1.
International Federation for Equestrian Sports
–
The International Federation for Equestrian Sports is the international governing body of equestrian sports. The FEI headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland, an FEI code of conduct protects the welfare of the horses from physical abuse or doping. Jumping, Dressage and Eventing have been a part of the Olympics since 1912, para-Equestrian Dressage has been part of the Paralympic games since 1996. The FEI has organized the FEI World Equestrian Games every four years since 1990, the idea of the World Equestrian Games came into being in the mid-1980s and was strongly supported by HRH Prince Philip, who was then FEI President. The WEG encompasses the World Championship titles in all the FEI global disciplines, the FEI World Cup is an indoor series and takes place throughout the world with qualifying leagues leading to a final in each of the disciplines. The FEI World Cup series began with Show jumping in 1978 and has since extended to the disciplines of Dressage. Today, there are 134 National Equestrian Federations affiliated with the FEI, there have been 13 different presidents of the organization. Major Jhkr Karl F. Quarles van Ufford is the individual to have served twice. Nowadays, a President can serve for a maximum of two terms, since 2014, the President of the FEI is Ingmar De Vos from Belgium. Official website FEI TV, Official Video Website Official Facebook Page
2.
Horse
–
The horse is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus. It is an ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, Eohippus, into the large, humans began to domesticate horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC. Horses in the subspecies caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior. Horses anatomy enables them to use of speed to escape predators and they have a well-developed sense of balance. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait, female horses, called mares, carry their young for approximately 11 months, and a young horse, called a foal, can stand and run shortly following birth. Most domesticated horses begin training under saddle or in harness between the ages of two and four and they reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years. There are more than 300 breeds of horse in the world today, horses were historically used in warfare, from which a wide variety of riding and driving techniques developed, using many different styles of equipment and methods of control. Many products are derived from horses, including meat, milk, hide, hair, bone, humans provide domesticated horses with food, water and shelter, as well as attention from specialists such as veterinarians and farriers. Specific terms and specialized language are used to describe equine anatomy, different life stages, colors, depending on breed, management and environment, the modern domestic horse has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years. Uncommonly, a few animals live into their 40s and, occasionally, the oldest verifiable record was Old Billy, a 19th-century horse that lived to the age of 62. In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had listed in Guinness World Records as the worlds oldest living pony. The exception is in endurance riding, where the age to compete is based on the animals actual calendar age. The following terminology is used to describe horses of various ages, Colt, a common terminology error is to call any young horse a colt, when the term actually only refers to young male horses. Filly, A female horse under the age of four, foal, A horse of either sex less than one year old. A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling, most domesticated foals are weaned at five to seven months of age, although foals can be weaned at four months with no adverse physical effects. Gelding, A castrated male horse of any age, mare, A female horse four years old and older
3.
Horse tack
–
Tack is a piece of equipment or accessory equipped on horses in the course of their use as domesticated animals. Saddles, stirrups, bridles, halters, reins, bits, harnesses, martingales, equipping a horse is often referred to as tacking up. A room to store equipment, usually near or in a stable, is a tack room. Some western saddles will also have a second strap known as a flank or back cinch that fastens at the rear of the saddle, there are many types of saddle, each specially designed for its given task. Saddles are usually divided into two categories, English saddles and Western saddles according to the riding discipline they are used in. Other types of saddles, such as racing saddles, Australian saddles, sidesaddles and they provide greater stability for the rider but can have safety concerns due to the potential for a riders feet to get stuck in them. If a rider is thrown from a horse but has a foot caught in the stirrup, to minimize this risk, a number of safety precautions are taken. First, most riders wear riding boots with a heel and a smooth sole, next, some saddles, particularly English saddles, have safety bars that allow a stirrup leather to fall off the saddle if pulled backwards by a falling rider. Other precautions are done with stirrup design itself, Western saddles have wide stirrup treads that make it more difficult for the foot to become trapped. A number of saddle styles incorporate a tapedero, which is covering over the front of the stirrup that keeps the foot from sliding all the way through the stirrup. The English stirrup has several variations which are either shaped to allow the riders foot to slip out easily or are closed with a very heavy rubber band. The invention of stirrups was of historic significance in mounted combat. Bridles, hackamores, halters or headcollars, and similar equipment consist of arrangements of straps around the horses head. A halter or headcollar consists of a noseband and headstall that buckles around the horses head and allows the horse to be led or tied. The lead rope is separate, and it may be short for everyday leading and tying, or much longer for tasks such as for leading packhorses or for picketing a horse out to graze. Some horses, particularly stallions, may have an attached to the lead rope. Most of the time, horses are not ridden with a halter, as it offers insufficient precision and control. In Australian and British English, a halter is a rope with a running loop around the nose and another over the poll
4.
Horse jumping obstacles
–
Various obstacles are found in competitive sports involving horse jumping. These include show jumping, hunter, and the phase of the equestrian discipline of eventing. The size and type of obstacles vary depending on the course and the level of the horse and rider, fences used in hunter and eventing are generally made to look relatively rustic and natural. In jumping competition, they are brightly colored and creatively designed. In hunter and jumper competition, obstacles are constructed to fall down if struck by the horse, in eventing, they are built to be solid, though for safety, certain elements may be designed to break away if hit. Also called chevrons, these fences are shaped like triangles, with the point facing towards the ground and they are generally very narrow, usually only a few feet wide. Arrowhead fences require the rider to keep their horse straight between their hands and legs, as it is easy for a run-out to occur due to the narrowness of the fence. These fences are used in combination with other obstacles to increase their difficulty. This tests the ability to regain control of his/her horse following an obstacle. These jumps are steps up or down one level to another. Banks up require large amounts of impulsion, although not speed, the drop fence incorporates a down bank. Both types of banks require the rider to be centered over the horse, down banks require the rider to lean further back, with slipped reins and heels closer to the front of the horse, in order to absorb the shock of the landing. A bounce, also called a no-stride, is a combination sometimes found on the cross-country course of eventing. It is also commonly used in grid-work or gymnastics. It consists of two fences placed close together so the horse take a full stride between them, but not so close that the horse would jump both fences at once. The horse bounces between the two jumps, landing with his legs before immediately taking off with his front legs. The distance between the two usually is 7–8 feet for small ponies,9 ft for large ponies or small horses, a bounce teaches the horse good balance, to push off with his hind end, and to fold his front end well. It can also be used to slow down a speedy horse and these jumps consist of a solid base with brush placed on top, generally low enough for the horse to see over
5.
Olympic Games
–
The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
6.
Equestrian at the Summer Olympics
–
Equestrianism made its Summer Olympics debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. It disappeared until 1912, but has appeared at every Summer Olympic Games since, the current Olympic equestrian disciplines are Dressage, Eventing, and Jumping. In each discipline, both individual and team medals are awarded, women and men compete together on equal terms. Equestrian disciplines and the component of Modern Pentathlon are also the only Olympic events that involve animals. The horse is considered as much an athlete as the rider, the International Governing Body for equestrian sports is the Fédération Équestre Internationale. The 1924 Olympics were the first at which equestrian competitions were held under the authority of the FEI, equestrian events were first held at the 1900 Paris Olympic Games, although it did not include any of the disciplines seen today. There were 4 different equestrian events, the polo competition consisted of 4 teams made up of players from Britain, France, Mexico, Spain, and the United States. Grand Prix Jumping, which was similar to show jumping event, for which 45 competitors entered. The first and second place was taken by riders from Belgium, while a French rider, Louis de Champsavin, on his mount Terpsichore, got the third place. However, Constant van Langendonck and Extra Dry were able to clinch the gold in the Long Jump competition, clearing a distance of 6.10 meters. Trissino and Oreste won the silver, clearing 5.70 meters, equestrian competition was dropped from the 1904 Olympic Games, and owed its return to Count Clarence von Rosen, Master of the Horse to the King of Sweden, for bringing it back. The 1906 IOC Congress agreed to his proposal to add dressage, eventing, however, due to problems with the newly formed International Horse Show Committee, they were not introduced until the 1912 Games in Stockholm and only a polo event was held in 1908. These three disciplines would be held at every Summer Olympic Games through to the present day, in 1952, however, all men were permitted to compete in all equestrian disciplines, and women were permitted to compete in Dressage. Women were later permitted to compete in Jumping in 1956 and in Eventing in 1964, since then, equestrianism has been one of the very few Olympic sports in which men and women compete with and directly against one another. Following the 1900 Olympic Games, polo would be held an additional 4 times, at the 1908 London Games, the 1920 Antwerp Games, the 1924 Paris Games, the 1908 Olympics had just 3 polo teams, all representing Great Britain. The 1920 Games included a team from Belgium, Great Britain, Spain, and it was not until 1924, after Argentina sent a team to Paris, that the gold changed hands. Argentina also won gold at the 1936 Olympic Games, vaulting was only held once, at the 1920 Antwerp Games. Vaulting included both a team and a competition, with the entrants having to perform movements at the canter and at the halt
7.
Equestrianism
–
Equestrianism, more often known as riding, horseback riding or horse riding, refers to the skill of riding, driving, steeplechasing or vaulting with horses. This broad description includes the use of horses for practical working purposes, transportation, recreational activities, artistic or cultural exercises, Horses are trained and ridden for practical working purposes such as in police work or for controlling herd animals on a ranch. They are also used in sports including, but not limited to, dressage, endurance riding, eventing, reining, show jumping, tent pegging, vaulting, polo, horse racing, driving. Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at horse shows, Horses are used for non-competitive recreational riding such as fox hunting, trail riding or hacking. There is public access to trails in almost every part of the world, many parks, ranches. Horses are also used for therapeutic purposes, both in specialized paraequestrian competition as well as non-competitive riding to improve health and emotional development. Horses are also driven in harness racing, at shows and in other types of exhibition, historical reenactment or ceremony. In some parts of the world, they are used for practical purposes such as farming. Horses continue to be used in service, in traditional ceremonies, police and volunteer mounted patrols. Riding halls enable the training of horse and rider in all weathers as well as indoor competition riding, though there is controversy over the exact date horses were domesticated and when they were first ridden, the best estimate is that horses first were ridden approximately 3500 BC. Indirect evidence suggests that horses were ridden long before they were driven, however, the most unequivocal early archaeological evidence of equines put to working use was of horses being driven. Chariot burials about 2500 BC present the most direct evidence of horses used as working animals. In ancient times chariot warfare was followed by the use of war horses as light, the horse played an important role throughout human history all over the world, both in warfare and in peaceful pursuits such as transportation, trade and agriculture. Horses lived in North America, but died out at the end of the Ice Age, Horses were brought back to North America by European explorers, beginning with the second voyage of Columbus in 1493. Humans appear to have expressed a desire to know which horse were the fastest. Gambling on horse races appears to go hand-in hand with racing and has a history as well. Thoroughbreds have the pre-eminent reputation as a breed, but other breeds also race. Under saddle, Thoroughbred horse racing is the most popular form worldwide, in the UK, it is known as flat racing and is governed by the Jockey Club in the United Kingdom
8.
Dressage
–
Dressage is a highly skilled form of riding performed in exhibition and competition, as well as an art sometimes pursued solely for the sake of mastery. Competitions are held at all levels from amateur to the Olympic Games, at the peak of a dressage horses gymnastic development, the horse responds smoothly to a skilled riders minimal aids. The rider is relaxed and appears effort-free while the horse performs the requested movement. The discipline has a history with ancient roots in the writings of Xenophon. Much about training systems used today reflects practices of classical dressage, in modern dressage competition, successful training at the various levels is demonstrated through the performance of tests, prescribed series of movements ridden within a standard arena. A score of 9 is very good and is a high mark, all riding horses can benefit from use of dressage principles and training techniques. The most popular horse breeds seen at the Olympics and other international FEI competitions are warmblood horses bred for dressage, in classical dressage training and performances that involve the airs above the ground, the baroque breeds of horses are popular and purposely bred for these specialties. There are two sizes of arenas, small and standard, each has letters assigned to positions around the arena for dressage tests to specify where movements are to be performed. Cones with letters on them are positioned on the sidelines of the arena for reference as to where a movement is to be performed. The small arena is 20 by 40 m and is used for the levels of eventing in the dressage phase. Its letters around the edge, starting from the point of entry. Letters also mark locations along the line in the middle of the arena. Moving down the line from A, they are D-X-G. The standard arena is 20 by 60 m, and is used for tests in both dressage and eventing. The standard dressage arena letters are A-K-V-E-S-H-C-M-R-B-P-F, the letters on the long sides of the arena, nearest the corners, are 6 m in from the corners, and are 12 m apart from each other. The letters along the line are D-L-X-I-G, with X again being halfway down the arena. There is speculation as to why these letters were chosen, most commonly it is believed because the German cavalry had a 20 × 60-meter area in-between the barracks which had the letters posted above the doors. At the start of the test, the horse enters the arena at an opening at A, ideally this opening is then closed for the duration of the test, however, this is not always logistically possible, particularly at smaller competitions with few volunteers
9.
Cross-country equestrianism
–
The object of the endurance test is to prove the speed, endurance and jumping ability of the true cross-country horse when he is well trained and brought to the peak of condition. At the same time, it demonstrates the knowledge of pace. Historically, the long format endurance test included four phases, Phases A and C, Roads and Tracks, Phase B, the Steeplechase, and Phase D. Each phase had to be completed in a set time, Phase A of the roads and tracks was a warming-up period, usually done at a brisk trot, for the purpose of relaxing and loosening up both horse and rider. Phase A led directly to the start for Phase B, the steeplechase and this phase was ridden at a strong gallop to achieve an average speed of 24 miles per hour with six to eight jumps. At the end of the steeplechase, the horse and rider went directly into Phase C and this phase was very important for allowing the horse to relax and recover and to get his wind back to normal. The pace is usually a quiet trot, interspersed with periods of walking, some riders also dismounted and ran next to their horse during this section of the test. The end of Phase C brought the pair to the ten-minute Vet Box prior to starting out on Phase D, here the horse had a compulsory ten-minute rest allowing a panel of judges and veterinarians to check the horses temperature, pulse, respiration and soundness. If, in the opinion of the panel, the horse was not fit or sound enough to continue, at this time the horse was sponged down, the tack adjusted and they were prepared for the next phase. Those passing the inspection went to the start box ready for the most exciting phase of the endurance test. However, there are a few long format events in the United States, the cross-country phase is the phase that appeals most to spectators and riders alike. It is the challenge to prepare a horse for this rigorous test. Unlike other sports, where only the human will and body are pitted against the clock, in eventing, or combined training, as an additional attraction, eventing is the only high-risk Olympic sport that permits men and women to compete as equals. There are no separate divisions for either rider or horse, some of the top riders in the world today are women from many nations. The cross-country course is two and three quarter to four miles long, comprising some twenty-four to thirty-six fixed and solid obstacles. Obstacles usually are built to look natural, however odd materials, obstacles can include all those that might be found if riding across the countryside, including water, trees, logs, ditches, and banks. All obstacles or compulsory passage ways are flagged, with a red flag on the right, a black stripe on the red flag indicates that it is an option for the obstacle, and another route may be taken if the rider so chooses, without penalty. All obstacles are numbered, and the color of the numbering can indicate which level the fence is for if multiple levels are competing at the event, cross-country courses for eventing are held outdoors through fields and wooded areas
10.
Show jumping
–
Show jumping, also known as stadium jumping, open jumping, or simply jumping, is a part of a group of English riding equestrian events that also includes dressage, eventing, hunters, and equitation. Jumping classes are seen at horse shows throughout the world. International competitions are governed by the rules of the International Federation for Equestrian Sports, Show jumping events have hunter classes, jumper classes and hunt seat equitation classes. Hunters are judged subjectively on the degree to which they meet a standard of manners, style. Jumper courses tend to be more complex and technical than hunter courses because riders. Courses often are colorful and at times, quite creatively designed, hunters have meticulous turnout and tend toward very quiet, conservative horse tack and rider attire. Hunter bits, bridles, crops, spurs, and martingales are tightly regulated, formal turnout always is preferred, a neat rider gives a good impression at shows. In addition to hunters and jumpers, there are classes, sometimes called hunt seat equitation. The equipment, clothing, and fence styles used in more closely resemble hunter classes. Jumper classes are held over a course of show jumping obstacles, including verticals, spreads, the intent is to jump cleanly over a set course within an allotted time. Time faults are assessed for exceeding the time allowance, Jumping faults are incurred for knockdowns and blatant disobedience, such as refusals. Horses are allowed a number of refusals before being disqualified. A refusal may lead to a rider exceeding the time allowed on course, placings are based on the lowest number of points or faults accumulated. A horse and rider who have not accumulated any jumping faults or penalty points are said to have scored a clear round. Tied entries usually have a jump-off over a raised and shortened course, and the course is timed, if entries are tied for faults accumulated in the jump-off, the fastest time wins. In most competitions, riders are allowed to walk the initial course, going off course will cost time if minor errors are made and major departures will result in disqualification. The higher levels of competition, such as A or AA rated shows in the United States, or the international Grand Prix circuit, present more technical and complex courses. Not only is the height and width of an obstacle increased to present a challenge, technical difficulty also increases with tighter turns
11.
Cavalry
–
Cavalry or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms, an individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman, horseman, dragoon or trooper. The designation of cavalry was not usually given to any military forces that used animals, such as camels. Cavalry had the advantage of improved mobility, and a man fighting from horseback also had the advantages of greater height, speed, another element of horse mounted warfare is the psychological impact a mounted soldier can inflict on an opponent. In Europe cavalry became increasingly armoured, and eventually became known for the mounted knights, in the period between the World Wars, many cavalry units were converted into motorized infantry and mechanized infantry units, or reformed as tank troops. Most cavalry units that are horse-mounted in modern armies serve in purely ceremonial roles, modern usage of the term generally refers to specialist units equipped with tanks or aircraft. The shock role, traditionally filled by heavy cavalry, is filled by units with the armored designation. Before the Iron Age, the role of cavalry on the battlefield was largely performed by light chariots, the chariot originated with the Sintashta-Petrovka culture in Central Asia and spread by nomadic or semi-nomadic Indo-Iranians. The power of mobility given by mounted units was recognized early on, Cavalry techniques were an innovation of equestrian nomads of the Central Asian and Iranian steppe and pastoralist tribes such as the Persian Parthians and Sarmatians. The photograph above left shows Assyrian cavalry from reliefs of 865–860 BC, at this time, the men had no spurs, saddles, saddle cloths, or stirrups. Fighting from the back of a horse was more difficult than mere riding. The cavalry acted in pairs, the reins of the archer were controlled by his neighbours hand. Even at this time, cavalry used swords, shields. The sculpture implies two types of cavalry, but this might be a simplification by the artist, Later images of Assyrian cavalry show saddle cloths as primitive saddles, allowing each archer to control his own horse. As early as 490 BC a breed of horses was bred in the Nisaean plain in Media to carry men with increasing amounts of armour. However, chariots remained in use for purposes such as carrying the victorious general in a Roman triumph. The southern Britons met Julius Caesar with chariots in 55 and 54 BC, the last mention of chariot use in battle was by the Caledonians at the Mons Graupius, in 84 AD. During the classical Greek period cavalry were usually limited to citizens who could afford expensive war-horses
12.
Triathlon
–
A triathlon is a multiple-stage competition involving the completion of three continuous and sequential endurance disciplines. While many variations of the sport exist, triathlon, in its most popular form, involves swimming, cycling, triathletes compete for fastest overall course completion time, including timed transitions between the individual swim, cycle, and run components. The word triathlon is of Greek origin from τρεῖς or treis, a transition area is set up where the athletes change gear for different segments of the race. This is where the switches from swimming to cycling and cycling to running occur and these areas are used to store bicycles, performance apparel, and any other accessories needed for the next stage of the race. The transition from swim to bike is referred to as T1, the athletes overall time for the race includes time spent in T1 and T2. Transition areas vary in size depending on the number of participants expected, in addition, these areas provide a social headquarters before the race. The nature of the focuses on persistent and often periodized training in each of the three disciplines, as well as combination workouts and general strength conditioning. Triathlon is considered by some to have its beginnings in 1920s France and this race is held every year in France near Joinville-le-Pont, in Meulan and Poissy. An earlier tri-sport event in 1902 featured running, cycling, there are documented tri-sport events featuring running, swimming, & cycling in 1920,1921,1945, and the 1960s. In 1920, the French newspaper L´Auto reported on a competition called Les Trois Sports with a 3 km run,12 km bike, and those three parts were done without any break. Another event was held in 1921 in Marseilles with the order of events bike-run-swim, the first modern swim/bike/run event to be called a triathlon was held at Mission Bay, San Diego, California on September 25,1974. The race was conceived and directed by Jack Johnstone and Don Shanahan, members of the San Diego Track Club, and was sponsored by the track club. It was reportedly not inspired by the French events, although a race the year at Fiesta Island, San Diego. The International Triathlon Union was founded in 1989 as the governing body of the sport, with the chief goal, at that time. In addition, the ITU has a Long Distance Triathlon series, the World Triathlon Corporation is a private company that sanctions and organizes the Ironman and Ironman 70.3 races each year. These races serve as qualifying events for their own annual World Championships, the Ironman World Championship is held annually in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii in October while the Ironman 70.3 World Championship is held in September and changes location each year. The Ironman and Iron brands are property of the WTC, therefore, long-distance multi-sport events organized by groups other than the WTC may not officially be called Ironman or Iron races. For its part, the ITU does not sanction WTC races, however, USAT uses a combination of ITU, the Challenge Family brand produces long-distance events around the world, and includes events like Challenge Roth
13.
William Fox-Pitt
–
William Fox-Pitt is an English equestrian who competes in eventing. His career highlights include winning three Olympic medals in the event, with silver in 2004 and 2012, and bronze in 2008. At the World Equestrian Games, he won gold and individual silver in 2010. He also won World team medals in 2002 and 2006, at the European Championships, he has won six team gold medals, as well as Individual silver in 1997 and 2005, and Individual bronze in 2013. A serious fall in 2015 left him in a coma for two weeks, but he came back to make the British eventing team and attend the 2016 Summer Olympics, Fox-Pitt was born in Hampstead, the eldest son of William Oliver Lane Fox-Pitt and Marietta Speed. He was born into a family, with both parents having ridden around Badminton and Burghley and his siblings having been very successful as well. He holds the record for the most wins at the Burghley Horse Trials and he took team bronze at the 2011 Europeans, individual bronze at the 2013 Europeans, and team silver and individual bronze at the 2014 World Equestrian Games. He also represented Great Britain at the, and, winning silver in Athens, team bronze in Beijing. In 2006 he was ranked the leading rider in Britain for the year running and 2nd in the world. William is married to Channel 4 Racing presenter Alice Plunkett and they have two sons, Oliver and Thomas, and two daughters, Chloe and Emily. William is a regular columnist in the equestrian magazine, Horse & Hound. In the eventing world, one of his best known partnerships is with the horse Tamarillo, in October 2015, a fall at a competition in France left him in a coma for two weeks. He was the remaining member of the team who won silver in London 2012
14.
Half-pass
–
The half-pass is a lateral movement seen in dressage, in which the horse moves forward and sideways at the same time. Unlike the easier leg-yield, the horse is bent in the direction of travel, the outside hind and forelegs should cross over the inside legs, with the horses body parallel to the arena wall and his forehand leading. The horse should remain forward, balanced, and bent, moving with cadence, the inside hind leg remains engaged throughout the half-pass, and the horse should not lose its rhythm. The half-pass is a variation of haunches-in, executed on a line instead of along the wall. At higher levels it is used to perform a counter-change of hand, the half-pass requires more balance, engagement, and collection from a horse than the leg-yield. This is because the horse is bent in the direction of movement in the half-pass. In the leg-yield, the horse is straight or looking slightly away from the direction of travel. The half-pass is a movement that requires the horse to engage the hindquarters and increase its impulsion. The half-pass is commonly seen in dressage tests beginning at the United States Dressage Federation third level, the half-pass is usually taught after the haunches-in is well confirmed. It may first be introduced by riding a circle from the long side to the centerline, or a half-volte. The circle naturally places the body in the correct bend. The outside hind leg must step well under the body to push the animal forward. A rider uses an active outside leg slightly behind the position to ask the horse to step forward. The outside rein maintains the correct bend and contains the energy of the horse, the inside leg keeps the horse moving forward, the rider also uses his or her inside seat bone to help maintain bend. If the rider is off-center or twisted, the horse will also be crooked or off-balance, if the horse loses quality in the movement, such as lack of correct bend, loss of rhythm, or stiffness, the rider straightens the horse and rides forward. The beginning and the end of the movement needs special attention concerning control, richard Davison, Dressage Priority Points, Howell Book House, New York 1995 Jennie Loriston-Clarke, The Complete Guide to Dressage. How to Achieve Perfect Harmony between You and Your Horse, principal Movements in Step-by-step Sequences Demonstrated by a World Medallist, Quarto Publishing plc, London 1987, reprinted 1993 Video of the Half-Pass
15.
Shoulder-in
–
The shoulder-in is a lateral movement in dressage used to supple and balance the horse and encourage use of its hindquarters. It is performed on three tracks, where the horse is bent around the riders inside leg so that the horses hind leg. For some authors it is a key lesson of dressage, performed on a daily basis, in the seventeenth century, Antoine de Pluvinel used the basic shoulder-in exercise to increase the horses suppleness and to get the animal used to the aids, especially the leg aids. He felt the exercise helped to make the horse obedient, independently, the Duke of Newcastle developed the exercise. In the eighteenth century, the French riding master Francois Robichon de la Gueriniere adapted the movement for use on straight lines, because the horse is bending away from the direction of travel, the movement requires a certain amount of collection. The shoulder-in can be performed at any forward gait, but in dressage competition it is usually only at the trot. Thus, as the circle becomes the shoulder-in, the shoulders are turned to the inside. The outside rein steadies the horse and helps maintain the correct bend, the riders back and position in the saddle shift toward the horses outside shoulder in order to restrain the horse from moving off the track, maintaining movement along the track. Common errors include use of the inside rein to create the bend for the shoulder-in, doing so creates too much bend in the horses neck compared to its body, and may also pull the horse off the track. The inside rein only asks for flexion, and if the horse is correctly on the aids, variants of the Shoulder-In include the Shoulder-fore, where less angle is asked, and a four-track movement is created. This is an exercise for the younger horse, and can be used in canter work to negate a horses natural tendency toward crookedness. Richard Davison, Dressage Priority Points, Howell Book House, New York 1995, ISBN 0-87605-932-9 Jennie Loriston-Clarke, how to Achieve Perfect Harmony between You and Your Horse. Quarto Publishing plc London 1989, reprinted 1993, ISBN 0-09-174430-X Richtlinien für Reiten und Fahren, ed. by the German Equestrian Federation Warendorf 12th edition 1997, ISBN 3-88542-283-2
16.
Haunches-in
–
Haunches-in, also called travers or tête au mur, is a lateral movement used in the dressage discipline of horse training. It has a cousin, haunches-out, renvers, or croupe au mur. Both movements are four-track, meaning they produce four lines of hoof prints in the sand, in haunches-in, the horse bends its hindquarters slightly to the inside of the arena, away from the arena wall, so that the horse is bent in the direction of movement. The front legs and shoulders should not move from the original track, in haunches-out, the horse is similarly bent in the direction of movement, but the hindquarters are bent toward the arena wall instead of away from it. This movement is considered to be more difficult than travers, a horse that naturally moves with its haunches slightly to the inside is simply travelling crooked, and is not performing haunches-in. Additionally, travers is a stone to the more advanced half-pass, and goes together with the turn on the haunches. Renvers is an exercise to counteract the tendency of many horses to travel crookedly. It is employed by the Spanish Riding School, due to their belief that travers encourages the horse to travel crookedly with their haunches leaning toward the center of the arena, renvers therefore provides all the benefits of travers, without any of the drawbacks. When first introducing the movement, the rider begins with haunches-in, like all lateral movements, it is best to begin with a few steps of haunches-in when first teaching it, asking for quality rather than quantity. Additionally, the rider should ask for only a slight bend to the inside, after performing the movement, the horse should be asked to move straight ahead and forward. To ask for the haunches in, the uses the outside leg to guide the horses hindquarters from the track. The riders outside leg is used behind the position to controls the outside hind leg of the horse, keeping it inward from the track. This both encourages and requires collection and impulsion in this movement, the riders inside leg asks the horse to bend in the direction of movement and to maintain forward motion and rhythm. The inside rein used to keep the horse looking in the direction of travel, renvers is slightly more difficult because the arena wall is not in a position to guide the horses shoulders and requires the horse to be consistently and correctly on the aids. The movement quickly identifies a rider who uses the wall as a crutch, when moving along the wall of the arena, the horses shoulders move toward the inside and the horse remains bent in the direction of movement. Renvers may be asked for through a pessade, to position the horse properly. It may also be asked after going across the diagonal in half-pass, richard Davison, Dressage Priority Points, Howell Book House, New York 1995, ISBN 0-87605-932-9 Jenny Loriston-Clarke, The Complete Guide to Dressage. How to Achieve Perfect Harmony between You and Your Horse, - Principal Movements in Step-by-step Sequences
17.
Lead (leg)
–
Lead refers to which set of legs, left or right, leads or advances forward to a greater extent when a quadruped animal is cantering, galloping, or leaping. The feet on the leading side touch the ground forward of its partner, on the left lead, the animals left legs lead. The choice of lead is of special interest in horse riding, a lead change refers to an animal, usually a horse, moving in a canter or gallop, changing from one lead to the other. There are two forms of lead change, simple and flying. It is very easy to define the correct lead from the incorrect lead, when a horse is executing the correct lead, the inside front and hind legs reach farther forwards than the outside legs. In a transverse or lateral or united canter and gallop, the leg on the same side as the leading foreleg advances more. In horses this is the norm, in a rotatory or diagonal or disunited canter and gallop, the hind leg on the opposite side advances more. In horses, it is more often not an undesirable gait form, also known as rotary and round galloping, and as moving disunited, cross-firing. In animals such as dogs, deer, and elk, however, some authorities define the leading leg in the singular form as the last to leave the ground before the one or two periods of suspension within each stride. In these cases, because the canter has only one moment of suspension, because in some animals the gallop has two moments of suspension, some authorities recognize a lead in each pair of legs, fore and hind. So when an animal is in a rotatory gait, it is called disunited, due to different leading legs in the front and hind. A horse is balanced when on the correct lead of the canter, that is to say. If a horse is on the lead, it may be unbalanced. The standard canter is movement where the horse travels in a transverse canter bent slightly in the direction of the leading inside front and rear legs. In standard horse show competition, travel on the lead is almost always considered correct. The only exceptions are when a counter-canter is specifically requested, or in some timed events where leads are not evaluated, in equestrian competition, a show ring hand gallop, or gallop in hand is a true lengthening of stride. However, the remains in control and excess speed is penalized. Usually the constraints of an arena and the presence of other animals prevent the gait from extending into the four-beat form of the racing gallop
18.
Piaffe
–
The piaffe is a dressage movement where the horse is in a highly collected and cadenced trot, in place or nearly in place. The center of gravity of the horse should be more towards the end, with the hindquarters slightly lowered. The front end of the horse is highly mobile, free, and light, with great flexion in the joints of the front legs, and the horse remains light in the hand. The horse should retain a clear and even rhythm, show great impulsion, as in all dressage, the horse should perform in a calm manner and remain on the bit with a round back. The piaffe was originally used in battle to keep the focused, warm. In modern times, the piaffe is mostly taught as an upper level movement in Classical dressage, additionally, it is needed to develop the levade and from that, the airs above the ground. The following are elements of the piaffe, The piaffe is straight. The legs do not move out to the side or cross, the horse lowers his hindquarters, collects, and raises the shoulders by taking weight onto the hindquarters, rather than hollowing the back and piaffing with the hindquarters trailing out behind. Bending of the joints is not always an indication of true collection. It is possible to perform a movement with good bend in the legs while the horse remains hollow. This can especially be seen in horses trained to trot in place by holding them back while asking the hindlegs to bend by applying the whip on the hocks, the horse will bend the hocks, but will not lower the hindquarters. The horse is not to raise the hind legs higher than the front, the horse remains relaxed and supple. An incorrect piaffe has short, jerky steps, the horse does not move his fore legs backwards toward his hind legs, so that they are more under his body, but rather keep them perpendicular to the ground. The horse remains at or in front of the vertical, with his poll as the highest point, the horse maintains the rhythm and tempo of the trot
19.
Passage (dressage)
–
The passage is a movement seen in upper-level dressage, in which the horse performs a highly elevated and extremely powerful trot. The horse is very collected and moves with great impulsion, the hindquarters are very engaged, and the knees and hocks are flexed more than the other trot types. The horse appears to trot in slow motion, making it look as if it is dancing, the passage is first introduced in the dressage intermediaire test II. A horse must be well-confirmed in its training to perform the passage, and must be proficient in collecting while remaining energetic, calm, the horse must also have built up the correct muscles to do the strenuous movement. Olympic Ferro performing the passage Analysis of the ideal Passage
20.
Veterinary physician
–
In many cases, the activities that may be undertaken by a veterinarian are restricted only to those professionals who are registered as a veterinarian. Most veterinary physicians work in clinical settings, treating animals directly, as with other healthcare professionals, veterinarians face ethical decisions about the care of their patients. The word veterinary comes from the Latin veterinae meaning working animals, Veterinarian was first used in print by Thomas Browne in 1646. The first veterinary college was founded in Lyon, France in 1762 by Claude Bourgelat, according to Lupton, after observing the devastation being caused by cattle plague to the French herds, Bourgelat devoted his time to seeking out a remedy. The Odiham Agricultural Society was founded in 1783 in England to promote agriculture and industry, a 1785 Society meeting resolved to promote the study of Farriery upon rational scientific principles. The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons was established by charter in 1844. Veterinary science came of age in the late 19th century, with contributions from Sir John McFadyean. Veterinarians treat disease, disorder or injury in animals, which includes diagnosis, treatment, the scope of practice, specialty and experience of the individual veterinarian will dictate exactly what interventions they perform, but most will perform surgery. Unlike in human medicine, veterinarians must rely primarily on clinical signs, additionally, there are scenarios where euthanasia is considered due to the constrains of the clients finances. As with human medicine, much work is concerned with prophylactic treatment. Common interventions include vaccination against common illnesses, such as distemper or rabies. This may also involve owner education so as to future medical or behavioral issues. Additionally veterinarians have important roles in health and the prevention of zoonoses. The majority of veterinarians are employed in private practice treating animals, small animal veterinarians typically work in veterinary clinics, veterinary hospitals, or both. Large animal veterinarians often spend time travelling to see their patients at the primary facilities which house them. Other employers include charities treating animals, colleges of medicine, research laboratories, animal food companies. In many countries, the government may also be an employer of veterinarians. State and local governments also employ veterinarians, Veterinarians and their practices may be specialized in certain areas of veterinary medicine
21.
Circulatory system of the horse
–
The circulatory system of the horse consists of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood. The equine heart is a pump that circulates blood throughout the body. It is more globoid in shape than the heart and consists of four chambers, the left and right atria. The average adult horse has a 3. 6-kilogram heart, although it can be more than twice this size, the heart grows until the horse is 4 years of age, although it can increase slightly in size as a response to conditioning. Heart size does not necessarily correlate to the size of the horse, Circulatory capacity is partially determined by functional mass of the heart and spleen. Once the oxygen has entered the bloodstream it must be transported to working muscle, blood is made up of red blood cells and white blood cells, as well as plasma. Produced in bone marrow, red cells are responsible for carrying oxygen to tissue and removing carbon dioxide. White blood cells are used for defense against pathogens in the immune system, plasma suspends the blood cells, contains clotting factors, and contributes to the greatest volume of blood. The heart and blood vessels contain approximately 34 l of blood in a 450 kg horse, the spleen removes damaged red blood cells from circulation. It also holds extra blood cells, releasing them during exertion to increase blood volume, the horse hoof contains a structural component known as the frog, which covers the deeper structure of the hoof known as the digital cushion, a vessel-filled tissue. When the horse places weight on a leg, the ground upward on the frog, compressing it. This results in squeezing blood out of the cushion, which then helps to pump it back up the leg. The average pulse is 28–45 beats per minute in a mature horse, depending on cardiovascular fitness and the horses response to exercise, this drops significantly within 15–30 seconds after the horse stops galloping. A two-year-old horse may have a slightly faster pulse, and a 2–4-week-old foal normally has a pulse between 70 and 90 bpm, in these cases, the resting heart rate may be above 80 in an adult animal. When the heart rate is below 20 bpm, the horse may be hypothermic, or have pressure on the brain, heart disease, Heart rate may be determined with a stethoscope, placed just behind the left elbow of the animal. The pulse may also be felt when taken on a close to the skin. The radial pulse may be right behind the back of the knee. The digital pulse is taken on the inside of the pastern and it is usually very faint and difficult to find, although certain problems, such as laminitis, will make it quite strong
22.
Refusal (horse)
–
In horse riding, a refusal is the failure of a horse to jump a fence to which he/she is presented. This includes any stop in forward motion, a runout occurs when the horse quickly slides past or ducks out of a fence instead of jumping it, without stopping forward motion. Refusals and runouts are counted against riders in jumping competitions, in show jumping and the stadium phase of eventing, a refusal is worth four penalty points. In the cross-country phase of eventing, a refusal counts as 20 penalty points, refusals also have the potential to unseat the rider, which may result in rider injury, such as that of Christopher Reeve. Refusals also present the possibility that the horse may crash into the obstacle. In extreme cases, however, it may be best for a horse to refuse rather than jump a fence which he cannot clear, as he might land on the fence, fall on landing, or flip over. There are several reasons for refusals, therefore a rider must try to identify the problem before reprimanding the horse for his disobedience, if a horse has begun to refuse frequently when before it was willing, a veterinary exam can be performed to rule out pain. Additionally, riders who do not release over the fence, preventing the horse from stretching down, will hit the horse in the mouth with the bit, if this happens frequently, the horse will associate the pain with the jumping effort itself, and may begin to refuse. Horses that have begun to refuse due to rider error often require retraining
23.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
24.
Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics
–
The equestrian program at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, included five medal events. There were individual competitions in dressage, eventing, and show jumping, team scores were also gathered and medals awarded for teams in the eventing and jumping competitions. Equestrian had been absent from the Olympic program since the 1900 Summer Olympics,10 nations competed, Belgium, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the USA. Only Sweden and Germany were able to supply a team for all 3 disciplines, with several countries having several riders. A total of 88 entries ran in the 3 events, with 62 riders and 70 horses, a total of 40 riders from 8 nations contested the jumping event, which consisted of a 15-obstacle, 29-effort course. It had a height of 1.40 meters and width of 4.00 meters. Individual and team competitions ran over the course but were held separately. A maximum of 6 riders per country was allowed in the jumping event. The dressage competition had 21 riders from 8 countries, riders could garner bonus points for riding with one hand. The eventing competition had 7 nations competing with a total of 27 riders, the team event had 3 or 4 riders per nation, who were required to be officers on army mounts. The format differed greatly from what is used, being held over 5 days. The first day was a 55km endurance ride to be completed in 4 hours, on the second day the horses were rested before coming out on the third day for a 3500m steeplechase over 10 obstacles, to be completed in 5min and 50 seconds. The fourth day was a jumping test, over a 15-obstacle course with a height of 1.30 metes and 3.00 meters in width. The final day held the dressage test, each phase could garner up to 10 points. A total of 62 riders from 10 nations competed at the Stockholm Games, the Official Report of the Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912. Archived from the original on 2008-04-10
25.
Stockholm
–
The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
26.
Sweden
–
Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
27.
Non-commissioned officer
–
A non-commissioned officer or noncommissioned officer is a military officer who has not earned a commission. Such is also called sub-officer in some countries, Non-commissioned officers, in the English-speaking world, usually obtain their position of authority by promotion through the enlisted ranks. In contrast, commissioned officers hold higher ranks than NCOs, have more legal responsibilities, are paid more, commissioned officers usually earn their commissions without having risen through the enlisted ranks. Mustang is a term in the United States Armed Forces used to refer to a commissioned officer who began his or her career as an enlisted service member. The NCO corps usually includes all grades of corporal and sergeant, in some countries, the naval equivalent includes some or all grades of petty officer, although not all navies class their petty officers as NCOs. There are different classes of non-commissioned officer, including junior non-commissioned officers, the non-commissioned officer corps is often referred to as the backbone of the armed services, as they are the primary and most visible leaders for most military personnel. Additionally, they are the leaders responsible for executing a military organizations mission. NCO training and education typically includes leadership and management as well as service-specific, senior NCOs are considered the primary link between enlisted personnel and the commissioned officers in a military organization. Their advice and guidance is important for junior officers, who begin their careers in a position of authority. In the Australian Army, Lance corporals and corporals are classified as junior NCOs, while sergeants, in the New South Wales Police Force, NCOs perform supervisory and coordination roles. The ranks of probationary constable through to leading senior constable are referred to as constables, all NCOs within the NSW Police are given a warrant of appointment under the Commissioners hand and seal. All officers within the Australian Defence Force Cadets are non-commissioned, ADFC officers are appointed by the Director-General of their respective branch. In the Canadian Forces, the Queens Regulations and Orders formally defined a non-commissioned officer as A Canadian Forces member holding the rank of Sergeant or Corporal. In the 1990s, the term non-commissioned member was introduced to all ranks in the Canadian Forces from recruit to chief warrant officer. In the Royal Canadian Navy, however, the definition of NCO reflects the international use of the term. Junior Non-commissioned officers mess and billet with privates and seamen, their mess is usually referred to as the junior ranks mess, as a group, NCOs rank above privates and below warrant officers. The term non-commissioned members includes these ranks, in the Finnish Defence Force, NCOs includes all ranks from corporal to sergeant major. Ranks of lance corporal and leading seaman are considered not to be NCO ranks and this ruling applies to all branches of service and also to the troops of the Border Guard
28.
Steeplechase
–
A steeplechase is a distance horse race in which competitors are required to jump diverse fence and ditch obstacles. Steeplechasing is primarily conducted in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Australia, modern usage of the term steeplechase differs between countries. In Ireland and the United Kingdom, it only to races run over large, fixed obstacles. The collective term jump racing or National Hunt racing is used referring to steeplechases. Elsewhere in the world, steeplechase is used to refer to any race that involves jumping obstacles. The most famous steeplechase in the world is the Grand National run annually at Aintree Racecourse, in Liverpool, since its inception in 1836, which in 2014 offered a prize fund of £1 million. The steeplechase originated in Ireland in the 18th century as an analogue to cross-country thoroughbred horse races which went from church steeple to church steeple, an account of the race was believed to have been in the library of the OBriens of Dromoland Castle. Most of the earlier steeplechases were contested cross-country rather than on a track, the first recorded steeplechase over a prepared track with fences was run at Bedford in 1810, although a race had been run at Newmarket in 1794 over a mile with five-foot bars every quarter mile. The first recognised English National Steeplechase took place on Monday 8 March 1830, the 4-mile race, organised by Thomas Coleman of St Albans, was run from Bury Orchard, Harlington in Bedfordshire to the Obelisk in Wrest Park, Bedfordshire. The winner was Captain Macdowall on The Wonder, owned by Lord Ranelagh, report of the event appeared in the May and July editions of Sporting Magazine in 1830. In Great Britain and Ireland, steeplechase only refers to one branch of jump racing, collectively, Great Britain and Ireland account for over 50% of all jump races worldwide, carding 4,800 races over fences in 2008. Jump racing in Great Britain and Ireland is officially known as National Hunt racing, French jump racing is similar to British and Irish National Hunt races, with a few notable differences. Hurdles are not collapsible, being akin to small brush fences. Chases often have large fences called bullfinches, a large hedge up to 8 ft tall that horses have to jump rather than over. There are also a number of cross-country chases where horses have to jump up and down banks, gallop through water. Auteuil in Paris is perhaps the best known racecourse in France for French jump racing, the Velká pardubická Steeplechase in Pardubice in the Czech Republic is the location of one of the longest steeplechase races in Europe. The first Velka Pardubice Steeplechase was held on 5 November 1874, in the United States, there are two forms of steeplechasing, hurdle and timber. National fences stand 52 inches tall at the highest point, but are made of synthetic brush that can be brushed through
29.
1924 Summer Olympics
–
The 1924 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the VIII Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1924 in Paris, France. It was the second time Paris hosted the games, after 1900, the selection process for the 1924 Summer Olympics consisted of six bids, and Paris was selected ahead of Amsterdam, Barcelona, Los Angeles, Prague, and Rome. The selection was made at the 20th IOC Session in Lausanne in 1921, the cost of the Games of the VIII Olympiad was estimated to be 10,000, 000₣. With total receipts at 5,496, 610₣, the Olympics resulted in a hefty loss despite crowds that reached 60,000 people at a time. The opening ceremony and several sporting events took place in the Olympic Stadium of Colombes and this VIII Olympiad was the last one organised under the presidency of Pierre de Coubertin. The Flying Finns dominated the distance running, while the British. Paavo Nurmi won the 1500 m and 5,000 m, ville Ritola won the 10,000 m and the 3,000 m steeplechase, while finishing second to Nurmi on the 5,000 m and cross country. Albin Stenroos won the marathon, while the Finnish team was victorious in the 3,000 m, British runners Harold Abrahams and Eric Liddell won the 100 m and 400 m events, respectively. Their stories are depicted in the 1981 movie Chariots of Fire, in addition, Douglas Lowe won the 800 m competition. The marathon distance was fixed at 42.195 km, from the run at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. The 1924 Olympics were the first to use the standard 50 m pool with marked lanes, swimmer Johnny Weissmuller won three gold medals in swimming and one bronze in water polo. Harold Osborn won gold medals and set Olympic records in both the high jump and the decathlon at the 1924 Olympics, fencer Roger Ducret of France won five medals, of which three were gold. In gymnastics,24 men scored a perfect 10, twenty-three of them scored it in the now-discontinued event of rope climbing. Albert Seguin scored a 10 here and also a perfect 10 on side vault, unexpectedly, the national team of Uruguay won the gold medal in football. The Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius was used for the first time at the Olympics and it had been used before by the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques, a French sporting federation whose founding members included Pierre de Coubertin. De Coubertin took the motto from his friend Henri Didon, a Dominican priest who had coined during a speech before a Paris youth gathering of 1891 and these were the first Games to feature an Olympic Village. The Art competitions at the 1924 Summer Olympics were the first time that the Olympic Art competitions were contested seriously, a total of 14 medals were awarded, though none were given in the music category. 126 events in 23 disciplines, comprising 17 sports, were part of the Olympic program in 1924, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses
30.
Kentucky Three-Day Event
–
The Rolex Kentucky Three Day Event is an eventing competition held at the Kentucky Horse Park in Lexington, Kentucky. Rolex Kentucky is a CCI**** eventing competition, four stars is the highest level of competition in the sport, the same level of competition as Eventing at the Olympics and the World Equestrian Games. The event is sponsored by Rolex watches and is known by many equestrians simply as Rolex, prize money of $350,000 is distributed among the top placings with $110,000 as well as a Rolex watch awarded to the first place horse and rider. Although the events name continues to reflect its roots as a three-day competition, due to large number of entries, both Thursday and Friday are devoted to Dressage. Cross-country is on Saturday, and show-jumping is on Sunday, Rolex is held the last weekend of April, the week before the Kentucky Derby. It is one of the three events in the Rolex Grand Slam of Eventing, in 1974, Bruce Davidson and the United States Equestrian Team won individual and team gold at the World Championships held in Burghley, England and Bowers took 2nd place. This gave the United States the right to hold the next World Championships four years later, the Kentucky Horse Park in Lexington, Kentucky was due to open around the same time, and plans were made to hold the World Championships there. Equestrian Events, Inc. was formed to as an organization to help plan the competition. The first horse trials at the Kentucky Horse Park was held in 1976, in 1977, the National Pony Club Rally and the North American Junior Three-Day Event Championships were also held there. The 1978 event had more than 170,000 spectators and added more than $4 million to the local economy, the event was broadcast worldwide, as well as nationally on CBS. The success of the World Championships helped to convince the EEU to continue the event annually, today, the event is broadcast worldwide in 18 languages. Although the event began as an advanced three-day, and later included open intermediate and preliminary competitions, today it holds the highest level. Intermediate-level competition was held in 1979 and from 1985 to 1981, an Advanced-level CCI was held from 1980 to 1999 up to the *** level, with Advanced Horse Trials also held from 1992 to 1996. The CCI**** was begun in 1998, and has been held annually since, since 2000, the CCI**** is the only competition held during this time, and the preliminary, intermediate, and CCI*** levels are not offered. Rolex Kentucky had also hoped to continue the format, despite the other major events around the world switching to the short format. However, in 2006 it was announced that, due to lack of funds and interest from upper level riders, therefore, all competition run before 2005 was run classic format, and the 2006 event onward will be run in the short format. The CCI**** competition was first suggested in 1994 by Denny Emerson, previously, American riders trained in England when they were preparing for international competition, as the country had the only two annual CCI**** at that time, Badminton and Burghley. The USET began making plans in 1996, and held the countrys first and this sport takes many different precautions concerning the horses health
31.
Badminton Horse Trials
–
The Badminton Horse Trials is a three-day event, one of only six annual Concours Complet International Four Star **** events as classified by the Fédération Équestre Internationale. It takes place in April or May each year in the park of Badminton House, Badminton was first held in 1949 by the 10th Duke of Beaufort in order to let British riders train for international events, and was advertised as the most important horse event in Britain. It was the second event held in Britain, with the first being its inspiration – the 1948 Olympics. The first Badminton had 22 horses from Britain and Ireland start, eight of the 22 starters failed to complete the cross-country course. Badminton was the home of the first European Championship in 1953, in 1955, Badminton moved to Windsor Castle for a year, at the invitation of the Queen, in order to hold the second European Championships. Badminton was first televised in 1956, in 1959, Badminton was held in two sections, called the Great and Little Badminton, due to the popularity of the event and the number of entries. The horses in the two sections jumped the same fences, but were separated into the two based on their money winnings. This graded approach was abandoned after the 1965 event, Badminton is held in the 6 square kilometre Badminton Park, where the car parks, tradestands, arena and cross country courses are located. Badminton has been cancelled on several occasions – in 1966,1975,1987 and 2012 the event was cancelled completely, in 2001 it was cancelled due to foot and mouth disease. In 2012 it was cancelled due to waterlogged ground, together with the four-star rated Rolex Kentucky Three Day and the Burghley Horse Trials, Badminton forms the Rolex Grand Slam of Eventing. Only two people have won the Grand Slam, Pippa Funnell in 1993 and Michael Jung in 2015/16. Australian Andrew Hoy nearly took the title in 2007 but lost it when he had a pole down at Burghley, the remaining CCI**** rated events are the Luhmühlen Horse Trials, the Australian International Three Day Event and the Stars of Pau. It is also now part of the HSBC FEI Classics—a points-based system containing the CCI**** events, the cross-country day at Badminton attracts crowds of up to a quarter of a million and is the second largest for money made in the world. 1964 James Templer, MLord Connolly 1965 Eddie Boylan, Durlas Eile 1966 Event cancelled due to bad weather
32.
Burghley Horse Trials
–
The Land Rover Burghley Horse Trials is an annual three-day event held at Burghley House near Stamford, Lincolnshire, England, currently in early September. The Land Rover Freelander Burghley Horse Trial is classified by the FEI as one of the six leading three-day events in the world and it has competition at CCI**** level. The prize for first place is currently £50,000, prize money is given down to 20th place. Burghley is also one of the three events in the Grand Slam of Eventing, run in conjunction with the event since 1990 is the Burghley Young Event Horse final, which judges 4 and 5 year old horses on their potential as future Olympic mounts. Since then no other international horse trials site has staged as many championships and it is the longest continuous running international event. Up to 2006 there have been six course designers, Bill Thomson,1975, Philip Herbert 1984 –1988, Captain Mark Phillips, C. V. O. 1989 –1996 and 1998 –2000, Mike Tucker 1997 and 2001, Wolfgang Feld 2002 –2004 and Capt
33.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
34.
Mary King (equestrian)
–
Mary Elizabeth King MBE is a British equestrian who competes in eventing. She has represented Great Britain at six Olympics from 1992 to 2012, winning silver in 2004 and 2012. At the World Equestrian Games, she won gold in 1994 and 2010. She has also won four golds and one team bronze medal at the European Eventing Championships. Kings individual honours include European bronze in 1995 and European Silver in 2007 and she is a four-time British Open Champion. Mary King was born in Newark-on-Trent on 8 June 1961 and her father, Lieutenant-Commander M D H Thomson was a naval officer who suffered for the rest of his life from the consequences of a motorcycle accident that happened before Mary was born. Latterly he took the position of verger in Salcombe Regis parish church and her mother Patricia Gillian continues the role of verger at the church. Mary also has an elder brother Simon Francis Bennett Thomson and she attended Manor House Independent School, Kings Grammar School and Evendine Court School of Domestic Economy. She did not grow up in a family, but became fascinated by the vicars pony. After that, she rode everything she could, even a donkey and it was not until she went to watch the Badminton Horse Trials, aged 11, with Axe Vale Pony Club, that she realised she wanted to become a professional three-day-event rider. After school, she went to work for Sheila Willcox, a former European Champion, a longing to travel took her to Zermatt where she worked as a chalet girl and which she described as being great fun and a doddle after working in the yard. Subsequently she joined the ship, Sir Winston Churchill, first as a trainee, then as a watch leader. Mary King converted a couple of cow sheds in a disused farmyard near her home and looked after other peoples horses, gave riding lessons and bought, to supplement her income, she cleaned houses, cooked, kept gardens tidy for people and delivered meat for the local butcher. Funding proved even more difficult in 1988 when she started competing professionally and this changed, when after being offered good money for Divers Rock, a horse on which she had achieved 7th place at Badminton, she turned the offer down commenting Id rather be famous than rich. It proved to be the decision because she secured her first sponsorship deal on the back of her success. Mary King went to her first Badminton in 1985, finishing in place with Divers Rock. She later won the event again in 2000 with Star Appeal, Mary also won Burghley Horse Trials with Star Appeal in 1996. In 2011 Mary became the first rider to win Kentucky 4* with a homebred horse, Kings Temptress. In 2001, whilst exercising horses at her home, she had a fall which broke her neck and she has won six team gold medals at World Equestrian Games and European Championships
35.
Lucinda Green
–
Lucinda Green MBE is a British equestrian and journalist who competed in eventing. She is the 1982 World Champion and a two-time European Champion and she also won World team Gold, three European team golds and an Olympic silver medal in the team event in 1984. Between 1973 and 1984, she won a six times at the Badminton Horse Trials. She also won the Burghley Horse Trials in 1977 and 1981 and her other grandfather was Prior Spunner Prior-Palmer of Dublin. She has a brother, Simon Erroll Prior-Palmer and a half-sister, Karol Ann Maxwell and she attended the independent St Marys School in Wantage. Green married Australian equestrian David Green in 1981 in Salisbury and they have a son Freddie and daughter Lissa and her niece is Lara Prior-Palmer, the first British person and first woman to win the Mongol Derby. In addition, she was placed second on Village Gossip and she has also won the Tony Collins Trophy, awarded to the British rider with the greatest number of points in eventing in a season, a record seven times. Green first represented Britain at the 1973 European Championships at Kiev and she competed in the European Championships a total of seven times and was European Champion in 1975, on Be Fair, and again in 1977, on George. She attended her first Olympics in 1976, at the Montreal Games, however, she had to retire after the cross-country event after her mount, Be Fair, slipped a tendon on course. Greens 1981 career included a win at the Burghley Horse Trials on Beagle Bay and she was part of the silver medal winning British Team at the 1983 European Eventing Championships in Switzerland, where she also won an individual silver medal. In 1984, Green attended Badminton, and not only won for the time, on Beagle Bay. Later that year, at the Los Angeles Olympics, she represented the silver medal British Team, Green was team GBs flag bearer at the opening ceremony in Los Angeles, leading the British team into the arena during the parade of nations. She was short-listed to attend the 1986 World Championships as well, however, in late 1986 she went on to win the event at Boekelo. Green finished her career after attending the 1987 European Championships in Luhmuhlen. She now is a commentator for major events, and conducts clinics worldwide, Green is a member of the Board of Directors of British Eventing, formerly the British Horse Trials Association and a team selector. Red Mile Entertainment released the video game Lucinda Greens Equestrian Challenge for the PlayStation 2 game console on 16 November 2006. org. uk Lucinda Green at britisheventing. com Lundy, Darryl
36.
Christopher Bartle
–
Christopher Bartle is a British equestrian who has enjoyed success in both Dressage and Eventing. He is currently the Managing Director of the Yorkshire Riding Centre and from 2001 together with Hans Melzer, Chris is the brother of Jane Bartle-Wilson, who was also an Olympian in the 84 Los Angeles Olympics. Chris Bartle was educated at Ampleforth College and the University of Bristol where he obtained a BSc with honours in Economics, after his university years Chris was an amateur jockey, but being 5ft11 he struggled to keep his weight down in order to establish himself. This prompted his first spell in Three day eventing and he was initially trained by his mother, Mrs Nicole Bartle and then later by Hans von Blixen-Finecke, Jr. While preparing for the 1976 Burghley Horse Trials Bartles horse, Wily Trout, however, Wily Trout showed potential in dressage. One year later Bartle was competing at the World Championships as an individual, the combination went on to become part of the British Dressage Team from 1981-1987. In this time Bartle competed at the 84 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles for the British team. The team came 8th, but Chris Bartle tied for 6th in the event to make history by becoming the highest placed British rider. Chris and Wily Trouts last major contribution in dressage came when they was second placed at the first Dressage World Cup Final in s-Hertogenbosch 1986 and this period was capped off when Bartle was awarded the British Equestrian Federations Medal of Honour in 1986. He also travelled with Word Perfect to the Sydney Olympics in 2000, in 1995 Christopher Bartle received the British Horse Societys Trainers Award, and in 2001 was awarded Honorary Fellowship of the British Horse Society. His experience led to him writing Training the Sport Horse, which he co-authored with Gilliam Newsum, the book was published by J. A. Allen in 2004. Locally Christopher Bartle trains many British International level riders, notably for many years the British team rider Nicola Wilson from Northallerton, Bartle has been the Managing Director and resident instructor at the Yorkshire Riding Centre for many years, developing a wealth of knowledge. Short biography of Christopher Bartle in German, Bartle finds right lines on Word Perfect
37.
ASTM International
–
ASTM International is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. Some 12,575 ASTM voluntary consensus standards operate globally, the organizations headquarters is in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, about 5 mi northwest of Philadelphia. ASTM, founded in 1898 as the American Section of the International Association for Testing Materials, predates other standards such as the BSI, IEC, DIN, ANSI, AFNOR. A group of scientists and engineers, led by Charles Benjamin Dudley formed ASTM in 1898 to address the frequent rail breaks affecting the fast-growing railroad industry, the group developed a standard for the steel used to fabricate rails. In 2014, it has changed the tagline to Helping our World Work better, now, ASTM International has offices in Belgium, Canada, China, Mexico and Washington, D. C. Membership in the organization is open to anyone with an interest in its activities, standards are developed within committees, and new committees are formed as needed, upon request of interested members. Membership in most committees is voluntary and is initiated by the members own request, members are classified as users, producers, consumers, and general interest. The latter include academics and consultants, users include industry users, who may be producers in the context of other technical committees, and end-users such as consumers. In order to meet the requirements of antitrust laws, producers must constitute less than 50% of every committee or subcommittee, because of these restrictions, there can be a substantial waiting-list of producers seeking organizational memberships on the more popular committees. Members can, however, participate without a vote and their input will be fully considered. As of 2015, ASTM has more than 30,000 members, including over 1,150 organizational members, ASTM International has no role in requiring or enforcing compliance with its standards. The standards, however, may become mandatory when referenced by a contract, corporation. In the United States, ASTM standards have been adopted, by incorporation or by reference, in federal, state. The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act, passed in 1995, the Act reflects what had long been recommended as best practice within the federal government. Other governments also have referenced ASTM standards Corporations doing international business may choose to reference an ASTM standard, International Organization for Standardisation Materials property Pt/Co scale Technical standard Media related to ASTM at Wikimedia Commons ASTM International
38.
International Organization for Standardization
–
The International Organization for Standardization is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promotes worldwide proprietary and it is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and as of March 2017 works in 162 countries. It was one of the first organizations granted general consultative status with the United Nations Economic, ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, is an independent, non-governmental organization, the members of which are the standards organizations of the 162 member countries. It is the worlds largest developer of international standards and facilitates world trade by providing common standards between nations. Nearly twenty thousand standards have been set covering everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, use of the standards aids in the creation of products and services that are safe, reliable and of good quality. The standards help businesses increase productivity while minimizing errors and waste, by enabling products from different markets to be directly compared, they facilitate companies in entering new markets and assist in the development of global trade on a fair basis. The standards also serve to safeguard consumers and the end-users of products and services, the three official languages of the ISO are English, French, and Russian. The name of the organization in French is Organisation internationale de normalisation, according to the ISO, as its name in different languages would have different abbreviations, the organization adopted ISO as its abbreviated name in reference to the Greek word isos. However, during the meetings of the new organization, this Greek word was not invoked. Both the name ISO and the logo are registered trademarks, the organization today known as ISO began in 1926 as the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations. ISO is an organization whose members are recognized authorities on standards. Members meet annually at a General Assembly to discuss ISOs strategic objectives, the organization is coordinated by a Central Secretariat based in Geneva. A Council with a membership of 20 member bodies provides guidance and governance. The Technical Management Board is responsible for over 250 technical committees, ISO has formed joint committees with the International Electrotechnical Commission to develop standards and terminology in the areas of electrical and electronic related technologies. Information technology ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 was created in 1987 to evelop, maintain, ISO has three membership categories, Member bodies are national bodies considered the most representative standards body in each country. These are the members of ISO that have voting rights. Correspondent members are countries that do not have their own standards organization and these members are informed about ISOs work, but do not participate in standards promulgation. Subscriber members are countries with small economies and they pay reduced membership fees, but can follow the development of standards
39.
Equestrian helmet
–
An equestrian helmet is a form of protective headgear worn when riding horses. Certified helmets are required headgear for many competitive riding events, particularly where horse, helmets are worn more often by English-style riders and are gaining acceptance as required headgear for children. They are also accepted in fields such as horse racing, eventing or show jumping. They are required in eventing, in riding and other types of competitions. People who take their horses hacking or trail riding sometimes wear helmets, though there are variations in helmet use in different regions. In the United States, use is by fewer than one in eight riders, some states, such as Florida and New York, are starting to require by law that riders under the age of 14 wear helmets at equestrian establishments, on public highways and publicly owned land. An equestrian helmet has a shell on the outside of an impact-resistant resin or plastic. The brim is particularly flexible and will give way immediately in the event a rider lands on it, beneath the shell are materials designed to absorb the impact of a fall or blow. The inside is lined and often padded in order to be comfortable for the rider, ventilation is usually worked into the design, and a harness is attached to keep the helmet on the head at all times. Equestrian helmets have sport-specific differences from those used in other sports, for this reason, a helmet designed for another sport, such as bicycle or motorcycle helmet, is not deemed suitable for riding horses. Aside from safety features, aerodynamics are less important in a riding helmet than in a bicycle or even a motorcycle helmet, the appearance of riding helmets is frequently based on that of an English hunt cap. In addition good ventilation and comfort are considered important features of a riding helmet, some riders feel that riding helmets are hot, uncomfortable or unattractive and do not want to wear them. However, the hunt cap, which modern helmets attempt to resemble. Neither do other types of popular with riders, including the derby, cowboy hat. Use of helmets by beginning riders is becoming a common requirement, typically, helmets must meet one or more specific safety standards to be permitted for use in competition. The United States Equestrian Federation requires that, in classes that mandate a helmet to be worn, while other horse show events do not mandate helmets, the rules have changed in recent years to permit helmets as optional headgear in any class. All riders are required to wear certified helmets while competing in Hunter, Jumpers, and Hunt Seat Equitation classes, and in any class, including Hunter Hack. They must fasten their helmet harness and must verify that the helmet meets or exceeds the current standard, riding helmets traditionally reflect the conservative style of dress that characterized earlier non-protective English riding headwear
