1.
Beiyang government
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The Beiyang government, also sometimes spelled Peiyang Government, refers to the government of the Republic of China, which was in place in the capital city Beijing from 1912 to 1928. It was internationally recognized as the legitimate Chinese government, the name derives from the Beiyang Army, which dominated its politics with the rise of Yuan Shikai, who was a general of the previous imperial Qing government. After his death the army fractured into competing factions, although the government and the state were nominally under civilian control under a constitution, the Beiyang generals were effectively in charge of it, with various factions vying for power. The government however enjoyed legitimacy abroad along with recognition, had access to the tax and customs revenue. Domestically, its legitimacy however was challenged by Sun Yat-sens Guangzhou-based Kuomintang government movement in 1917 and his successor Chiang Kai-shek defeated the Beiyang warlords during the Northern Expedition in 1926–28 and overthrew the government. The Kuomintang installed their Nationalist government in Nanjing and Chinas political order became a one-party regime, the relevant ministers had to countersign executive decrees for them to be binding. The most important ministries were army, finance, communications, the navy ministrys importance declined significantly after most of its ships defected to the Souths Constitutional Protection Movement in 1917. The communications ministry was responsible for transportation, mail. The interior ministry was responsible for policing and security while the weaker ministry of justice handled judicial affairs, the ministry of foreign affairs had a renowned diplomatic corps with figures such as Wellington Koo. Because the generals required their skills, the foreign ministry was given substantial independence. The ministrys greatest accomplishment was the 1922 return of German concessions in Shandong that were seized by Japan during World War I which greatly boosted the governments reputation, the foreign affairs ministry successfully denied the Souths government of any international recognition all the way until the Beiyang government collapsed. China was a member of the League of Nations. The assembly was bicameral with a senate that had six-year terms divided into two classes and a house of representatives with three year terms, the senators were chosen by the provincial assemblies and the representatives were chosen by an electoral college picked by a limited public franchise. The task of the assembly was to write a permanent constitution, draft legislation, approve the budget and treaties, ratify the cabinet, an independent judiciary with a supreme court was also provided. Early law codes were based on reforming the Great Qing Legal Code into something akin to German civil law, in reality, these institutions were undermined by strong personal and factional ties. Overall, the government was corrupt, incompetent, and tyrannical. Most of the revenue was spent on the forces of whichever faction that was currently in power. The short lived legislatures did have civilian cliques and debates but were subject to bribery, forced resignations and it was near bankruptcy several times where a mere million dollars could decide the fate of the bureaucracy
2.
Government of the Republic of China
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This government moved to Beijing in the same year with Yuan Shikai as President, and continued under his successors as the internationally recognized government of China until 1928. In the Republican period, there were a series of governments, the Nationalist government, led by the Kuomintang, was originally formed as a rival military government under Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou in 1917. After Suns death in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek led the Northern Expedition to unify the country and this government gained diplomatic recognition but did not control all the territory of the Qing dynasty. The Tutelage Constitution of 1931 was replaced by the Constitution of the Republic of China in 1947 and this new constitutional government moved to Taipei, Taiwan, in 1949 because of its military losses in the Chinese Civil War. It remains in Taiwan and exercises control over other islands including Penghu, Quemoy, Matsu, Itu Aba, Control of the government had historically been dominated by the Kuomintang, but the situation has changed as the Republic of China evolved into a multi-party democracy. The first Chinese national government was established on January 1,1912, in Nanjing, provincial delegates were sent to confirm the authority of the national government, and they later also formed the first parliament. The power of national government was limited and short-lived, with generals controlling both central and northern provinces of China. The limited acts passed by this government included the formal abdication of the Qing dynasty, Yuan maintained power locally by sending military generals to be provincial governors or by obtaining the allegiance of those already in power. When Yuan died, the parliament of 1913 was reconvened to give legitimacy to a new government, however, the real power of the time passed to military leaders, forming the warlord period. The impotent government still had its use, when World War I began, several Western powers and Japan wanted China to declare war on Germany, there were also several warlord governments and puppet states sharing the same name. See also, Wang Jingwei Government, Warlord era, known as the Nanjing Decade, the government ruled as a one-party state, as laid out by Sun Yat-sens Three Stages of Revolution and his policy of Dang Guo. The first stage was military unification, which was carried out with the Northern Expedition, the second was political tutelage which was a provisional government led by the KMT to educate people about their political and civil rights, and the third stage was constitutional government. The KMT considered themselves to be at the stage in 1928. With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the invading Imperial Japanese Army managed to capture Nanjing on December 13,1937, the Japanese then proceeded to sack the city, and massacred hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians. With the fall of Nanjing, the government was forced to move first to Wuhan and it retreated further inland to Chongqing, which was the wartime capital until 1945. Although Chongqing was located in the western province of Sichuan. With the end of the war, the National Government moved back to Nanjing, the Kuomintang then proceeded with the drafting of a new constitution for China, which were boycotted by the communists. The Constitution of the Republic of China was adopted by the National Assembly on December 25,1946, the constitution was seen as the third and final step in Sun Yat-sens Three Stages of Revolution - constitutional government
3.
Zhongzheng District
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Zhongzheng District is a district in Taipei, Taiwan. This district is named after Generalissimo and the late President of the Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek, other museums include the Chunghwa Postal Museum, the Taipei City Traffic Museum for Children, and the Taipei Museum of Drinking Water. Much of the Qing-era city of Taipeh lies within this district, the 228 Memorial Park, formerly known as the New Park, has been a major gathering place for gay men in Taipei city for a long time. Writer Pai Hsien-yung wrote stories that place in the park. The first Taiwan Pride, the gay pride parade, started from the 228 Memorial Park. High School and college students frequent the area south of the Taipei Train Station in the Zhongzheng District. This area has a concentration of bookstores, cram schools, learning centers, private tutoring centers. It contains Taipei Main Station, a bus and rail hub. Taipei Main Station is a stop on the Taiwan Railway Administrations Western Line. Tai 1 line Tai 1a line Tai 3 line Tai 5 line：Beiji Highway Tai 9 line：Beixin Highway Xinsheng Elevated Highway Civil Blvd Elevated Highway Two notable hospitals are in this district, one is the National Taiwan University Hospital. The other is the Taipei Municipal Heping Hospital, which was quarantined for being the epicenter of the SARS outbreak in Taiwan, Chunghwa Telecom, A. mart, and Pxmart have their headquarters in the district. Several bazaars and traditional markets are scattered throughout the district and this includes streets and alleys associated either as a camera and photography bazaar, clothing bazaar, and traditional produce markets such as the Dongmen Market and the Nanmen Market. The Gongguan Night Market caters to the students of the National Taiwan University, Taipei Zhongzheng District travel guide from Wikivoyage Zhongzheng District Office, Taipei City
4.
Taiwan
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Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a state in East Asia. Neighbours include China to the west, Japan to the northeast, Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations, and the one with the largest economy. The island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, was inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War. While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty, following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945, the ROC took control of Taiwan. However, the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROCs loss of the mainland to the Communists, and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949. As a founding member of the United Nations, the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971, in the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, creating a stable industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage, Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world, and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, economic freedom, the PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence. Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC, the PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible. There are various names for the island of Taiwan in use today, the former name Formosa dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it Ilha Formosa, which means beautiful island. The name Formosa eventually replaced all others in European literature and was in use in English in the early 20th century. This name was adopted into the Chinese vernacular as the name of the sandbar. The modern word Taiwan is derived from this usage, which is seen in forms in Chinese historical records. Use of the current Chinese name was formalized as early as 1684 with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture, through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as Taiwan. The official name of the state is the Republic of China and it was a member of the United Nations representing China until 1971, when it lost its seat to the Peoples Republic of China. Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become known as Taiwan. In some contexts, especially ones from the ROC government
5.
Tsai Ing-wen
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Tsai Ing-wen is a Taiwanese politician currently serving as the President of the Republic of China, commonly referred to as Taiwan. Tsai is the president from the Democratic Progressive Party. Tsai is also the first woman elected to the office and she is the incumbent chairperson of the Democratic Progressive Party, and was the partys presidential candidate in the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections. Tsai previously served as party chair from 2008 to 2012, Tsai graduated in law and was subsequently a university professor. After DPP President Chen Shui-bian took office in 2000, Tsai served as Minister of the Mainland Affairs Council throughout Chens first term as a non-partisan and she joined DPP in 2004 and served briefly as a DPP-nominated at-large member of the Legislative Yuan. From there, she was appointed Vice Premier under Premier Su Tseng-chang until the mass resignation in 2007. She was elected and assumed DPP chairpersonship in 2008, following her partys defeat in the 2008 presidential election and she resigned as chairperson after losing her 2012 presidential election bid. Tsai ran for New Taipei City mayorship in the November 2010 municipal elections but was defeated by former vice premier. Tsai was born in Zhongshan District, Taipei, Taiwan on August 31,1956 and her given name, Ing-wen, could be translated as heroic literature or English language. During her middle school period, she studied in Taipei Municipal Zhongshan Girls High School and she studied law at the behest of her father. Upon her return to Taiwan, she taught law at the School of Law of Soochow University and National Chengchi University and she was also appointed to the Fair Trade Commission and the Copyright Commission. She served as consultant for the Mainland Affairs Council and the National Security Council and she also led the drafting team on the Statute Governing Relations with Hong Kong and Macau. In 2000, Tsai was given the appointment of chairperson of the Mainland Affairs Council. Confirming the widely held belief that she maintained Pan-Green sympathies, Tsai joined the Democratic Progressive Party in 2004 and she was subsequently nominated by the DPP to be a candidate in the 2004 legislative election and was elected as a legislator-at-large. On January 26,2006, Tsai was appointed to the post of president of the Executive Yuan. She concurrently served as chairwoman of the Consumer Protection Commission, on May 17,2007, Tsai, along with the rest of the cabinet of out-going Premier Su Tseng-chang, resigned to make way for incoming Premier Chang Chun-hsiung and his cabinet. Premier Chang named Chiou I-jen, the incumbent secretary-general of the Presidential Office to replace Tsai as vice premier and she then served as the chair of TaiMedBiologics, a biotechnology company based in Taiwan. The Kuomintang accused Tsai of contracting government work out to TaiMedBiologics during her term as premier, while planning to leave the government
6.
District Courts (Taiwan)
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In the law of the Republic of China, the District Courts are the ordinary trial courts of general jurisdiction. The civil summary procedure is for cases involving an amount in controversy of not more than 500,000 New Taiwan dollars, the small claims cases are cases demanding payment for less than 100,000 NTD. Currently there are a total of 45 divisions in Taiwan, additionally, there is a Taiwan Kaohsiung Juvenile Court, established in accordance with the Law Governing the Disposition of Juvenile Cases. Each division has a Division Chief Judge who supervises and assigns the business of the division, each District Court has a Public Defenders Office and a Probation Officers Office. A single judge hears and decides cases in ordinary and summary proceedings as well as in small claims cases, a panel of three judges decides cases of great importance in ordinary proceedings as well as appeals or interlocutory appeals from the summary and small claims proceedings. Criminal cases are decided by a panel of three judges, with the exception of summary proceedings which may be held by a single judge, the Juvenile Court hears and decides only cases involving juveniles. They said the people of all are innocent
7.
Pinyin
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Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
8.
Politics of the Republic of China
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Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in primarily with the parliament and limited by government, the Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The party system is dominated by the Kuomintang, which favours closer links to mainland China, the ROC currently has jurisdiction over Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and several smaller islands. Taiwans six major cities, Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, the rest of the territories are divided into 3 cities and 13 counties. The government in Taipei officially asserts to be the legitimate government of all of China, which it defined as including Taiwan, mainland China. In keeping with that claim, when the KMT fled to Taipei in 1949, they re-established the full array of political bodies. However, the National Assembly has not officially changed the national borders and it should be noted that neither the National Assembly nor the Supreme Court has actually defined what the term existing national boundaries, as stated in the constitution, actually means. The latter refused to do so claiming that it is a political issue. The original founding of the Republic centered on the Three Principles of the People, nationalism, democracy, however, this five races under one union principle and the corresponding flag were abandoned in 1927. In reality these three principles were left unrealized, Republican China was marked by warlordism, foreign invasion, and civil war. As the central government was weak, little could be done in terms of land reform or redistribution of wealth either. Politics of this era consisted primarily of the political and military struggle between the KMT and the Communist Party of China in between bouts of active resistance against Japanese invasion. The first national government of the Chinese Republic was established on 1 January 1912, in Nanjing, Provincial delegates were sent to confirm the authority of the national government, and they later also formed the first parliament. The power of national government was both limited and short-lived, with generals controlling all of central and northern China. The limited acts passed by this government included the formal abdication of the Qing dynasty, Yuan maintained power locally by sending military generals to be provincial governors or by obtaining the allegiance of those already in power. Foreign powers came to recognize Yuans power as well, when Japan came to China with Twenty-One Demands, it was Yuan that submitted to them, after the death of Yuan in 1916, the parliament of 1913 was reconvened to give legitimacy to a new government. However, the power of the time passed to military leaders. Still, the government had its use—when World War I began, several Western powers and Japan wanted China to declare war on Germany
9.
President of the Republic of China
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The President of the Republic of China is the head of state of the Republic of China and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China Armed Forces. The ROC was founded in 1912, to all of China, however, after the ROC lost control of mainland China. The existing office of President was created in 1948 under the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China, the first president under the constitution was Chiang Kai-shek. Tsai Ing-wen succeeded Ma Ying-jeou on 20 May 2016 as the first female president in the nations history, but Sun soon resigned from the provisional presidency in favor of Yuan Shikai, who assumed the title Great President in March 1912. Yuan induced the Last Emperor to abdicate, ending thousands of years of rule in China. The 1913 Constitution called for a presidential system with notable checks on the president by the National Assembly. However, Yuan soon began to assert dictatorial power, ignoring the National Assembly, in 1915, Yuan proclaimed himself Emperor of China in a largely unpopular move and was forced to retract his declaration shortly before his death in 1916. With Yuan Shikais death the Warlord Era began, Vice President Li Yuanhong succeeded Yuan as president and attempted to reassert the constitutional government, but was soon forced to resign by military strongmen. The presidency, though leading an internationally recognized government, was thereafter to be headed by a series of prominent warlords and this presidency ended in 1928 when the Northern Expedition, led by the Kuomintang, succeeded in conquering North China. Sun Yat-sen established a government in Guangzhou in 1917 and took the title of Generalissimo of the Military Government. He was ousted in 1918 but returned again to Guangzhou in 1921, Sun, again expelled from Guangzhou in 1922, returned in 1923 to take the title of Generalissimo of the Military Government. The government was organized into five branches, with the Executive Yuan, headed by the premier, the new Constitution of the Republic of China, promulgated on 25 December 1947, established a five-branch government with the office of president as head of state. On 20 May 1948, Chiang Kai-shek was formally elected by the National Assembly to be the first term president, the members of the National Assembly continued in their office until 1991, and continued to elect Chiang Kai-shek as president until his death in 1975. Presidents were elected by the National Assembly until the first direct election in 1996. The president is selected by a plurality voting direct election of the areas administered by the Republic of China for a term of four years. Before 1991, the president was selected by the National Assembly of the Republic of China for a term of six years, the Constitution names the president as head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China Armed Forces. The president is responsible for conducting foreign relations, such as concluding treaties, declaring war, the president must promulgate all laws and has no right to veto. Other powers of the president include granting amnesty, pardon or clemency, declaring martial law, the President can appoint Senior Advisors, National Policy Advisors and Strategy Advisors, but they do not form a council
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