1.
Magic Kingdom
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Magic Kingdom is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks and Resorts division, initialized by Walt Disney and designed by WED Enterprises, its layout and attractions are based on Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, and is dedicated to fairy tales and Disney characters. The park is represented by Cinderella Castle, inspired by the fairy tale castle seen in the 1950 film, Walt Disney World is a tribute to the philosophy and life of Walter Elias Disney. And to the talents, the dedication, and the loyalty of the entire Disney organization that made Walt Disneys dream come true, may Walt Disney World bring Joy and Inspiration and New Knowledge to all who come to this happy place. A Magic Kingdom where the young at heart of all ages can laugh and play, although Walt Disney had been highly involved in planning the Florida Project, Walt Disney Productions began construction on Magic Kingdom and the entire resort in 1967 after his death. The park was built as a larger, improved version of Disneyland Park in California, there are several anecdotes relating to reasons for some of the features of Walt Disney World, and Magic Kingdom specifically. According to one story, Walt Disney once saw a Frontierland cowboy walking through Tomorrowland at Disneyland and he disliked that the cowboy intruded on the futuristic setting of Tomorrowland and wanted to avoid situations like this in the new park. The area around the utilidors was filled in with dirt removed from the Seven Seas Lagoon, the utilidors were built in the initial construction and were not extended as the park expanded. The tunnels were intended to be designed into all subsequent Walt Disney World parks, future World at Epcot and Pleasure Island each have a smaller network of utilidors. Magic Kingdom opened as the first part of the Walt Disney World Resort on October 1,1971, commencing concurrently with Disneys Contemporary Resort, the Walt Disney Company promised to increase this number with a combination of replicas and unique attractions. While there is no dedication to Magic Kingdom, the dedication by Roy O. Disney for the entire resort was placed within its gates. The first, and as of today, only added to the original roster of lands in the park was Mickeys Toontown Fair. The land originally opened in 1988 as Mickeys Birthdayland to celebrate Mickey Mouses 60th birthday, later the land was renovated as Mickeys Starland and eventually to Mickeys Toontown Fair. The land was home to such as Mickeys Country House, Minnies Country House, The Barnstormer at Goofys Wiseacre Farm. It closed on February 12,2011, to make way for the expansion of Fantasyland, the Walt Disney World Railroad station in Mickeys Toontown Fair, which opened with Mickeys Birthdayland in 1988, was closed for the duration of the construction. In 2012, the space where Mickeys Toontown Fair sat reopened as a part of Fantasyland, in a called the Storybook Circus. The Barnstormer was retained and was re-themed to The Great Goofini, since opening day, Magic Kingdom has been closed temporarily because of six hurricanes, Floyd, Frances, Charley, Jeanne, Wilma, and Matthew. It was also closed in the middle of the day on September 11,2001, in addition, there are four phases of park closure when Magic Kingdom exceeds capacity, ranging from restricted access for most guests to full closure for everyone, even cast members
2.
Tomorrowland
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Tomorrowland is one of the many themed lands featured at all of the Magic Kingdom styled Disney theme parks around the world owned or licensed by The Walt Disney Company. Each version of the land is different and features attractions that depict views of the future. Disneyland Park in Paris includes an area called Discoveryland, which shares some elements with other Tomorrowlands. Walt Disney was known for his futurist views and, through his television programs, Tomorrowland was the realized culmination of his views. In his own words, Tomorrow can be a wonderful age and our scientists today are opening the doors of the Space Age to achievements that will benefit our children and generations to come. The Tomorrowland attractions have been designed to give you an opportunity to participate in adventures that are a living blueprint of our future and it is this movement into the future that has, on occasion, left Tomorrowland mired in the past. Disneylands Tomorrowland is now in its generation, and the Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland is in its second. The Walt Disney Company has mentioned that it wanted to keep Tomorrowland from becoming Yesterdayland, a vista into a world of wondrous ideas, signifying Mans achievements. A step into the future, with predictions of constructed things to come, Tomorrow offers new frontiers in science, adventure and ideals. The Atomic Age, the challenge of Outer Space and the hope for a peaceful, during the dedication, Walt Disney started speaking, was told that he wasnt yet on air, and then had to restart once the television viewers were watching. The first Tomorrowland opened at Disneyland on July 17,1955, with several of its planned attractions open. The construction of the park was rushed, so Tomorrowland was the last land to be finished and it became something of a corporate showcase, despite Walt Disneys reluctance. Monsanto Company, American Motors, Richfield Oil, and Dutch Boy Paint were some of the companies to open showcases in Tomorrowland in the first few years. Since the park was on a budget, one cost-cutting idea was to reuse the sets of the Nautilus from Disneys 1954 movie 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea as a walkthrough attraction. For the first four years, most of Tomorrowland was generally open space, however, the area gained more attractions as time passed, many of which have since been removed. When Disneyland opened, Tomorrowland represented the future in the year 1986, Tomorrowlands showpiece was the TWA Moonliner, derived from Disneys Man In Space television episodes developed in the 1950s. The Moonliner was the tallest structure in the park at the time, the Moonliner hosted Rocket To The Moon which was a ride to the moon. The entrance showpiece was the clock of the showing the time anywhere on earth
3.
Geographical coordinates
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Stitch's Great Escape!
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Stitchs Great Escape. is a Tomorrowland attraction at the Magic Kingdom theme park within the Walt Disney World Resort. It is a theater-in-the-round experience starring the title alien from Walt Disney Animation Studios 2002 film Lilo & Stitch and it opened November 16,2004 and is the fourth attraction to occupy the site in Tomorrowland. Many of the animators who worked on Lilo & Stitch partnered with Walt Disney Imagineering for Stitchs Great Escape, the attraction is a replacement of The ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter, which formerly occupied the building the attraction is housed in. On September 21,2016, it was announced that the attraction would be switching from a daily operated attraction to a seasonally operated one, depending on attendance, the experience takes place in the Galactic Federation Prisoner Teleport Center. Guests have been recruited by the Grand Councilwoman to be guards for the Galactic Federation, guests are then instructed by Pleakley over a communicator to proceed to the Level 3 prisoner teleportation chamber. After being seated, shoulder restraints come down onto the guests shoulders, after a brief period of puzzled talking by Gantu and his two assistants, Stitch uses the flaws of the armed laser cannons and disables all power to escape, causing mass chaos in the crowd. During this period, hydraulic pumps and small hoses in the shoulder restraints make it seem as if Stitch is jumping on guests shoulders, when the power comes back on, the laser cannons continue their attempt to bring Stitch down. Again using the cannons fatal flaws, he manages to fire the laser cannons into the crowd, shortly after using the diversion, he escapes to the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. Cameras capture him going into Cinderella Castle, the audience is then released from their duty and exit into one of two gift shops—Merchant of Venus or Mickeys Star Traders. On the way to the shops, guest see a sign labeled Days without an escape. It was also the last Tomorrowland attraction that fully lacked a post-show gift shop prior to its opening, in reality, the Carousel of Progress is the only remaining Tomorrowland attraction at Disney World to lack a post-show gift shop. The attraction includes much of the technology and sets from its predecessor, the 39-inch Audio-Animatronic Stitch figure built by Imagineering reportedly is one of the most complex creations of its size. Other special effects include binaural sound, simulated laser cannons and a pungent smell, official page on the Walt Disney World website
6.
Walt Disney Imagineering
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Imagineering is responsible for designing and building Disney theme parks, resorts, cruise ships, and other entertainment venues at all levels of project development. Imagineering also manages various properties held by units within the Walt Disney Company including Disneys Burbank Studios, New Amsterdam Theater, when Disney was in the sports team ownership that included Edison Field and the Mighty Ducks Disney Ice practice rink in Anaheim. Disney filed for a copyright for the term in 1967, claiming first use of the term in 1962, Walt Disney Inc. was formed by Walt Disney in 1953 with the Disneyland designing engineering division. In light of objections from Roy as well as those of potential stockholders, in 1961, WED moved into the Grand Central Business Park, the site of the former Grand Central Air Terminal, in 1961. The unit was renamed as of January 1986 to Walt Disney Imagineering, in 1996, Disney Development Company, the Disney conglomerates real estate development subsidiary, merged into Imagineering. Imagineering created Disney Fair, a U. S. traveling attraction, with poor attendance, the fair was pulled after a few stops. Disney Entertainment Projects Inc. a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary, by 1997, Imagineers were in several buildings in Grand Central Business Park when Disney purchased the park. In September 1999, Disney Imagineering announced the Grand Central Creative Campus redesign of the park with a new office-studio complex anchored by Disney Imagineering. Some of the building were demolished to make way for new buildings, the additional space would be for sound stages, production facilities and offices. Imagineers are governed by a few key principles when developing new concepts, often, new concepts and improvements are created to fulfill specific needs. Many solutions to problems are designed in this way, such as the vehicle of the attraction Soarin Over California. An Imagineer found an Erector set in his attic, and was able to envision, Imagineers are also known for returning to ideas for attractions and shows that, for whatever reason, never came to fruition. These ideas are often reworked and appear in a different form – like the Museum of the Weird, finally, there is the principle of blue sky speculation, a process where Imagineers generate ideas with no limitations. The custom at Imagineering has been to start the process with what is referred to as eyewash--the boldest, wildest, best idea one can come up with. Many Imagineers consider this to be the beginning of the design process and operate under the notion that if it can be dreamt. Imagineers are always seeking to improve upon their work--what Walt Disney called plussing and he firmly believed that Disneyland will never be completed as long as theres imagination left in the world, meaning there is always room for innovation and improvement. During an Imagineering workshop in 1991, Marty Sklar presented ten commandments attributed to Mickey Steinberg, WDI is responsible for technological advances such as the Circle-Vision 360° film technique and the FastPass virtual queuing system. The idea sprang from Disney’s fascination with a bird he purchased in New Orleans
7.
Walt Disney World
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The Walt Disney World Resort is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida. The resort is the destination of Disneys worldwide corporate enterprise. Opened on October 1,1971, Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company, Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex, in 1971, followed by Epcot in 1982, Disneys Hollywood Studios in 1989, and the most recent, Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998. Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955, the Florida Project, as it was known, was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of rides. Walt Disneys original plans called for the inclusion of an Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow. Walt Disney died on December 15,1966, before construction began, without Disney spearheading the construction, the company created a resort similar to Disneyland, abandoning experimental concepts for a planned community. In 1959, Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955. Market surveys at the revealed that only 5% of Disneylands visitors came from east of the Mississippi River. Additionally, Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland, Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando, Florida – one of many – in November 1963. To avoid a burst of land speculation, Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres of land, in May 1965, some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County. In addition, two tracts totaling $1. Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street, U. S. A. in Magic Kingdom, the smaller parcels of land acquired were called outs. They were 5-acre lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company, most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land, which was mostly swamp at the time. Another issue was the rights to the land, which were owned by Tufts University. Without the transfer of rights, Tufts could come in at any time. Eventually, Disneys team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the rights for $15,000. Working strictly in secrecy, real estate agents unaware of their clients identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties
8.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
9.
Binaural recording
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This effect is often created using a technique known as dummy head recording, wherein a mannequin head is outfitted with a microphone in each ear. Binaural recording is intended for replay using headphones and will not translate properly over stereo speakers. Conventional stereo recordings do not factor in natural ear spacing or head shadow of the head and ears, since these things happen naturally as a person listens, generating their own ITDs and ILDs. For listening using conventional speaker-stereo, or mp3 players, a dummy head may be preferable for quasi-binaural recording. As a general rule, for true binaural results, a recording and reproduction system chain, from microphone to listeners brain, should contain one and only one set of pinnae. With a simple recording method, two microphones are placed 18 cm apart facing away from each other and this method will not create a real binaural recording. The distance and placement roughly approximates the position of an average humans ear canals, more elaborate techniques exist in pre-packaged forms. The Neumann KU-81, and KU-100 are the most commonly used binaural packages, a simplified version of binaural recordings can be achieved using microphones with a separating element, like the Jecklin Disk. Not all cues required for localization of the sound sources can be preserved this way. In the late 1960s, Aiwa and Sony offered headphones with a pair of microphones mounted on the headband around two inches above the ears and these allowed pseudo-binaural recordings to be made. Miniature binaural in-ear or near-ear microphones can be linked to a portable Digital Audio Tape or MiniDisc recorder, the first clip-in binaural microphones using the recordists own head were offered by Sennheiser in 1974. The first clip-on binaural microphones using the recordists own head were offered by Core Sound LLC in 1989, the first completely in-ear binaural microphones using the recordists own head were offered by Sound Professionals in 1999. Roland Corporation also offers its CS-10EM in-ear binaural microphone set, the technique of binaural re-recording is simple, but has not been well established. Using space to manipulate a sound and then being re-recorded is also nothing new as it is something that has been done through the use of echo-chambers in recording studios for many years. In 1959, an echo-chamber was famously used by Irving Townsend during the post production process of Miles Daviss 1959 album Kind of Blue, in binaural re-recording, a binaural microphone is used to record content being played over a multi-channel speaker set-up. The binaural head, or microphone, is therefore theoretically making a recording of how humans will hear multi-channel content and this method, like certain binaural recordings made with a Neumann KU100 or HATS model for example, can produce convincing 3D sound. There is the issue of listeners simply not being able to understanding binaural recordings. However this issue is common among all binaural recording, and isnt an issue to re-recording
10.
Michael Eisner
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Michael Dammann Eisner is an American businessman. Eisner is best known as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Walt Disney Company from 1984 until 2005. Prior to Disney, Eisner was President and CEO of rival studio, Paramount Pictures, from 1976 to 1984, and had brief stints at the major television networks, NBC, CBS. Eisner was born to an affluent, secular Jewish family in Mount Kisco and his mother, Margaret, whose family founded the American Safety Razor Company, was the president of the Irvington Institute, a hospital that treated children with rheumatic fever. His father, Lester Eisner, Jr. was a lawyer and regional administrator of the United States Department of Housing and his parents were both descendents of German Jewish immigrants and Eisner had 16 relatives who were killed in the Holocaust. He was raised on Park Avenue in Manhattan and he is a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity and credits much of his accomplishments to his time at Keewaydin Canoe Camp for boys in Vermont. Eisner has one sister, Margot Freedman, after two brief stints at NBC and CBS, Barry Diller at ABC hired Eisner as Assistant to the National Programming Director. Eisner moved up the ranks, eventually becoming a vice president in charge of programming. In 1976, Diller, who had by then moved on to become chairman of Paramount Pictures, recruited Eisner from ABC and made him president, Diller left Paramount in 1984, and, as his protégé, Eisner expected to assume Dillers position as studio chief. When he was passed over for the job, though, he left to look for work elsewhere, since the death of founder Walt Disney in 1966, The Walt Disney Company had narrowly survived several takeover attempts. Its shareholders Sid Bass and Roy E. Disney brought in Eisner and former Warner Brothers chief Frank Wells to replace Ron W. Miller in 1984 and strengthen the company. In addition to his duties as Chairman and CEO, Eisner was also the presenter of The Wonderful World of Disney TV series, Eisner was well recognized by children at the companys theme parks who often asked him for autographs. During the second half of the 1980s and early 1990s, Disney was revitalized, beginning with the films Who Framed Roger Rabbit and The Little Mermaid, its flagship animation studio enjoyed a series of commercial and critical successes. Disney also broadened its offerings in film when then Disney Studio Chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg acquired Miramax Films in 1993. Disney acquired many other sources, including ABC and ESPN. While some of the proposals were completed, most were not, Wells died in a helicopter crash in 1994. When Eisner did not appoint Walt Disney Studios chief Jeffrey Katzenberg to Wells now available post, Katzenberg resigned, the Ovitz episode engendered a long running derivative suit, which finally concluded in June 2006, almost 10 years later. Chandler, III of the Delaware Court of Chancery, despite describing Eisners behavior as falling far short of what shareholders expect, found in favor of Eisner and the rest of the Disney board because they had not violated the letter of the law
11.
Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover
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Themed as an urban mass transit system of the future, the ride takes passengers on a tour around the second floor of many attractions in Tomorrowland. It is also the lone remaining Magic Kingdom attraction to still have corporate sponsorship as a result of Kodak ending its sponsorship with Mickeys Philharmagic on December 31,2012. The ride has a sole loading/unloading station, in the center of Rocket Tower Plaza, the Peoplemovers leisurely pace, lack of long queue lines, and the sneak previews it offers of other more extreme Tomorrowland attractions make it a favorite attraction among repeat visitors. After passing by the Tomorrowland entrance, the track enters a tunnel through the show building, passing a large diorama containing a portion of the Progress City or E. P. C. O. T. Model that originally resided in the level of the Carousel of Progress at Disneyland in 1967. Leaving the north building, the TTA croses over the walkway from Tomorrowland to Fantasyland followed by the Tomorrowland Speedway. After crossing the Speedway, the crosses the railroad, makes a right turn. The vehicles then pass two lighted signs reading Starport, Seven Five, before open space to the left allows a view down into the post-show. After the view of the post-show, the track makes a turn and travels along the back side of the dome, during which it is possible to look up. After this, the exit, and run along the outside of the dome to return to the railroad bridge. The Space Mountain segment of the TTA has gained notoriety among Disney park guests for offering the only easily accessible view of Space Mountain when the domes interior work lights are on. After exiting Space Mountain, the vehicles then turn to the portion of Tomorrowland. Guests then return to Rocket Tower Plaza where they disembark, the WEDWay PeopleMover opened on July 1,1975, based on the PeopleMover attraction at Disneyland in California. Because it did not utilize the system of rotating Goodyear tires used in the original. The Edison Electric Institute was the sponsor of the ride. Instead of a track with covered cars, this ride was designed the opposite from the Disneyland version. The original narration track was provided by longtime Disney voice, Jack Wagner. In June 1985, his narration was replaced by the voice of ORAC One - The Commuter Computer, which was used until June 11,1994, when the attraction received a makeover for the New Tomorrowland
12.
Jeffrey Jones
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Jeffrey Jones is an American actor best known for his roles as Joseph II in Amadeus, Edward R. Rooney in Ferris Buellers Day Off, and Charles Deetz in Beetlejuice. In 2002, Jones was arrested and charged with possession of child pornography and he pleaded no contest to a felony charge, and was ordered to register as a sex offender. He then went to London in 1969 to study at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, followed by a stint with the Stratford Theatre in Stratford. Productions included, Cloud 9, A Flea in Her Ear, Romeo and Juliet and his transition from stage to film began in 1970. Jones began acting in small parts in film and television in the 1970s, in his best-known roles as Emperor Joseph II in Amadeus, Charles Deetz in Beetlejuice, and Edward R. However, the actor is also widely respected and considered a boon wherever he appears. Jones portrays the Emperor as a superficial and self-absorbed ruler who cant tell the difference between a great opera and a one, according to one reviewer. He received a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for his performance, Joness performance as Edward R. Rooney in the 1986 film, Ferris Buellers Day Off, made him a cultural icon. Rooney, self-important and obsessed with catching the chronically truant Ferris Bueller, became a symbol of pomposity, the review likened Jones role as akin to that of Wile E. Coyote as a character who is fated to be unable to catch The Road Runner. Jones expressed concern about being remembered more for this role than his Emperor Joseph II in 1984s Amadeus, in the movie Beetlejuice, Jones played a supporting role, along with Catherine OHara, as co-owners of a haunted house. Jones went on to act in films by director Tim Burton, including Ed Wood in the role of The Amazing Criswell. Jones also appeared in The Hanoi Hilton, The Hunt for Red October, Howard the Duck, Houseguest, The Crucible, The Devil’s Advocate, and Stuart Little. In 1999 he co-starred with Guy Pearce, Robert Carlyle, and David Arquette in the cannibal western Ravenous, Jones appeared in the comedy film The Pest, as the evil German trying to hunt Pestario Pest Vargas. Other key roles include Mr. Spike in Stay Tuned and Dick Nelson in the 1992 comedy Mom, one of Joness earlier television roles was in an episode of the 1976 CBS series Sara. In 1986, he showcased his villain persona in the role of the sinister Mister Acme, in the satirical comedy miniseries Fresno, with Carol Burnett, Charles Grodin and Dabney Coleman. In 1995, Jones co-starred with Tyra Banks, Kathy Najimy and he also hosted Disneys D-TV Monster Hits musical special, as The Magic Mirror. He has had guest roles on a number of series, including Amazing Stories, Tales from the Crypt. In 1989, he starred in the short-lived CBS sitcom The People Next Door and he also appeared as newspaper publisher A. W. Merrick on the highly acclaimed HBO series Deadwood. Jones was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Ruth and his mother was an art historian, who urged him towards a career in acting
13.
The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
14.
Disneyland
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Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17,1955. It is the theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the attraction on the property, its name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit, however, after hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Disney bought a 160-acre site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17,1955. Opened in 2001, Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneylands original parking lot, Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with over 650 million guests since it opened. In 2013, the park hosted approximately 16.2 million guests, according to a March 2005 Disney report,65,700 jobs are supported by the Disneyland Resort, including about 20,000 direct Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees. To all who come to this place, Welcome. Here age relives fond memories of the past, and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams, and the facts that have created America, with the hope that it will be a source of joy. The concept for Disneyland began when Walt Disney was visiting Griffith Park in Los Angeles with his daughters Diane and Sharon. While watching them ride the merry-go-round, he came up with the idea of a place where adults and their children could go and have fun together and he may have also been influenced by his fathers memories of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Another likely influence was Benton Harbor, Michigans nationally famous House of Davids Eden Springs Park, Disney visited the park and ultimately bought one of the older miniature trains originally used there, the colony had the largest miniature railway setup in the world at the time. His ideas evolved to a play park with a boat ride. The initial concept, the Mickey Mouse Park, started with an 8-acre plot across Riverside Drive and his designers began working on concepts, though the project grew much larger than the land could hold. Disney hired Harrison Price from Stanford Research Institute to gauge the proper area to locate the theme based on the areas potential growth. Based on Prices analysis, Disney acquired 160 acres of groves and walnut trees in Anaheim
15.
Robot
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A robot is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer—capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. Robots can be guided by a control device or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to take on human form but most robots are designed to perform a task with no regard to how they look. By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in appearance, many of todays robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics. These robots have also created a branch of robotics, soft robotics. From the time of ancient civilization there have many accounts of user-configurable automated devices and even automata resembling animals and humans. As mechanical techniques developed through the Industrial age, there appeared more practical applications such as automated machines, remote-control and wireless remote-control. The word robot was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 play R. U. R. by the Czech writer, Karel Čapek but it was Karels brother Josef Čapek who was the words true inventor. Electronics evolved into the force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in Bristol. The first digital and programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and was named the Unimate, there are concerns about the increasing use of robots and their role in society. Robots are blamed for rising unemployment as they replace workers in increasing numbers of functions, the use of robots in military combat raises ethical concerns. The possibilities of robot autonomy and potential repercussions have been addressed in fiction, the word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but the latter are usually referred to as bots. Closely related to the concept of a robot is the field of Synthetic Biology, the idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world. Engineers and inventors from ancient civilizations, including Ancient China, Ancient Greece, since circa 400 BC, myths of Crete include Talos, a man of bronze who guarded the Cretan island of Europa from pirates. In ancient Greece, the Greek engineer Ctesibius applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics to produce the first organ, in the 4th century BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called The Pigeon. Hero of Alexandria, a Greek mathematician and inventor, created numerous user-configurable automated devices, the 11th century Lokapannatti tells of how the Buddhas relics were protected by mechanical robots, from the kingdom of Roma visaya, until they were disarmed by King Ashoka. Yan Shi proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork made of leather, wood, in 1066, the Chinese inventor Su Song built a water clock in the form of a tower which featured mechanical figurines which chimed the hours
16.
Tim Curry
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Timothy James Tim Curry is an English actor, voice actor, and singer. He is known for his work in a range of theatre, film. Curry was born in Grappenhall, Cheshire and his father, James Curry, a chaplain in the Royal Navy, died when Curry was 12. Currys mother, Patricia, a secretary, died in June 1999 after living with cancer for two years. His older sister, Judith, was a concert pianist who died of a tumour in the early 2000s. Curry spent most of his childhood in Plymouth, Devon, but, after his fathers death from pneumonia in 1958, Curry then went to boarding school and attended Kingswood School in Bath, Somerset. He developed into a boy soprano. Deciding to concentrate on acting, Curry graduated from the University of Birmingham with a degree in English. Curry recalled his first encounter with the project, Id heard about the play because I lived on Paddington Street, off Baker Street, and there was an old gym a few doors away. I saw Richard OBrien in the street, and he said hed just been to the gym to see if he could find a muscleman who could sing, I said, Why do you need him to sing. And he told me that his musical was going to be done and he gave me the script, and I thought, Boy, if this works, its going to be a smash. Originally, Curry rehearsed the character with a German accent and peroxide blond hair, Curry originally thought the character was merely a laboratory doctor dressed in a white lab coat. He continued to play the character in London, Los Angeles, figure out, help them maybe figure out their own sexuality. In 2016, Curry played The Criminologist in the film remake of The Rocky Horror Picture Show. Shortly after the end of Rocky Horrors run on Broadway, Curry returned to the stage with Tom Stoppards Travesties, which ran in London and New York from 1975 to 1976. Travesties was a Broadway hit which won two Tony Awards, as well as the New York Drama Critics Circle Award, and Currys performance as the famous dadaist Tristan Tzara received good reviews. In 1981, Curry formed part of the original cast in the Broadway show Amadeus, playing the title character and he was nominated for his first Tony Award for this role but lost out to his co-star Ian McKellen, who played Antonio Salieri. In 1982, Curry took the part of the Pirate King in the Drury Lane production of Joe Papps version of The Pirates of Penzance opposite George Cole, earning enthusiastic reviews
17.
Phil Hartman
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Philip Edward Phil Hartman was a Canadian-American actor, voice actor, comedian, screenwriter and graphic artist. Born in Brantford, Ontario, Hartman and his moved to the United States in 1958. After graduating from California State University, Northridge, with a degree in arts, he designed album covers for bands like Poco. Feeling the need for a more socially-creative outlet, Hartman joined the comedy group The Groundlings in 1975, Hartman co-wrote the screenplay for the film Pee-wees Big Adventure and made recurring appearances as Captain Carl on Reubens show Pee-wees Playhouse. Hartman garnered fame in 1986 when he joined the comedy show Saturday Night Live. He won fame for his impressions, particularly of President Bill Clinton, given the moniker The Glue for his ability to hold the show together and help other cast members, Hartman won a Primetime Emmy Award for his SNL work in 1989. In 1995, after scrapping plans for his own variety show and he had voice roles on The Simpsons, from seasons 2–10 as Lionel Hutz, Troy McClure, and others, and appeared in the films Houseguest, Sgt. Bilko, Jingle All the Way, Small Soldiers and the English dub of Kikis Delivery Service, Hartman had been divorced twice before he married Brynn Omdahl in 1987, the couple had two children together. However, their marriage was fractured, due in part to Brynns drug use, on May 28,1998, Brynn shot and killed Hartman while he slept in their Encino, Los Angeles, home, then committed suicide several hours later. In the weeks following his death, Hartman was celebrated in a wave of tributes, Hartman was posthumously inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame in 2012 and the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2014. Hartman was born Philip Edward Hartmann on September 24,1948 in Brantford, Ontario and he was the fourth of eight children of Doris Marguerite and Rupert Loebig Hartmann, a salesman specializing in building materials. His parents were Catholic and raised their children in that faith, as a child Hartman found affection hard to earn and stated, I suppose I didnt get what I wanted out of my family life, so I started seeking love and attention elsewhere. He and his moved to the United States in 1958. The family first lived in Connecticut, and later moved to the West Coast, there, Hartman attended Westchester High School and frequently acted as the class clown. After graduating, Hartman studied art at Santa Monica City College and he returned to school in 1972, this time studying graphic arts at California State University, Northridge. In the late 1970s, Hartman made his first television appearance on an episode of The Dating Game, working alone as a graphic artist, Hartman frequently amused himself with flights of voice fantasies. While watching one of the performances, Hartman impulsively decided to climb on stage. After several years of training, paying his way by re-designing the groups logo and merchandise, Hartman formally joined the cast of The Groundlings, Hartman met comedian Paul Reubens and the two became friends, often collaborating on writing and comedic material
18.
Animatronics
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Animatronics refers to the use of robotic devices to emulate a human or an animal, or bring lifelike characteristics to an otherwise inanimate object. A robot designed to be an imitation of a human is more specifically labeled as an android. Modern animatronics have found applications in movie special effects and theme parks and have, since their inception. Animatronics is a field which integrates anatomy, robots, mechatronics. Animatronic figures are often powered by pneumatics, hydraulics, and/or by electrical means, motion actuators are often used to imitate muscle movements and create realistic motions in limbs. Animatronics is portmanteau of animate and electronics The term audio-animatronics was coined by Walt Disney in 1961 when he started developing animatronics for entertainment, Audio-Animatronics does not differentiate between animatronics and androids. 1515, Leonardo da Vinci designed and built the Automata Lion,1738, The construction of automata begins in Grenoble, France by Jacques de Vaucanson. 1770, Pierre Jaquet-Droz and his son Henri-Louis Jaquet-Droz, both Swiss watchmakers, start making automata for European royalty, once completed, they had created three dolls. One doll was able to write, the other play music,1801, Joseph Jacquard builds a loom that is controlled autonomously with punched cards. The animatronic galloping horse was also on display at the 1939 Worlds Fair,1939 New York Worlds Fair 1961, Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer-operated mechanical hand. 1961, Walt Disney coins the term audio-animatronics and begins developing modern animatronic technology,1963, The first animatronics, called Audio-Animatronics, created by Disney were the Enchanted Tiki Birds. Disneyland 1964, In the film Mary Poppins, animatronic birds are the first animatronics to be featured in a motion picture,1965, The first animatronics figure of a person is created by Disney and is Abraham Lincoln. 1968, The first animatronic character at a restaurant is created, goes by the name Golden Mario and was built by Team Built in 1968. 1977, Chuck E. Cheeses opens its doors, as the first restaurant with animatronics as an attraction,1980, ShowBiz Pizza Place opens with the Rock-afire Explosion 1982, Ben Franklin is the first animatronic figure to walk up a set of stairs. 1989, The first A-100 animatronic is developed for The Great Movie Ride attraction at the Disney-MGM Studios to represent The Wicked Witch of the West,1993, The largest animatronic figure ever built is the T. rex for the movie, Jurassic Park. 1998, Tiger Electronics begins selling Furby, a pet with over 800 English phrases or Furbish. Vernon Hills, Illinois May 11,1999, Sony releases the AIBO animatronics pet, tokyo, Japan 2008, Mr. Potato Head at the Toy Story exhibit features lips with superior range of movement to any other animatronic figure previously. Disneys Hollywood Studios October 31,2008 –July 1,2009, the Hall of Presidents September 28,2009, Disney develops Otto, the first interactive figure that can hear, see and sense actions in the room
19.
Kevin Pollak
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Kevin Elliot Pollak is an American actor, impressionist, and comedian. He started performing comedy at the age of 10 and touring professionally at the age of 20. In 1988, he landed a role in Willow, his first major role in a film, Pollak is an avid poker player, hosting weekly home games with some of Hollywoods A-list celebrities. He finished 134th out of 6,598 entrants in the 2012 World Series of Poker, Pollak was born in San Francisco, California, the youngest son of Elaine Harlow and Robert Bobby Pollak. He has one brother, who lives with his family in Boston. He attended high school at Pioneer High School in San Jose, California. As an actor, Pollaks most notable roles are usually playing the best friend or confidant characters to the men, as he did in Ricochet, A Few Good Men, End of Days. However, he has played a wide variety of parts, such as a criminal in The Usual Suspects. He also briefly hosted Celebrity Poker Showdown in its first season and his most substantial role to date was in Deterrence, in which he played the main character, a Vice President who must take over for a deceased President and deal with a nuclear crisis. In December 2006, he played Karl Kreutzfeld in the Sci Fi Channel miniseries The Lost Room, through 2008, he had a recurring role as a District Attorney on the television series Shark. In March 2008, Pollak played himself in the web series The Writers Room on Crackle, in 2010, he portrayed Sheriff Tom Wagner in Choose. In January 2010, Pollak was scheduled to host Our Little Genius on FOX, Pollak was then seen hosting Million Dollar Money Drop, again on the FOX network at the end of 2010. In 2014, Pollak began a role as Alvin Biletnikoff on the CBS sitcom Mom. However, his time on the show was cut short by the death of his character, Pollaks directorial debut was on the horror web series Vamped Out, featured on the internet television platform Babelgum. Jason Antoon, Seana Kofoed, Samm Levine and Pollak all acted in the ensemble cast, the screenbook was based on a simple joke that Antoon and Pollak had between them. Most recently, Pollaks feature film debut, the comedy documentary Misery Loves Comedy. The film sold North American rights to Tribeca Film, a US distribution company, Pollak directed the comedy film The Late Bloomer, which was released in 2016. As a comedian, Pollaks most famous work was his 1992 HBO special Stop With the Kicking, directed by fellow comedian David Steinberg, in July 2009, The Littlest Suspect, his most recent comedy special, was aired on Showtime
20.
Kathy Najimy
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Kathy Ann Najimy is an American actress and comedian. Prior to her work, Najimy was best known for two Off-Broadway shows with Mo Gaffney working as the duo Kathy and Mo. One of the shows became an HBO comedy special and garnered Najimy her first nationwide fan base, Najimy was born on February 6,1957 in San Diego, California, the daughter of Lebanese American parents Samia and Fred Najimy, a postal worker. She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Crawford High School, najimys film career began in the early 1990s, with a number of off-beat minor roles, but her first major role was in the 1992 comedy Sister Act, in the role of Sister Mary Patrick. She reprised this role in 1993 in Sister Act 2 and she also starred in Hocus Pocus with Bette Midler and Sarah Jessica Parker as the Sanderson sisters. In 1997, she lent her voice to Warner Bros, in 1998, she made a cameo in Bride of Chucky as the maid who discovers Diane and Russ bodies. In 1999, she played the Stepmother in CinderElmo a primetime special for Sesame Street, in 2001, she co-starred in the hit comedy film Rat Race alongside John Cleese, Rowan Atkinson, Cuba Gooding, Jr. Whoopi Goldberg, Jon Lovitz and Seth Green. She guest starred in Thats So Raven and she has made four movies with Goldberg. From film, Najimy expanded into television roles, including a recurring role on Chicago Hope. Najimy was part of the cast of Veronicas Closet from 1997 to 2000 and she co-created and starred in the hit Off-Broadway show and HBO specials Kathy & Mo, with friend and actress Mo Gaffney. She appeared as Mae West in the Broadway hit Dirty Blonde and she also portrayed Dr. Mildred Finch on Numb3rs. Najimy also provided the voice of the teacher, Miss Thespius, in the 1998 Disney show Hercules. In 2003, Najimy provided the voice of Margalo in Stuart Little, The Animated Series, taking over from Melanie Griffith. She is the co-creator and director of the musical revue Back to Bacharach and David, which ran in New York City in 1992 and 1993, and she also appeared in Drop Dead Diva. In October 2009, Najimy played a police investigating an attack on Wisteria Lane on an episode of Desperate Housewives. In March 2010, she appeared in the Ugly Betty episode Million Dollar Smile, portraying Bettys new orthodontist, in July 2011, Najimy appeared in TNTs Franklin and Bash episode Bangover, playing a judge. Premiering in August 2015, Najimy appeared in Disneys Descendants as the Evil Queen, in the movie, she makes references to her previous role as Mary Sanderson in Hocus Pocus. Najimy, an outspoken feminist, is noted as an activist for human rights
21.
Sound localization
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Sound localization refers to a listeners ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance. The sound localization technique appeared with the progress that has been made in acoustic simulation techniques. It allows us to localize the sources by modeling a sound field that contains one or several sources. Therefore, with technique, people can obtain the hearing sense from any place in the sound field. It may also refer to the methods in engineering to simulate the placement of an auditory cue in a virtual 3D space. The sound localization mechanisms of the auditory system have been extensively studied. As a new discipline, sound localization involves psychological acoustics, physiological acoustics, artificial intelligence. Animals with the ability to localize sound have an evolutionary advantage. Sound is the result of mechanical vibrations traveling through a medium such as air or water. Through the mechanisms of compression and rarefaction, sound waves travel through the air, bounce off the pinna and concha of the exterior ear, human ear has a very complex physical structure. As shown in fig.1, it can be divided into three parts, outer, middle and inner, the outer ear consists of the auricle, external auditory meatus and eardrum. For human adults, the auditory canal is about 2.7 cm long with a diameter around 0.7 cm. When the external auditory canal is closed, the lowest resonant frequency is around 3060 Hz, due to the resonance effect in the external auditory canal, the sound will gain a 10 dB amplification. The eardrum is shaped as a cone about 0.1 mm thick and 69 square mm, at normal voice levels, the eardrum displacement is around 0.1 nm. In general, the outer ear serves two functions, localizing the sound source and amplifying the acoustic signals, the middle ear is a chain that consists of three pieces of ossicles, malleus, anvil and stapes. The function of middle ear is to change acoustic impedance and protect inner ear, the main part of inner ear is cochlea. It is the receiver of human auditory systems that convert the signals to nerve stimulation. More detailed information can be found in Ear, in vertebrates, inter-aural time differences are known to be calculated in the superior olivary nucleus of the brainstem
22.
Foley (filmmaking)
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Foley is the reproduction of everyday sound effects that are added to film, video, and other media in post-production to enhance audio quality. These reproduced sounds can be anything from the swishing of clothing and footsteps to squeaky doors, the best Foley art is so well integrated into a film that it goes unnoticed by the audience. It helps to create a sense of reality within a scene, without these crucial background noises, movies feel unnaturally quiet and uncomfortable. Foley artists recreate the ambient sounds that the film portrays. The props and sets of a film often do not react the same way acoustically as their real life counterparts, Foley sounds are used to enhance the auditory experience of the movie. Foley can also be used to cover up unwanted sounds captured on the set of a movie during filming, the term Foley also means a place, such as Foley-stage or Foley-studio, where the Foley process takes place. What is now called Foley is a range of sound effects originally developed for live broadcasts of radio drama in the early 1920s in various radio studios around the world. Because no effective recording method existed in those days, a sound effects person had to create all sounds for radio plays live, jack Donovan Foley started working with Universal Studios in 1914 during the silent movie era. When Warner studios released its first film to sound, The Jazz Singer, Universal knew it needed to get on the bandwagon. Foley became part of the crew that turned Universal’s then upcoming “silent” musical Show Boat into a musical. Because microphones of the time could not pick up more than dialogue, Foley and his small crew projected the film on a screen while recording a single track of audio that captured their live sound effects. Their timing had to be perfect, so that footsteps and closing doors synchronized with the motions in the film. Jack Foley created sounds for films until his death in 1967 and his basic methods are still used today. Modern Foley art has progressed as recording technology has progressed, today, sounds do not have to be recorded live on a single track of audio. They can be captured separately on individual tracks and carefully synchronized with their visual counterpart, Foley studios employ hundreds of props and digital effects to recreate the ambient sounds of their films. In this article, Foley complements or replaces sound recorded on set at the time of the filming, the soundscape of most films uses a combination of both. A Foley artist is the person who creates this sound art, Foley artists use creativity to make viewers believe that the sound effects are actually real. The viewers should not be able to realize that the sound was not actually part of the process itself
