1.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
2.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
3.
Village
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A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Though often located in areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings, however, transient villages can occur, further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a dispersed settlement. In the past, villages were a form of community for societies that practise subsistence agriculture. In Great Britain, a hamlet earned the right to be called a village when it built a church, in many cultures, towns and cities were few, with only a small proportion of the population living in them. The Industrial Revolution attracted people in numbers to work in mills and factories. This also enabled specialization of labor and crafts, and development of many trades, the trend of urbanization continues, though not always in connection with industrialization. Although many patterns of life have existed, the typical village was small. Homes were situated together for sociability and defence, and land surrounding the living quarters was farmed, Traditional fishing villages were based on artisan fishing and located adjacent to fishing grounds. The soul of India lives in its villages, declared M. K. Gandhi at the beginning of 20th century, according to the 2011 census of India,68. 84% of Indians live in 640,867 different villages. The size of these villages varies considerably,236,004 Indian villages have a population of fewer than 500, while 3,976 villages have a population of 10, 000+. Most of the villages have their own temple, mosque, or church, auyl is a Kazakh word meaning village in Kazakhstan. According to the 2009 census of Kazakhstan,42. 7% of Kazakhs live in 8172 different villages, to refer to this concept along with the word auyl often used the slavic word selo in Northern Kazakhstan. Peoples Republic of China In mainland China, villages 村 are divisions under township Zh, 乡 or town Zh, Republic of China In the Republic of China, villages are divisions under townships or county-controlled cities. The village is called a tsuen or cūn under a rural township, japan South Korea In Indonesia, depending on the principles they are administered, villages are called Kampung or Desa. A Desa is administered according to traditions and customary law, while a kelurahan is administered along more modern principles, Desa are generally located in rural areas while kelurahan are generally urban subdivisions. A village head is respectively called kepala desa or lurah, both are elected by the local community. A desa or kelurahan is the subdivision of a kecamatan, in turn the subdivision of a kabupaten or kota, the same general concept applies all over Indonesia
4.
Barrhaven
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Barrhaven is a rapidly growing suburban neighbourhood in the southwest of the urban area of the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, about 17 km southwest of downtown Ottawa. Prior to amalgamation with Ottawa in 2001, Barrhaven was part of the City of Nepean and its population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 72,324. The area is bisected by CN rail tracks. Barrhaven is surrounded by areas and farmland, with the exception of the growing Riverside South area across the Rideau River. Directly south of Barrhaven is Manotick, a town of the city. Barrhaven is divided several areas, Barrhaven proper or Old Barrhaven is the westernmost part of the neighbourhood. New residential development is expanding the west side of Old Barrhaven between Cedarview and Strandherd Drive, also included in this area is a triangle of land east of Greenbank between Fallowfield Road and the railway tracks known as Knollsbrook or The Triangle. South of this is the known as Longfields, which stretches south to Strandherd. Sandwiched between the tracks, Jockvale Road, Greenbank and Strandherd is the neighbourhood of Barrhaven on the Green. East of Woodroffe, next to the Rideau River, is the neighbourhood of Davidson Heights, South of Strandherd and east of Greenbank is a new community known as Chapman Mills. As Prince of Wales Drive approaches Jockvale, there is a community known as Stonebridge that is located beside the Stonebridge Golf & Country Club. The Barrhaven area was inhabited by First Nations peoples. In the 19th century the area populated by European farmers as the area was divided into a number of rural homesteads. The old Barrhaven School House located at Jockvale and Strandherd was in built in 1906, today, the school stands as a historic site. In 1911, the Canadian Northern Railway built a line from Ottawa to Toronto through the area. Modern Barrhaven was established in the 1960s, one of a group of new suburbs built outside the Greenbelt from the city of Ottawa. Building in the area was begun by Mel Barr, for whom the community is named, Barr had originally purchased a 200-acre farm with the intent of constructing a horse racing track. However the Rideau Carleton Raceway was built further to the east, in 1968-69 Barrhaven Public School was built as the very first public school in Barrhaven
5.
Fallowfield
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Fallowfield is a suburb of the city of Manchester, England. The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 15,211, historically in Lancashire, it lies roughly 3 miles south of Manchester city centre and is bisected east–west by Wilmslow Road and north–south by Moseley Road and Wilbraham Road. The former Fallowfield Loop railway line, now a cycle path, the area has a very large student population. In the north-west of the suburb is Platt Fields Park and this is formed from part of the land which once belonged to the Platts of Platt Hall. The early medieval linear earthwork Nico Ditch passes through Platt Fields Park in Fallowfield, early Fallowfield was an ill-defined area north of Withington until the mid-19th century. The first mention of Fallowfield is in a deed of 1317, during the 14th century at least part of the land in Fallowfield was held by Jordan de Fallafeld. In 1530 it was mentioned as Falowfelde, Withington formed a sub-manor within the large Manor of Manchester. The Platt Estate in the north was first owned by the Platts, the building of Wilbraham Road to connect Fallowfield with Edge Lane in Chorlton-cum-Hardy in 1869 enabled development west of the Wilmslow Road crossing. Some wealthy people built mansions in the area and in the early 20th century the university began to establish halls of residence which have become very extensive. Under the Poor Law Fallowfield formed part of the Chorlton Poor Law Union, from 1876 to 1894 Fallowfield was included in the area of the Withington Local Board of Health which was replaced by the Withington Urban District Council in 1894. (In 1895 Rusholme and the part of Fallowfield were incorporated into the city of Manchester. In 1891 Fallowfield railway station on the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railways line from Chorlton-cum-Hardy to Fairfield was opened. During the first half of the 20th century the Manchester Corporation tramway on Moseley and Wilbraham Roads provided access to other southern suburbs, in 1986 the UKs first drive-through McDonalds opened in Fallowfield and more recently a Sainsburys supermarket has been opened on the site of the railway station. Fallowfield ward is part of Manchester Gorton, the seat is currently vacant and the subject of a by-election following the death of Sir Gerald Kaufman. Included in the Fallowfield ward is Platt Fields Park and the Gita Bhavan Hindu Temple in Withington Road, Whalley Range, as well as William Hulmes Grammar School and Whalley Range High School. Councillors Fallowfield ward is represented on Manchester City Council by three Labour councillors, Michael Lee Amesbury, Grace Fletcher-Hackwood and Zahra Alijah, Ladybarn is the part of Fallowfield to the south-east. Chancellors Hotel & Conference Centre is used by the University of Manchester, it was built by Edward Walters for Sir Joseph Whitworth, the Holy Innocents Church stands on Wilbraham Road, the church was built in 1870–72 by the architects Price & Linklater using sandstone masonry. The style is Gothic revival and in 1983–84 the interior of the church was altered to designs by the Ellis Williams Partnership, the church was damaged by fire in 1954
6.
OC Transpo
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OC Transpo is the urban transit service of the City of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The system carries approximately 97.1 million annual riders, in December 2012, Ottawa City Council approved a major infrastructure project to build a 12.5 km east-west LRT line, the Confederation Line through the downtown to replace the existing BRT by 2018. OC Transpo routes also service to the downtown core of the nearby city of Gatineau, Quebec. Rush-hour service is provided to a park and ride lot in the Township of Russell. OC Transpo has a fleet of 940 buses that run on regular streets, OC Transpo uses many articulated buses to provide service. Some of the routes run on the Transitway, including the citys most-used bus routes, are served almost exclusively by articulated buses. Peak hour express routes are served primary by Double Decker buses, in 2001, a pilot diesel-powered light rail service project, the original O-Train known today as the Trillium Line, was introduced. The local government had announced plans for the light rail to other parts of Ottawa. Service to Gatineau would have also been possible, over the nearby Prince of Wales railway bridge over the Ottawa River, however, on December 14,2006, City Council led by Mayor Larry OBrien had cancelled the north-south light rail expansion project. A new model of the project, to have an integrated light rail system, has been made. This new project envisions fully grade separated rapid transit service on the original Transitways from Baseline Station in the west to Blair Station in the east. The gap between the east end west branches of Transitway will be replaced by a new downtown Subway tunnel under Queen, as for the suburbs, they will be served by 65 km of new Transitways. The first phase of the project, called the Confederation Line includes 12.5 km of rail between Tunneys Pasture and Blair, including the downtown subway. For a number of years, OC Transpo has carried bicycle racks on some routes as a part of the Rack & Roll campaign and these racks carry up to two bicycles at the front of the bus, and fold up against the bus when not in use. Although it started only on three routes, this service has expanded to include routes 12,85,94,95,96,97,99,101,106. As well, all D60LF and D60LFR articulated buses, all Alexander Dennis Enviro500 double-decker buses, traditionally, the racks have been available only between April and October, and there has been much debate over continuing the program throughout the year. However, cyclists may use the racks at any time, on any bus that is equipped with a rack, the O-Train is bicycle accessible year-round. There are four bus depots located throughout the city, the largest and headquarters is located at 1500 St. Laurent Boulevard, with two other smaller but frequently used depots being located at 168 Colonnade Road and the other on Queensview Drive
7.
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
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The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, branded as CBC/Radio-Canada, is a Canadian crown corporation that serves as the national public radio and television broadcaster. Although some local stations in Canada predate CBCs founding, CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada, Radio services include CBC Radio One, CBC Radio 2, Ici Radio-Canada Première, Ici Musique and the international radio service Radio Canada International. Television operations include CBC Television, Ici Radio-Canada Télé, CBC News Network, Ici RDI, Ici Explora, Documentary Channel, the CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord. The radio service employed commercials from its inception to 1974, since then, its primary radio networks, like the BBC, have been commercial-free. However, in the fall of 2013, CBCs secondary radio networks Radio 2, in 1929, the Aird Commission on public broadcasting recommended the creation of a national radio broadcast network. A major concern was the influence of American radio broadcasting as U. S. -based networks began to expand into Canada. Meanwhile, Canadian National Railways was making a network to keep its passengers entertained and give it an advantage over its rival. This, the CNR Radio, is the forerunner of the CBC, Graham Spry and Alan Plaunt lobbied intensely for the project on behalf of the Canadian Radio League. In 1932 the government of R. B. Bennett established the CBCs predecessor, the CRBC took over a network of radio stations formerly set up by a federal Crown corporation, the Canadian National Railway. The network was used to broadcast programming to riders aboard its passenger trains, with coverage primarily in central, on November 2,1936, the CRBC was reorganised under its present name. While the CRBC was a company, the CBC was a Crown corporation on the model of the BBC. Leonard Brockington was the CBCs first chairman, for the next few decades, the CBC was responsible for all broadcasting innovation in Canada. This was in part because, until 1958, it was not only a broadcaster and it used this dual role to snap up most of the clear-channel licences in Canada. It began a separate French-language radio network in 1937 and it introduced FM radio to Canada in 1946, though a distinct FM service wasnt launched until 1960. Television broadcasts from the CBC began on September 6,1952, with the opening of a station in Montreal, Quebec, the CBCs first privately owned affiliate television station, CKSO in Sudbury, Ontario, launched in October 1953. From 1944 to 1962, the CBC split its English-language radio network into two known as the Trans-Canada Network and the Dominion Network. The latter, carrying lighter programs including American radio shows, was dissolved in 1962, on July 1,1958, CBCs television signal was extended from coast to coast. The first Canadian television show shot in colour was the CBCs own The Forest Rangers in 1963, colour television broadcasts began on July 1,1966, and full-colour service began in 1974
8.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
9.
Nepean Museum
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Artifacts related to Nepean, from its beginnings to the 20th century, are restored and displayed in the museum galleries and grounds. The museum has an open concept exhibit area of approximately 2000sq ft, the museum collects, preserves, researches, exhibits and interprets the works of man and nature in Nepean. Although daily admission to the museum is free, special event, the museum is open Monday to Friday,10 a. m. to 5 p. m. and Saturdays and Sundays from 1 p. m. to 4 p. m. Closed November 11, December 25 and 26, and January 1, the West Carleton Museum was established in 1973. In 1976, the West Carleton Museum was renamed the “Nepean Museum”, the Nepean Museum was incorporated as a non-profit organization in 1983. It operated out of the Graham Park Cultural Activities Center from 1973-1985, in 1985, the Museum relocated to the Davidson family farmhouse on Baseline Road. The Nepean Parks & Recreation Department began leasing the old facility at 16 Rowley Avenur to the Nepean Museum in 1989. The Nepean Museum opened its doors at 16 Rowley Avenue in 1989 with renovation completed in 1990, today, the Museum’s current location at 16 Rowley Avenue. The history of Nepean has been preserved from 1792 onwards with a collection of artifacts. The property at 3080 Richmond Road was first purchased by William Bell in the 1820s, the home, standing on 1.8 hectares of land, remained in the Bell family for nearly 175 years. The 660 acres of land was cultivated for farming, though later subdivided. The archives research facility provides access to collections relevant to historians, Special events are held throughout the year. The museum is affiliated with, CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada, Nepean Museum Special Events and Programs
10.
Area codes 613 and 343
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Area code 613 and overlay area code 343 are area codes for Ottawa and surrounding Eastern Ontario, Canada, in the North American Numbering Plan. 613 is one of the 86 original area codes in the NANP assigned in October 1947, the 613 area originally covered all of Ontario with the exception of the Golden Horseshoe, which was in area code 416. The area code has been split twice, in 1953, the Southwestern Ontario portion of 613 was combined with the western portion of 416 to become 519. In 1957 the vast northwestern portion of 613 was combined with the portion of 519 to become area code 705. Since 1957,613 covers only Eastern Ontario, an area extending from Brighton and Deep River eastward to Saint Regis, Ottawa and its twin city in Quebec, Gatineau fall on the boundary between 613 and Quebecs area code 819. However, they share the local calling area. As a result, local calls could be completed between Ottawa and Hull with only seven digits, a similar situation prevailed in the Washington metropolitan area across three jurisdictions--Washington itself and parts of Maryland and Virginia. While there are fewer than two people in the geographic area covered by 613, the bulk of that population lives in the Ottawa area. Technically, it was necessary that no two prefixes within the same local calling area be duplicates, but the code protection as implemented reserved the numbers across an entire area code. Similarly, if a 1-613 number was being used in Ottawa-Carleton, federal government offices in Hull duplicated their entire allocation of multiple exchanges worth of numbers available in 613 as part of a dual dialability scheme. By the turn of the century, both 613 and 819 were close to due to Canadas inefficient number allocation system. Every competitive local exchange carrier received blocks of 10,000 numbers in every rate centre in which it planned to offer local service, a tiny unincorporated village usually received multiple 10,000 number blocks. Larger municipalities have multiple rate centres and multiple competing carriers in each, Ottawa, now one municipality, has 11 rate centres - most with very similar local calling areas - which were never amalgamated. The Ottawa-Hull exchange only covers the area that was the city of Ottawa prior to the 2001 amalgamation, plus the former suburbs of Nepean and Vanier and small sections of other urban communities. Once a number is assigned to a centre and CLEC, it is unavailable for use elsewhere. These factors resulted in thousands of wasted numbers, and the proliferation of cell phones, ten-digit dialling in 613 and 819 became mandatory on October 21,2006. Intraprovincial calls from rate centres with no local calling beyond a small fragment of their own area code were returning intercept messages if dialled as seven digits. Exchange protection in the National Capital Region was ended, except for the dual dialability scheme for government numbers on both sides of the river
Canada
Ontario
