1.
Magic Kingdom
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Magic Kingdom is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks and Resorts division, initialized by Walt Disney and designed by WED Enterprises, its layout and attractions are based on Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, and is dedicated to fairy tales and Disney characters. The park is represented by Cinderella Castle, inspired by the fairy tale castle seen in the 1950 film, Walt Disney World is a tribute to the philosophy and life of Walter Elias Disney. And to the talents, the dedication, and the loyalty of the entire Disney organization that made Walt Disneys dream come true, may Walt Disney World bring Joy and Inspiration and New Knowledge to all who come to this happy place. A Magic Kingdom where the young at heart of all ages can laugh and play, although Walt Disney had been highly involved in planning the Florida Project, Walt Disney Productions began construction on Magic Kingdom and the entire resort in 1967 after his death. The park was built as a larger, improved version of Disneyland Park in California, there are several anecdotes relating to reasons for some of the features of Walt Disney World, and Magic Kingdom specifically. According to one story, Walt Disney once saw a Frontierland cowboy walking through Tomorrowland at Disneyland and he disliked that the cowboy intruded on the futuristic setting of Tomorrowland and wanted to avoid situations like this in the new park. The area around the utilidors was filled in with dirt removed from the Seven Seas Lagoon, the utilidors were built in the initial construction and were not extended as the park expanded. The tunnels were intended to be designed into all subsequent Walt Disney World parks, future World at Epcot and Pleasure Island each have a smaller network of utilidors. Magic Kingdom opened as the first part of the Walt Disney World Resort on October 1,1971, commencing concurrently with Disneys Contemporary Resort, the Walt Disney Company promised to increase this number with a combination of replicas and unique attractions. While there is no dedication to Magic Kingdom, the dedication by Roy O. Disney for the entire resort was placed within its gates. The first, and as of today, only added to the original roster of lands in the park was Mickeys Toontown Fair. The land originally opened in 1988 as Mickeys Birthdayland to celebrate Mickey Mouses 60th birthday, later the land was renovated as Mickeys Starland and eventually to Mickeys Toontown Fair. The land was home to such as Mickeys Country House, Minnies Country House, The Barnstormer at Goofys Wiseacre Farm. It closed on February 12,2011, to make way for the expansion of Fantasyland, the Walt Disney World Railroad station in Mickeys Toontown Fair, which opened with Mickeys Birthdayland in 1988, was closed for the duration of the construction. In 2012, the space where Mickeys Toontown Fair sat reopened as a part of Fantasyland, in a called the Storybook Circus. The Barnstormer was retained and was re-themed to The Great Goofini, since opening day, Magic Kingdom has been closed temporarily because of six hurricanes, Floyd, Frances, Charley, Jeanne, Wilma, and Matthew. It was also closed in the middle of the day on September 11,2001, in addition, there are four phases of park closure when Magic Kingdom exceeds capacity, ranging from restricted access for most guests to full closure for everyone, even cast members
2.
Tomorrowland
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Tomorrowland is one of the many themed lands featured at all of the Magic Kingdom styled Disney theme parks around the world owned or licensed by The Walt Disney Company. Each version of the land is different and features attractions that depict views of the future. Disneyland Park in Paris includes an area called Discoveryland, which shares some elements with other Tomorrowlands. Walt Disney was known for his futurist views and, through his television programs, Tomorrowland was the realized culmination of his views. In his own words, Tomorrow can be a wonderful age and our scientists today are opening the doors of the Space Age to achievements that will benefit our children and generations to come. The Tomorrowland attractions have been designed to give you an opportunity to participate in adventures that are a living blueprint of our future and it is this movement into the future that has, on occasion, left Tomorrowland mired in the past. Disneylands Tomorrowland is now in its generation, and the Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland is in its second. The Walt Disney Company has mentioned that it wanted to keep Tomorrowland from becoming Yesterdayland, a vista into a world of wondrous ideas, signifying Mans achievements. A step into the future, with predictions of constructed things to come, Tomorrow offers new frontiers in science, adventure and ideals. The Atomic Age, the challenge of Outer Space and the hope for a peaceful, during the dedication, Walt Disney started speaking, was told that he wasnt yet on air, and then had to restart once the television viewers were watching. The first Tomorrowland opened at Disneyland on July 17,1955, with several of its planned attractions open. The construction of the park was rushed, so Tomorrowland was the last land to be finished and it became something of a corporate showcase, despite Walt Disneys reluctance. Monsanto Company, American Motors, Richfield Oil, and Dutch Boy Paint were some of the companies to open showcases in Tomorrowland in the first few years. Since the park was on a budget, one cost-cutting idea was to reuse the sets of the Nautilus from Disneys 1954 movie 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea as a walkthrough attraction. For the first four years, most of Tomorrowland was generally open space, however, the area gained more attractions as time passed, many of which have since been removed. When Disneyland opened, Tomorrowland represented the future in the year 1986, Tomorrowlands showpiece was the TWA Moonliner, derived from Disneys Man In Space television episodes developed in the 1950s. The Moonliner was the tallest structure in the park at the time, the Moonliner hosted Rocket To The Moon which was a ride to the moon. The entrance showpiece was the clock of the showing the time anywhere on earth
3.
Geographical coordinates
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Stitch's Great Escape!
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Stitchs Great Escape. is a Tomorrowland attraction at the Magic Kingdom theme park within the Walt Disney World Resort. It is a theater-in-the-round experience starring the title alien from Walt Disney Animation Studios 2002 film Lilo & Stitch and it opened November 16,2004 and is the fourth attraction to occupy the site in Tomorrowland. Many of the animators who worked on Lilo & Stitch partnered with Walt Disney Imagineering for Stitchs Great Escape, the attraction is a replacement of The ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter, which formerly occupied the building the attraction is housed in. On September 21,2016, it was announced that the attraction would be switching from a daily operated attraction to a seasonally operated one, depending on attendance, the experience takes place in the Galactic Federation Prisoner Teleport Center. Guests have been recruited by the Grand Councilwoman to be guards for the Galactic Federation, guests are then instructed by Pleakley over a communicator to proceed to the Level 3 prisoner teleportation chamber. After being seated, shoulder restraints come down onto the guests shoulders, after a brief period of puzzled talking by Gantu and his two assistants, Stitch uses the flaws of the armed laser cannons and disables all power to escape, causing mass chaos in the crowd. During this period, hydraulic pumps and small hoses in the shoulder restraints make it seem as if Stitch is jumping on guests shoulders, when the power comes back on, the laser cannons continue their attempt to bring Stitch down. Again using the cannons fatal flaws, he manages to fire the laser cannons into the crowd, shortly after using the diversion, he escapes to the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. Cameras capture him going into Cinderella Castle, the audience is then released from their duty and exit into one of two gift shops—Merchant of Venus or Mickeys Star Traders. On the way to the shops, guest see a sign labeled Days without an escape. It was also the last Tomorrowland attraction that fully lacked a post-show gift shop prior to its opening, in reality, the Carousel of Progress is the only remaining Tomorrowland attraction at Disney World to lack a post-show gift shop. The attraction includes much of the technology and sets from its predecessor, the 39-inch Audio-Animatronic Stitch figure built by Imagineering reportedly is one of the most complex creations of its size. Other special effects include binaural sound, simulated laser cannons and a pungent smell, official page on the Walt Disney World website
6.
Walt Disney Imagineering
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Imagineering is responsible for designing and building Disney theme parks, resorts, cruise ships, and other entertainment venues at all levels of project development. Imagineering also manages various properties held by units within the Walt Disney Company including Disneys Burbank Studios, New Amsterdam Theater, when Disney was in the sports team ownership that included Edison Field and the Mighty Ducks Disney Ice practice rink in Anaheim. Disney filed for a copyright for the term in 1967, claiming first use of the term in 1962, Walt Disney Inc. was formed by Walt Disney in 1953 with the Disneyland designing engineering division. In light of objections from Roy as well as those of potential stockholders, in 1961, WED moved into the Grand Central Business Park, the site of the former Grand Central Air Terminal, in 1961. The unit was renamed as of January 1986 to Walt Disney Imagineering, in 1996, Disney Development Company, the Disney conglomerates real estate development subsidiary, merged into Imagineering. Imagineering created Disney Fair, a U. S. traveling attraction, with poor attendance, the fair was pulled after a few stops. Disney Entertainment Projects Inc. a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary, by 1997, Imagineers were in several buildings in Grand Central Business Park when Disney purchased the park. In September 1999, Disney Imagineering announced the Grand Central Creative Campus redesign of the park with a new office-studio complex anchored by Disney Imagineering. Some of the building were demolished to make way for new buildings, the additional space would be for sound stages, production facilities and offices. Imagineers are governed by a few key principles when developing new concepts, often, new concepts and improvements are created to fulfill specific needs. Many solutions to problems are designed in this way, such as the vehicle of the attraction Soarin Over California. An Imagineer found an Erector set in his attic, and was able to envision, Imagineers are also known for returning to ideas for attractions and shows that, for whatever reason, never came to fruition. These ideas are often reworked and appear in a different form – like the Museum of the Weird, finally, there is the principle of blue sky speculation, a process where Imagineers generate ideas with no limitations. The custom at Imagineering has been to start the process with what is referred to as eyewash--the boldest, wildest, best idea one can come up with. Many Imagineers consider this to be the beginning of the design process and operate under the notion that if it can be dreamt. Imagineers are always seeking to improve upon their work--what Walt Disney called plussing and he firmly believed that Disneyland will never be completed as long as theres imagination left in the world, meaning there is always room for innovation and improvement. During an Imagineering workshop in 1991, Marty Sklar presented ten commandments attributed to Mickey Steinberg, WDI is responsible for technological advances such as the Circle-Vision 360° film technique and the FastPass virtual queuing system. The idea sprang from Disney’s fascination with a bird he purchased in New Orleans
7.
Walt Disney World
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The Walt Disney World Resort is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida. The resort is the destination of Disneys worldwide corporate enterprise. Opened on October 1,1971, Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company, Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex, in 1971, followed by Epcot in 1982, Disneys Hollywood Studios in 1989, and the most recent, Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998. Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955, the Florida Project, as it was known, was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of rides. Walt Disneys original plans called for the inclusion of an Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow. Walt Disney died on December 15,1966, before construction began, without Disney spearheading the construction, the company created a resort similar to Disneyland, abandoning experimental concepts for a planned community. In 1959, Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955. Market surveys at the revealed that only 5% of Disneylands visitors came from east of the Mississippi River. Additionally, Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland, Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando, Florida – one of many – in November 1963. To avoid a burst of land speculation, Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres of land, in May 1965, some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County. In addition, two tracts totaling $1. Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street, U. S. A. in Magic Kingdom, the smaller parcels of land acquired were called outs. They were 5-acre lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company, most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land, which was mostly swamp at the time. Another issue was the rights to the land, which were owned by Tufts University. Without the transfer of rights, Tufts could come in at any time. Eventually, Disneys team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the rights for $15,000. Working strictly in secrecy, real estate agents unaware of their clients identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties
8.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
9.
Binaural recording
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This effect is often created using a technique known as dummy head recording, wherein a mannequin head is outfitted with a microphone in each ear. Binaural recording is intended for replay using headphones and will not translate properly over stereo speakers. Conventional stereo recordings do not factor in natural ear spacing or head shadow of the head and ears, since these things happen naturally as a person listens, generating their own ITDs and ILDs. For listening using conventional speaker-stereo, or mp3 players, a dummy head may be preferable for quasi-binaural recording. As a general rule, for true binaural results, a recording and reproduction system chain, from microphone to listeners brain, should contain one and only one set of pinnae. With a simple recording method, two microphones are placed 18 cm apart facing away from each other and this method will not create a real binaural recording. The distance and placement roughly approximates the position of an average humans ear canals, more elaborate techniques exist in pre-packaged forms. The Neumann KU-81, and KU-100 are the most commonly used binaural packages, a simplified version of binaural recordings can be achieved using microphones with a separating element, like the Jecklin Disk. Not all cues required for localization of the sound sources can be preserved this way. In the late 1960s, Aiwa and Sony offered headphones with a pair of microphones mounted on the headband around two inches above the ears and these allowed pseudo-binaural recordings to be made. Miniature binaural in-ear or near-ear microphones can be linked to a portable Digital Audio Tape or MiniDisc recorder, the first clip-in binaural microphones using the recordists own head were offered by Sennheiser in 1974. The first clip-on binaural microphones using the recordists own head were offered by Core Sound LLC in 1989, the first completely in-ear binaural microphones using the recordists own head were offered by Sound Professionals in 1999. Roland Corporation also offers its CS-10EM in-ear binaural microphone set, the technique of binaural re-recording is simple, but has not been well established. Using space to manipulate a sound and then being re-recorded is also nothing new as it is something that has been done through the use of echo-chambers in recording studios for many years. In 1959, an echo-chamber was famously used by Irving Townsend during the post production process of Miles Daviss 1959 album Kind of Blue, in binaural re-recording, a binaural microphone is used to record content being played over a multi-channel speaker set-up. The binaural head, or microphone, is therefore theoretically making a recording of how humans will hear multi-channel content and this method, like certain binaural recordings made with a Neumann KU100 or HATS model for example, can produce convincing 3D sound. There is the issue of listeners simply not being able to understanding binaural recordings. However this issue is common among all binaural recording, and isnt an issue to re-recording
10.
Michael Eisner
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Michael Dammann Eisner is an American businessman. Eisner is best known as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Walt Disney Company from 1984 until 2005. Prior to Disney, Eisner was President and CEO of rival studio, Paramount Pictures, from 1976 to 1984, and had brief stints at the major television networks, NBC, CBS. Eisner was born to an affluent, secular Jewish family in Mount Kisco and his mother, Margaret, whose family founded the American Safety Razor Company, was the president of the Irvington Institute, a hospital that treated children with rheumatic fever. His father, Lester Eisner, Jr. was a lawyer and regional administrator of the United States Department of Housing and his parents were both descendents of German Jewish immigrants and Eisner had 16 relatives who were killed in the Holocaust. He was raised on Park Avenue in Manhattan and he is a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity and credits much of his accomplishments to his time at Keewaydin Canoe Camp for boys in Vermont. Eisner has one sister, Margot Freedman, after two brief stints at NBC and CBS, Barry Diller at ABC hired Eisner as Assistant to the National Programming Director. Eisner moved up the ranks, eventually becoming a vice president in charge of programming. In 1976, Diller, who had by then moved on to become chairman of Paramount Pictures, recruited Eisner from ABC and made him president, Diller left Paramount in 1984, and, as his protégé, Eisner expected to assume Dillers position as studio chief. When he was passed over for the job, though, he left to look for work elsewhere, since the death of founder Walt Disney in 1966, The Walt Disney Company had narrowly survived several takeover attempts. Its shareholders Sid Bass and Roy E. Disney brought in Eisner and former Warner Brothers chief Frank Wells to replace Ron W. Miller in 1984 and strengthen the company. In addition to his duties as Chairman and CEO, Eisner was also the presenter of The Wonderful World of Disney TV series, Eisner was well recognized by children at the companys theme parks who often asked him for autographs. During the second half of the 1980s and early 1990s, Disney was revitalized, beginning with the films Who Framed Roger Rabbit and The Little Mermaid, its flagship animation studio enjoyed a series of commercial and critical successes. Disney also broadened its offerings in film when then Disney Studio Chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg acquired Miramax Films in 1993. Disney acquired many other sources, including ABC and ESPN. While some of the proposals were completed, most were not, Wells died in a helicopter crash in 1994. When Eisner did not appoint Walt Disney Studios chief Jeffrey Katzenberg to Wells now available post, Katzenberg resigned, the Ovitz episode engendered a long running derivative suit, which finally concluded in June 2006, almost 10 years later. Chandler, III of the Delaware Court of Chancery, despite describing Eisners behavior as falling far short of what shareholders expect, found in favor of Eisner and the rest of the Disney board because they had not violated the letter of the law
11.
Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)
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Space Mountain is an indoor outer space-themed steel roller coaster at the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. RCA helped fund Space Mountains construction and sponsored the ride from 1975 to 1993, Walt Disney originally conceived the idea of a space-themed roller coaster for Disneyland following the success of the Matterhorn Bobsleds, which opened in 1959. However, a number of limitations and the Disney companys focus on building what would become Walt Disney World led to the projects postponement in the late 1960s. After the early success of the Magic Kingdom park in the early 1970s, Disney decided that a duplicate of Disneylands Matterhorn was not feasible at the Magic Kingdom, and instead opted to re-visit the Space Mountain project. Advances in technology since the projects postponement made Space Mountain more feasible, and it has also seen a number of cosmetic renovations to its entry, queue, and post-show elements, many of which were necessitated by changes in its corporate sponsorship over the years. The Space Mountain concept was a descendant of the first Disney mountain attraction, the Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland, the Matterhorns success had convinced Walt Disney that thrilling rides did have a place in his park. In 1964, Walt first approached designer John Hench with his idea for a new attraction that would be the point of a renovated Tomorrowland planned for 1967. His Space Port would include a ride in the dark, with lighting. Originally called Space Voyage with concept artwork by John Hench, Clem Hall, George McGinnis, the attraction concept continued to be refined over the coming years by WED Enterprises, and in June 1966, the Space Port attraction was called Space Mountain for the first time. WED partnered with Arrow Development Company, the company that had helped design the Matterhorns roller coaster systems years before. Walt Disneys death in December 1966 and the new emphasis on preparing for the newly announced Disney World project forced WED to put aside the design of Space Mountain indefinitely. The Magic Kingdoms early success, and its popularity with teens and young adults. A new Matterhorn Bobsleds attraction was considered, but it wouldnt fit within Floridas Fantasyland, ultimately, designers returned to designing Space Mountain. The Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland had the amount of available land. The interior of the structure, the area, the tracks of the roller coaster. Originally, the mountain was to be positioned in the portion of Tomorrowland. This is contrary to the Disneyland counterpart, where people enter through the side of the building. After visitors enter the building, the line opens into a large room filled with small, silver
12.
Astro Orbiter
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The Astro Orbitor is a rocket-spinner attraction featured at all five Disneyland-style parks at Walt Disney Resorts around the world. Although each ride may have a different name, all share the same premise of vehicles traveling through space by spinning around a central monument, as each form of the attraction appeared, new designs and locations have been implemented to fit with changing schemes of several Tomorrowlands. In 1956, the first rocket-spinner attraction opened at Disneyland and was known as the Astro Jets, the attraction was made by Klaus Company Bavaria and similar to several versions found in traveling carnivals. The jets made a 50-foot circle around a large red-checkered rocket, the attraction stood between the Submarine Voyage and Rocket to the Moon. The name Astro Jets was changed in 1964 when United Airlines, as a new park sponsor, after this dispute, the name was changed to Tomorrowland Jets. The name lasted until September 1966, when the attraction was closed to make room for the new renovated Tomorrowland, the attraction returned in August 1967 as the Rocket Jets. This version was located on top of the new PeopleMover platform, the focal point of this version was its replica Saturn V/NASA-themed rocket in the center. This version remained open until 1997, when it closed for renovations with the rest of Tomorrowland, the new form of the attraction opened one year later as Astro Orbitor. The new version is a replica of the Orbitron, Machines Volantes at Disneyland Paris, the Astro Orbitor was planned to be placed where the Rocket Jets were, but weighed too much for the current building. Instead, it was relocated to the entrance of Tomorrowland, and placed on ground level, one concept drawing had guests boarding the attraction underground and others had the center of the attraction featuring a water moat. Neither ideas were carried out. The mechanism for Rocket Jets on top of the PeopleMover was re-used as a kinetic satellite-themed sculpture known as the Observatron, the Observatron was originally planned to come to life every fifteen minutes and appear to summon signs from the skies, while a selected soundtrack would play over Tomorrowland. However, the mechanism has been prone to failure and occasionally will be inactive for periods of months or only play sporadically on certain days and it is unknown if the Observatron still functions. In April 2009, the Astro Orbitor closed for refurbishment and was stripped down to its skeletal structure and it reopened in June 2009 with a silver, blue, red, and gold trim color scheme. The Star Jets were considered the point of Tomorrowland due to its soaring, spinning rockets. This version of the attraction was based on the Disneyland version, however the attraction vehicles were different from any other previous form as they were much larger and featured a flatter back-end and larger tail fins. Disneylands Rocket Jets were more like rockets, while the Magic Kingdoms Star Jets were more like space shuttles. Each of the 12 open-air vehicles was attached to the axis by a 20-foot arm
13.
Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover
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Themed as an urban mass transit system of the future, the ride takes passengers on a tour around the second floor of many attractions in Tomorrowland. It is also the lone remaining Magic Kingdom attraction to still have corporate sponsorship as a result of Kodak ending its sponsorship with Mickeys Philharmagic on December 31,2012. The ride has a sole loading/unloading station, in the center of Rocket Tower Plaza, the Peoplemovers leisurely pace, lack of long queue lines, and the sneak previews it offers of other more extreme Tomorrowland attractions make it a favorite attraction among repeat visitors. After passing by the Tomorrowland entrance, the track enters a tunnel through the show building, passing a large diorama containing a portion of the Progress City or E. P. C. O. T. Model that originally resided in the level of the Carousel of Progress at Disneyland in 1967. Leaving the north building, the TTA croses over the walkway from Tomorrowland to Fantasyland followed by the Tomorrowland Speedway. After crossing the Speedway, the crosses the railroad, makes a right turn. The vehicles then pass two lighted signs reading Starport, Seven Five, before open space to the left allows a view down into the post-show. After the view of the post-show, the track makes a turn and travels along the back side of the dome, during which it is possible to look up. After this, the exit, and run along the outside of the dome to return to the railroad bridge. The Space Mountain segment of the TTA has gained notoriety among Disney park guests for offering the only easily accessible view of Space Mountain when the domes interior work lights are on. After exiting Space Mountain, the vehicles then turn to the portion of Tomorrowland. Guests then return to Rocket Tower Plaza where they disembark, the WEDWay PeopleMover opened on July 1,1975, based on the PeopleMover attraction at Disneyland in California. Because it did not utilize the system of rotating Goodyear tires used in the original. The Edison Electric Institute was the sponsor of the ride. Instead of a track with covered cars, this ride was designed the opposite from the Disneyland version. The original narration track was provided by longtime Disney voice, Jack Wagner. In June 1985, his narration was replaced by the voice of ORAC One - The Commuter Computer, which was used until June 11,1994, when the attraction received a makeover for the New Tomorrowland
14.
Jeffrey Jones
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Jeffrey Jones is an American actor best known for his roles as Joseph II in Amadeus, Edward R. Rooney in Ferris Buellers Day Off, and Charles Deetz in Beetlejuice. In 2002, Jones was arrested and charged with possession of child pornography and he pleaded no contest to a felony charge, and was ordered to register as a sex offender. He then went to London in 1969 to study at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, followed by a stint with the Stratford Theatre in Stratford. Productions included, Cloud 9, A Flea in Her Ear, Romeo and Juliet and his transition from stage to film began in 1970. Jones began acting in small parts in film and television in the 1970s, in his best-known roles as Emperor Joseph II in Amadeus, Charles Deetz in Beetlejuice, and Edward R. However, the actor is also widely respected and considered a boon wherever he appears. Jones portrays the Emperor as a superficial and self-absorbed ruler who cant tell the difference between a great opera and a one, according to one reviewer. He received a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for his performance, Joness performance as Edward R. Rooney in the 1986 film, Ferris Buellers Day Off, made him a cultural icon. Rooney, self-important and obsessed with catching the chronically truant Ferris Bueller, became a symbol of pomposity, the review likened Jones role as akin to that of Wile E. Coyote as a character who is fated to be unable to catch The Road Runner. Jones expressed concern about being remembered more for this role than his Emperor Joseph II in 1984s Amadeus, in the movie Beetlejuice, Jones played a supporting role, along with Catherine OHara, as co-owners of a haunted house. Jones went on to act in films by director Tim Burton, including Ed Wood in the role of The Amazing Criswell. Jones also appeared in The Hanoi Hilton, The Hunt for Red October, Howard the Duck, Houseguest, The Crucible, The Devil’s Advocate, and Stuart Little. In 1999 he co-starred with Guy Pearce, Robert Carlyle, and David Arquette in the cannibal western Ravenous, Jones appeared in the comedy film The Pest, as the evil German trying to hunt Pestario Pest Vargas. Other key roles include Mr. Spike in Stay Tuned and Dick Nelson in the 1992 comedy Mom, one of Joness earlier television roles was in an episode of the 1976 CBS series Sara. In 1986, he showcased his villain persona in the role of the sinister Mister Acme, in the satirical comedy miniseries Fresno, with Carol Burnett, Charles Grodin and Dabney Coleman. In 1995, Jones co-starred with Tyra Banks, Kathy Najimy and he also hosted Disneys D-TV Monster Hits musical special, as The Magic Mirror. He has had guest roles on a number of series, including Amazing Stories, Tales from the Crypt. In 1989, he starred in the short-lived CBS sitcom The People Next Door and he also appeared as newspaper publisher A. W. Merrick on the highly acclaimed HBO series Deadwood. Jones was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Ruth and his mother was an art historian, who urged him towards a career in acting
15.
The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
16.
Disneyland
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Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17,1955. It is the theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the attraction on the property, its name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit, however, after hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Disney bought a 160-acre site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17,1955. Opened in 2001, Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneylands original parking lot, Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with over 650 million guests since it opened. In 2013, the park hosted approximately 16.2 million guests, according to a March 2005 Disney report,65,700 jobs are supported by the Disneyland Resort, including about 20,000 direct Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees. To all who come to this place, Welcome. Here age relives fond memories of the past, and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams, and the facts that have created America, with the hope that it will be a source of joy. The concept for Disneyland began when Walt Disney was visiting Griffith Park in Los Angeles with his daughters Diane and Sharon. While watching them ride the merry-go-round, he came up with the idea of a place where adults and their children could go and have fun together and he may have also been influenced by his fathers memories of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Another likely influence was Benton Harbor, Michigans nationally famous House of Davids Eden Springs Park, Disney visited the park and ultimately bought one of the older miniature trains originally used there, the colony had the largest miniature railway setup in the world at the time. His ideas evolved to a play park with a boat ride. The initial concept, the Mickey Mouse Park, started with an 8-acre plot across Riverside Drive and his designers began working on concepts, though the project grew much larger than the land could hold. Disney hired Harrison Price from Stanford Research Institute to gauge the proper area to locate the theme based on the areas potential growth. Based on Prices analysis, Disney acquired 160 acres of groves and walnut trees in Anaheim
17.
Robot
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A robot is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer—capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. Robots can be guided by a control device or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to take on human form but most robots are designed to perform a task with no regard to how they look. By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in appearance, many of todays robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics. These robots have also created a branch of robotics, soft robotics. From the time of ancient civilization there have many accounts of user-configurable automated devices and even automata resembling animals and humans. As mechanical techniques developed through the Industrial age, there appeared more practical applications such as automated machines, remote-control and wireless remote-control. The word robot was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 play R. U. R. by the Czech writer, Karel Čapek but it was Karels brother Josef Čapek who was the words true inventor. Electronics evolved into the force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in Bristol. The first digital and programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and was named the Unimate, there are concerns about the increasing use of robots and their role in society. Robots are blamed for rising unemployment as they replace workers in increasing numbers of functions, the use of robots in military combat raises ethical concerns. The possibilities of robot autonomy and potential repercussions have been addressed in fiction, the word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but the latter are usually referred to as bots. Closely related to the concept of a robot is the field of Synthetic Biology, the idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world. Engineers and inventors from ancient civilizations, including Ancient China, Ancient Greece, since circa 400 BC, myths of Crete include Talos, a man of bronze who guarded the Cretan island of Europa from pirates. In ancient Greece, the Greek engineer Ctesibius applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics to produce the first organ, in the 4th century BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called The Pigeon. Hero of Alexandria, a Greek mathematician and inventor, created numerous user-configurable automated devices, the 11th century Lokapannatti tells of how the Buddhas relics were protected by mechanical robots, from the kingdom of Roma visaya, until they were disarmed by King Ashoka. Yan Shi proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork made of leather, wood, in 1066, the Chinese inventor Su Song built a water clock in the form of a tower which featured mechanical figurines which chimed the hours
18.
Tim Curry
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Timothy James Tim Curry is an English actor, voice actor, and singer. He is known for his work in a range of theatre, film. Curry was born in Grappenhall, Cheshire and his father, James Curry, a chaplain in the Royal Navy, died when Curry was 12. Currys mother, Patricia, a secretary, died in June 1999 after living with cancer for two years. His older sister, Judith, was a concert pianist who died of a tumour in the early 2000s. Curry spent most of his childhood in Plymouth, Devon, but, after his fathers death from pneumonia in 1958, Curry then went to boarding school and attended Kingswood School in Bath, Somerset. He developed into a boy soprano. Deciding to concentrate on acting, Curry graduated from the University of Birmingham with a degree in English. Curry recalled his first encounter with the project, Id heard about the play because I lived on Paddington Street, off Baker Street, and there was an old gym a few doors away. I saw Richard OBrien in the street, and he said hed just been to the gym to see if he could find a muscleman who could sing, I said, Why do you need him to sing. And he told me that his musical was going to be done and he gave me the script, and I thought, Boy, if this works, its going to be a smash. Originally, Curry rehearsed the character with a German accent and peroxide blond hair, Curry originally thought the character was merely a laboratory doctor dressed in a white lab coat. He continued to play the character in London, Los Angeles, figure out, help them maybe figure out their own sexuality. In 2016, Curry played The Criminologist in the film remake of The Rocky Horror Picture Show. Shortly after the end of Rocky Horrors run on Broadway, Curry returned to the stage with Tom Stoppards Travesties, which ran in London and New York from 1975 to 1976. Travesties was a Broadway hit which won two Tony Awards, as well as the New York Drama Critics Circle Award, and Currys performance as the famous dadaist Tristan Tzara received good reviews. In 1981, Curry formed part of the original cast in the Broadway show Amadeus, playing the title character and he was nominated for his first Tony Award for this role but lost out to his co-star Ian McKellen, who played Antonio Salieri. In 1982, Curry took the part of the Pirate King in the Drury Lane production of Joe Papps version of The Pirates of Penzance opposite George Cole, earning enthusiastic reviews
19.
Phil Hartman
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Philip Edward Phil Hartman was a Canadian-American actor, voice actor, comedian, screenwriter and graphic artist. Born in Brantford, Ontario, Hartman and his moved to the United States in 1958. After graduating from California State University, Northridge, with a degree in arts, he designed album covers for bands like Poco. Feeling the need for a more socially-creative outlet, Hartman joined the comedy group The Groundlings in 1975, Hartman co-wrote the screenplay for the film Pee-wees Big Adventure and made recurring appearances as Captain Carl on Reubens show Pee-wees Playhouse. Hartman garnered fame in 1986 when he joined the comedy show Saturday Night Live. He won fame for his impressions, particularly of President Bill Clinton, given the moniker The Glue for his ability to hold the show together and help other cast members, Hartman won a Primetime Emmy Award for his SNL work in 1989. In 1995, after scrapping plans for his own variety show and he had voice roles on The Simpsons, from seasons 2–10 as Lionel Hutz, Troy McClure, and others, and appeared in the films Houseguest, Sgt. Bilko, Jingle All the Way, Small Soldiers and the English dub of Kikis Delivery Service, Hartman had been divorced twice before he married Brynn Omdahl in 1987, the couple had two children together. However, their marriage was fractured, due in part to Brynns drug use, on May 28,1998, Brynn shot and killed Hartman while he slept in their Encino, Los Angeles, home, then committed suicide several hours later. In the weeks following his death, Hartman was celebrated in a wave of tributes, Hartman was posthumously inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame in 2012 and the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2014. Hartman was born Philip Edward Hartmann on September 24,1948 in Brantford, Ontario and he was the fourth of eight children of Doris Marguerite and Rupert Loebig Hartmann, a salesman specializing in building materials. His parents were Catholic and raised their children in that faith, as a child Hartman found affection hard to earn and stated, I suppose I didnt get what I wanted out of my family life, so I started seeking love and attention elsewhere. He and his moved to the United States in 1958. The family first lived in Connecticut, and later moved to the West Coast, there, Hartman attended Westchester High School and frequently acted as the class clown. After graduating, Hartman studied art at Santa Monica City College and he returned to school in 1972, this time studying graphic arts at California State University, Northridge. In the late 1970s, Hartman made his first television appearance on an episode of The Dating Game, working alone as a graphic artist, Hartman frequently amused himself with flights of voice fantasies. While watching one of the performances, Hartman impulsively decided to climb on stage. After several years of training, paying his way by re-designing the groups logo and merchandise, Hartman formally joined the cast of The Groundlings, Hartman met comedian Paul Reubens and the two became friends, often collaborating on writing and comedic material
20.
Animatronics
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Animatronics refers to the use of robotic devices to emulate a human or an animal, or bring lifelike characteristics to an otherwise inanimate object. A robot designed to be an imitation of a human is more specifically labeled as an android. Modern animatronics have found applications in movie special effects and theme parks and have, since their inception. Animatronics is a field which integrates anatomy, robots, mechatronics. Animatronic figures are often powered by pneumatics, hydraulics, and/or by electrical means, motion actuators are often used to imitate muscle movements and create realistic motions in limbs. Animatronics is portmanteau of animate and electronics The term audio-animatronics was coined by Walt Disney in 1961 when he started developing animatronics for entertainment, Audio-Animatronics does not differentiate between animatronics and androids. 1515, Leonardo da Vinci designed and built the Automata Lion,1738, The construction of automata begins in Grenoble, France by Jacques de Vaucanson. 1770, Pierre Jaquet-Droz and his son Henri-Louis Jaquet-Droz, both Swiss watchmakers, start making automata for European royalty, once completed, they had created three dolls. One doll was able to write, the other play music,1801, Joseph Jacquard builds a loom that is controlled autonomously with punched cards. The animatronic galloping horse was also on display at the 1939 Worlds Fair,1939 New York Worlds Fair 1961, Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer-operated mechanical hand. 1961, Walt Disney coins the term audio-animatronics and begins developing modern animatronic technology,1963, The first animatronics, called Audio-Animatronics, created by Disney were the Enchanted Tiki Birds. Disneyland 1964, In the film Mary Poppins, animatronic birds are the first animatronics to be featured in a motion picture,1965, The first animatronics figure of a person is created by Disney and is Abraham Lincoln. 1968, The first animatronic character at a restaurant is created, goes by the name Golden Mario and was built by Team Built in 1968. 1977, Chuck E. Cheeses opens its doors, as the first restaurant with animatronics as an attraction,1980, ShowBiz Pizza Place opens with the Rock-afire Explosion 1982, Ben Franklin is the first animatronic figure to walk up a set of stairs. 1989, The first A-100 animatronic is developed for The Great Movie Ride attraction at the Disney-MGM Studios to represent The Wicked Witch of the West,1993, The largest animatronic figure ever built is the T. rex for the movie, Jurassic Park. 1998, Tiger Electronics begins selling Furby, a pet with over 800 English phrases or Furbish. Vernon Hills, Illinois May 11,1999, Sony releases the AIBO animatronics pet, tokyo, Japan 2008, Mr. Potato Head at the Toy Story exhibit features lips with superior range of movement to any other animatronic figure previously. Disneys Hollywood Studios October 31,2008 –July 1,2009, the Hall of Presidents September 28,2009, Disney develops Otto, the first interactive figure that can hear, see and sense actions in the room
21.
Kevin Pollak
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Kevin Elliot Pollak is an American actor, impressionist, and comedian. He started performing comedy at the age of 10 and touring professionally at the age of 20. In 1988, he landed a role in Willow, his first major role in a film, Pollak is an avid poker player, hosting weekly home games with some of Hollywoods A-list celebrities. He finished 134th out of 6,598 entrants in the 2012 World Series of Poker, Pollak was born in San Francisco, California, the youngest son of Elaine Harlow and Robert Bobby Pollak. He has one brother, who lives with his family in Boston. He attended high school at Pioneer High School in San Jose, California. As an actor, Pollaks most notable roles are usually playing the best friend or confidant characters to the men, as he did in Ricochet, A Few Good Men, End of Days. However, he has played a wide variety of parts, such as a criminal in The Usual Suspects. He also briefly hosted Celebrity Poker Showdown in its first season and his most substantial role to date was in Deterrence, in which he played the main character, a Vice President who must take over for a deceased President and deal with a nuclear crisis. In December 2006, he played Karl Kreutzfeld in the Sci Fi Channel miniseries The Lost Room, through 2008, he had a recurring role as a District Attorney on the television series Shark. In March 2008, Pollak played himself in the web series The Writers Room on Crackle, in 2010, he portrayed Sheriff Tom Wagner in Choose. In January 2010, Pollak was scheduled to host Our Little Genius on FOX, Pollak was then seen hosting Million Dollar Money Drop, again on the FOX network at the end of 2010. In 2014, Pollak began a role as Alvin Biletnikoff on the CBS sitcom Mom. However, his time on the show was cut short by the death of his character, Pollaks directorial debut was on the horror web series Vamped Out, featured on the internet television platform Babelgum. Jason Antoon, Seana Kofoed, Samm Levine and Pollak all acted in the ensemble cast, the screenbook was based on a simple joke that Antoon and Pollak had between them. Most recently, Pollaks feature film debut, the comedy documentary Misery Loves Comedy. The film sold North American rights to Tribeca Film, a US distribution company, Pollak directed the comedy film The Late Bloomer, which was released in 2016. As a comedian, Pollaks most famous work was his 1992 HBO special Stop With the Kicking, directed by fellow comedian David Steinberg, in July 2009, The Littlest Suspect, his most recent comedy special, was aired on Showtime
22.
Kathy Najimy
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Kathy Ann Najimy is an American actress and comedian. Prior to her work, Najimy was best known for two Off-Broadway shows with Mo Gaffney working as the duo Kathy and Mo. One of the shows became an HBO comedy special and garnered Najimy her first nationwide fan base, Najimy was born on February 6,1957 in San Diego, California, the daughter of Lebanese American parents Samia and Fred Najimy, a postal worker. She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Crawford High School, najimys film career began in the early 1990s, with a number of off-beat minor roles, but her first major role was in the 1992 comedy Sister Act, in the role of Sister Mary Patrick. She reprised this role in 1993 in Sister Act 2 and she also starred in Hocus Pocus with Bette Midler and Sarah Jessica Parker as the Sanderson sisters. In 1997, she lent her voice to Warner Bros, in 1998, she made a cameo in Bride of Chucky as the maid who discovers Diane and Russ bodies. In 1999, she played the Stepmother in CinderElmo a primetime special for Sesame Street, in 2001, she co-starred in the hit comedy film Rat Race alongside John Cleese, Rowan Atkinson, Cuba Gooding, Jr. Whoopi Goldberg, Jon Lovitz and Seth Green. She guest starred in Thats So Raven and she has made four movies with Goldberg. From film, Najimy expanded into television roles, including a recurring role on Chicago Hope. Najimy was part of the cast of Veronicas Closet from 1997 to 2000 and she co-created and starred in the hit Off-Broadway show and HBO specials Kathy & Mo, with friend and actress Mo Gaffney. She appeared as Mae West in the Broadway hit Dirty Blonde and she also portrayed Dr. Mildred Finch on Numb3rs. Najimy also provided the voice of the teacher, Miss Thespius, in the 1998 Disney show Hercules. In 2003, Najimy provided the voice of Margalo in Stuart Little, The Animated Series, taking over from Melanie Griffith. She is the co-creator and director of the musical revue Back to Bacharach and David, which ran in New York City in 1992 and 1993, and she also appeared in Drop Dead Diva. In October 2009, Najimy played a police investigating an attack on Wisteria Lane on an episode of Desperate Housewives. In March 2010, she appeared in the Ugly Betty episode Million Dollar Smile, portraying Bettys new orthodontist, in July 2011, Najimy appeared in TNTs Franklin and Bash episode Bangover, playing a judge. Premiering in August 2015, Najimy appeared in Disneys Descendants as the Evil Queen, in the movie, she makes references to her previous role as Mary Sanderson in Hocus Pocus. Najimy, an outspoken feminist, is noted as an activist for human rights
23.
Sound localization
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Sound localization refers to a listeners ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance. The sound localization technique appeared with the progress that has been made in acoustic simulation techniques. It allows us to localize the sources by modeling a sound field that contains one or several sources. Therefore, with technique, people can obtain the hearing sense from any place in the sound field. It may also refer to the methods in engineering to simulate the placement of an auditory cue in a virtual 3D space. The sound localization mechanisms of the auditory system have been extensively studied. As a new discipline, sound localization involves psychological acoustics, physiological acoustics, artificial intelligence. Animals with the ability to localize sound have an evolutionary advantage. Sound is the result of mechanical vibrations traveling through a medium such as air or water. Through the mechanisms of compression and rarefaction, sound waves travel through the air, bounce off the pinna and concha of the exterior ear, human ear has a very complex physical structure. As shown in fig.1, it can be divided into three parts, outer, middle and inner, the outer ear consists of the auricle, external auditory meatus and eardrum. For human adults, the auditory canal is about 2.7 cm long with a diameter around 0.7 cm. When the external auditory canal is closed, the lowest resonant frequency is around 3060 Hz, due to the resonance effect in the external auditory canal, the sound will gain a 10 dB amplification. The eardrum is shaped as a cone about 0.1 mm thick and 69 square mm, at normal voice levels, the eardrum displacement is around 0.1 nm. In general, the outer ear serves two functions, localizing the sound source and amplifying the acoustic signals, the middle ear is a chain that consists of three pieces of ossicles, malleus, anvil and stapes. The function of middle ear is to change acoustic impedance and protect inner ear, the main part of inner ear is cochlea. It is the receiver of human auditory systems that convert the signals to nerve stimulation. More detailed information can be found in Ear, in vertebrates, inter-aural time differences are known to be calculated in the superior olivary nucleus of the brainstem
24.
Foley (filmmaking)
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Foley is the reproduction of everyday sound effects that are added to film, video, and other media in post-production to enhance audio quality. These reproduced sounds can be anything from the swishing of clothing and footsteps to squeaky doors, the best Foley art is so well integrated into a film that it goes unnoticed by the audience. It helps to create a sense of reality within a scene, without these crucial background noises, movies feel unnaturally quiet and uncomfortable. Foley artists recreate the ambient sounds that the film portrays. The props and sets of a film often do not react the same way acoustically as their real life counterparts, Foley sounds are used to enhance the auditory experience of the movie. Foley can also be used to cover up unwanted sounds captured on the set of a movie during filming, the term Foley also means a place, such as Foley-stage or Foley-studio, where the Foley process takes place. What is now called Foley is a range of sound effects originally developed for live broadcasts of radio drama in the early 1920s in various radio studios around the world. Because no effective recording method existed in those days, a sound effects person had to create all sounds for radio plays live, jack Donovan Foley started working with Universal Studios in 1914 during the silent movie era. When Warner studios released its first film to sound, The Jazz Singer, Universal knew it needed to get on the bandwagon. Foley became part of the crew that turned Universal’s then upcoming “silent” musical Show Boat into a musical. Because microphones of the time could not pick up more than dialogue, Foley and his small crew projected the film on a screen while recording a single track of audio that captured their live sound effects. Their timing had to be perfect, so that footsteps and closing doors synchronized with the motions in the film. Jack Foley created sounds for films until his death in 1967 and his basic methods are still used today. Modern Foley art has progressed as recording technology has progressed, today, sounds do not have to be recorded live on a single track of audio. They can be captured separately on individual tracks and carefully synchronized with their visual counterpart, Foley studios employ hundreds of props and digital effects to recreate the ambient sounds of their films. In this article, Foley complements or replaces sound recorded on set at the time of the filming, the soundscape of most films uses a combination of both. A Foley artist is the person who creates this sound art, Foley artists use creativity to make viewers believe that the sound effects are actually real. The viewers should not be able to realize that the sound was not actually part of the process itself
25.
Pink noise
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Pink noise or 1⁄f noise is a signal or process with a frequency spectrum such that the power spectral density is inversely proportional to the frequency of the signal. In pink noise, each carries a equal amount of noise energy. The name arises from the appearance of visible light with this power spectrum. These pink-like noises occur widely in nature and are a source of considerable interest in many fields, the distinction between the noises with α near 1 and those with a broad range of α approximately corresponds to a much more basic distinction. The former generally come from systems in quasi-equilibrium, as discussed below. The latter generally correspond to a range of non-equilibrium driven dynamical systems. The term flicker noise is used to refer to pink noise. There is equal energy in all octaves of frequency, in terms of power at a constant bandwidth, pink noise falls off at 3 dB per octave. At high enough frequencies pink noise is never dominant, however, humans still differentiate between white noise and pink noise with ease. Systems that do not have a response can be equalized by creating an inverse filter using a graphic equalizer. Because pink noise has a tendency to occur in physical systems. Pink noise can be processed, filtered, and/or effects can be added to produce desired sounds, various crest factors of pink noise can be used in simulations of various levels of dynamic range compression in music signals. On some digital pink-noise generators the crest factor can be specified, the power spectrum of pink noise is 1/f only for one-dimensional signals. For two-dimensional signals the power spectrum is reciprocal to f 2 In general, in an n-dimensional system, for higher-dimensional signals it is still true that each octave carries an equal amount of noise power. The frequency spectrum of two-dimensional signals, for instance, is also two-dimensional, in the past quarter century, pink noise has been discovered in the statistical fluctuations of an extraordinarily diverse number of physical and biological systems. Examples of its occurrence include fluctuations in tide and river heights, quasar light emissions, heart beat, firings of single neurons, an accessible introduction to the significance of pink noise is one given by Martin Gardner in his Scientific American column Mathematical Games. In this column, Gardner asked for the sense in which music imitates nature, sounds in nature are not musical in that they tend to be either too repetitive or too chaotic. The answer to question was given in a statistical sense by Voss and Clarke
26.
Subwoofer
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A subwoofer is a woofer, or a complete loudspeaker, which is dedicated to the reproduction of low-pitched audio frequencies known as bass. The typical frequency range for a subwoofer is about 20–200 Hz for consumer products, below 100 Hz for professional live sound, subwoofers are intended to augment the low frequency range of loudspeakers covering higher frequency bands. While the term subwoofer technically only refers to the driver, in common parlance. Subwoofers are made up of one or more woofers mounted in a loudspeaker enclosure—often made of wood—capable of withstanding air pressure while resisting deformation, passive subwoofers have a subwoofer driver and enclosure and they are powered by an external amplifier. Active subwoofers include a built-in amplifier, the first subwoofers were developed in the 1960s to add bass response to home stereo systems. Subwoofers came into popular consciousness in the 1970s with the introduction of Sensurround in movies such as Earthquake. During the 1990s, subwoofers also became popular in home stereo systems, custom car audio installations. By the 2000s, subwoofers became almost universal in sound reinforcement systems in nightclubs, Dones loudspeaker was marketed in the US under the trade name The Octavium from the early 1960s to the mid-1970s. The Octavium was utilized by recording artists of that era, most notably the Grateful Dead, bassist Monk Montgomery, bassist Nathan East. The Octavium speaker and Dones subwoofer technology was utilized, in a few select theaters. During the late 1960s Dones’ Octavium was favorably reviewed by publications including Hi-Fi News. Another early subwoofer enclosure made for home and studio use was the bass speaker for the Servo Statik 1 by New Technology Enterprises. In 1968, the two found outside investors and reorganized as Infinity, the subwoofer was reviewed positively in Stereophile magazines Winter 1968 issue as the SS-1 by Infinity. The SS-1 was reviewed very highly in 1970 by High Fidelity magazine, another of the early subwoofers was developed during the late 1960s by Ken Kreisel, the former president of the Miller & Kreisel Sound Corporation in Los Angeles. Infinitys full range electrostatic speaker system that was developed during the 1960s also used a woofer to cover the frequency range that its electrostatic arrays did not handle adequately. Subwoofers received a deal of publicity in 1974 with the movie Earthquake which was released in Sensurround. Four of the subwoofers were positioned in front of the audience under the film screen, powerful noise energy and loud rumbling in the range of 17 Hz to 120 Hz was generated at the level of 110–120 decibels of sound pressure level, abbreviated dB. The new low frequency entertainment method helped the film become a box office success, more Sensurround systems were assembled and installed
27.
4D film
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4D film or 4-D film is a marketing term for an entertainment presentation system combining a 3D film with physical effects that occur in the theatre in synchronization with the film. Effects simulated in a 4D film may include rain, wind, strobe lights, seats in 4D venues may vibrate or move a few centimeters during the presentations. Other common chair effects include air jets, water sprays, and leg, hall effects may include smoke, rain, lightning, air bubbles, and smell. Because physical effects can be expensive to install, 4D films are most often presented in theatres at special venues such as theme parks. However, some movie theatres have the ability to present 4D versions of wide-release 3D films, there is no consistent standard for using the term 4D when describing the presentation of a film. 4D films have occasionally been marketed as 5D, 6D, 7D, 8D, 9D, 11D, 15D. This is scientifically different from actual fourth dimensional space, notable formats for providing different aspects of a fourth dimension to films include Human 4D, Sensurround, Smell-O-Vision and 4DX. As of June 2015, about 530 screens worldwide have installed the technology, the following is a list of 4D screening formats developed for film theatres. Are 4D movies the next big thing, high quality stereoscopic HFR 3D, 4D, 5D rides for cinema and attractions
28.
Laser
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A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term laser originated as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, the first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow. A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light coherently, spatial coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot, enabling applications such as laser cutting and lithography. Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances, Lasers can also have high temporal coherence, which allows them to emit light with a very narrow spectrum, i. e. they can emit a single color of light. Temporal coherence can be used to produce pulses of light as short as a femtosecond, Lasers are distinguished from other light sources by their coherence. Spatial coherence is typically expressed through the output being a narrow beam, Laser beams can be focused to very tiny spots, achieving a very high irradiance, or they can have very low divergence in order to concentrate their power at a great distance. Temporal coherence implies a polarized wave at a single frequency whose phase is correlated over a great distance along the beam. A beam produced by a thermal or other incoherent light source has an amplitude and phase that vary randomly with respect to time and position. Lasers are characterized according to their wavelength in a vacuum, most single wavelength lasers actually produce radiation in several modes having slightly differing frequencies, often not in a single polarization. Although temporal coherence implies monochromaticity, there are lasers that emit a broad spectrum of light or emit different wavelengths of light simultaneously, there are some lasers that are not single spatial mode and consequently have light beams that diverge more than is required by the diffraction limit. However, all devices are classified as lasers based on their method of producing light. Lasers are employed in applications where light of the spatial or temporal coherence could not be produced using simpler technologies. The word laser started as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, in the early technical literature, especially at Bell Telephone Laboratories, the laser was called an optical maser, this term is now obsolete. A laser that produces light by itself is technically an optical rather than an optical amplifier as suggested by the acronym. It has been noted that the acronym LOSER, for light oscillation by stimulated emission of radiation. With the widespread use of the acronym as a common noun, optical amplifiers have come to be referred to as laser amplifiers. The back-formed verb to lase is frequently used in the field, meaning to produce light, especially in reference to the gain medium of a laser. Further use of the laser and maser in an extended sense, not referring to laser technology or devices, can be seen in usages such as astrophysical maser
29.
Rear-projection television
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Rear-projection television is a type of large-screen television display technology. Until approximately 2006, most of the relatively affordable consumer large screen TVs up to 100 in used rear-projection technology, a variation is a video projector, using similar technology, which projects onto a screen. Three types of systems are used in projection TVs. CRT rear-projection TVs were the earliest, and while they were the first to exceed 40, they were also bulky, newer technologies include, DLP, LCD projectors, Laser TV and LCoS. They are capable of 1080p resolution, and examples include Sonys SXRD, JVCs D-ILA, modern rear-projection television has been commercially available since the 1970s, but at that time could not match the image sharpness of a direct-view CRT. Current models are improved, and offer a cost-effective HDTV large-screen display. While still thicker than LCD and plasma flat panels, modern rear-projection TVs have a smaller footprint than their predecessors, the latest models are light enough to be wall-mounted. However, the technique is much older than this. Projection systems were used in the very early 1950s when it was impossible to manufacture CRTs with a screen size much over 12 inches. The resultant picture was darker than with a direct view CRT and had to be watched in subdued lighting, the degree to which the tube was driven meant that the tube had a relatively short life. Details of a specific TV set with its optical system can be found here, in 1884, Paul Nipkow developed an image sending device that spun a metal disk which sent images through a collection of wires. This was later named the Nipkow Disk and this device had 18 lines of resolution. They were not credited with the intention of the television being that a single inventor did not invent the television. Currently, Samsung, Mitsubishi, ProScan, RCA, Panasonic, on June 6,2007, Sony did unveil a 70 rear-projection SXRD model KDS-Z70XBR5 that was 40% slimmer than its predecessor and weighed 200 lbs, which was somewhat wall-mountable. However, on December 27,2007, Sony decided to exit the RPTV market, Mitsubishi began offering their LaserVue line of wall mountable rear-projection TVs in 2009. A projection television uses a projector to create an image or video from a video signal. The projector uses a beam of light and a lens system to project the image to a much larger size. A front-projection television uses a projector that is separate from the screen, the setup of a rear-projection television is in some ways similar to that of a traditional television
30.
Audio-Animatronics
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The robots move and make noise, but are usually fixed to whatever supports them. They can sit and stand but usually cannot walk, an Audio-Animatron is different from an android-type robot in that it uses prerecorded movements and sounds, rather than responding to external stimuli. In 2009, Disney created a version of the technology called Autonomatronics. Animatronics has become a name for similar robots created by firms other than Disney. Audio-Animatronics were originally a creation of Walt Disney employee Lee Adams, one of the first Disney Audio-Animatrons was a toy bird Walt Disney got in New Orleans. It was a mechanical bird, and Walt decided to improve the device that moved it. Another was a man, created by Roger Broggie and Wathel Rogers. The dancing man was modeled after a tap dancing routine by actor Buddy Ebsen, the term Audio-Animatronics was first used commercially by Disney in 1961, was filed as a trademark in 1964, and was registered in 1967. Perhaps the most impressive of the early Audio-Animatronics efforts was The Enchanted Tiki Room and it was a room full of tropical creatures with eye and facial actions synchronized to a musical score entirely by electromechanical means. The movements of the birds, flowers, and tiki idols are triggered by sound. Figures movements have a natural resting position that the limb or part returns to when there is no electric pulse present. Other than this, the animation is a system, with only on/off moves. Other early Audio-Animatrons were at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair, pneumatic actuators were not powerful enough to move heavier objects like simulated limbs, so hydraulics were used for large figures. On/off type movement would cause an arm to be lifted either up over a head or down next to its body. To create more movement in large figures, an analog system was used. This gave the body parts a full range of fluid motion. The digital system was used with small pneumatic moving limbs, to permit a high degree of freedom, the control cylinders resemble typical miniature pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, but mount the back of the cylinder on a ball joint and threaded rod. This ball joint permits the cylinders to float freely inside the frame, Disneys technology is not infallible however, the oil-filled cylinders do occasionally drip or leak
31.
The Timekeeper
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The Timekeeper was a 1992 Circle-Vision 360° film that was presented at three Disney parks around the world. It was the first Circle-Vision show that was arranged and filmed with a plot and not just visions of landscapes. The film features a cast of European film actors of France, Italy, Belgium, Russia, the film was shown in highly stylized circular theaters, and featured historic and futuristic details both on the interior and exterior. The Timekeeper and its original European counterpart Le Visionarium marked the first time that the Circle-Vision film process was used to deliver a story line. This required a concept to explain the visual characteristics of the Theater. Nine-Eye is sent through Time by The Timekeeper, so that she can send back the surrounding images as she records them in whichever era she finds herself in. The European attraction was known by its film name as Un Voyage à Travers le Temps, while the Japanese version was simply named Visionarium. The original concept for the film had included Jules Verne and the culture of past and present European history and events, the film first premiered in Discoveryland at Disneyland Paris on April 12,1992 as Le Visionarium. It was an extravagant attraction, and was touted by then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner as the attraction of the land at the time. However, TIME Magazine derided the film as a flop of a wan drama in its review of Disneyland Paris, the next year, the third incarnation of the ride opened at Tokyo Disneyland, as part of that parks 10th Anniversary Celebration. The attraction had long been on the Discoveryland USA proposal for the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort, however, when financial difficulties arose because of the EuroDisney Project, this Discoveryland project was canceled. At one point, the attraction was to be extended into a restaurant featured next door to the attraction. However, the film was named From Time to Time and opened in the Magic Kingdoms Circle-Vision Theater, six months later, the attraction underwent some name changes. The Theater was renamed Tomorrowland Metropolis Science Center, and the film was known as The Timekeeper. In 2001, the attraction was moved to the seasonal list of attractions along with Walt Disneys Carousel of Progress, in February 2006, the Walt Disney World Resort reported that The Timekeeper was to be closed on February 26,2006. Walt Disney Worlds version was the last version of the attraction to be closed, both the Tokyo Disneyland and Disneyland Paris Visionarium films had closed in 2002 and 2004, respectively. A short movie about the history of Renault making cars is shown, guests were introduced to Timekeeper, who told them they were about to join him in an experimentation by viewing his last and greatest invention, his extraordinary machine to explore Time. Before he introduced it, he gave a speech on how his machine would change the world just as the ones that surrounded guests in the pre-show room
32.
America Sings
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America Sings was an attraction at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, United States, from 1974 to 1988. It featured a cast of audio animatronics animals that entertained the audience by singing songs from various periods in Americas musical history, often in a humorous fashion. America Sings opened on June 29,1974, replacing the General Electric-sponsored Carousel of Progress attraction, America Sings used the same Carousel Theater as its predecessor. The building had a ring of six theaters, connected by divider walls. Unlike Disneylands Carousel of Progress, which rotated clockwise, America Sings rotated in a counter-clockwise direction, also, unlike Carousel of Progress, America Sings only used the lower level of the Carousel Theater. The upper level was used to house the SuperSpeed Tunnel in 1977 that the PeopleMover transportation attraction passed through. Written primarily by Marc Davis and Al Bertino, America Sings was comparable to Disneylands Country Bear Jamboree, the shows Masters of Ceremonies were an American bald eagle named Sam and an owl named Ollie. The image of Eagle Sam was designed by Disney animator Marc Davis, Eagle Sam is completely separate from the Sam the Olympic Eagle character designed a decade later by C. Robert Moore for the 1984 Summer Olympics. Like the Carousel of Progress, the first and the last scenes of America Sings involved the loading and unloading of guests, while the four scenes, or acts. However, the load and unload theaters each featured a small curtained gazebo with a backdrop showing a park. The curtains would open to reveal Sam and the owl standing on a podium, with Sam standing on the higher level. Also, at point in each act, the Weasel would suddenly appear on the scene, spouting the title line, Pop. At the very end of the show, he changed the line to, Goodbye, the characters in America Sings were patterned after the characters from the concept art for an animated movie called Chanticleer that Walt Disney scrapped back in the 1960s. A narrow channel between a wall and a rotating wall was open and Stone either fell, stepped backwards. She was pronounced dead at 11,00 PM when the carousel was being reset for a new cycle, one of the audience members heard Stones screams and notified park staff. Other employees didnt notice the body until the end of the show. By the time the member and the staff got to her. Shed started working at Disneyland to earn money for college, Stones parents sued Disneyland for the death of their daughter, which resulted in a small settlement
33.
Disneyland Paris
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It is owned and operated by Euro Disney S. C. A. A publicly traded company in which The Walt Disney Company owns a controlling stake, Disneyland Park is the original theme park of the complex, opening with the resort on 12 April 1992. A second theme park, Walt Disney Studios Park, opened in 2002, the resort is the second Disney park to open outside of the United States following the opening of the Tokyo Disney Resort in 1983. Following the success of Walt Disney World in Florida, plans to build a theme park in Europe emerged in 1972. Under the leadership of E. Cardon Walker, Tokyo Disneyland opened in 1983 in Japan with instant success, in late 1984 the heads of Disneys theme park division, Dick Nunis and Jim Cora, presented a list of approximately 1,200 possible European locations for the park. By March 1985, the number of locations for the park had been reduced to four. Both nations saw the economic advantages of a Disney theme park. Both Spanish sites were located near the Mediterranean Sea and offered a climate similar to Disneys parks in California. Disney had also shown interest in a site near Toulon in southern France, the pleasing landscape of that region, as well as its climate, made the location a top competitor for what would be called Euro Disneyland. However, shallow bedrock was encountered beneath the site, which would have rendered construction too difficult, finally, a site in the rural town of Marne-la-Vallée was chosen because of its proximity to Paris and its central location in Western Europe. This location was estimated to be no more than a drive for 68 million people. The final contract was signed by the leaders of the Walt Disney Company, construction began in August 1988, and in December 1990, an information centre named Espace Euro Disney was opened to show the public what was being constructed.3 billion. In order to provide lodging to patrons, it was decided that 5,200 Disney-owned hotel rooms would be built within the complex. In March 1988, Disney and a council of architects decided on an exclusively American theme in each hotel would depict a region of the United States. At the time of the opening in April 1992, seven hotels collectively housing 5,800 rooms had been built, an entertainment, shopping and dining complex based on Walt Disney Worlds Downtown Disney was designed by Frank Gehry. With its towers of oxidised silver and bronze-coloured stainless steel under a canopy of lights, for a projected daily attendance of 55,000, Euro Disney planned to serve an estimated 14,000 people per hour inside the Euro Disneyland park. In order to accomplish this,29 restaurants were built inside the park, menus and prices were varied with an American flavour predominant and Disneys precedent of serving alcoholic beverages was continued in the park. 2,300 patio seats were installed to satisfy Europeans expected preference of eating outdoors in good weather, in test kitchens at Walt Disney World, recipes were adapted for European tastes
34.
Alien (film)
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The films title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship. Dan OBannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett, drawing influence from works of science fiction. The film was produced by Gordon Carroll, David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions, Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script. The eponymous Alien and its elements were designed by Swiss surrealist artist H. R. Giger, while concept artists Ron Cobb. Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series and it has remained highly praised in subsequent decades, being considered one of the greatest films of all time. In 2002, the film was deemed culturally, historically or aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. In 2008, it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the fiction genre by the American Film Institute. The success of Alien spawned a franchise of novels, comic books, video games. A crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator series, a prequel series, which includes Prometheus and Alien, Covenant, continues in development. Detecting a mysterious transmission from a nearby planetoid— possibly a distress signal—the ships computer, Mother, following standard company policy for such situations, the Nostromo lands on the planetoid, sustaining damage from the planetoids dusty atmosphere in the process. Parker and Brett begin repairing the ship, while Dallas, Kane and they discover the signal is coming from a derelict alien spacecraft. Inside, they find the remains of an alien creature whose rib cage appears to have exploded from the inside. On the Nostromo, Ripley determines that the transmission is not a distress signal, Ash responds by telling her that she wouldnt be able to communicate with the others in time. In the alien ship, Kane discovers a chamber containing hundreds of eggs, as he inspects one, a creature springs out and attaches itself to his face. Dallas and Lambert carry the unconscious Kane back to the Nostromo, as acting senior officer, Ripley refuses to let them aboard, citing quarantine regulations, but Ash violates protocol by overriding Ripleys lock and letting them in. The crew unsuccessfully attempt to remove the creature from Kanes face and it detaches on its own and dies. With the ship repaired, the crew lifts off, Kane awakens with some memory loss but otherwise unharmed. Brett follows the cat, Jones, into an engine room
35.
Monster
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A monster is any creature, usually found in legends or horror fiction, that is often hideous and may produce fear or physical harm by its appearance or its actions. The word monster derives from Latin monstrum, meaning an aberrant occurrence, usually biological, the word usually connotes something wrong or evil, a monster is generally morally objectionable, physically or psychologically hideous, or a freak of nature. It can also be applied figuratively to a person with similar characteristics like a person or a person who does horrible things. The root of monstrum is monere—which does not only mean to warn but also to instruct, thus, the monster is also a sign or instruction. This benign interpretation was proposed by Saint Augustine, who did not see the monster as inherently evil, but as part of the design of the world. Well known monsters in fiction include Count Dracula, Frankensteins monster, werewolves, mummies, among newborn young and embryos of humans and most species of animals are found occasional individuals who are malformed in whole or in part. No sharp line separates these grades of malformation, all being due to various kinds, the study of these deviations forms the subject of teratology, a branch of morphology or embryology. A knowledge of the kinds of abnormalities and their causes may, like deliberate experiments, classic monsters spawn from legends and fictional stories. Well known monsters include Dracula, Frankensteins creation, werewolves, mummies, giants and dwarfs are often classed as monsters, probably because of the prominent places they occupy in mythology. Since in humans they generally result from growth, they cannot usually be recognised as abnormal at birth. In all these cases, abnormal characteristics are inherited together, cases where this type of dwarfism in a human family behaves as a simple hereditary characteristic have been reported. It may also be due to other causes, rudolf Virchow long ago noted the familial association of the chondrodystrophic type of monster with another type in which the limbs except for digits are nearly absent. It has since been shown by Walter Landauer that the fowl phocomelus and chondrodystrophia result from the same factor, the former representing the homozygote. Gigantism usually expresses itself during early growth, in humans it often arises from endocrine imbalance. It may declare itself at birth in greater size, and sometimes in lower animals, repetition or deficiency of single parts such as fingers or toes are frequent anomalies in humans and other mammals. Absence or abnormality of whole limbs is less common and includes besides club-foot and it is probable that endogenous abnormalities of the bone are more frequent causes of such amputations than are strangulations. Cases are recorded of human identical twins in both members have the same type of limb abnormality, suggesting an hereditary predisposition to this type of malformation. In other cases injury and malposition are probably responsible, in addition to monsters with rudimentary limbs, others are known with incomplete or underdeveloped extremities
36.
Alien (creature in Alien franchise)
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The Alien is a fictional endoparasitoid extraterrestrial species that is the eponymous antagonist of the Alien film series. A similar creature of a different design named the Deacon makes a brief appearance in the Ridley Scott film Prometheus. The classic Xenomorph and at least one yet-unseen variation are set to appear in the sequel to Prometheus, Alien, in addition, the Alien appears in various literature and video game spin-offs from the franchises. Like wasps or termites, Aliens are eusocial, with a fertile queen breeding a caste of warriors, workers. The Alien design is credited to Swiss surrealist and artist H. R. Giger, originating in a lithograph titled Necronom IV and refined for the series first film, the practical effects for the Aliens head were designed and constructed by Italian special effects designer Carlo Rambaldi. The species design and life cycle have been augmented, sometimes inconsistently. The script for the 1979 film Alien was initially drafted by Dan OBannon, Dan OBannon drafted an opening in which the crew of a mining ship are sent to investigate a mysterious message on an alien planet. He eventually settled on the threat being a creature, however. Inspired after waking from a dream, Shusett said, I have an idea, the monster screws one of them, planting its egg in his body, both realized the idea had never been done before, and it subsequently became the core of the film. This is a movie about alien interspecies rape, OBannon said in the documentary Alien Evolution, thats scary because it hits all of our buttons. OBannon felt that the symbolism of homosexual rape was an effective means of discomforting male viewers. The title of the film was decided late in the scripts development, OBannon had quickly dropped the films original title, Star Beast, but could not think of a name to replace it. I was running through titles, and they all stank, OBannon said in an interview, when suddenly and its a noun and its an adjective. The word alien subsequently became the title of the film and, by extension, prior to writing the script to Alien, OBannon had been working in France for Chilean cult director Alejandro Jodorowskys planned adaptation of Frank Herberts classic science-fiction novel Dune. Also hired for the project was Swiss surrealist artist H. R. Giger, Giger showed OBannon his nightmarish, monochromatic artwork, which left OBannon deeply disturbed. I had never seen anything that was quite as horrible and at the time as beautiful as his work he remembered later. That the creature could just as easily have been male or female was also a factor in the decision to use it. It could just as easily fuck you before it killed you, said line producer Ivor Powell, Fox studios were initially wary of allowing Giger onto the project, saying that his works would be too disturbing for audiences, but eventually relented
37.
Alien (franchise)
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Produced by 20th Century Fox, the series began with Alien, directed by Ridley Scott. It was followed by three sequels, released in 1986,1992 and 1997, a prequel series directed by Scott is in development, beginning with the 2012 release of Prometheus, and continuing with the 2017 Alien, Covenant. The series has led to books, comics and video game spin-offs. After completion of the film Dark Star, writer Dan OBannon thought to some of the ideas. The duo finished the script, initially entitled Star Beast, which was changed to Alien after OBannon noticed the number of times the word alien occurred in the script. Their script was sold to Brandywine Productions, a formed by producers Gordon Carroll, David Giler. The writers imagined a low-budget film, but the success of Star Wars inclined 20th Century Fox to invest millions on the production, in the original script, the ship has an all-male crew, including the Ripley character, who would be played by actor Tom Skerritt. Shortly before filming began, Veronica Cartwright was set for the Ripley role, Cartwright played Navigator Lambert in the movie, the final crew member to be killed. After Camerons The Terminator became a box office hit, Cameron and partner Gale Anne Hurd were given approval to direct and produce the sequel to Alien, Cameron wrote the screenplay from a story he developed with Giler and Walter Hill. Following the second film, Aliens, Weaver was not interested in returning to the series, released in 1992, the film was troubled from the start, with production beginning without even a finished script. Having already spent $1 million, music video director David Fincher, Giler, Hill and Larry Ferguson wrote the screenplay, based on a story from an earlier script by Vincent Ward. After production was completed in late 1991, the studio reworked the film without Finchers involvement or consent, the death of Ripley was designed to bring closure to the Alien franchise by killing off the principal character. While fans and critics initially did not receive Alien 3 well, in 1996, production on the fourth Alien film, Alien, Resurrection, began. The script, set 200 years after Alien 3, resurrected the Ripley character via human cloning, the film, released in 1997, experienced an extended production and was described by screenwriter Joss Whedon as having done everything wrong with his script. On its return to Earth, the U. S. commercial starship Nostromo is diverted to a desolate planetoid after receiving a signal from a derelict alien spacecraft. While exploring the ship, one of the Nostromos crewmen discovers the remains of the ships pilot. One of the releases a creature that attaches itself to his face. The others break quarantine to bring him aboard the ship
38.
Rule of thumb
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A rule of thumb is a principle with broad application that is not intended to be strictly accurate or reliable for every situation. It is a learned and easily applied procedure for approximately calculating or recalling some value. It is based not on theory but on practical experience, compare this to heuristic, a similar concept used in mathematical discourse, psychology, and computer science, particularly in algorithm design. The exact origin of the phrase is uncertain, the earliest known citation comes from J. Durham’s Heaven upon Earth,1685, ii. 217, Many profest Christians are like to foolish builders, who build by guess, sir William Hope wrote in his The Compleat Fencing Master,1692, What he doth, he doth by rule of Thumb, and not by Art. James Kellys The Complete Collection of Scottish Proverbs,1721, pg 257, includes, No Rule so good as Rule of Thumb, if it hit. According to phrases. org. uk, The phrase joins the whole nine yards as one that derives from some form of measurement. It is often claimed that the rule of thumb is derived from a law that limited the maximum thickness of a stick with which it was permissible for a man to beat his wife. English common law before the reign of Charles II permitted a man to give his wife moderate correction, but no rule of thumb has ever been the law in England. Belief in the existence of a rule of thumb to excuse spousal abuse can be traced as far back as 1782, in the United States, where the rule of thumb was mentioned in case law, it was usually to reject it as a legal standard. Legal decisions in Mississippi and North Carolina make reference to—and reject—an unnamed old doctrine or ancient law by which a man was allowed to beat his wife with a stick no wider than his thumb. In 1976, womens rights activist Del Martin used the phrase rule of thumb as a reference to describe such a doctrine. She was interpreted by many as claiming the doctrine as an origin of the phrase, and the connection gained currency in 1982. Commission on Civil Rights issued a report on wife abuse titled Under the Rule of Thumb, right-hand rule Oersteds law Rule of 72 Pattern language Heuristic argument Common sense Back-of-the-envelope calculation Modulor Satisficing Rules of Thumb
39.
Motion picture content rating system
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A particular issued rating can be called a certification, classification, certificate or rating. Ratings typically carry age recommendations in an advisory or restrictive capacity, in some jurisdictions the legal obligation of administering the rating may be imposed on movie theaters. In most countries, however, films that are considered morally offensive have been censored, restricted, or banned. Even if the rating system has no legal consequences. The influence of factors in deciding a rating varies from country to country. In Germany, for example, films depicting explicit war violence in a real war context are handled more leniently than films with purely fictional settings, a film may be produced with a particular rating in mind. It may be re-edited if the rating is not obtained. A film may also be re-edited to produce a version for other countries. A comparison of current film rating systems, showing age on the horizontal axis, note however that the specific criteria used in assigning a classification can vary widely from one country to another. Thus a color code or age range cannot be compared from one country to another. Key, White – No restrictions, All ages may watch/Aimed at young audiences/Exempt/Not rated/No applicable rating, yellow – No restrictions, Parental guidance is suggested for a younger audience, if applicable. Purple – No restrictions, Not recommended for a younger audience, red – Restrictive, Restricted to an older audience unless accompanied by an adult. Black – Restrictive, Restricted exclusively to an older audience/licensed premises or banned, Children under the age of 13 are admitted if accompanied by an adult. 16, Suitable for 16-year-olds and over,18, Suitable for 18-year-olds and over. C, Suitable for 18-year-olds and over, the Classification Board and Classification Review Board are government-funded organizations which classify all films that are released for public exhibition. The content is mild in impact. The G classification is suitable for everyone, Parental Guidance – Parental guidance recommended. The content is mild in impact and it is not recommended for viewing or playing by persons under 15 without guidance from parents or guardians
40.
Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)
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Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disneys theme park ride of the same name. Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski, Rob Marshall, and Joachim Rønning, the series was most notably written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, other writers include Stuart Beattie, Jay Wolpert, and Jeff Nathanson. The stories followed the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow, Will Turner, characters such as Hector Barbossa and Joshamee Gibbs follow Jack, Will, and Elizabeth in the course of the films. The fourth film featured Philip Swift and Syrena, while the film will feature Henry Turner. The films take place in a historical setting, a world ruled by the British Empire, the East India Company. After the first films success, Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works, the franchises second film, subtitled Dead Mans Chest, was released three years later in 2006, the sequel proved successful, breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere. Dead Mans Chest ended up being the one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office. The third film in the series, subtitled At Worlds End, followed in 2007, on Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion, becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this. A fifth film, subtitled Dead Men Tell No Tales, is set to be released on May 26,2017. Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turners love, Elizabeth Swann, from cursed pirates led by Jacks mutinous former first mate, Captain Barbossa. Jack wants revenge against Barbossa, who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship, lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film. Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and, with the help of the Flying Dutchman, to stand against the East India Trading Co. Will, Elizabeth, Barbossa, and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones Locker, as one of the Nine Pirate Lords, Jack is needed in order to summon an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Becketts forces. Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover and she forces Jack aboard the Queen Annes Revenge, a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard, Angelicas father. Both are also in search of the Fountain, Angelica to save her fathers soul, joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa, now a privateer in King George IIs Navy, who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth. Captain Jacks only hope of survival lies in seeking out the legendary Trident of Poseidon, with the release of the official trailer of Dead Men Tell No Tales, it was suggested that Dead Men will be the last film in the franchise. However, on March 4,2017, director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure, wenches Scarlett and Giselle fix each other up for their wedding, in which they would each marry their groom. Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man – Jack Sparrow – the two find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer
41.
Star Wars
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Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983
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Indiana Jones (franchise)
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The Indiana Jones franchise is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Indiana Jones, Jr. a fictional archaeologist. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark, a prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008, the series was created by George Lucas, the films star Harrison Ford and are directed by Steven Spielberg. The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm, a fifth film is planned for release on July 19,2019, with both Spielberg and Ford returning. Marvel Comics began publishing The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones in 1983, numerous Indiana Jones video games have been released since 1982. The first film, Raiders of the Lost Ark is set in 1936, Indiana Jones is hired by government agents to locate the Ark of the Covenant before the Nazis. The Nazis have teams searching for artifacts, including the Ark. The Nazis are being helped by Indianas nemesis René Belloq, with the help of his old flame Marion Ravenwood and Sallah, Indiana manages to recover the Ark in Egypt. The Nazis steal the Ark and capture Indiana and Marion, Belloq and the Nazis perform a ceremony to open the Ark, but when they do so, they are all killed gruesomely by the Arks wrath. Indiana and Marion, who survived by closing their eyes, manage to get the Ark to the United States, the second film, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is set in 1935, a year before Raiders of the Lost Ark. Indiana escapes Chinese gangsters with the help of singer/actress Willie Scott, the trio crash-land in India, where they come across a village whose children have been kidnapped. A destructive cult led by Mola Ram has also taken the holy Sankara Stones, Indiana manages to overcome Mola Rams evil power, rescues the children and returns the stones to their rightful place, overcoming his own mercenary nature. Indiana and his friend Marcus Brody are assigned by American businessman Walter Donovan to find the Holy Grail and they are teamed up with Dr. Elsa Schneider, following on from where Indianas estranged father Henry left off before he disappeared. It transpires that Donovan and Elsa are in league with the Nazis, however, Indiana recovers his fathers diary filled with his research, and manages to rescue him before finding the location of the Grail. Both Donovan and Elsa fall to the temptation of the Grail, while Indiana, the fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull is set in 1957, nineteen years after The Last Crusade, thus acknowledging the real-life passing of years between films. Indiana is having a quiet life teaching before being thrust into a new adventure and he races against agents of the Soviet Union, led by Irina Spalko for a crystal skull. His journey takes him across Nevada, Connecticut, Peru, in 1973, George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith. Like Star Wars, it was an opportunity to create a version of the movie serials of the 1930s and 1940s
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Marvel Cinematic Universe
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The franchise has expanded to include comic books, short films, television series and digital series. The shared universe, much like the original Marvel Universe in comic books, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, clark Gregg has appeared the most in the franchise, portraying Phil Coulson, a character original to the MCU. The first film released in the MCU was Iron Man, which began the first phase of films culminating in the crossover film Marvels The Avengers, Phase Two began with Iron Man 3, and concluded with Ant-Man. The films are currently in Phase Three, which began with the release of Captain America, Marvel Television expanded the universe further, first to network television with Marvels Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D. Marvel Television has also produced the digital series Marvels Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D, slingshot, which is a supplement to Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D. Soundtrack albums have been released for all of the films, along many of television series. It has inspired film and television studios with comic book character adaptation rights to attempt to create similar shared universes. By 2005, Marvel Entertainment began planning to produce its own films. Previously, Marvel had co-produced several superhero films with Columbia Pictures, New Line Cinema and others, Marvel made relatively little profit from its licensing deals with other studios and wanted to get more money out of its films while maintaining artistic control of the projects and distribution. Avi Arad, head of Marvels film division, was pleased with Sam Raimis Spider-Man films at Sony, as a result, they decided to form Marvel Studios, Hollywoods first major independent movie studio since DreamWorks. Feige, a self-professed fanboy, envisioned creating a shared universe just as creators Stan Lee, to raise capital, the studio secured funding from a seven-year, $525 million revolving credit facility with Merrill Lynch. Marvels plan was to release films for their main characters. Arad, who doubted the strategy yet insisted that it was his reputation that helped secure the initial financing, in 2007, at 33 years old, Feige was named studio chief. Feige initially referred to the narrative continuity of these films as the Marvel Cinema Universe. Marvel has designated the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Earth-199999 within the continuity of the companys multiverse, while not always the case, as evident by the 2013 releases of Iron Man 3 and Thor, The Dark World, he said it is certainly something to aim for. Feige expanded on this in July 2014, saying, I dont know that well keep to every year, wed rather find a way to keep that going. After the titles were revealed in October 2014, Feige said, which made us comfortable for the first time. To increase to three films a year instead of just two, without changing our methods, just like comic readers have been doing for decades and decades
