1.
Euterpe (plant)
–
These palms grow mainly in swamps and floodplains. The genus is named after the muse Euterpe of Greek mythology, Euterpe are tall, slender palms growing to 15–30 metres, with pinnate leaves up to 3 metres long, and a stem only about 100 millimetres in diameter. Many of the palms that were once in the genus Euterpe have been reclassified into the genus Prestoea, the fruit is small, but is produced in great quantity upon branched spadices, which are thrown out horizontally beneath the crown of leaves. It consists of a seed, with a very thin covering of a firm pulp or flesh. The name açaí palm usually refers to Euterpe oleracea, but various species of Euterpe are cultivated commercially under that name. A beverage called açaí, much used at Pará and other places on the Amazon River, is prepared from the fruit of certain species. Warm water is poured upon the fruit, and by rubbing and kneading and it is a thick, creamy liquid, of a purplish color, and a flavor like that of a freshly gathered nut. It is commonly used with bread made from manioc, and either with or without sugar, the stem of the açaí palm is sometimes used for poles and rafters, and its terminal bud as a cabbage or as a salad with, oil and vinegar. - Guyana, Venezuela, Brazil Euterpe luminosa A. J. Hend, galeano & Meza - Pasco Province of Peru Euterpe oleracea Mart. - Trinidad & Tobago, the Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, - widespread across much of Central America, South America, and Trinidad WCSP, World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
Euterpe (plant)
–
Euterpe
2.
Roman mosaic
–
A Roman mosaic is a mosaic made during the Roman period, throughout the Roman Empire. Mosaics were used in a variety of private and public buildings, the outstanding examples of the Late Imperial period are the mosaics in the villa of Casale in Sicily. The mosaic decoration of the palace complex culminates in the gallery. Roman mosaics are constructed from geometrical blocks called tesserae, placed together to create the shapes of figures, motifs, polychrome patterns were most common, but monochrome examples are known. Marble and glass were used as tesserae, as were small pebbles. Mosaic decoration was not just confined to floors but featured on walls, traces of guidelines have been found beneath some mosaics, either scored into or painted onto the mortar bedding. The design might also be pegged out in string, or mounted in a wooden frame, the collapse of buildings in antiquity can, paradoxically, both irrevocably destroy mosaics or protect and preserve them. As well as patterns and designs, Roman mosaics frequently depicted divine characters or mythological scenes. Imagery of famous individuals or entertaining scenes are common on Roman mosaics, the Alexander Mosaic from the House of the Faun, Pompeii depicts the Battle of Issus between Alexander the Great and Darius III. In addition to people from antiquity, mosaics can depict aspects of daily life. The Gladiator Mosaic from Rome depicts a scene, naming each gladiator involved. A gladiatorial scene is known from Leptis Magna. One of the earliest depictions of Roman Christianity is a mosaic from Hinton St Mary which shows Christ with a Chi-Rho behind his head, the mosaic is now in the British Museum. Progression within the technique developed the emblem, the heart of all mosaics. The Alexander Mosaic from the House of the Faun, Pompeii, the Tomb of the Julii in the Vatican Necropolis, beneath St. Peters Basilica, Rome. The Gladiator Mosaic from the Via Casilina outside Rome, the Zliten Mosaic from Zliten in Libya
Roman mosaic
–
The
Alexander Mosaic, ca. 100 BC
Roman mosaic
–
Detail of Alexander Mosaic, depicting
Alexander the Great
Roman mosaic
–
Neptune driving his chariot
Roman mosaic
–
Ulysses during his journey
3.
Vichten
–
Vichten is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Redange. As of 2001, the town of Vichten, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 723, other towns within the commune include Michelbouch. The town is notable as the site of a large Roman villa containing a large, the mosaic itself is on display at the National Museum of History and Art in Luxembourg City. A replica can be seen in Vichten itself, media related to Vichten at Wikimedia Commons
Vichten
–
Town hall
Vichten
–
Replica of the
Roman mosaic in Vichten
4.
Greek mythology
–
It was a part of the religion in ancient Greece. Greek mythology is explicitly embodied in a collection of narratives. Greek myth attempts to explain the origins of the world, and details the lives and adventures of a variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines. These accounts initially were disseminated in a tradition, today the Greek myths are known primarily from ancient Greek literature. The oldest known Greek literary sources, Homers epic poems Iliad and Odyssey, focus on the Trojan War, archaeological findings provide a principal source of detail about Greek mythology, with gods and heroes featured prominently in the decoration of many artifacts. Geometric designs on pottery of the eighth century BC depict scenes from the Trojan cycle as well as the adventures of Heracles, in the succeeding Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods, Homeric and various other mythological scenes appear, supplementing the existing literary evidence. Greek mythology has had an influence on the culture, arts. Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived inspiration from Greek mythology and have discovered contemporary significance and relevance in the themes, Greek mythology is known today primarily from Greek literature and representations on visual media dating from the Geometric period from c. Mythical narration plays an important role in every genre of Greek literature. Nevertheless, the only general mythographical handbook to survive from Greek antiquity was the Library of Pseudo-Apollodorus and this work attempts to reconcile the contradictory tales of the poets and provides a grand summary of traditional Greek mythology and heroic legends. Apollodorus of Athens lived from c, 180–125 BC and wrote on many of these topics. His writings may have formed the basis for the collection, however the Library discusses events that occurred long after his death, among the earliest literary sources are Homers two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Other poets completed the cycle, but these later and lesser poems now are lost almost entirely. Despite their traditional name, the Homeric Hymns have no connection with Homer. They are choral hymns from the part of the so-called Lyric age. Hesiods Works and Days, a poem about farming life, also includes the myths of Prometheus, Pandora. The poet gives advice on the best way to succeed in a dangerous world, lyrical poets often took their subjects from myth, but their treatment became gradually less narrative and more allusive. Greek lyric poets, including Pindar, Bacchylides and Simonides, and bucolic poets such as Theocritus and Bion, additionally, myth was central to classical Athenian drama
Greek mythology
–
Bust of
Zeus,
Otricoli (Sala Rotonda,
Museo Pio-Clementino,
Vatican).
Greek mythology
–
Greek Mythology
Greek mythology
–
Prometheus (1868 by
Gustave Moreau). The myth of Prometheus first was attested by
Hesiod and then constituted the basis for a tragic trilogy of plays, possibly by Aeschylus, consisting of
Prometheus Bound,
Prometheus Unbound, and
Prometheus Pyrphoros.
Greek mythology
–
The Roman poet
Virgil, here depicted in the fifth-century manuscript, the
Vergilius Romanus, preserved details of Greek mythology in many of his writings.
5.
Greek language
–
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean. It has the longest documented history of any living language, spanning 34 centuries of written records and its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history, other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic and many other writing systems. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world, during antiquity, Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and many places beyond. It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire, the language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey, and the Greek diaspora. Greek roots are used to coin new words for other languages, Greek. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, the earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the worlds oldest recorded living language. Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now extinct Anatolian languages, the Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods, Proto-Greek, the unrecorded but assumed last ancestor of all known varieties of Greek. The unity of Proto-Greek would have ended as Hellenic migrants entered the Greek peninsula sometime in the Neolithic era or the Bronze Age, Mycenaean Greek, the language of the Mycenaean civilisation. It is recorded in the Linear B script on tablets dating from the 15th century BC onwards, Ancient Greek, in its various dialects, the language of the Archaic and Classical periods of the ancient Greek civilisation. It was widely known throughout the Roman Empire, after the Roman conquest of Greece, an unofficial bilingualism of Greek and Latin was established in the city of Rome and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the Roman Empire. The origin of Christianity can also be traced through Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, the continuation of Koine Greek in Byzantine Greece, up to the demise of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century. Much of the written Greek that was used as the language of the Byzantine Empire was an eclectic middle-ground variety based on the tradition of written Koine. Modern Greek, Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period and it is the language used by the modern Greeks, and, apart from Standard Modern Greek, there are several dialects of it. In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia, the historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of the Greek language is often emphasised. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than a foreign language and it is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, Homeric Greek is probably closer to demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English, Greek is spoken by about 13 million people, mainly in Greece, Albania and Cyprus, but also worldwide by the large Greek diaspora. Greek is the language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population
Greek language
–
Idealized portrayal of
Homer
Greek language
–
regions where Greek is the official language
Greek language
–
Greek language road sign, A27 Motorway, Greece
6.
Mnemosyne
–
Mnemosyne, source of the word mnemonic, was the personification of memory in Greek mythology. A Titanide, or Titaness, she was the daughter of the Titans Uranus, zeus and Mnemosyne slept together for nine consecutive nights, thus birthing the nine Muses. Mnemosyne also presided over a pool in Hades, counterpart to the river Lethe, dead souls drank from Lethe so they would not remember their past lives when reincarnated. In Orphism, the initiated were taught to instead drink from the Mnemosyne, the river of memory, for more about the incriptions connection with Orphic poetry, see Zuntz,1971. Although she was categorized as one of the Titans in the Theogony, Titans were hardly worshiped in Ancient Greece, and were thought of as so archaic as to belong to the ancient past. They resembled historical figures more than anything else, later, once written literature overtook the oral recitation of epics, Plato made reference in his Euthydemus to the older tradition of invoking Mnemosyne. The character Socrates prepares to recount a story and says “ὥστ᾽ ἔγωγε, καθάπερ οἱ ποιηταί, δέομαι ἀρχόμενος τῆς διηγήσεως Μούσας τε καὶ Μνημοσύνην ἐπικαλεῖσθαι. ”Which translates to “Consequently, like the poets, I must needs begin my narrative with an invocation of the Muses and Memory”. Aristophanes also harked back to the tradition in his play Lysistrata when a drunken Spartan ambassador invokes her name while prancing around pretending to be a bard from times of yore. Mnemosyne was one of the deities worshiped in the cult of Asclepius that formed in Ancient Greece around the 5th century BC. Asclepius, a Greek hero and god of medicine, was said to have been able to cure maladies, the exact order of the offerings and prayers varied by location, and the supplicant often made an offering to Mnemosyne. After making an offering to Asclepius himself, in some locations, the hope was that a prayer to Mnemosyne would help the supplicant remember any visions had while sleeping there. Titans in popular culture, Mnemosyne Mnemonic Meme Moneta Aeschylus, Persians, edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press,2009, online version at Harvard University Press. Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, London, William Heinemann Ltd.1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library, caldwell, Richard, Hesiods Theogony, Focus Publishing/R. Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, London, William Heinemann Ltd.1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library, hymn to Hermes, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press, London, William Heinemann Ltd.1914, online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Mnemosyne
–
Mnemosyne (1881), a
Pre-Raphaelite interpretation of the goddess by
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
7.
Zeus
–
Zeus /ˈzjuːs/ is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who ruled as king of the gods of Mount Olympus. His name is cognate with the first element of his Roman equivalent Jupiter and his mythologies and powers are similar, though not identical, to those of the Indo-European deities such as Indra, Jupiter, Perun, Thor, and Odin. Zeus is the child of Cronus and Rhea, the youngest of his siblings to be born, in most traditions, he is married to Hera, by whom he is usually said to have fathered Ares, Hebe, and Hephaestus. At the oracle of Dodona, his consort was said to be Dione, Zeus was also infamous for his erotic escapades. These resulted in many godly and heroic offspring, including Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, Persephone, Dionysus, Perseus, Heracles, Helen of Troy, Minos, and the Muses. He was equated with many foreign weather gods, permitting Pausanias to observe That Zeus is king in heaven is a common to all men. His symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull, and oak, in addition to his Indo-European inheritance, the classical cloud-gatherer also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the Ancient Near East, such as the scepter. Zeus is frequently depicted by Greek artists in one of two poses, standing, striding forward with a thunderbolt leveled in his right hand. The gods name in the nominative is Ζεύς Zeús and it is inflected as follows, vocative, Ζεῦ Zeû, accusative, Δία Día, genitive, Διός Diós, dative, Διί Dií. Diogenes Laertius quotes Pherecydes of Syros as spelling the name, Ζάς, Zeus is the Greek continuation of *Di̯ēus, the name of the Proto-Indo-European god of the daytime sky, also called *Dyeus ph2tēr. The god is known under this name in the Rigveda, Latin, Zeus is the only deity in the Olympic pantheon whose name has such a transparent Indo-European etymology. The earliest attested forms of the name are the Mycenaean Greek
Zeus
–
The Jupiter de Smyrne, discovered in
Smyrna in 1680
Zeus
–
The Chariot of Zeus, from an 1879 Stories from the Greek Tragedians by Alfred Church.
Zeus
–
Zeus, at the Getty Villa, A.D. 1 - 100 by unknown.
Zeus
–
"
Cave of Zeus ",
Mount Ida (Crete).
8.
Aulos
–
An aulos or tibia was an ancient Greek wind instrument, depicted often in art and also attested by archaeology. An aulete was the musician who performed on an aulos, the ancient Roman equivalent was the tibicen, from the Latin tibia, pipe, aulos. There were several kinds of aulos, single or double, the most common variety was a reed instrument. Archeological finds, surviving iconography and other evidence indicate that it was double-reeded, like the modern oboe, a single pipe without a reed was called the monaulos. A single pipe held horizontally, as the flute, was the plagiaulos. A pipe with a bag to allow for sound, that is a bagpipe, was the askaulos. Like the Great Highland Bagpipe, the aulos has been used for martial music and it was the standard accompaniment of the passionate elegiac poetry. It also accompanied physical activities such as wrestling matches, the broad jump, plato associates it with the ecstatic cults of Dionysus and the Korybantes, banning it from his Republic but reintroducing it in Laws. It appears that some variants of the instrument were loud, shrill, sometimes a second strap was used over the top of the head to prevent the phorbeiá from slipping down. Aulos players are depicted with puffed cheeks. The playing technique almost certainly made use of breathing, very much like the Sardinian launeddas and Armenian duduk. Nevertheless, such musicians could achieve fame, the Romano-Greek writer Lucian discusses aulos playing in his dialogue Harmonides, in which Alexander the Greats aulete Timotheus discusses fame with his pupil Harmonides. Timotheus advises him to impress the experts within his profession rather than seek popular approval in big public venues, if leading musicians admire him, popular approval will follow. However, Lucian reports that Harmonides died from excessive blowing during practicing, in myth, Marsyas the satyr was supposed to have invented the aulos, or else picked it up after Athena had thrown it away because it caused her cheeks to puff out and ruined her beauty. But Apollo and his lyre beat Marsyas and his aulos, and since the pure lord of Delphis mind worked in different ways from Marsyass, he celebrated his victory by stringing his opponent up from a tree and flaying him alive. King Midas was cursed with donkeys ears for judging Apollo as the lesser player, Marsyass blood and the tears of the Muses formed the river Marsyas in Asia Minor. This tale was a warning against committing the sin of hubris, or overweening pride, some of this is a result of 19th century AD classical interpretation, i. e. Apollo versus Dionysus, or Reason opposed to Madness. In the temple to Apollo at Delphi, there was also a shrine to Dionysus, and his Maenads are shown on drinking cups playing the aulos, so a modern interpretation can be a little more complicated than just simple duality
Aulos
–
Aulos
Aulos
–
Drawing of a plagiaulos.
Aulos
–
The competition between Marsyas and Apollo on a Roman
sarcophagus (290–300)
Aulos
–
Theatrical scene from a
Pompeiian mosaic showing a masked performer with an aulos and two goatskin-wearing actors
9.
Marsyas
–
In antiquity, literary sources often emphasise the hubris of Marsyas and the justice of his punishment. In one conjunction Rhea/Cybele, and his episodes are situated by the mythographers in Celaenae in Phrygia, when a genealogy was applied to him, Marsyas was the son of Olympus, or of Oeagrus, or of Hyagnis. Olympus was, alternatively, said to be Marsyas son or pupil, Marsyas was an expert player on the double-piped double reed instrument known as the aulos. In the contest between Apollo and Marsyas, the stated that the winner could treat the defeated party any way he wanted. Since the contest was judged by the Muses, Marsyas naturally lost and was flayed alive in a cave near Celaenae for his hubris to challenge a god. Apollo then nailed Marsyas skin to a tree, near Lake Aulocrene. Classical Greeks were unaware of such shamanistic overtones, and the Flaying of Marsyas became a theme for painting, plato was of the opinion that it had been made into a wineskin. Therefore, hubris would not necessarily be a theme in this tale, rather the capricious weakness of the gods and their equally weak nature in comparison to humans. There are several versions of the contest, according to Hyginus, Marsyas was departing as victor after the first round and this was something that Marsyas could not do with his flute. According to another version Marsyas was defeated when Apollo added his voice to the sound of the lyre, Marsyas protested, arguing that the skill with the instrument was to be compared, not the voice. However, Apollo replied that when Marsyas blew into the pipes, the Muses supported Apollos claim, leading to his victory. In Platos Symposium, when Alcibiades likens Socrates to Marsyas, it is this aspect of the satyr that is intended. Jocelyn Small identifies in Marsyas an artist great enough to challenge a god, a prominent statue of Marsyas as a wise old silenus stood near the Roman Forum. This is the Marsyas of the journal Marsyas, Studies in the History of Art, published since 1941 by students of the Institute of Art, among the Romans, Marsyas was cast as the inventor of augury and a proponent of free speech and speaking truth to power. The earliest known representation of Marsyas at Rome stood for at least 300 years in the Roman Forum near or in the comitium and he was depicted as a silen, carrying a wineskin on his left shoulder and raising his right arm. The statue was regarded as an indicium libertatis, a symbol of liberty and it often served as a sort of kiosk upon which invective verse was posted. Marsyas served as a minister for Dionysus or Bacchus, who was identified by the Romans with their Father Liber and these gods were regarded as concerning themselves specially with the welfare of the plebs. The freedom that the ecstasies of Dionysian worship represented took on a meaning in Rome as the libertas that distinguished the free from the enslaved
Marsyas
–
Marsyas under Apollo's punishment,
İstanbul Archaeology Museum.
Marsyas
–
Apollo flaying Marsyas by Antonio Corradini (1658-1752),
Victoria and Albert Museum,
London
Marsyas
–
Marsyas depicted by André Le Brun (1783) as a satyr bound to the tree,
Royal Castle in
Warsaw.
Marsyas
–
Denarius minted at Rome in 82 BC by L. Censorinus, with the head of Apollo and the figure of Marsyas holding a wineskin, based on the statue in the forum
10.
Servius
–
These works, In tria Virgilii Opera Expositio, constituted the first incunable to be printed at Florence, by Bernardo Cennini,1471. In the Saturnalia of Macrobius, Servius appears as one of the interlocutors, allusions in that work, the commentary on Virgil has survived in two distinct manuscript traditions. The first is a short commentary, which is attributed to Servius in the superscription in the manuscripts. A second class of manuscripts, all deriving from the 10th and 11th centuries, the added matter is undoubtedly ancient, dating from a time but little removed from that of Servius, and is founded to a large extent on historical and antiquarian literature which is now lost. The writer is anonymous and probably a Christian, although not if, as is often suggested, a third class of manuscripts, written for the most part in Italy, gives the core text with interpolated scholia, which demonstrate the continued usefulness of the Virgilii Opera Expositio. The authentic commentary of Maurus Servius Honoratus is in effect the only complete extant edition of a classic author written before the collapse of the Empire in the West, Servius set his face against the prevalent allegorical methods of exposition of text. For the antiquarian and the historian, the value of his work lies in his preservation of facts in Roman history, religion, antiquities and language. Not a little of the erudition of Varro and other ancient scholars has survived in his pages. The edition of Georg Thilo and Hermann Hagen, remains the only edition of the whole of Servius work. Currently in development is the Harvard Servius, of the five volumes. E. K. Rand, Is Donatuss Commentary on Virgil Lost, Donatuss authorship of the supplementary material. Servio, stratificazioni esegetiche e modelli culturali / Servius, exegetical stratifications, Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article, Maurus Servius Honoratus Commentary on the Aeneid of Virgil is at the Perseus Project in Latin. De Centum Metris at Intratext. com De Centum Metris at Forum Romanorum Servii grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii, Georius Thilo, lipsiae in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1881-1902, vol. 2, vol.3 part 1, vol.3 part 2
Servius
–
Servius commenting Virgil (France, 15th century).
Servius
–
16th century edition of Virgil with Servius' commentary printed to the left of the text.
11.
Rhesus of Thrace
–
Rhesus is a fictional Thracian king in Iliad, Book X, who fought on the side of Trojans. Diomedes and Odysseus stole his team of horses during a night raid on the Trojan camp. According to Homer, his father was Eioneus— a name given to the father of Dia. The name may be connected to the historic Eion in western Thrace, at the mouth of the Strymon, the event portrayed in the Iliad also provides the action of the play Rhesus, transmitted among the plays of Euripides. Scholia to the Iliad episode and the Rhesus agree in giving Rhesus a more heroic stature, Rhesus died without engaging in battle. Later writers provide Rhesus with a more exotic parentage, claiming that his mother was one of the Muses, his father the river god Strymon, and he was raised by fountain nymphs. Rhesus arrived late to Troy, because his country was attacked by Scythia and he was killed in his tent, and his famous steeds were stolen by Diomedes and Odysseus. The mother of Rhesus, one of the nine muses, then arrives and lays blame on all responsible, Odysseus, Diomedes. She also announces the imminent resurrection of Rhesus, who will become immortal and his name probably derives from PIE *reg-, to rule, showing a satem-sound change. There was also a river in Bithynia named Rhesus, with Greek myth providing an attendant river god of the same name. Rhesus the Thracian king was associated with Bithynia through his love with the Bithynian huntress Arganthone, in the Erotika Pathemata by Parthenius of Nicaea. Stephanus of Byzantium mentions the name of Rhesus sister Sete, who had a son Bithys with Ares, Rhesus Glacier on Anvers Island in Antarctica is named after Rhesus of Thrace. In the motion picture Hercules, Tobias Santelmann plays a character named Rhesus, media related to Rhesus at Wikimedia Commons
Rhesus of Thrace
–
Odysseus and
Diomedes stealing Rhesus' horses,
red-figure situla by the Lycurgus Painter, c. 360 BC
12.
Iliad
–
The iLiad was an electronic handheld device, or e-Reader, which could be used for document reading and editing. Like the Barnes and Noble nook, Sony Reader or Amazon Kindle, in 2010, sales of the iLiad ended when its parent company, iRex, filed for bankruptcy. The display used is an active matrix display, which uses E Ink Vizplex Imaging Film manufactured by E Ink Corporation. Underneath the E Ink screen is a tablet by WACOM which requires a stylus for input. When it was introduced, the Iliad had largest screen size of existing e-paper products, the iLiad can display document files in several formats, including PDF, Mobipocket, XHTML and plain text. It can also display JPEG, BMP and PNG images, as of May 3,2007 Mobipocket is supported, making the mobipocket digital rights management content available on this platform. IRexs product page for the states that Support for additional E-book formats will become available over the coming months. Through its wireless service, iDS, the iLiad can also download content. Les Echos, a French financial newspaper, is distributed this way, users can connect to their computer over a wireless network to sync new data onto the iLiads internal memory or an inserted MMC, SD, or CF card. The distributor of the iLiad is iRex Technologies, a Philips spin-off company and it was initially advertised in December 2005, to be launched in April 2006, but was delayed until July, when it started to be sold as a beta product. It was released to the public near the end of July. Its list price in Europe is €649, and in US $699, one of the advanced features of the iLiad is the ability to add notes to existing documents. With the integrated Wacom tablet and stylus, it is possible to directly on almost any document. Using the desktop software, those notes can be merged into the original document and this provides malleability, an important feature of physical books that is missing from most ebook products, allowing users to annotate, highlight, and personalize the text. Because of its open Linux operating system, the iLiad is able to run third party applications created for it, developers and users wishing to create or run third party applications can request shell access from the manufacturer. Developers have been able to improve on the devices functionality by porting viewers such as FBReader, full screen PDF reading is made available by community-supported iPDF releases. Programs for recreation, including audio playback, sudoku, and calendars, are rapidly growing community content available for use on the iLiad, independent users have also reported successful porting of mobile web browsers to iLiads Linux platform, although with limited functionality and many bugs. IRex as a company has had a relationship with its Open Source developers
Iliad
–
iRex iLiad
Iliad
Iliad
–
iLiad in sunlight
Iliad
–
iLiad e-book reader equipped with e-paper display
13.
Strymon (mythology)
–
For the river, see Strymon/Struma Strymon, son of Oceanus and Tethys, was a river god and king of Thrace. By the muses Euterpe or Calliope, he became the father of Rhesus, Brangas, and Olynthus and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Smith, William, ed. article name needed. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
Strymon (mythology)
–
O: head of
river-god Strymon
R: trident This coin was struck by
Serdi tribe in 187-168 BC or later. It's an
overstrike on official
Macedonian coin and imitates another
Macedonian type.
14.
Muses in popular culture
–
The nine Muses of Greek mythology have been portrayed in many different modern fictional works. In 2010, a South Korean all-female idol group debuted under the name Nine Muses, in the anime series Love Live. The musical group, μs, is named after the Muses, the muse Calliope is a character in the graphic novel Sandman, by Neil Gaiman. Her story, Calliope is in the 1990 trade paperback Dream Country, according to the comics canon, Calliope was the youngest muse as well as a one-time lover of Dream, by whom she bore Orpheus. The muses are mentioned several times throughout Rick Riordans mythological series, Percy Jackson, Calliope features in the 1997 Walt Disney Pictures film Hercules, appearing alongside the muses Clio, Melpomene, Terpsichore and Thalia, who collectively serve as a Greek chorus. She was voiced by Tony Award winner Lillias White, who reprised the role in the subsequent TV series. In episode 126 from the animated series Cyberchase, Calliope plays her lyre and shes one of the four Mount Olympus band members with Apollo the Greek god of music, Himaropa the siren, and the Beast. In the anime series Guilty Crown, main character Inori Yuzuriha is best known for her song Euterpe, in Supernatural episode Fan Fiction Calliope appears as the antagonist. Several muses are the focus of the 2007 musical Xanadu, which is based on the 1980 film of the same name, the story revolves around Clio, who is played by Kerry Butler. In Batman, The Animated Series, Clio is the name of criminal mastermind Maxie Zeuss girlfriend, Maxie suffers from a god complex, believing that he is the Greek god Zeus and that his girlfriend is a Muse. The Cleo of Alpha Chi literary society at Trinity College is named after Clio, Clio features in the 1997 Walt Disney Pictures film Hercules, appearing alongside the muses Calliope, Melpomene, Terpsichore and Thalia, who collectively serve as a Greek chorus. She was voiced by Vanéese Y, thomas, who reprised the role in the subsequent TV series. Clio is the character in the 2007 musical Xanadu, which is based on the 1980 film of the same name. She was played by Kerry Butler in the original Broadway production, the muse Clio is a character in Piers Anthonys Xanth series. She features as the protagonist in the book Currant Events, the muse Clio is a main supporting character in Jodi Taylors The Chronicles of St. Marys series - using the name Mrs. Partridge as a cover while working as the personal assistant to Dr. Bairstowe. Her true identity as Clio is known only by the series protagonist Dr. Maxwell, erato is a character in the 2007 musical Xanadu, which is based on the 1980 film of the same name. She was played by Kenita R. Miller in the original Broadway production, Melpomene features in the 1997 Walt Disney Pictures film Hercules, appearing alongside the muses Calliope, Clio, Terpsichore and Thalia, who collectively serve as a Greek chorus. She was voiced by Broadway actress Cheryl Freeman, who reprised the role in the subsequent TV series, Melpomene is a character in the 2007 musical Xanadu, which is based on the 1980 film of the same name
Muses in popular culture
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Sarcophagus known as the "Muses Sarcophagus", representing the nine Muses and their attributes. Marble, first half of the 2nd century AD, found by the Via Ostiense.
Muses in popular culture
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Terpsichore holding an
Aeolian harp. Sculpted in marble by
John Walsh in 1771.
Muses in popular culture
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The
Greco-Roman mask of Thalia in a Three Stooges comedy short
title card.
15.
Pauly-Wissowa
–
The Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, commonly called the Pauly–Wissowa or simply RE, is a German encyclopedia of classical scholarship. With its supplements it comprises over eighty volumes, the RE is a complete revision of an older series of which the first volume was published by August Pauly in 1839. Pauly died in 1845, his unfinished, Christian Waltz. This first edition comprised six volumes, a second edition of the first volume was worked on from 1861 to 1866. In 1890 Georg Wissowa started on the new and more ambitious edition and he expected it to be done in 10 years, but the last of its 83 volumes did not appear until 1978, and the index volume came out in 1980. Many early biographies e. g. were written by Elimar Klebs, Paul von Rohden, Friedrich Münzer, the price and size of Pauly–Wissowa have always been daunting, and so between 1964 and 1975 the J. B. Metzler’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung put out Der Kleine Pauly in five volumes, an updated version called Der Neue Pauly, consisting of 18 volumes and an index, appeared gradually from 1996 to 2003. Between 2004 and 2012 seven supplement volumes appeared, an English edition, Brill’s New Pauly, Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World was published between 2002 and 2014 in 28 volumes. The index to Pauly–Wissowa is available on CD-ROM, paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, neue Bearbeitung, Stuttgart, J. B. Das klassische Altertum und seine Rezeptionsgeschichte, Stuttgart, J. B. Metzler,2003,11611 pages, hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, Manfred Landfester, Christine F. Salazar, eds. Brill’s New Pauly, Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World, Brill Publishers,2006, RE at German Wikisource Metzler info about Der Neue Pauly, der-neue-pauly. de Internet Archive, many of the earlier volumes can be found online here Volumes of the old Pauly
Pauly-Wissowa
–
The Realencyclopädie (RE, 1893–1980) fills an entire bookcase in the library of the
University of Göttingen 's Seminar for Classical Philology. At the lower right are eight volumes of the encyclopedia's earlier edition (1837–1864).
Pauly-Wissowa
–
Der Neue Pauly
16.
Muses
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The Muses are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts in Greek mythology. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, lyric songs and they were later adopted by the Romans as a part of their pantheon. In current English usage, muse can refer in general to a person who inspires an artist, writer, the earliest known records of the Nine Muses are from Boeotia, the homeland of Hesiod. Some ancient authorities thought that the Nine Muses were of Thracian origin, there, a tradition persisted that the Muses had once been three in number. They were again called Melete or Practice, Mneme or Memory, three ancient Muses were also reported in Plutarchs Quaestiones Convivales. According to Pausanias in the second century AD, there were three original Muses, worshiped on Mount Helicon in Boeotia, Aoidḗ, Melétē, and Mnḗmē. Together, these three form the picture of the preconditions of poetic art in cult practice. In Delphi three Muses were worshiped as well, but with other names, Nḗtē, Mésē, and Hýpatē, alternatively they later were called Kēphisṓ, Apollōnís, and Borysthenís, which names characterize them as daughters of Apollo. In later tradition, a set of four Muses were recognized, Thelxinóē, Aoidḗ Archē, one of the people frequently associated with the Muses was Pierus. By some he was called the father of a total of seven Muses, called Neilṓ, Tritṓnē, Asōpṓ, Heptápora, Achelōís, Tipoplṓ, and Rhodía. According to Hesiods Theogony, they were daughters of Zeus, the second king of the gods. For Alcman and Mimnermus, they were even more primordial, springing from the deities, Uranus. Sometimes the Muses are referred to as water nymphs, associated with the springs of Helicon and it was said that the winged horse Pegasus touched his hooves to the ground on Helicon, causing four sacred springs to burst forth, from which the muses were born. Athena later tamed the horse and presented him to the muses, classical writers set Apollo as their leader, Apollon Mousagetēs. In one myth, the Muses judged a contest between Apollo and Marsyas and they also gathered the pieces of the dead body of Orpheus, son of Calliope, and buried them. In a later myth, Thamyris challenged them to a singing contest and they won and punished Thamyris by blinding him and robbing him of his singing ability. He thus challenged the Muses to a match, resulting in his daughters, Pausanias records a tradition of two generations of Muses, the first are the daughters of Uranus and Gaia, the second of Zeus and Mnemosyne. Another, rarer genealogy is that they are daughters of Harmonia, some Greek writers give the names of the nine Muses as Kallichore, Helike, Eunike, Thelxinoë, Terpsichore, Euterpe, Eukelade, Dia, and Enope
Muses
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The nine muses —
Clio,
Thalia,
Erato,
Euterpe,
Polyhymnia,
Calliope,
Terpsichore,
Urania, and
Melpomene — on a Roman
sarcophagus (2nd century AD, from the
Louvre)
Muses
–
Muse reading a scroll, perhaps
Clio (Attic red-figure
lekythos, Boeotia c. 435–425 BC)
Muses
–
Gustave Moreau, Hesiod and the Muse (1891)—
Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Muses
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Polyhymnia, the Muse of sacred
poetry, sacred
hymn and
eloquence as well as agriculture and
pantomime.
17.
Calliope
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In Greek mythology, Calliope is the muse who presides over eloquence and epic poetry, so called from the ecstatic harmony of her voice. She is spoken of by Hesiod and Ovid as the Chief of all Muses and she is mostly stated to be the eldest of the Muses, sometimes vying with her sister Urania for the position. Calliope also had two sons, Orpheus and Linus, by either Apollo or the king Oeagrus of Thrace. She taught Orpheus verses for singing, according to Hesiod, she was also the wisest of the Muses, as well as the most assertive. Calliope married Oeagrus close to Pimpleia, Olympus and she is said to have defeated the daughters of Pierus, king of Thessaly, in a singing match, and then, to punish their presumption, turned them into magpies. She was sometimes believed to be Homers muse for the Iliad, the Roman epic poet, Virgil, invokes her in the Aeneid. Calliope is usually seen with a tablet in her hand. At times, she is depicted carrying a roll of paper or a book or wearing a gold crown and she would also be seen with her children. The Italian poet, Dante Alighieri, in his Divine Comedy, makes reference to Calliope, Media related to Calliope at Wikimedia Commons Theoi. com – Calliope Warburg Institute Iconographic Database
Calliope
–
Detail of painting The Muses Urania and Calliope by
Simon Vouet, in which she holds a copy of the
Odyssey
18.
Clio
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CLIO is the Cryogenic Laser Interferometer Observatory, a prototype detector for gravitational waves. It is testing cryogenic mirror technologies for the future Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector, CLIO is an optical interferometer with two perpendicular arms each of 100 m length. The mirrors are cooled to 20 K, this reduces various thermal noise sources which trouble other gravity observatories, CLIO is situated 1000 m underground in the Kamioka Observatory, Gifu Prefecture. CLIO is one of the facilities for physics of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research of the University of Tokyo
Clio
Clio
19.
Erato
–
In Greek mythology, Erato /ˈɛrətoʊ/ is one of the Greek Muses. The name would mean desired or lovely, if derived from the root as Eros. Erato is the Muse of lyric poetry, in the Orphic hymn to the Muses, it is Erato who charms the sight. Since the Renaissance she has mostly been shown with a wreath of myrtle and roses, holding a lyre, or a small kithara, in Simon Vouets representations, two turtle-doves are eating seeds at her feet. Other representations may show her holding an arrow, reminding one of the eros, the feeling that she inspires in everybody. Erato was named with the muses in Hesiods Theogony. She was also invoked at the beginning of a lost poem, Rhadine and this choice may express Virgils love for his native land, but in any case shows the need for a new creative force at this change in the direction of the poem. Facebook Page for Erato Theoi. com - Erato Warburg Institute Iconographic Database
Erato
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Roman statue of Erato, 2nd century AD. The muse is depicted playing the
kithara or
lyre.
Erato
–
Erato with Eros by
Simon Vouet.
20.
Melpomene
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Melpomene, initially the Muse of Chorus, she then became the Muse of Tragedy, for which she is best known now. Her name was derived from the Greek verb melpô or melpomai meaning to celebrate with dance and she is often represented with a tragic mask and wearing the cothurnus, boots traditionally worn by tragic actors. Often, she holds a knife or club in one hand. Melpomene is the daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne and her sisters include Calliope, Clio, Euterpe, Terpsichore, Erato, Thalia, Polyhymnia, and Urania. She is also the mother of several of the Sirens, the divine handmaidens of Kore who were cursed by her mother, Demeter/Ceres, in Roman and Greek poetry, it was traditional to invoke the goddess Melpomene so that one might create beautiful lyrical phrases
Melpomene
–
Roman statue of Melpomene, 2nd century AD. The muse is shown in a long-sleeved garment with a high belt, clothing that was associated with tragic actors. Her wreath of vines and grapes alludes to
Dionysus, the god of the theatre.
21.
Polyhymnia
–
Polyhymnia, also spelt Polymnia was in Greek mythology the Muse of sacred poetry, sacred hymn, dance, and eloquence as well as agriculture and pantomime. Her name comes from the Greek words poly meaning many and hymnos and she is depicted as very serious, pensive and meditative, and often holding a finger to her mouth, dressed in a long cloak and veil and resting her elbow on a pillar. Polyhymnia is also credited as being the Muse of geometry. In Bibliotheca historica, Diodorus Siculus wrote, Polyhymnia, because by her great praises she brings distinction to writers whose works have won for them immortal fame and she appears in Dantes Divine Comedy, Paradiso. Canto XXIII, line 56, and is referenced in works of fiction. In astrology, there are nine asteroids, each one named after a different Muse and this specific one is a main belt asteroid discovered by Jean Chacornac, a French astrologer, in 1854. On Mount Parnassus, there was a spring that was sacred to Polyhymnia and it was said to flow between two big rocks above Delphi, then down into a large square basin. The water was used by the Pythia, who were priests and priestesses, media related to Polyhymnia at Wikimedia Commons Primary sources and basic information concerning Polyhymnia Polyhymnia in painting Warburg Institute Iconographic Database
Polyhymnia
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Roman statue of Polyhymnia, 2nd century AD, depicting her in the act of dancing.
Polyhymnia
–
Cast of Polyhymnia,
Pushkin Museum, Moscow
Polyhymnia
–
Polyhymnia, Friedrich Ochs, 1857
Polyhymnia
–
Polyhymnia, Milano
22.
Terpsichore
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In Greek mythology, Terpsichore delight in dancing was one of the nine Muses and goddess of dance and chorus. She lends her name to the word terpsichorean which means of or relating to dance and she is usually depicted sitting down, holding a lyre, accompanying the ballerinas choirs with her music. Her name comes from the Greek words τέρπω and χoρός and she is also a mother of the sirens and Parthenope. The British 32-gun frigate HMS Terpsichore commanded by Captain Bowen participated in the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Terpsichore is also the name of a street in New Orleans historic neighborhoods of Faubourg Lafayette and the Lower Garden District. It runs alongside Euterpe and Melpomene streets, also named for Greek muses, Terpsichorean is also the name of the Choreography Society of Hans Raj College, University of Delhi. Terpsichore figures among her sisters in Hesiods Theogony, when The Histories of Herodotus were divided by later editors into nine books, each book was named after a Muse. Terpsichore was the name of the fifth book, the character of Wilkins Micawber, Esq, Jr. is described as a votary of Terpsichore, in an Australian newspaper brought to London by Dan Peggotty in 1850 novel David Copperfield by Charles Dickens. T. S. Eliot in the poem Jellicle Cats from Old Possums Book of Practical Cats, terpischore Choral Dance is the name of a chapter in Theresa Chas Dictee. Some Terpsichore is the title of a story in a 2014 book, Thunderstruck and Other Stories. The Chaos is a poem where Terpsichore is mentioned in a line, Terpsichore is also found in François Couperins Second Ordre from the Pièces de clavecin, and in the third version of Handels opera Il pastor fido. This opera is sometimes referred to as Terpsicore and Il pastor fido, the Jimmy Van Heusen/Sammy Cahn song Come Dance with Me includes the lyric what an evening for some Terpsichore. However it is sung as a word with the chore component pronounced like core rather than curry. The Russian singer Origa sings a song, Tersicore, canadian punk band Gob has a song called Terpsichore on their album Apt. The eighteenth century French dancer and courtesan Marie-Madeleine Guimard named the private theater in her private palace the Temple of Terpsichore, Terpsichore in Sneakers is the title of a 1980 study of postmodern dance by dance historian and critic Sally Banes. The song Terpsichora is included on J-Pop singer Akiko Shikatas 2007 album Istoria, the album Cool by Bob James and Earl Klugh features a track called Terpsichore. He then proceeds to take a lesson with Penny, culminating in a paired tap routine. In the 1947 film Down To Earth, Rita Hayworth plays Terpsichore, in the 1948 Musical Comedy film April Showers, starring Jack Carson and Ann Sothern, Carson plays a Victorian Era vaudevillian. While performing an act with his son, Buster, Buster asks Shall we dance Mr. Lovejoy, Carson replies by saying Terpsichore Mr. Gay
Terpsichore
–
Roman statue of Terpsichore from
Hadrian's Villa, presently at the
Prado Museum (
Madrid).
Terpsichore
–
Terpsichore, Muse of Music and ballet, an oil on canvas painting by
Jean-Marc Nattier (1739).
23.
Thalia (Muse)
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Thalia, also spelled Thaleia, was the goddess who presided over comedy and idyllic poetry. In this context her name means flourishing, because the praises in her songs flourish through time and she was the daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne, the eighth-born of the nine Muses. According to pseudo-Apollodorus, she and Apollo were the parents of the Corybantes, other ancient sources, however, gave the Corybantes different parents. She was portrayed as a woman with a joyous air, crowned with ivy, wearing boots. Many of her statues also hold a bugle and a trumpet, Muses in popular culture Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell,1996, ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1. Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, media related to Thalia at Wikimedia Commons Theoi. com - Thaleia Warburg Institute Iconographic Database
Thalia (Muse)
–
Roman statue of Thalia from
Hadrian's Villa, now at the
Prado Museum (
Madrid)
Thalia (Muse)
–
Muse of
comedy and
idyllic poetry,
Jean-Marc Nattier
Thalia (Muse)
–
Thalia, Muse Of Comedy by
Louis-Michel van Loo.
24.
Urania
–
Urania, also spelt Ourania, was, in Greek mythology, the muse of astronomy and a daughter of Zeus by Mnemosyne and also a great granddaughter of Uranus. Some accounts list her as the mother of the musician Linus by Apollo and she is often associated with Universal Love and the Holy Spirit. Sometimes identified as the eldest of the sisters, Urania inherited Zeus majesty and power. Those who are most concerned with philosophy and the heavens are dearest to her and those who have been instructed by her she raises aloft to heaven, for it is a fact that imagination and the power of thought lift mens souls to heavenly heights. —From An Ode To Music by James G. Percival During the Renaissance and she is usually represented with a celestial globe to which she points with a little staff. She is able to foretell the future by the arrangement of the stars, Urania is the namesake for astronomical observatories in Berlin, Budapest, Bucharest, Vienna, Zurich, Antwerp and Uraniborg on the island of Hven. The main belt asteroid 30 Urania was also named after her, there is Polish astronomical magazine Urania - Postępy Astronomii, which emerged from Urania and Postępy Astronomii magazines. In University of São Paulo, the logo of the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics, the official seal of the U. S. Naval Observatory portrays Urania. Urania is a training vessel for the Royal Netherlands Naval College. Ms. Urania in the Royal Netherlands Navy since 1832, Urania is the name traditionally given to the eighth book of Herodotus Histories. Urania Cottage was a refuge for women established by the writer Charles Dickens in Lime Grove, Shepherd’s Bush. The funding was provided by millionaire and philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts, of the banking family. Some of the inmates may have provided inspiration for certain of the characters in Dickens novels. At Columbia University, toward the end of 18th century, the Urania Society was created for the improvement of oratory and literary skills, Urania Street is situated between Polymnia and Felicity streets in New Orleans. Urania is a name of the hall in Olsztyn. Muse magazine, until 2015 when the magazine was revamped, featured Urania as one of the characters in the Kokopelli and she was the only original muse who remained among the New Muses featured in the magazine. The other Old Muses were said to be living in a retirement home, Urania is the name of a popular female-fronted rock band in Honduras. Urania is used as the muse in Paradise Lost books 7 and 9, Urania is invoked in Shelleys Adonais
Urania
–
Urania, a restored Roman copy after a Greek original of the 4th century BC,
Hadrian's Villa.
25.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
–
Screenshot 2012
26.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
–
GND screenshot
