, in 1933, persecution of the Jews became an active Nazi policy. In 1935 and 1936, the pace of persecution of the Jews increased, in 1936, Jews were banned from all professional jobs, effectively preventing them from exerting any influence in education, politics, higher education, and industry. The SS ordered the Night of Broken Glass to be carried out the night of November 9–10,1938, the storefronts of Jewish shops and offices were smashed and vandalized, and many synagogues were destroyed by fire. Increasing antisemitism prompted a wave of a Jewish mass emigration from Germany throughout the 1930s, only roughly 214,000 Jews were left in Germany proper on the eve of World War II. Beginning in late 1941, the community was subjected to systematic deportations to ghettos. In May 1943, Germany was declared judenrein, by the end of the war, an estimated 160,000 to 180,000 German Jews had been killed under the Nazi regime, by the Germans and their collaborators. A total of about 6 million European Jews were murdered under the direction of the Nazis, after the war, the Jewish community in Germany started to slowly grow again. Currently in Germany, denial of the Holocaust or that six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust is a criminal act, violations can be punished with up to five years of prison. In 2007, the Interior Minister of Germany, Wolfgang Schäuble, pointed out the policy of Germany, We will not tolerate any form of extremism, xenophobia
3.
Synagogue
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A synagogue, also spelled synagog, is a Jewish house of prayer. Synagogues have a hall for prayer, and may also have smaller rooms for study and sometimes a social hall. Some have a room for Torah study, called the beith midrash beis medrash —בית מדרש. Synagogues are consecrated spaces used for the purpose of prayer, Tanakh reading, study and assembly, halakha holds that communal Jewish worship can be carried out wherever ten Jews assemble. Worship can also be carried out alone or with fewer than ten people assembled together, however, halakha considers certain prayers as communal prayers and therefore they may be recited only by a minyan. The synagogue does not replace the long-since destroyed Temple in Jerusalem, israelis use the Hebrew term beyt knesset. Jews of Ashkenazi descent have traditionally used the Yiddish term shul in everyday speech, Sephardi Jews and Romaniote Jews generally use the term kal. Spanish Jews call the synagogue a sinagoga and Portuguese Jews call it an esnoga, persian Jews and some Karaite Jews also use the non-Hebrew term kenesa, which is derived from Aramaic, and some Arab Jews use kenis. Reform and some Conservative Jews use the word temple, the Greek word synagogue is used in English, to cover the preceding possibilities. The all-day Yom Kippur service, in fact, was an event in which the congregation both observed the movements of the kohen gadol as he offered the days sacrifices and prayed for his success. During the Babylonian captivity the Men of the Great Assembly formalized and standardized the language of the Jewish prayers, prior to that people prayed as they saw fit, with each individual praying in his or her own way, and there were no standard prayers that were recited. Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai, one of the leaders at the end of the Second Temple era and this contributed to the continuity of the Jewish people by maintaining a unique identity and a portable way of worship despite the destruction of the Temple, according to many historians. A synagogue dating from between 75 and 50 BCE has been uncovered at a Hasmonean-era winter palace near Jericho, more than a dozen Second Temple era synagogues have been identified by archaeologists. Any Jew or group of Jews can build a synagogue, there is no set blueprint for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly. In fact, the influence from local religious buildings can often be seen in synagogue arches, domes. Historically, synagogues were built in the architectural style of their time. Thus, the synagogue in Kaifeng, China looked very like Chinese temples of that region and era, with its outer wall, the styles of the earliest synagogues resembled the temples of other sects of the eastern Roman Empire. The surviving synagogues of medieval Spain are embellished with mudéjar plasterwork, the surviving medieval synagogues in Budapest and Prague are typical Gothic structures
4.
Prince Hall Freemasonry
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Prince Hall Freemasonry is a branch of North American Freemasonry founded by Prince Hall in the 18th century and composed predominantly of African Americans. Prior to the American Revolutionary War, Prince Hall and fourteen other free black men petitioned for admittance to the white Boston St. John’s Lodge, the Masonic fraternity was attractive to some free blacks like Prince Hall because freemasonry was founded upon ideals of liberty, equality and peace. Having been rejected by colonial Freemasonry, Hall and 14 others sought and were initiated into Masonry through Lodge No.441 of the Grand Lodge of Ireland on March 6,1775, the military lodge was attached to the 38th Foot in 1782. The Lodge was attached to the British forces stationed in Boston, Hall and other freedmen founded African Lodge No.1 and he was named Grand Master. When black men wished to become Masons in the new nation the white members of the Lodge had to vote to accept a petitioner to receive Masonic degrees. If one white person voted against the petitioner that person would be rejected, in a letter by General Albert Pike to his brother in 1875 he said, I am not inclined to mettle in the matter. I took my obligations to white men, not to Negroes, when I have to accept Negroes as brothers or leave Masonry, I shall leave it. Masonic and Grand Lodges generally excluded African Americans, since the votes were anonymous, it was impossible to identify the member who had voted against accepting a black member. The effect was the men who had legitimately been made Masons in integrated jurisdictions could be rejected. Racial segregation existed until the 1960s and still persists in some jurisdictions, the black Masons therefore had limited power. Unable to create a charter, they applied to the Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Master of the Mother Grand Lodge of England, H. R. H. The Duke of Cumberland, issued a charter for the African Lodge No.1 later renamed African Lodge no.459 September 20,1784, the lodge was the countrys first African Masonic lodge. Due to the African Lodges popularity and Prince Halls leadership, the Grand Lodge of England made Hall a Provincial Grand Master on January 27,1791 and his responsibilities included reporting on the condition of lodges in the Boston area. Six years later, on March 22,1797 Prince Hall organized a lodge in Philadelphia, called African Lodge #459 and they later received their own charter. On June 25,1797 he organized African Lodge at Providence, within that movement they asserted emotional, mythical, and genealogical links to the continent of Africa and its peoples. In 1788 John Marrant became the chaplain of the African Masonic Lodge, the lodge met in the “Golden Fleece”, located near Boston Harbor, during the 1780s and 1790s. They later met at Kirby Street Temple in Boston, by 1797 there were at least thirty-four members in the Boston black lodge, but still the lodge was overlooked by mainstream Boston Masons. Integration with the American white Masons was not imminent and that it had received its charter from the English Grand Lodge and was thus entitled to all Masonic rights such as intervisitation between black and white lodges without prejudice
5.
History of the Czechs in Baltimore
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The history of the Czechs in Baltimore dates back to the mid-19th century. Thousands of Czechs immigrated to East Baltimore during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, becoming an important component of Baltimores ethnic and cultural heritage. During the height of the Czech community in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the population began to decline during the mid-to-late 20th century, as the community assimilated and aged and many Czech Americans moved to the suburbs of Baltimore. By the 1980s and early 1990s, the former Czech community in East Baltimore had been almost entirely dispersed, by 1870, there were approximately 1,000 Czech Catholics in Baltimore. Within a decade that number increased to over 5,000, in 1870 there were 766 Bohemian-born residents of Baltimore, making Bohemia the third largest source of immigration to Baltimore after the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Germany. According to the US Immigration Office, the Baltimore Czech community numbered around 10,000 people between 1882 and 1910, in the 1920 United States Census, there were 7,750 Czechs, making Baltimore the fifth largest city for Czechs in the United States. Only Chicago, New York City, Cleveland, and St. Louis had larger Czech populations, in the same year 3,348 people spoke the Czech language, making Czech the third most commonly spoken Slavic or Eastern European language after Polish and Russian. During the same year,7,000 Czech Roman Catholics belonged to the St. Wenceslaus Roman Catholic parish, by the 1930 United States Census, the Baltimore Czech population decreased slightly to number 7,652 people. In 1940,1,816 immigrants from Czechoslovakia lived in Baltimore and these immigrants comprised 3% of the citys foreign-born white population. In total,4,031 people of Czech birth or descent lived in the city, in the 1960 United States Census, Czech-Americans comprised 57. 5% of the foreign-born population in Southeast Baltimores tract 7-3. The Czech community was centered in Baltimores Ward 7. According to the 1990 United States Census almost 22,000 Americans of fully Czech or Slovak ancestry lived in Maryland, the Czech community in the Baltimore metropolitan area numbered 17,798 as of 2000, making up 0. 7% of the areas population. In the same year Baltimore citys Czech population was 2,206,0. 3% of the citys population,27,603 people of Czech descent lived in the greater Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area. In 2013, an estimated 1,290 Czech-Americans resided in Baltimore city,0. 2% of the population, as of September 2014, immigrants from the Czech Republic were the fifty-eight largest foreign-born population in Baltimore. The first Bohemian Jew to arrive in Baltimore immigrated in 1822, between 1820 and the Civil War, around 300,000 Central European Jews arrived in the United States, many of whom were Bohemian Jews. Around 10,000 of these Jews passed through Fells Point, Early Czech immigrants to Baltimore came from the regions of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, which at the time were part of the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Because the United States Census Bureau counted the Czechs as Austrians until 1881, even after 1881, many Czechs were still listed as Austrians because of their Austrian citizenship. The largest great wave of Czech immigrants occurred from the late 1800s through the early 1900s, enough Czechs had immigrated by 1860 that a small colony was formed
6.
History of the Germans in Baltimore
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The history of the Germans in Baltimore began in the 17th century. During the 1800s, the Port of Baltimore was the port of entry for immigrants. Many Germans immigrated to Baltimore during this time, in 1920,19,813 foreign-born White people in Baltimore spoke the German language. In 1940,9,744 immigrants from Germany lived in Baltimore and these immigrants comprised 16% of the citys foreign-born white population. In total,23,889 people of German birth or descent lived in the city, as of 2000,18. 7%, or 478,646, of the Baltimore metropolitan areas population were of German descent, making it the largest European ancestral group. In the same year Baltimore citys German population was 48,423,7. 4% of the citys population, in 2013, an estimated 45,217 German-Americans resided in Baltimore city,7. 3% of the population. German immigrants began to settle along the Chesapeake Bay by 1723, German Lutheran immigrants established Zion Lutheran Church in 1755, which also attracted Pennsylvania Dutch settlers to the region. Early German settlers also established the German Society of Maryland in 1783 in order to foster the German language, following the War of 1812 in North America, a wave of German immigrants came from the Palatinate, Hesse, Bavaria, and Bohemia. By 1850,20,000 German-born people lived in the city, between 1820 and 1860, Germans were the largest group of immigrants to Baltimore. This wave of immigrants created numerous German institutions, including banks, insurance companies, German immigrants also created a thriving German-language press, including publications such as the Baltimore Wecker. Immigration from Germany increased again after the various Revolutions of 1848 flaring up throughout Europe, bringing thousands of Forty-Eighters to Baltimore. During the Baltimore riot of 1861, the office of the Baltimore Wecker was destroyed by mobs, the publisher, William Schnauffer, German immigrants disembarked from the steamships at B&Os pier, which was located in Locust Point. By 1868, one-fourth of Baltimores 160,000 white inhabitants were German-born, beginning in the 1870s, many wealthy German Jews built lavish homes in the northwest area of the growing city along North Eutaw Street and Eutaw Place towards the new Druid Hill Park of 1860. They also built several synagogues, such as the Eutaw Place Temple, by 1880, there were around 10,000 German Jews living in Baltimore, most of whom were of Bavarian and Hessian descent. The German-born immigrant population in Baltimore peaked in 1890, when German-born Baltimoreans numbered 41,930 out of the population of 365,863. St. Elizabeth of Hungary Roman Catholic was later founded in 1895 in Highlandtown in east Baltimore to serve the German immigrant community in part of the city. In the year 1900, the citys German population was 34,000, in 1900 there were over 30 congregations in Baltimore that were holding Sunday services in German. By 1914, the number had risen to 94,000, during the 19th Century, many of the citys public schools were known as German-English
7.
History of the Greeks in Baltimore
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The history of the Greeks in Baltimore dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Baltimore is home to one of the largest Greek American communities in the United States, the community is centered in the Greektown and Highlandtown neighborhoods of East Baltimore. In 1920,699 foreign-born White people in Baltimore spoke the Greek language, in 1940, around 1,200 Greek-Americans lived in Baltimore. In the same year 1,193 immigrants from Greece lived in Baltimore and these immigrants comprised 2% of the citys foreign-born white population. The Greek community in the Baltimore metropolitan area numbered 16,764 as of 2000, in the same year Baltimore citys Greek population was 2,693,0. 4% of the citys population. In 2013, an estimated 2,611 Greek-Americans resided in Baltimore city,0. 4% of the population, as of September 2014, immigrants from Greece were the twenty-fourth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore and the Greek language was the ninth most commonly spoken language other than English. Immigrants from Greece first started to settle in Baltimore in large numbers during the 1890s, early Greek settlers established the Greek Orthodox Church “Evangelismos” in 1906 and the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Annunciation in 1909. By the 1920s, a vibrant yet small Greek community had been firmly established, the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church was built to serve this growing community. The peak of the Greek migration to Baltimore was between the 1930s and the 1950s, the Greek community gained its first political representation in 1959, when Peter Angelos became the first Greek-American to be elected to the Baltimore City Council. The Greek population saw another surge in numbers after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. This wave of Greek immigrants to Baltimore ended by the early 1980s, during the 1980s the Greek residents of the neighborhood that was then known simply as the Hill successfully petitioned the city government to rename the neighborhood as Greektown. By that time the Greek community was 25,000 strong, while there is still a strong Greek-American presence in Greektown and Highlandtown, the population of the Greek community has been declining. The population is aging and many have moved out of the original Greek neighborhoods, the Latino population is increasing rapidly as the Greek population decreases. The majority of newcomers to the neighborhood are now Latino, there are a number of Greek-American restaurants in Baltimore, such as Ikaros, The Acropolis, The Black Olive, Samos, and Zorbas. There is also an annual Greek Folk Festival held at Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, most Greek-Americans in Baltimore belong to the Greek Orthodox Church, though a small minority have been Greek Jews. Most Greek Jews immigrated to the city during the 1950s, the majority came from Thessaloniki, with the remainder mostly coming from Athens and Patras. The Greek Jews of Baltimore are primarily Sephardi, Baltimore historically had a Greek mafia presence. A two-year FBI investigation into a cocaine ring run by the Greek mafia in Baltimore, Philadelphia, spiro Agnew, a politician who served as the 39th Vice President of the United States from 1969 to 1973 under President Richard Nixon
8.
History of the Italians in Baltimore
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The history of the Italians in Baltimore dates back to the mid-19th century. The citys Italian-American community is centered in the neighborhood of Little Italy, in 1920,7,930 foreign-born White people in Baltimore spoke the Italian language. In 1940,8,063 immigrants from Italy lived in Baltimore and these immigrants comprised 13. 2% of the citys foreign-born white population. In total,18,179 people of Italian birth or descent lived in the city, in the 1960 United States Census, Italian-Americans comprised 71% of the foreign-stock population in Little Italy, Baltimores tract 3-2. The Italian community in the Baltimore metropolitan area numbered 157,498 as of 2000, in the same year Baltimore citys Italian population was 18,492,2. 8% of the citys population. In 2013, an estimated 16,581 Italian-Americans resided in Baltimore city,2. 7% of the population, in September 2014, immigrants from Italy were the thirty-sixth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore. Italians began to settle in Baltimore during the late 1800s, some Italians immigrants came to the Port of Baltimore by boat. The earliest Italian settlers in Baltimore were sailors from Genoa, the city of the Italian region of Liguria. Later immigrants came from Naples, Abruzzo, Cefalù, and Palermo and these immigrants created the monument to Christopher Columbus in Druid Hill Park. Many other Italians came by train after entering the country through New York Citys Ellis Island, the Italian immigrants who arrived by train would enter the city through the President Street Station. Because of this, the Italians largely settled in a neighborhood that is now known as Little Italy. Little Italy comprises 6 blocks bounded by Pratt Street to the North, the Inner Harbor to the South, Eden Street to the East, other neighborhoods where large numbers of Italians settled include Lexington, Belair-Edison, and Cross Street. Many settled along Lombard Street, which was named after the Italian town of Guardia Lombardi, the Italian community, overwhelmingly Roman Catholic, established a number of Italian-American parishes such as St. Leos Church and Our Lady of Pompeii Church. The Our Lady of Pompeii Church holds the annual Highlandtown Wine Festival, the August 2016 Central Italy earthquake affected Baltimores Italian community, as many Baltimore Italian-Americans have friends or relatives living in Italy. Most Italians in Baltimore are of Southern or Central Italian descent, especially from Abruzzo, St. Leo the Great Catholic Church in Little Italy held a vigil and sent prayers to the victims and survivors of the earthquake. Rafael Alvarez, an author based in Baltimore and Los Angeles, frank Battaglia, a former Baltimore Police Department officer who was Commissioner of the Department. Steve Bisciotti, the majority owner of the Baltimore Ravens, charles Bonaparte, a lawyer and political activist for progressive and liberal causes. Gary DAddario, a police commander, television technical advisor and actor
9.
History of the Jews in Baltimore
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Few Jews arrived in Baltimore, Maryland, in its early years. Yet, the Jewish community of Baltimore has maintained its own character as well. The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia states, It can not be determined when Jews first settled in Baltimore, Family traditions, not yet verified, seem to point to the presence of Jews in Baltimore in the middle of the eighteenth century. There is reason to believe, however, that Myers was not a Jew, the most substantial of these merchants apparently was Benjamin Levy, probably the same mentioned in the Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society. In 1781 Jacob Hart, father-in-law of Haym M. Salomon, the existence of a Jewish cemetery in 1786 indicates a Jewish community of some size. How long previous to that year the cemetery had been established is not known, the earliest mention of it occurs in a document, dated July 12,1786, headed Mr. Carrolls claims. It is a list of the names of the Persons who occupy the ground on the east side of Joness Falls, with an account of the improvements. One of the items is The Jews burying-ground,1 small lot enclosed, situated in Ensors Town, interment has been made in it as late as 1832, the same year in which the oldest Jewish cemetery now in use was established. No indications can be discovered of the removal of remains buried in it when the cemetery was abandoned, with the advent of the Etting family, the history of the Jewish community in Baltimore becomes more consecutive. It is uncertain when the Etting brothers, Reuben and Solomon, together with Levi Solomon, their uncle, came to Baltimore from York, Pa. 4,1796, Solomon Ettings name appears in the Advertiser as one of five persons authorized to receive proposals in writing for a house or suitable lot for a bank to be established in Baltimore Town, but there are indirect indications that the family settled in Baltimore before 1787. Accordingly, the Jewish Encyclopedia estimates the Jewish population of Baltimore in 1796 at fifteen families, in 1798 the Collmus family arrived from Bohemia, and in 1808 the six sons of Israel J. Cohen came, with their mother, from Richmond, Va. The Cohens and the Ettings played a prominent part in the history of Baltimore Jewry, both families acquired an enviable reputation for integrity and business tact, and their members were honored with offices of trust, by corporations and in the city government. Their names figure most prominently in the struggle of 1818-26. This bill proposed to consider the justice and expediency of extending to those persons professing the Jewish religion the same privileges that are enjoyed by Christians. Immediately upon its passage, and its ratification in the session of 1825-26, it was applied practically in the election of Solomon Etting. Cohen, JR. to seats in the city council of Baltimore, after 1826 the recorded history of the Jews of Baltimore ceases to be the history of prominent individuals, and becomes that of a community. Almost coincidentally with the removal of civil disabilities occurs the first of a series of meetings for religious services
10.
History of the Poles in Baltimore
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The history of the Poles in Baltimore dates back to the late 19th century. The Polish community is centered in the neighborhoods of Canton, Fells Point, Locust Point. The Poles are the largest Slavic ethnic group in the city, in 1920,11,083 foreign-born White people in Baltimore spoke the Polish language, making Polish the most widely spoken Slavic or Eastern European language in the city. In 1940, approximately 34,000 Polish-Americans lived in the state of Maryland, in the same year,8,862 immigrants from Poland lived in Baltimore. These immigrants comprised 14. 2% of the citys white population. In total,21,175 people of Polish birth or descent lived in the city, the Polish community in the Baltimore metropolitan area numbered 122,814 as of 2000, making up 4.8 percent of the areas population. In the same year Baltimore citys Polish population was 18,400,2. 8% of the citys population, in 2013, an estimated 15,828 Polish-Americans resided in Baltimore city,2. 5% of the population. As of September 2014, immigrants from Poland were the eighteenth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore, the first Polish immigrants to Baltimore settled in the Fells Point neighborhood in 1868. Polish mass immigration to Baltimore and other U. S. cities first started around 1870, many of the Polish immigrants came from agricultural regions of Poland and were often considered unskilled workers. Many worked as stevedores for Baltimores International Longshoremens Association, other Polish immigrants worked in the canneries, some travelling to the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Mississippi to work in the seafood canneries during the winter months. After the abolition of slavery, farmers had lost their slaves, following changes in U. S. immigration laws many Central and Eastern European migrants, particularly Polish and Czech, came to Maryland to fill this need. These changes also affected other nations, the majority of the Polish immigrants were Roman Catholics. The first Polish-Catholic parish to be formed was the St. Stanislaus Kostka church, the Holy Rosary Church parish was founded in 1887. Polish Jews helped found the Bnai Israel Synagogue in 1873, the first Polish language newspaper in Baltimore, titled Polonia, began publication in 1891. By 1893, the Polish population was starting to become the backbone of Baltimores laboring class,1,500 were arriving in Baltimore annually and by 1893 there were 23,000 Polish-Americans living in the city. The St. Casimir Church parish was established in 1902, St. Casimirs current building was constructed in 1927. Less than a later, Holy Rosary Church built its current residence. During the early years of the 20th century the Polish population became established in Baltimore
11.
History of the Ukrainians in Baltimore
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The history of the Ukrainians in Baltimore dates back to the mid-19th century. Baltimore, Maryland and Washington, D. C. have the largest Ukrainian-American communities in the Mid-Atlantic, the Ukrainian community in the Baltimore metropolitan area numbered 10,806 as of 2000, making up 0. 4% of the areas population. In the same year, Baltimore citys Ukrainian population was 1,567, in 1920,151 foreign-born White people in Baltimore spoke the Ukrainian language, then referred to as the Ruthenian language. In 1940,14,670 immigrants from the Soviet Union lived in Baltimore and these immigrants comprised 24. 1% of the citys foreign-born white population. In 2013, an estimated 808 Ukrainian-Americans resided in Baltimore city,0. 1% of the population, as of September 2014, immigrants from Ukraine were the twentieth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore. Ukrainians began settling in Baltimore during the 1880s, mostly in East Baltimore and Southeast Baltimore, other Ukrainians settled in Washington Hill and Fells Point, where there was a Ukrainian store. Most of these came from Western Ukraine and were Catholic. By the 1890s, Ukrainian Catholic priests were traveling from Pennsylvania to Baltimore to serve the Ukrainian Catholic community, St. Michael the Archangel Ukrainian Catholic Church was founded as a parish in 1893 and the church was built in 1912. While many immigrants from Western Ukraine identify simply as Ukrainian Americans, Rusyns also sometimes describe themselves as Carpatho-Rusyns, Carpatho-Russians or Ruthenians. Some of the Western Ukrainians that established St. Michael the Archangel Ukrainian Catholic Church identified as Rusyns, peter & Paul Ukrainian Catholic Church. Many Rusyn and Western Ukrainians have settled in the neighborhoods of Fells Point, Western Ukrainians began immigrating to Baltimore during the 1880s. By the 1940s, the Ukrainian community in Highlandtown numbered around 1,200, many Ukrainians fled to Baltimore from the 1930s to the 1950s in order to escape political persecution, labor camps, the Holodomor famine, or deportation to Siberia. Every year Ukrainian refugees and their children and grandchildren celebrate their good fortune on Thanksgiving Day by giving a toast, on 29 May 2008, the city of Baltimore held a candlelight commemoration for the Holodomor at the War Memorial Plaza in front of City Hall. This ceremony was part of the international journey of the International Holodomor Remembrance Torch. Twenty-two other US cities were visited during the tour. Then-Mayor Sheila Dixon presided over the ceremony and declared 29 May to be Ukrainian Genocide Remembrance Day in Baltimore and she referred to the Holodomor as among the worst cases of mans inhumanity towards man. Beginning in the 1970s, large numbers of Ukrainian Jews immigrated to Baltimore in order to escape antisemitism in the then Soviet Union, in the early 1980s, about 70% of the Soviet Jews in Baltimore had immigrated from the then Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. One-third came from Odessa, Baltimores sister-city at the time, Ze Mean Bean Café in Fells Point opened in 1995
