1.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
2.
State University of New York
–
The State University of New York is a system of public institutions of higher education in New York, United States. Led by Chancellor Nancy L. Zimpher, the SUNY system has 88,000 faculty members and some 7,660 degree and certificate programs overall, SUNY includes many institutions and four University Centers, Albany, Buffalo, Binghamton, and Stony Brook. SUNYs administrative offices are in Albany, the capital, with satellite offices in Manhattan and Washington. SUNYs largest campus is the University at Buffalo, which also has the greatest endowment, the Commission was chaired by Owen D. Young, who was at the time Chairman of the General Electric Company. The system was expanded during the administration of Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller. Apart from units of the City University of New York, which is funded by New York City. The first colleges were established privately, with some arising from local seminaries, but New York state had a long history of supported higher education prior to the creation of the SUNY system. The oldest college that is part of the SUNY System is SUNY Potsdam, the St. Lawrence Academy received this distinction and designated the village of Potsdam as the site of a Normal School in 1867. On May 7,1844, the State legislature voted to establish New York State Normal School in Albany as the first college for teacher education. In 1865, the privately endowed Cornell University was designated as New Yorks land grant college, from 1889 to 1903, Cornell operated the New York State College of Forestry, until the Governor vetoed its annual appropriation. The school was moved to Syracuse University in 1911 and it is now the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. In 1908, the State legislature began the NY State College of Agriculture at Alfred University, in 1946-48 a Temporary Commission on the Need for a State University, chaired by Owen D. Young, Chairman of the General Electric Company, studied New Yorks existing higher education institutions. It was known that New Yorks private institutions of education were highly discriminatory. Noting this need, the commission recommended the creation of a state university system. In 1948 legislation was passed establishing SUNY on the foundation of the schools established in the 19th century. On October 8,1953, SUNY took a step of banning national fraternities and sororities that discriminated based on race or religion from its 33 campuses. Various fraternities challenged this rule in court, as a result, national organizations felt pressured to open their membership to students of all races and religions. SUNY is governed by a State University of New York Board of Trustees, the sixteenth member is the President of the SUNY Student Assembly
State University of New York
–
SUNY System Administration Building "The SUNY Castle" in
Albany
State University of New York
–
State University of New York
State University of New York
–
Photograph of Student Services at SUNY Purchase College
State University of New York
–
University at Albany
3.
Postgraduate education
–
In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
Postgraduate education
–
The enrollment of some students in the
University of Bologna.
4.
Manhattan
–
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
Manhattan
–
View from
Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward
Lower Manhattan
Manhattan
–
Peter Minuit, early 1600s.
Manhattan
–
The
Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of
New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
Manhattan
–
J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of
George Washington in front of
Federal Hall (on
Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first
U.S. President in 1789.
5.
Urban area
–
An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
Urban area
–
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
Urban area
–
Buenos Aires Córdoba
Urban area
Urban area
–
Rosario Mendoza
6.
Art
–
In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art. The oldest documented forms of art are visual arts, which include creation of images or objects in fields including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. Music, theatre, film, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature, until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences. Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis, expression, communication of emotion, during the Romantic period, art came to be seen as a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science. Though the definition of what art is disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions mention an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming from human agency. The nature of art, and related such as creativity. One early sense of the definition of art is related to the older Latin meaning. English words derived from this meaning include artifact, artificial, artifice, medical arts, however, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its etymology. Several dialogues in Plato tackle questions about art, Socrates says that poetry is inspired by the muses, and is not rational. He speaks approvingly of this, and other forms of divine madness in the Phaedrus, and yet in the Republic wants to outlaw Homers great poetic art, in Ion, Socrates gives no hint of the disapproval of Homer that he expresses in the Republic. For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, the forms also differ in their object of imitation. Comedy, for instance, is an imitation of men worse than average. Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation—through narrative or character, through change or no change, Aristotle believed that imitation is natural to mankind and constitutes one of mankinds advantages over animals. The second, and more recent, sense of the art as an abbreviation for creative art or fine art emerged in the early 17th century. The creative arts are a collection of disciplines which produce artworks that are compelled by a drive and convey a message, mood. Art is something that stimulates an individuals thoughts, emotions, beliefs, works of art can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects. Often, if the skill is being used in a common or practical way, likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it may be considered commercial art instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are considered applied art
Art
–
Clockwise from upper left: a
self-portrait by
Vincent van Gogh; a female ancestor figure by a
Chokwe artist; detail from the
Birth of Venus by
Sandro Botticelli; and an Okinawan
Shisa lion.
Art
–
Works of art can tell stories or simply express an aesthetic truth or feeling. Panorama of a section of A Thousand Li of Mountains and Rivers, a 12th-century painting by Song dynasty artist
Wang Ximeng.
Art
–
20th-century Rwandan bottle. Artistic works may serve practical functions, in addition to their decorative value.
Art
–
Venus of Willendorf, circa 24,000–22,000
BP
7.
Business
–
A business is an organizational entity involved in the provision of goods and services to consumers. Businesses may also be social non-profit enterprises or state-owned public enterprises operated by governments with specific social, a business owned by multiple private individuals may form as an incorporated company or jointly organise as a partnership. Countries have different laws that may ascribe different rights to the business entities. The word business can refer to an organization or to an entire market sector or to the sum of all economic activity. Compound forms such as agribusiness represent subsets of the broader meaning. Businesses aim to maximize sales to have their income exceed their expenditures, resulting in a profit, the owner operates the business alone and may hire employees. A sole proprietor has unlimited liability for all obligations incurred by the business, partnership, A partnership is a business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business, the three most prevalent types of for-profit partnerships are, general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships. Corporation, The owners of a corporation have limited liability and the business has a legal personality from its owners. Corporations can be either government-owned or privately owned and they can organize either for profit or as nonprofit organizations. A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by its shareholders, a privately owned, for-profit corporation can be either privately held by a small group of individuals, or publicly held, with publicly traded shares listed on a stock exchange. Cooperative, Often referred to as a co-op, a cooperative is a limited-liability business that can organize as for-profit or not-for-profit, a cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, not shareholders, and they share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives, cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy. In contrast, unincorporated businesses or persons working on their own are not as protected. Franchises, A franchise is a system in which entrepreneurs purchase the rights to open, franchising in the United States is widespread and is a major economic powerhouse. One out of retail businesses in the United States are franchised and 8 million people are employed in a franchised business. Real estate businesses sell, invest, construct and develop properties – including land, residential homes, retailers, wholesalers, and distributors act as middlemen and get goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumers, they make their profits by marking up their prices. Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers, transportation businesses such as railways, airlines, shipping companies that deliver goods and individuals to their destinations for a fee
Business
–
Offices in the
Los Angeles Downtown Financial District
Business
8.
Design
–
Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object, system or measurable human interaction. Design has different connotations in different fields, in some cases, the direct construction of an object is also considered to use design thinking. Designing often necessitates considering the aesthetic, functional, economic, and it may involve considerable research, thought, modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design. Meanwhile, diverse kinds of objects may be designed, including clothing, graphical user interfaces, skyscrapers, corporate identities, business processes, and even methods or processes of designing. Thus design may be a substantive referring to an abstraction of a created thing or things. It is an act of creativity and innovation, here, a specification can be manifested as either a plan or a finished product, and primitives are the elements from which the design object is composed. With such a broad denotation, there is no language or unifying institution for designers of all disciplines. This allows for many differing philosophies and approaches toward the subject, the person designing is called a designer, which is also a term used for people who work professionally in one of the various design areas usually specifying which area is being dealt with. A designers sequence of activities is called a process while the scientific study of design is called design science. Another definition of design is planning to manufacture an object, system, thus the word design can be used as a noun or a verb. In a broader sense, the design is an applied art, while the definition of design is fairly broad, design has a myriad of specifications that professionals utilize in their fields. Substantial disagreement exists concerning how designers in many fields, whether amateur or professional, alone or in teams, the prevailing view has been called The Rational Model, Technical Problem Solving and The Reason-Centric Perspective. The alternative view has been called Reflection-in-Action, Evolutionary Design, co-evolution, the Rational Model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon, an American scientist, and Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz, two German engineering design theorists. The Rational Model is based on a rationalist philosophy and underlies the waterfall model, systems development life cycle, according to the rationalist philosophy, design is informed by research and knowledge in a predictable and controlled manner. Technical rationality is at the center of the process, each stage has many associated best practices. Unrealistic assumptions – goals are often unknown when a design project begins, the Action-Centric Perspective is a label given to a collection of interrelated concepts, which are antithetical to The Rational Model. Substantial empirical evidence supports the veracity of this perspective in describing the actions of real designers, like the Rational Model, the Action-Centric model sees design as informed by research and knowledge. Designers context-dependent experience and professional judgment take center stage more than technical rationality, at least two views of design activity are consistent with the Action-Centric Perspective
Design
–
The new terminal at
Barajas airport in
Madrid,
Spain
Design
–
A drawing for a booster engine for
steam locomotives. Engineering is applied to design, with emphasis on function and the utilization of mathematics and science.
Design
–
An example of a business workflow process using
Business Process Modeling Notation.
9.
Mass communication
–
Mass communication is the study of how people exchange information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time. In other words, mass refers to the imparting and exchanging of information on a large scale to a wide range of people. The message is sent out in a rapid and continuous way via mass media. Large number of audience is covered in less time, Mass communication is the process by which a person, group of people, or organization creates a message and transmits it through some type of medium to a large, anonymous, heterogeneous audience. This implies that the audience of mass communication are made up of different cultures, behavior. Mass communication is regularly associated with media influence or media effects, Mass communication began when humans could transmit messages from a single source to multiple receivers. Mass communication has moved from theories such as the hypodermic needle model through more modern theories such as computer-mediated communication. In the United States, the study of communication is often associated with the practical applications of journalism, television and radio broadcasting, film, public relations. With the diversification of media options, the study of communication has extended to social media and new media. While the field of communication is continually evolving, the following four fields are generally considered the major areas of study within mass communication. They exist in different forms and configurations at different schools or universities, advertising, in relation to mass communication, refers to marketing a product or service in a persuasive manner that encourages the audience to buy the product or use the service. Because advertising generally takes place some form of mass media, such as television, studying the effects. Advertising is the paid, impersonal, one-way marketing of persuasive information from a sponsor, through mass communication channels, the sponsor promotes the adoption of goods, services or ideas. Advertisers have full control of the message being sent to their audience, broadcasting is the act of transmitting audio and/or visual content through a communication medium, such as radio, television, or film. In the study of communication, broadcasting can refer to the practical study of how to produce communication content. When broadcasting through radio and television, the entertainment and information can be distributed by wire and wireless to other stations, television stations. The channels offer informative and entertaining content of general and specific interest, along with radio and television broadcasting, those presenting the information could present the information live or recorded. Journalism, is the collection, verification, presentation, and editing of news for presentation through the media, in sense, refers to the study of the product
Mass communication
–
Topics and terminology
10.
Technology
–
Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, the human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The steady progress of technology has brought weapons of ever-increasing destructive power. It has helped develop more advanced economies and has allowed the rise of a leisure class, many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as pollution and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earths environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and raise new questions of the ethics of technology, examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, and the challenges of bioethics. Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the condition or worsens it. The use of the technology has changed significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, the term was often connected to technical education, as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The term technology rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution, the terms meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into technology. In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that is absent in English, which translates both terms as technology. By the 1930s, technology referred not only to the study of the industrial arts, dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions. Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 Real World of Technology lecture, gave another definition of the concept, it is practice, the way we do things around here. The term is used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics. Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time,1, defines technology in two ways, as the pursuit of life by other than life, and as organized inorganic matter. Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems and it is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator. Tools and machines need not be material, virtual technology, such as software and business methods. W. Brian Arthur defines technology in a broad way as a means to fulfill a human purpose
Technology
–
A
steam turbine with the case opened. Most electricity is produced by
thermal power stations with turbines like this one. Electricity consumption and living standards are highly correlated.
Electrification was voted the most important engineering achievement of the 20th century.
Technology
–
The spread of paper and printing to the West, exemplified by the
printing press, made it possible for
scientists and
politicians to communicate their ideas with ease, leading to the
Age of Enlightenment; an example of technology as a cultural force.
Technology
–
The invention of integrated circuits and the
microprocessor (here, an
Intel 4004 chip from 1971) led to the modern
computer revolution.
Technology
–
Antoine Lavoisier conducting an experiment with combustion generated by amplified sun light
11.
Fashion industry
–
Fashion is a popular style or practice, especially in clothing, footwear, accessories, makeup, body, or furniture. Fashion is a distinctive and often constant trend in the style in which a person dresses and it is the prevailing styles in behaviour and the newest creations of textile designers. Although aspects of fashion can be feminine or masculine, some trends are androgynous, early Western travelers, traveling whether to Persia, Turkey, India, or China, would frequently remark on the absence of change in fashion in the respective places. The Japanese Shoguns secretary bragged to a Spanish visitor in 1609 that Japanese clothing had not changed in over a thousand years, however, there is considerable evidence in Ming China of rapidly changing fashions in Chinese clothing. Changes in costume took place at times of economic or social change, as occurred in ancient Rome. In 8th-century Moorish Spain, the musician Ziryab introduced to Córdoba sophisticated clothing-styles based on seasonal and daily fashions from his native Baghdad, modified by his own inspiration. Similar changes in fashion occurred in the 11th century in the Middle East following the arrival of the Turks, who introduced clothing styles from Central Asia, the beginning in Europe of continual and increasingly rapid change in clothing styles can be fairly reliably dated. This created the distinctive Western outline of a tailored top worn over leggings or trousers, the pace of change accelerated considerably in the following century, and women and mens fashion, especially in the dressing and adorning of the hair, became equally complex. Art historians are able to use fashion with confidence and precision to date images, often to within five years. These national styles remained very different until a counter-movement in the 17th to 18th centuries imposed similar styles once again, in the 16th century, national differences were at their most pronounced. Ten 16th century portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats, albrecht Dürer illustrated the differences in his actual contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century. Though textile colors and patterns changed from year to year, the cut of a gentlemans coat, by 1800, all Western Europeans were dressing alike, local variation became first a sign of provincial culture and later a badge of the conservative peasant. The Haute house was the established by government for the fashion houses that met the standards of industry. Since then, the idea of the designer as a celebrity in his or her own right has become increasingly dominant. The impact of unisex expands more broadly to various themes in fashion including androgyny, mass-market retail. Fashion weeks are held in cities, where designers exhibit their new clothing collections to audiences. Modern Westerners have a number of choices available in the selection of their clothes. What a person chooses to wear can reflect his or her personality or interests, when people who have high cultural status start to wear new or different clothes, a fashion trend may start
Fashion industry
–
In Following the Fashion (1794),
James Gillray caricatured a figure flattered by the short-
bodiced gowns then in fashion, contrasting it with an imitator whose figure is not flattered.
Fashion industry
–
Albrecht Dürer 's drawing contrasts a well turned out bourgeoise from
Nuremberg (left) with her counterpart from
Venice. The Venetian lady's high
chopines make her look taller.
Fashion industry
–
Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI, was a leader of fashion. Her choices, such as this 1783 white
muslin dress called a chemise a la Reine, were highly influential and widely worn.
Fashion industry
–
For other uses, see
Fashion (disambiguation).
12.
27th Street (Manhattan)
–
The New York City borough of Manhattan contains 228 numbered east–west streets, the majority of them created by the Commissioners Plan of 1811. These streets do not run exactly east–west, because the plan is aligned with the Hudson River, rather than with the cardinal direction. Thus, the grids west is approximately 29 degrees north of true west, the grid covers the length of the island from 14th Street north. All numbered streets carry an East or West prefix, which changes from one to the other at Broadway below 8th Street, the numbered streets carry crosstown traffic. In general, but with exceptions, even-numbered streets are one-way eastbound. Most wider streets, and a few of the narrow ones, some streets in that area that do continue farther west change direction before reaching the Hudson River. 220th Street is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island, but Marble Hill is also within the borough of Manhattan, the numbering system continues in the Bronx, up to 263rd Street. The lowest numbered street in Manhattan is East First Street, which runs through Alphabet City near East Houston Street, there is also a First Place in Battery Park City. East 1st Street begins just north of East Houston Street at Avenue A, peretz Square, a small triangular sliver park where Houston Street, First Street and First Avenue meet marks the spot where the grid takes hold. East 2nd Street begins just north of East Houston Street at Avenue C, the East end of East 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th Streets is Avenue D, with East 6th Street continuing further Eastward and connecting to FDR Drive. The west end of these streets is the Bowery and Third Avenue, except for 3rd Street and 4th Street, great Jones Street connects East 3rd to West 3rd. For 4th Street, see 4th Street, East 5th Street goes west to Cooper Square, but is interrupted between Avenues B and C by The Earth School, Public School 364, and between First Avenue and Avenue A by the Village View Apartments. West 8th Street is an important local shopping street, 8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called St Marks Place, but it is counted in the length below. M8 bus route operates eastbound on 8th Street and westbound on 9th Street between Avenue A and Sixth Avenue, 10th Street begins at the FDR Drive and Avenue C. West of Sixth Avenue, it turns southward about 40 degrees to join the Greenwich Village street grid, because West 4th Street turns northward at Sixth Avenue, it intersects 10th, 11th and 12th and 13th Streets in the West Village. The M8 bus operates on 10th Street in both directions between Avenue D and Avenue A, and eastbound between West Street and Sixth Avenue, 10th Street has an eastbound bike lane from West Street to the East River. In 2009, the section of 10th Street between Avenue A and the East River had bicycle markings and sharrows installed, but it still has no dedicated bike lane. West 10th Street was previously named Amos Street for Charles Chistopher Amos, the end of West 10th Street toward the Hudson River was once the home of Newgate Prison, New York Citys first prison and the United States second
27th Street (Manhattan)
–
Peretz Square,
Houston Street on left; First Street on right
27th Street (Manhattan)
–
Bike parking at 17th Street
27th Street (Manhattan)
–
33 East 17th Street (
NRHP)
27th Street (Manhattan)
–
Gershwin Hotel on East 27th Street
13.
Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Seventh Avenue – known as Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard north of Central Park – is a thoroughfare on the West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It is southbound below Central Park and a street north of the park. Seventh Avenue originates in the West Village at Clarkson Street, where Varick Street becomes Seventh Avenue South and it is interrupted by Central Park from 59th to 110th Street. Artisans Gate is the 59th Street exit from Central Park to Seventh Avenue, north of Warriors Gate at the north end of the Park, the avenue carries traffic in both directions through Harlem, where it is called Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard. Addresses continue as if the street was continuous through Central Park, the road has two northern termini, an upper level terminates at the western end of the Macombs Dam Bridge, traveling over the Harlem River, where Jerome Avenue commences in the Bronx. A lower level continues a bit north and curves into the lower level of West 155th Street. Seventh Avenue was originally out in the Commissioners Plan of 1811. The southern terminus of Seventh Avenue was Eleventh Street in Greenwich Village through the part of the 20th Century. It was extended southward, as Seventh Avenue South, to link up with Varick Street in 1914, extension of the avenue allowed better vehicular connections between midtown Manhattan and the commercial district in what is now TriBeCa. It also permitted construction of the New York City Subway IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line which opened in 1918, the extension had been urged by civic groups to meet the commercial needs of Greenwich Village. A significant number of old buildings were marked for demolition in the extension, most of Seventh Avenue has carried traffic one-way southbound since June 6,1954. The portion north of Times Square carried two-way traffic until March 10,1957, Seventh Avenue is served by the 123 trains for most of its length, with N Q R W service between 42nd Street and Central Park South. The Seventh Avenue station also serves the B D E trains, north of the park, Powell Boulevard is served by the 155th Street station on the B D trains. It is also served by local buses. South of 14th Street Seventh Avenue is a thoroughfare in the West Village. The now defunct Saint Vincents Catholic Medical Center was a downtown hospital on Seventh Avenue. The first, temporary signs designating the section of Seventh Avenue as Fashion Avenue were dual-posted in 1972, Seventh Avenue intersects with Broadway and with 42nd Street at Times Square, with multiple buildings at the intersections. Notable buildings on Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard, from Central Park north through Harlem, include, state Office Building Hotel Theresa Seventh Avenue is frequently mentioned in films, plays and books
Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Seventh Avenue at
47th Street at
Times Square
Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Looking up Seventh Avenue from Greenwich Village to Central Park
Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)
–
The information booth and sculpture at
39th Street in the
Garment District
Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Madison Square Garden is located between West
31st and
33rd Streets;
Pennsylvania Station is under it.
14.
Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Eighth Avenue is a north-south avenue on the west side of Manhattan in New York City, carrying northbound traffic below 59th Street. While the avenue has different names at different points in Manhattan, north of Frederick Douglass Circle, it resumes its Eighth Avenue designation, but is also known as Frederick Douglass Boulevard. The avenue ends north of 155th Street, and merges into the Harlem River Drive, the New York City Subway IND Eighth Avenue Line runs under Eighth Avenue. MTA Regional Bus Operations primarily operates two bus routes on the avenue, the northbound M20 serves Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle, while the M10 serves the length of Eighth Avenue north of 59th Street in its entirety. The southernmost section is solely as Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle. This portion of Eighth Avenue has carried traffic one-way northbound since June 6,1954, in fact, New York Citys annual gay pride parade takes place along the Greenwich Village section of Eighth Avenue. As its name indicates, CPW forms the edge of Central Park. It also forms the boundary of the Upper West Side. It runs 51 blocks from Columbus Circle to Frederick Douglass Circle, Central Park Wests expensive housing rivals that of Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side. Most of these housing cooperatives were built around 1930, replacing late 19th century hotels with the same names, some, including The Century, The San Remo, and The Majestic, are twin towers. Other landmarks and institutions along its length include the New-York Historical Society, the area from 61st to 97th Streets is included in the Central Park West Historic District. The building located at 55 Central Park West is the infamous Spook Central from the movie Ghostbusters, the famed New York City restaurant Tavern on the Green is located off of Central Park West, at 66th Street, within the grounds of Central Park. In 1899, while exiting a streetcar, Henry Bliss was run over by a taxi at CPW and West 74th Street, becoming the first person to be run down and killed by a motor car in the Americas. North of Frederick Douglass Circle at 110th Street in Harlem, it is Frederick Douglass Boulevard, Frederick Douglass Boulevard eventually terminates near the Harlem River at the Harlem River Drive around West 159th Street. While Central Park West has its own system, address numbers on Frederick Douglass Boulevard continue from where they would be if Central Park West used the Eighth Avenue numbering system. Formerly described as being like Detroit in its urban blight, it is now gentrified, especially in the restaurants along its route and this gentrification is partly due to massive city investment. The share of whites jumped to 12.4 percent from 2.3 percent, median household income rose 28 percent, to $34,694. Notes New York Songlines, Eighth Avenue, a walking tour
Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Facing north from 32nd Street
Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)
–
The
Hearst Tower at West 57th Street and Eighth Avenue
Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)
–
The
American Museum of Natural History
Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Housing cooperatives on CPW.
The San Remo on the right,
The Langham right from center,
The Dakota left from center, and
The Majestic on the far left.
15.
Chelsea, Manhattan
–
Chelsea is a neighborhood on the West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Chelsea is divided between Manhattan Community Board 4 and Manhattan Community Board 5 and it contains the Chelsea Historic District and its extension, which were designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1970 and 1981 respectively. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, the area has a large LGBTQ population. Chelsea is also known as one of the centers of the art world. Chelsea takes its name from the estate and Georgian-style house of retired British Major Thomas Clarke, the land was bounded by what would become 21st and 24th Streets, from the Hudson River to Eighth Avenue. Clarke chose the name Chelsea after the Royal Hospital Chelsea, a retirement home for soldiers in London, England. Clarke passed the estate on to his daughter, Charity, who, with her husband Benjamin Moore, added land on the south of the estate, the house was the birthplace of their son, Clement Clarke Moore, who in turn inherited the property. Moore is generally credited with writing A Visit From St. Nicholas and was the author of the first Greek and Hebrew lexicons printed in the United States. Covenants in the deeds of sale specified what could be built on the land – stables, manufacturing, in 1847 the Hudson River Railroad laid its freight tracks up a right-of-way between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, separating Chelsea from the Hudson River waterfront. By the time of the Civil War, the area west of Ninth Avenue and below 20th Street was the location of numerous distilleries making turpentine and camphene, a lamp fuel. In addition, the huge Manhattan Gas Works complex, which converted coal into gas, was located at Ninth and 18th Street. As well as the piers, warehouses and factories, the area west of Tenth Avenue also included lumberyards and breweries. The social problems of the areas workers provoked John Lovejoy Elliot to form the Hudson Guild in 1897, one of the first settlement houses – private organizations designed to provide social services. A theater district had formed in the area by 1869, and soon West 23rd Street was the center of American theater, led by Pikes Opera House, Chelsea was an early center for the motion picture industry before World War I. Some of Mary Pickfords first pictures were made on the top floors of a building at 221 West 26th Street, while other studios were located on 23rd. London Terrace was one of the worlds largest apartment blocks when it opened in 1930, with a pool, solarium, gymnasium. The massive 23-story Art Deco Walker Building, which spans the block between 17th and 18th Streets just off of Seventh Avenue, was built in the early 1930s. It typifies the real activity of the district, as it has been converted in 2012 to residential apartments on the top 16 floors
Chelsea, Manhattan
–
A Chelsea streetscape
Chelsea, Manhattan
Chelsea, Manhattan
–
"Chelsea", drawn by a daughter of
Clement Clarke Moore
Chelsea, Manhattan
–
Part of the
23rd Street facade of the
London Terrace apartment complex, as seen from the
High Line at
20th Street. The complex takes up the full block between
Ninth and
Tenth Avenues and 23rd and
24th Streets.
16.
Starbucks
–
Starbucks Corporation is an American coffee company and coffeehouse chain. Starbucks was founded in Seattle, Washington in 1971. As of November 2016, it operates 23,768 locations worldwide, many stores sell pre-packaged food items, hot and cold sandwiches, and drinkware including mugs and tumblers, select Starbucks Evenings locations offer beer, wine, and appetizers. Starbucks-brand coffee, ice cream, and bottled cold coffee drinks are sold at grocery stores. Starbucks first became profitable in Seattle in the early 1980s, the first Starbucks location outside North America opened in Tokyo in 1996, overseas properties now constitute almost one-third of its stores. The company opened an average of two new locations daily between 1987 and 2007, on December 1,2016, Howard Schultz announced he would resign as CEO effective in April 2017 and will be replaced by Kevin Johnson. The company took the name of the mate in the book Moby-Dick, Starbuck, after considering Cargo House. Bowker recalls that Terry Heckler, with whom Bowker owned an advertising agency, the founders brainstormed a list of words beginning with st. Someone pulled out an old mining map of the Cascade Range and saw a mining town named Starbo, Bowker said, Moby-Dick didnt have anything to do with Starbucks directly, it was only coincidental that the sound seemed to make sense. The first Starbucks store was located in Seattle at 2000 Western Avenue from 1971–1976 and this cafe was later moved to 1912 Pike Place, never to be relocated again. During this time, the only sold roasted whole coffee beans. The only brewed coffee served in the store were free samples, during their first year of operation, they purchased green coffee beans from Peets, then began buying directly from growers. In 1984, the owners of Starbucks, led by Jerry Baldwin. During the 1980s, total sales of coffee in the US were falling, by 1986, the company operated six stores in Seattle and had only just begun to sell espresso coffee. In 1987, the owners sold the Starbucks chain to former manager Howard Schultz. In the same year, Starbucks opened its first locations outside Seattle at Waterfront Station in Vancouver, British Columbia, by 1989,46 stores existed across the Northwest and Midwest and annually, Starbucks was roasting over 2,000,000 pounds of coffee. At the time of its public offering on the stock market in June 1992, Starbucks had 140 outlets, with a revenue of US$73.5 million. The companys market value was US$271 million by this time, the 12% portion of the company that was sold raised around US$25 million for the company, which facilitated a doubling of the number of stores over the next two years
Starbucks
–
The
Starbucks Center,
Seattle. The company HQ, in the old
Sears, Roebuck and Co. catalog distribution center building
Starbucks
–
Starbucks Corporation
Starbucks
–
Interior of the
Pike Place Market location in 1977
Starbucks
–
The Starbucks store at 1912 Pike Place. This is the second location of the
original Starbucks, which was at 2000 Western Avenue from 1971 to 1976.
17.
Calvin Klein (fashion designer)
–
Calvin Richard Klein is an American fashion designer who launched the company that would later become Calvin Klein Inc. in 1968. In addition to clothing, he also has given his name to a range of perfumes, watches, Klein is an American fashion designer of Hungarian ancestry. He was born to a Jewish family in The Bronx, New York and his father was an immigrant from Hungary while his mother was the daughter of an immigrant from Austria and an American dentist. He attended the High School of Art and Design and matriculated at and he did his apprenticeship in 1962 at an oldline cloak-and-suit manufacturer, Dan Millstein, and spent five years designing at other New York City shops. In 1968, he launched his first company with a childhood friend, Klein was one of several design leaders raised in the Jewish immigrant community in the Bronx, along with Robert Denning and Ralph Lauren. He was immediately recognized for his talent after his first major showing at New York City Fashion Week and he was hailed as the new Yves Saint Laurent, and was noted for his clean lines. Klein married Jayne Centre, a designer, in 1964. They have a daughter, Marci, who works as Talent Producer for NBCs Saturday Night Live. In September 1986 Klein married his assistant, Kelly Rector, in Rome while they were on a trip in Italy. She later became a well-known socialite photographer, after separating in 1996, they divorced in April 2006. In 2003, Klein bought an ocean-front estate in Southampton, New York, Klein is a supporter of the Democratic Party, having given over $250,000 to candidates and PACs since 1980. In 1974, Klein designed the tight-fitting signature jeans that would go on to gross $200,000 in their first week of sales, in that same year he also became the first designer to receive outstanding design in men’s and women’s wear from the CFDA award show. In 1983, he was placed on the International Best Dressed List, also in 1981,1983 and 1993, he received an award from Councils of Fashion Designs of America. Klein made a appearance in Season 3, Episode 15. A fictionalized version of him appears in Season 4, Episode 13. Calvin Klein, King of clothes The Latest Calvin by Michael Gross, NY Magazine August 8,1988
Calvin Klein (fashion designer)
–
Klein at the 2011
Tribeca Film Festival Vanity Fair party
18.
Michael Kors
–
Michael Kors is a New York City-based American sportswear fashion designer. Kors was the first women’s ready-to-wear designer for the French house Celine, Kors was born Karl Anderson, Jr. on Long Island, New York, the son of Joan Hamburg, a former model, and her first husband, Karl Anderson, Sr, a college student. His mother remarried Bill Kors when he was five, and his surname was changed to Kors, Kors mother is Jewish and his father was of Swedish descent. Kors married his partner, Lance Le Pere, on August 16,2011, in Southampton, Kors affinity for fashion started when he was very young. His mother thought his affinity might have caused in part by his exposure to the apparel industry through her modeling career. Michael, at the age of five, even redesigned his mothers wedding dress for her second marriage, as a teen, Kors began designing clothes and selling them out of his parents basement, which he renamed the Iron Butterfly. Kors also took acting lessons when he was young, but stopped when he was 14 when he decided to focus on becoming a fashion designer, in 1977, he enrolled at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City. However, he dropped out after nine months and took a job at a boutique across from Bergdorf Goodman on 57th Street in Midtown Manhattan. Shortly after, Dawn Mello, the director at Bergdorf. She asked if he would show his collection to Bergdorf Goodmans buyers, in 1981, Kors launched the Michael Kors womenswear line at Bloomingdales, Bergdorf Goodman, Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus, and Saks Fifth Avenue. In 1990, the company launched KORS Michael Kors, a bankruptcy in 1993 forced him to discontinue the KORS line for a time. He managed to get back on his feet by 1997 and launched a lower priced line, in his tenure at Celine, Kors turned the fashion house around with successful accessories and a critically acclaimed ready-to-wear line. Kors left Celine in October 2003 to concentrate on his own brand, Kors launched his menswear line in 2002. The MICHAEL Michael Kors and KORS Michael Kors lines were launched in 2004, the MICHAEL Michael Kors line includes womens handbags and shoes as well as womens ready-to-wear apparel. Currently, Kors has Collection boutiques in New York, Beverly Hills, Palm Beach, as of the end of the first fiscal quarter in 2016, Kors has over 770 Lifestyle stores around the world. The year 2011 marked the 30th anniversary of Kors business, michelle Obama wore a black sleeveless dress from the designer for her first term official portrait as First Lady and later sported Kors again at the 2015 State of the Union address. Joan Allen wore his gown when she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the The Contender, jennifer Garner wore a custom creation as an Academy Award presenter in 2006. As creative director of Celine, Kors designed many outfits for actresses to wear on screen, including Gwyneth Paltrow in Possession, one of his gowns was worn by Alicia Keys for her performance at Barack Obamas inaugural ball on January 21,2013
Michael Kors
–
Michael Kors
Michael Kors
–
Michelle Obama 's first term official portrait showing her wearing a dress designed by Kors
Michael Kors
–
A dress by Michael Kors, 2010
19.
Joel Schumacher
–
Joel T. Schumacher is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. He is best known for directing The Incredible Shrinking Woman, St. Elmos Fire, Batman Forever, A Time to Kill, Batman & Robin, Phone Booth, The Phantom of the Opera and The Number 23. Before he launched his career as a director, Schumacher also wrote the adaptation of The Wiz. Schumacher was born in New York City. His mother was a Swedish Jew, and his father was a Baptist from Knoxville, Tennessee, Schumacher studied at Parsons The New School for Design and The Fashion Institute of Technology in New York. After first working in the industry, he realized his true love was in filmmaking. Schumachers first screenplay was for the musical drama Sparkle in 1976 and he also wrote the screenplays for the 1976 low-budget hit movie Car Wash, 1978s The Wiz — an adaptation of the stage play of the same name — and a number of other minor successes. His film directorial debut was The Incredible Shrinking Woman in 1981, the Brat Pack films St. Elmos Fire and The Lost Boys were two of Schumachers biggest hits. Their style impressed audiences and their success allowed studios to trust him with ever-larger projects. He states in the commentary for St. Elmos Fire that he resents the Brat Pack label. Schumacher has directed two adaptations of John Grishams novels, The Client and A Time to Kill, Grisham personally requested that Schumacher return to direct A Time to Kill. Schumacher replaced Tim Burton as the director of the Batman film franchise when he directed Batman Forever in 1995, val Kilmer replaced Michael Keaton in the title role, despite a lukewarm critical reception, the film scored the highest-grossing opening weekend of 1995. It finished as the second highest-grossing film of the year in North America, after this success, Warner Bros. hired Schumacher to direct a sequel, Batman & Robin, in 1997. The film did not perform as well at the box office as its predecessors, Warner Bros. subsequently put the Batman movie series on hiatus, canceling Schumachers next planned Batman movie, Batman Unchained. On the DVD commentary, Schumacher has admitted that his movie disappointed fans of darker Batman adaptations, saying that the film was made intentionally marketable and kid-friendly. He claims to have been under pressure from the studio to do so, however, he admits full responsibility and, at one point. Schumacher is a devoted Batman fan himself, and has said he would have preferred an adaptation of the comic Batman. After back-to-back Grisham and Batman films, Schumacher decided to reinvent his career with darker, lower-budget fare like 8MM with Nicolas Cage, 8MM was entered into the 49th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1999, Schumacher also directed the video for Letting the Cables Sleep by English rock band Bush
Joel Schumacher
–
Schumacher in
Taormina during the
Taormina Film Fest in 2003, for the Italian premiere of
Phone Booth.
20.
New York, NY
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York, NY
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York, NY
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York, NY
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York, NY
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
21.
Textile
–
A textile or cloth is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, hemp, Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or felting. The words fabric and cloth are used in textile assembly trades as synonyms for textile, however, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. Textile refers to any material made of interlacing fibres, a fabric is a material made through weaving, knitting, spreading, crocheting, or bonding that may be used in production of further goods. Cloth may be used synonymously with fabric but is often a piece of fabric used for a specific purpose. The word textile is from Latin, from the adjective textilis, meaning woven, from textus, the word cloth derives from the Old English clað, meaning a cloth, woven or felted material to wrap around one, from Proto-Germanic kalithaz. The discovery of dyed flax fibres in a cave in the Republic of Georgia dated to 34,000 BCE suggests textile-like materials were made even in prehistoric times. The production of textiles is a craft whose speed and scale of production has been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization, however, for the main types of textiles, plain weave, twill, or satin weave, there is little difference between the ancient and modern methods. Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing and for such as bags. In the household they are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, coverings for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, in the workplace they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Textiles are used in traditional crafts such as sewing, quilting. Textiles for industrial purposes, and chosen for other than their appearance, are commonly referred to as technical textiles. Technical textiles include textile structures for applications, medical textiles, geotextiles, agrotextiles. In all these applications stringent performance requirements must be met, woven of threads coated with zinc oxide nanowires, laboratory fabric has been shown capable of self-powering nanosystems using vibrations created by everyday actions like wind or body movements. Fashion designers commonly rely on textile designs to set their fashion collections apart from others, armani, the late Gianni Versace, and Emilio Pucci can be easily recognized by their signature print driven designs. Textiles can be made from many materials and these materials come from four main sources, animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic. In the past, all textiles were made from natural fibres, including plant, animal, in the 20th century, these were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum. Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest gossamer to the sturdiest canvas, microfibre refers to fibres made of strands thinner than one denier
Textile
–
Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of
Karachi, Pakistan
Textile
–
Simple textile (magnified)
Textile
–
A small fabric shop in
Al-Mukalla, Yemen
Textile
–
Late antique textile,
Egyptian, now in the
Dumbarton Oaks collection
22.
Clothing
–
Clothing is fiber and textile material worn on the body. The wearing of clothing is mostly restricted to human beings and is a feature of all human societies. The amount and type of clothing worn depends on type, social. Some clothing types can be gender-specific, physically, clothing serves many purposes, it can serve as protection from the elements, and can enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking. It protects the wearer from rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns, Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions. Further, they can provide a barrier, keeping infectious. Clothing also provides protection from ultraviolet radiation, there is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 170 millennia ago, another theory is that modern humans are the only survivors of several species of primates who may have worn clothes and that clothing may have been used as long ago as 650 millennia. Other louse-based estimates put the introduction of clothing at around 42, the most obvious function of clothing is to improve the comfort of the wearer, by protecting the wearer from the elements. In hot climates, clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage, shelter usually reduces the functional need for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves, and other layers are normally removed when entering a warm home. Similarly, clothing has seasonal and regional aspects, so that thinner materials, Clothing performs a range of social and cultural functions, such as individual, occupational and gender differentiation, and social status. In many societies, norms about clothing reflect standards of modesty, religion, gender, Clothing may also function as a form of adornment and an expression of personal taste or style. Clothing can and has in history been made from a wide variety of materials. Materials have ranged from leather and furs, to materials, to elaborate and exotic natural. Not all body coverings are regarded as clothing, Clothing protects against many things that might injure the uncovered human body. Clothes protect people from the elements, including rain, snow, wind, however, clothing that is too sheer, thin, small, tight, etc. offers less protection. Clothes also reduce risk during activities such as work or sport, some clothing protects from specific environmental hazards, such as insects, noxious chemicals, weather, weapons, and contact with abrasive substances
Clothing
–
Clothing in history, showing (from top) Egyptians, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Franks, and 13th through 15th century Europeans.
Clothing
–
A
baby wearing many items of
winter clothing:
headband,
cap, fur-lined
coat,
shawl and
sweater
Clothing
–
Former 3rd Duke of Fife wearing a traditional
Scottish kilt. (1984)
Clothing
–
Former
US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and
Turkish President Abdullah Gül both wearing Western-style
business suits.
23.
Fashion accessory
–
A fashion accessory is an item used to contribute, in a secondary manner, to the wearers outfit, often used to complete an outfit and chosen to specifically complement the wearers look. The term came into use in the 19th century, Fashion accessories can be loosely categorized into two general areas, those that are carried and those that are worn. Traditional carried accessories include purses and handbags, eyewear, hand fans, parasols and umbrellas, wallets, canes, in Victorian fashion accessories such as fans, parasols and gloves held significance for how women experienced gender, race and class. In this era, there was a trend for women to adopt, or aspire to, consequently, gloves were often used by women to cover their hands and mask any signs of labor. Also, in the early 16th century in Italy hat badges were worn by men of a higher social status as decorative item. Hat badges were worn in conjunction with a decorative sword. Hat badges were fashioned after plaquettes and often depicted a scene with personal relevance to the wearer, status symbol Media related to Fashion accessory at Wikimedia Commons
Fashion accessory
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Burberry -brand handbag
24.
Brooklyn Museum of Art
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The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. At 560,000 square feet, the museum is New York Citys third largest in physical size, the museum initially struggled to maintain its building and collection, only to be revitalized in the late 20th century, thanks to major renovations. Significant areas of the collection include antiquities, specifically their collection of Egyptian antiquities spanning over 3,000 years, African, Oceanic, and Japanese art make for notable antiquities collections as well. American art is represented, starting at the Colonial period. Artists represented in the collection include Mark Rothko, Edward Hopper, Norman Rockwell, Winslow Homer, Edgar Degas, Georgia OKeeffe, the museum also has a Memorial Sculpture Garden which features salvaged architectural elements from throughout New York City. The roots of the Brooklyn Museum extend back to the 1823 founding by Augustus Graham of the Brooklyn Apprentices’ Library in Brooklyn Heights, in 1890, under its director Franklin Hooper, Institute leaders reorganized as the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences and began planning the Brooklyn Museum. The initial design for the Brooklyn Museum was four times as large as the actualized version, Daniel Chester French, the noted sculptor of the Lincoln Memorial, was the principal designer of the pediment sculptures and the monolithic 12. 5-foot figures along the cornice. The figures were created by 11 sculptors and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers, by 1920, the New York City Subway reached the museum with a subway station, this greatly improved access to the once-isolated museum from Manhattan and other outer boroughs. The Brooklyn Institutes director Franklin Hooper was the museums first director and he was followed by Philip Newell Youtz, Laurance Page Roberts, Isabel Spaulding Roberts, Charles Nagel, Jr. and Edgar Craig Schenck. Thomas S. Buechner became the director in 1960, making him one of the youngest directors in the country. Buechner oversaw a major transformation in the way the museum displayed art and brought some one thousand works that had languished in the museums archives and put them on display. Buechner played a role in rescuing the Daniel Chester French sculptures from destruction due to an expansion project at the Manhattan Bridge in the 1960s. The Brooklyn Museum changed its name to Brooklyn Museum of Art in 1997, on March 12,2004, the museum announced that it would revert to its previous name. In April 2004, the museum opened the James Polshek-designed entrance pavilion on the Eastern Parkway façade, in September 2014, Lehman announced that he was planning to retire around June 2015. In May 2015, Creative Time president and artistic director Anne Pasternak was named the Museums next director, member institutions occupy land or buildings owned by the City of New York and derive part of their yearly funding from the City. The Brooklyn Museum also supplements its earned income with funding from Federal and State governments, as well as donations by individuals. Major benefactors include Frank Lusk Babbott, the museum is the site of the annual Brooklyn Artists Ball which has included celebrity hosts such as Sarah Jessica Parker and Liv Tyler. The Brooklyn Museum exhibits collections that seek to embody the rich heritage of world cultures
Brooklyn Museum of Art
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Brooklyn Museum
Brooklyn Museum of Art
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Replica of the
Statue of Liberty in back lot.
Brooklyn Museum of Art
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Book of the Dead of the Goldworker of Amun, Sobekmose, 31.1777e
Brooklyn Museum of Art
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Brooklyn Papyrus 664-332 BCE
25.
American Alliance of Museums
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AAM is dedicated to ensuring that museums remain a vital part of the American landscape, connecting people with the greatest achievements of the human experience, past, present and future. AAM is the organization representing the entire scope of museums and professionals and nonpaid staff who work for. AAM currently represents more than 25,000 individual museum professionals, at the 2014 American Alliance of Museums conference, the Institute of Museum and Library Services announced there are now at least 35,000 museums in the US. 1906, Foundation 1911, Directory of North and South American museums published 1923, Headquarters established in Washington, the M&T Network is the AAM link between museums and media technologies. As such, it identifies, examines, and advocates appropriate uses of technologies in helping museums meet the needs of their diverse publics. Membership is limited to institutions or individuals that are members of AAM, the mission of the M&T is to identify, access, and advocate a broad variety of program uses for media and technology in helping museum professionals meet the needs of their diverse publics. The Spark is the first comprehensive plan in AAM’s recent history. It articulates a vision for museums, the field and AAM, the mission highlights AAMs commitment to leadership, advocacy, collaboration and service. The Spark contains four goals, excellence, advocacy, sustainability and alignment
American Alliance of Museums
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AAM logo
American Alliance of Museums
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Headquarters of AAM, Washington, DC
26.
Adrian
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Adrian is a form of the Latin given name Adrianus or Hadrianus. Its ultimate origin is most likely via the former river Adria from the Venetic and Illyrian word adur, the Adria was until the 8th century BC the main channel of the Po River into the Adriatic Sea but ceased to exist before the 1st century BC. Hecataeus of Miletus asserted that both the Etruscan harbor city of Adria and the Adriatic Sea had been named after it. Emperor Hadrians family was named after the city or region of Adria/Hadria, now Atri, in Picenum, several saints and six popes have borne this name, including the only English pope, Adrian IV, and the only Dutch pope, Adrian VI. As an English name, it has been in use since the Middle Ages, although it did not become common until modern times. C
Adrian
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Bust of
Hadrian
27.
Balenciaga
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Balenciaga is a French luxury fashion house founded by Cristóbal Balenciaga, a Spanish designer, born in the Basque Country, Spain. He had a reputation as a couturier of uncompromising standards and was referred to as the master of us all by Christian Dior and his bubble skirts and odd, feminine, yet ultra-modern shapes were trademarks of the house. The House of Balenciaga is now owned by the French multinational company Kering, Cristóbal Balenciaga opened his first boutique in San Sebastián, Spain in 1919, which expanded to include branches in Madrid and Barcelona. The Spanish royal family and the aristocracy wore his designs, but when the Spanish Civil War forced him to close his stores, Balenciaga opened his Paris couture house on Avenue George V in August 1937, and his first runway show featured designs heavily influenced by the Spanish Renaissance. Balenciagas success in Paris was nearly immediate, within two years, the French press lauded him as a revolutionary, and his designs were highly sought-after. Carmel Snow, the editor of Harpers Bazaar was a champion of his designs. Customers risked their safety to travel to Europe during World War II to see Balenciagas clothing, during this period, he was noted for his square coat, with sleeves cut in a single piece with the yoke, and for his designs with black lace over bright pink fabric. However, it was not until the years that the full scale of the inventiveness of this highly original designer became evident. His lines became more linear and sleek, diverging from the hourglass shape popularized by Christian Diors New Look, the fluidity of his silhouettes enabled him to manipulate the relationship between his clothing and womens bodies. In 1951, he transformed the silhouette, broadening the shoulders. In 1955, he designed the dress, which later developed into the chemise dress of 1958. Other contributions in the era included the spherical balloon jacket, the high-waisted baby doll dress, the cocoon coat, the balloon skirt. In 1959, his work culminated in the Empire line, with high-waisted dresses and his manipulation of the waist, in particular, contributed to what is considered to be his most important contribution to the world of fashion, a new silhouette for women. In the 1960s, Balenciaga was an innovator in his use of fabrics, he tended toward heavy fabrics, intricate embroidery and his trademarks included collars that stood away from the collarbone to give a swanlike appearance and shortened bracelet sleeves. In 1960, he designed the dress for Queen Fabiola of Belgium made of ivory duchess satin trimmed with white mink at the collar. Jackie Kennedy famously upset John F. Kennedy for buying Balenciagas expensive creations while he was President because he feared that the American public might think the purchases too lavish and her haute couture bills were eventually discreetly paid by her father-in-law, Joseph Kennedy. By keeping the press unaware of the design of his garments until the day before they were shipped to stores, he hoped to curtail ongoing piracy and copying of his designs. The press resisted, finding it impossible to get his work into their print deadlines
Balenciaga
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Balenciaga
Balenciaga
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Balenciaga dresses on display in Florence, Italy.
Balenciaga
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Balenciaga exhibit, Fine Arts Museum (
Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao), Bilbao, Spain
28.
Chanel
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Chanel S. A. is a French, privately held company owned by Alain and Gérard Wertheimer, grandsons of Pierre Wertheimer, who was an early business partner of the couturière Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel. Chanel S. A. is a fashion house that specializes in haute couture and ready-to-wear clothes, luxury goods. In her youth, Gabrielle Chanel gained the nickname Coco from her time as a chanteuse, the House of Chanel is known for the little black dress, the perfume No.5 de Chanel, and the Chanel Suit. Chanel’s use of jersey fabric produced garments that were comfortable and affordable, Chanel used colors traditionally associated with masculinity in Europe, such as grey and navy blue, to denote feminine boldness of character. An example of haute couture techniques is the woolen Chanel suit — a knee-length skirt. The complementary accessories were two-tone pump shoes and jewellry, usually a necklace of pearls, Coco Chanel thus could sell to them the hats she designed and made, she thus earned a living, independent of her financial sponsor, the socialite Balsan. Despite that social circumstance, Boy Capel perceived the businesswoman innate to Coco Chanel, because that locale already housed a dress shop, the business-lease limited Chanel to selling only millinery products, not couture. The First World War affected European fashion through scarcity of materials, in 1915 and in 1917, Harper’s Bazaar magazine reported that the garments of the House of Chanel were on the list of every buyer for the clothing factories of Europe. After the First World War, the House of Chanel, following the trends of the 1920s, produced beaded dresses. Originally, a bottle of No.5 de Chanel was a gift to clients of Chanel, the popularity of the perfume prompted the House of Chanel to offer it for retail sale in 1922. In 1923, to explain the success of her clothes, Coco Chanel told Harper’s Bazaar magazine that design simplicity is the keynote of all true elegance, business partners — late 1920s The success of the No. To that end, the businessman Théophile Bader introduced the venture capitalist Pierre Wertheimer to Coco Chanel, moreover, by 1937, the House of Chanel had expanded the range of its clothes to more women, and presented prêt-à-porter clothes designed and cut for the petite woman. Among fashion designers only the clothes created by Elsa Schiaparelli could compete with the clothes of Chanel. A. at 31 rue Cambon, meanwhile, because of the Nazi occupation’s official anti-Semitism, Pierre Wertheimer and family, had fled France to the U. S. in mid-1940. Later, in 1941, Coco Chanel attempted to assume control of Parfums Chanel. Occupied France abounded with rumours that Coco Chanel was a Nazi collaborator, her identity was secret agent 7124 of the Abwehr. At War’s end, upon the Allied liberation of France, Chanel was arrested for having collaborated with the Nazis, in Switzerland, the news revived Coco Chanel’s resentment at having been exploited by her business partner, for only ten per cent of the money. So she established a rival Swiss parfumerie to create, produce, in exchange Gabrielle Chanel closed her Swiss parfumerie enterprise, and sold to Parfums Chanel the full rights to the name Coco Chanel. As a post–War fashion that used some 20 yards of fabric, having decided to do business with Coco Chanel, Wertheimer’s negotiations to fund the resurgence of the House of Chanel, granted him commercial rights to all Chanel-brand products
Chanel
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The actress Gabrielle Dorziat wearing a Chanel plumed hat (1912)
Chanel
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Chanel S.A.
Chanel
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Chanel’s spymaster: General Walter Schellenberg Chief of the Sicherheitsdienst.
Chanel
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A classic Chanel suit, 1965
29.
Dior
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Christian Dior SE, commonly known as Dior, is a French luxury goods company controlled and chaired by French businessman Bernard Arnault, who also heads LVMH – the worlds largest luxury group. Dior itself holds 42. 36% shares of and 59. 01% voting rights within LVMH, while the Christian Dior label remains largely for womens offerings, the company also operates the Dior Homme division for men and the baby Dior label for childrens wear. Products are sold throughout its portfolio of retail stores worldwide, as well as through its online store, the House of Dior was established on 16 December 1946, in a private house at 30 Avenue Montaigne Paris B. However, the current Dior corporation celebrates 1947 as the opening year, Dior was financially backed by wealthy businessman Marcel Boussac. Boussac had originally invited Dior to design for Philippe et Gaston, the new couture house became a part of a vertically integrated textile business already operated by Boussac. Its capital was at FFr 6 million and workforce at 80 employees, Diors creativity also negotiated him a good salary. On 12 February 1947, Dior launched his first fashion collection for Spring–Summer 1947, the show of 90 models of his first collection on six mannequins was presented in the salons of the companys headquarters at 30 Avenue Montaigne. Originally, the two lines were named Corolle and Huit, however, the new collection went down in fashion history as the New Look after the editor-in-chief of Harpers Bazaar Carmel Snow exclaimed, Its such a New Look. At a time of post-war fabric restrictions, Dior used up to twenty yards of extravagant fabrics for his creations, as a result, Paris, which had fallen from its position as the capital of the fashion world after WWII, regained its preeminence. The New Look was welcomed in western Europe as an antidote to the austerity of wartime and de-feminizing uniforms. According to Harold Koda, The Costume Institute curator in charge, not everyone was pleased with the New Look, however. Some considered the amount of material to be wasteful, especially after years of cloth rationing, feminists in particular were outraged, feeling that the new designs with its return to corsets were restrictive and regressive, and that Diors designs took away womens independence. Fellow designer Coco Chanel remarked, “Only a man who never was intimate with a woman could design something that uncomfortable. ”Available references contradict themselves whether Christian Dior Parfums was established in 1947 or 1948. The Dior corporation itself lists the founding of Christian Dior Parfums as 1947, with the launch of its first perfume, Dior revolutionized the perfumery industry with the launch of the highly popular Miss Dior parfum, which was named after Catherine Dior. Christian Dior Ltd owned 25%, manager of Coty perfumes held 35%, pierre Cardin was made head of the Dior workshop from 1947 until 1950. In 1948, a New York City Christian Dior Parfums branch was established—this could be the cause of establishment-date issue. The modern Dior corporation also notes that a luxury ready-to-wear house is established in New York at the corner of 5th Avenue and 57th Street, in 1949, the Diorama perfume is released and by 1949, the New Look line alone made a profit FFr 12.7 million. Expansion from France began by the end of 1949 with the opening of a Christian Dior boutique in New York City, by the end of the year, Dior fashions made up 75% of Pariss fashion exports and 5% of Frances total export revenue
Dior
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"Bar" suit, 1947. As displayed in Moscow, 2011.
Dior
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Christian Dior SE
Dior
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Eva Perón, the First Lady of Argentina, wearing a Dior Dress in 1950
Dior
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A Dior Haute Couture jacket designed by
Marc Bohan. The Haute Couture label is clearly visible in the enlarged photo.
30.
Isabel Toledo
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Isabel Toledo is a Cuban-American fashion designer based in New York City. Isabel Toledo was born in Cuba and moved to New Jersey where she attended school and met her future husband and collaborator, Ruben Toledo. She attended the Fashion Institute of Technology and Parsons School of Design where she studied painting, ceramics, in 1985, Toledo presented her first collection. In 1998, she stopped presenting biannual collections, instead choosing to create on her own schedule, Toledo was named creative director of Anne Klein in 2006 after more than twenty years of working solely under her own name. Toledo made her debut with Anne Klein at New York Fashion Week in February 2007, Toledo and Anne Klein parted ways later in 2007. Along with her husband, Ruben Toledo, Isabel was the recipient of the 2005 Cooper-Hewitt National Design Award for their work in fashion, Toledo was also the recipient of an Otis Critics award named for her at the Los Angeles-based Otis College of Art and Design. On September 3,2008, Isabel Toledo was presented with the third annual Couture Council Award for Artistry of Fashion from the Museum at FIT in New Yorks Rainbow Room atop Rockefeller Center. Michelle Obama first wore a Toledo design on June 18,2008 for an appearance at a New York City fashion world fund-raiser, Obama had been a fan of her work from buying her clothes in Chicago at Ikram Goldmans store. Toledo designed a lemongrass yellow wool lace shift dress with matching overcoat which the First Lady selected to wear at the first inauguration of Barack Obama, Isabel Toledo, Fashion From the Inside Out. June 16 through September 26,2009, Isabel and Ruben Toledo, A Marriage of Art and Fashion. Anne Klein Fall 2007 Collection by Isabel Toledo, Isabel & Ruben Toledo Speak with Rose Brantley at Otis. Otis College of Art and Design
Isabel Toledo
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Isabel Toledo at the Anne Klein fashion show. Photo by Ed Kavishe, Fashion Wire Press
31.
Sustainable fashion
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It can be seen as an alternative trend against fast fashion. Sustainable fashion came into the foray in the late 1980s and early 1990s as well-known companies such as Patagonia. The owners of companies at that time, Yvon Chouinard and Doug Tompkins were outdoorsmen. They commissioned research into the impacts of fibers used in their companies, for Patagonia, this resulted in a lifecycle assessment for four fibers, cotton, wool, nylon and polyester. For ESPRIT the focus was on cotton, which represented 90% of their business at that time, the principles of sustainable fashion as put forward by these two companies was based on the philosophy of the deep ecologists Arne Naess, Fritjof Capra, and Ernest Callenbach. The work of these companies influenced a whole movement in fashion and they co-funded the first organic cotton conference held in 1991 in Visalia, California. ESPRIT ecollection, developed by head designer Lynda Grose, was launched at retail in 1992 and was based on the Eco Audit Guide and it comprised organic cotton, recycled wool, naturally processed wool, low impact dyes, naturally colored cotton, non electroplated hard wear. Patagonia made a commitment to recycled polyester in 1992 and a company wide commitment to organic cotton in 1996, both communicated their action for sustainability through point-of-sale materials, catalogues and PR. Both supported the work of The Sustainable Cotton Project, which ran farm tours for fashion industry professionals to meet directly with farmers growing organic, both companies contributed to the US NOSB standards to include organic fiber as well as food. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, the movement in sustainable fashion broadened to include many brands, ESPRIT placed and ad in Utne Reader in 1990 making a plea for responsible consumption. Patagonia has since made headlines with its Dont buy this Jacket ad in the The New York Times and this causes irreversible damage to people and the environment, and still two thirds of a garments carbon footprint will occur after it is purchased. With the average American throwing away nearly 70 pounds of clothing per year, unlike fast fashion, slow fashion production ensures quality manufacturing to lengthen the life of the garment. Slow fashion may be considered a revolt or action against the fast fashion movement, a taxation is in early stages of development in order to deter fashion companies from purchasing or producing materials that are not made with recycled, organic, or re-purposed materials. Utilizing materials already made will reduce the carbon footprint. As part of the movement there is emphasis on the entire process of a piece of clothing. It suggests that the production, manufacture, and final product process should all be sustainable, in order to be sustainable there needs to be a minimal carbon footprint left on the environment. There is also an important movement towards companies being more transparent, the need for companies to show their manufacturing processes boosts the companies reputation and can aid buyers to making more conscious decisions. In accordance with the movement there is a trend towards more conscious buying as well as companies attracting new consumers with their eco-friendly processes
Sustainable fashion
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Organic cotton yarn
Sustainable fashion
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The Golden Book Gown made of recycled book pages.
Sustainable fashion
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Art
32.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
33.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
–
Wayback Machine
34.
University at Albany, SUNY
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Founded in 1844, it carries out undergraduate and graduate education, research, and service. It is a part of the State University of New York system, the University enrolls more than 17,300 students in nine schools and colleges, which offer 50 undergraduate majors and 125 graduate degree programs. The Honors College, which opened in fall 2006, offers opportunities for well-prepared students to work closely with faculty, the UAlbany faculty had $82.7 million in research expenditures in 2015. for work advancing discovery in a wide range of fields. The research enterprise is in four areas, social science, public policy, life sciences, an economic impact study in 2004 estimated UAlbany’s economic impact to be $1. The institution began as the New York State Normal School on May 7,1844, a new campus — today, UAlbany’s Downtown Campus — was built in 1909 on a site of 4.5 acres between Washington and Western avenues. By 1913, the institution was home to 590 students and 44 faculty members, offered a degree for the first time. Enrollment grew to a peak of 1,424 in 1932, in 1948 the State University of New York system was created, with the College for Teachers and the states other teacher-training schools as the nuclei. To do so, he launched a construction program that developed more than 50 new campuses. Reflecting a broadening mission, the College for Teachers changed its name to SUNY College of Education at Albany in 1959, in 1961, it became a full-fledged four-year liberal arts college as the State University College at Albany. Finally, in 1962, the State University College was officially designated a doctoral-degree granting university center of SUNY as the State University of New York at Albany, the same year, Rockefeller broke ground for the current Uptown Campus on the former site of the Albany Country Club. The new campuss first dormitory opened in 1964, and the first classes on the podium in the fall of 1966. By 1970, a year beyond the University’s 125th anniversary, enrollment had grown to 13,200 and that same year the growing protest movement against the Vietnam war engulfed the University when a student strike was called for in response to the killing of protesters at Kent State. The Downtown Campus became dedicated to the fields of policy, criminal justice, public affairs, information science. In 1985, the university added the School of Public Health, in 1983, the New York State Writers Institute was founded by Pulitzer Prize-winning author William Kennedy. As of 2013, the Institute had hosted over more than 1,200 writers, poets, journalists, historians, dramatists. In addition the institute has hosted up-and-coming writers to provide them with exposure at the beginning of their writing careers, during the 1990s, the University built a $3 billion,450, 000-square-foot Albany NanoTech complex, extending the Uptown Campus westward. In 2005, this campus became home to the University’s Gen*NY*Sis Center for Excellence in Cancer Genomics, in the spring of 2005, the University created a College of Computing and Information, which has faculty on both the Uptown and Downtown campuses. In the fall of 2015, CCI was replaced and its programs incorporated into a new college
University at Albany, SUNY
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New York State Normal College on Western Avenue in 1909
University at Albany, SUNY
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State University of New York at Albany
University at Albany, SUNY
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Aerial of UAlbany's Uptown Campus
University at Albany, SUNY
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University at Albany Fountain - Project Renderings
35.
Binghamton University
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Since its establishment as Triple Cities College in 1946, the school has evolved from a small liberal arts college to a large doctoral-granting institution. Presently consisting of eight colleges and schools, it is now home to more than 17,000 undergraduate and graduate students, Binghamton is one of the four university centers in the State University of New York system. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has classified the school as a Research University with high research activity, the Vestal campus is listed as a census-designated place with a residential population of 6,177 as of 2010. Binghamton University was first established in 1946 in Endicott, New York, Thomas J. Watson, a founding member of IBM in Broome County, viewed the Triple Cities region as an area of great potential. Originally, Triple Cities College students finished their bachelors degrees at Syracuse, by the 1948–1949 academic year these could be completed entirely at the College. At the time it joined Champlain College in Plattsburgh as the two liberal arts schools in the New York state system. When Champlain finally closed in 1952 to make way for the Plattsburgh Air Force Base, Harpur also received 16,000 non-duplicate volumes and the complete contents of the Champlain College library. In 1955, Harpur began to plan its current location in Vestal, a site large enough to anticipate future growth was purchased, with the schools move to its new 387-acre campus being completed by 1961. Colonial Hall, Triple Cities Colleges original building in Endicott, stands today as the villages Visitors Center, in 1965 Harpur College was selected to join New York state schools at Stony Brook, Albany, and Buffalo as the four new SUNY university centers. Redesignated the State University of New York at Binghamton, the new name reflected its status as an advanced degree granting institution. In a nod to tradition, its undergraduate College of Arts, with more than 60% of undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in Harpurs degree programs it is the largest of Binghamtons constituent schools. In 1967, the School of Advanced Technology was established, the precursor to the Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science founded in 1983. Since 1992 the school has made an effort to distinguish itself from the SUNY system, rebranding itself as Binghamton University, or Binghamton University, the first president of Harpur College, who began as dean of Triple Cities College, was Glenn Bartle. The second president, G. Bruce Dearing, served several years during the Vietnam era before leaving to become vice chancellor for academic affairs at the SUNY Central Administration in Albany. Next was C. Peter Magrath, former president of the University of Nebraska. He was asked to take on the job of acting president in the fall of 1974 when Magrath left for Minnesota, clark was selected as president and served from March 1975 through mid-1990. During this time he led the evolution from primarily a four-year liberal arts college to a research university. DeFleur became the fifth president upon Clarks retirement in 1990
Binghamton University
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The Binghamton campus and surroundings
Binghamton University
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Academic A, School of Management
Binghamton University
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Downtown campus
Binghamton University
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The Couper Administration Building
36.
University at Buffalo
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The State University of New York at Buffalo is a public research university with campuses in Buffalo and Amherst, New York, United States. It is commonly referred to as the University at Buffalo or SUNY Buffalo, the university was founded in 1846 as a private college, but in 1962 merged with the State University of New York system. By enrollment, UB is the largest in the SUNY system, UB also has the largest endowment and research funding, as a comprehensive university center in the SUNY system. As of 2017, the university enrolls 29,806 students in 13 colleges, the university offers over 100 bachelors,205 masters,84 doctoral, and 10 professional areas of study. According to the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the University at Buffalo is a Doctoral University with the Highest research activity. In 1989, UB was elected to the Association of American Universities, the university was founded by U. S. President and U. S. Vice President, Millard Fillmore, who served as the schools first chancellor, in the Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education 2017 inaugural ranking, UB was ranked as the #1 public university in New York and #28 in the nation. Buffalo has consistently placed in the top cluster of U. S, U. S. News and World Reports 2017 edition of Americas Best Colleges ranked UB 99th on their list of best national universities and 43rd among public universities. City leaders of Buffalo sought to establish a university in the city from the earliest days of Buffalo and this university was chartered by the state on April 8,1836. However, the collapsed and no classes were ever offered. James Platt White was instrumental in obtaining a charter for the University of Buffalo from the legislature in 1846. He also taught the first class of 89 men in obstetrics, State Assemblyman Nathan K. Hall was also particularly active in procuring the charter. The doors first opened to students in 1847 and after associating with a hospital for teaching purposes, founder Millard Fillmore served as the schools first chancellor. Upon his ascension to the presidency after President Taylors death, Fillmore stayed on as part-time chancellor, the first lectures were delivered in a wooden building over the old post office, corner of Seneca and Washington streets. The first building built for the university was a stone building at the corner of Main and Virginia streets, built in 1849–50, through donations, public subscription. There were continuous expansions to the medical programs, including a separate pharmacy division. In 1887, a law school was organized in Buffalo, which became associated with Niagara University just to the north of Buffalo. After four years, in 1891, the law school was acquired by the University of Buffalo as the University of Buffalo Law School, the establishment may have been influenced by the 1910 Flexner Report which criticized the preparation of the medical students at the university
University at Buffalo
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Official White House portrait of
Millard Fillmore
University at Buffalo
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State University of New York at Buffalo
University at Buffalo
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Pub Scene, students singing
University at Buffalo
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Clark Hall on UB's South Campus
37.
Stony Brook University
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The State University of New York at Stony Brook is a public sea-grant and space-grant research university located in Stony Brook, New York in the United States. It is part of the State University of New York system, the institution was founded in 1957 in Oyster Bay as State University College on Long Island, and would evolve into the present university after a move to Stony Brook in 1962. Since its establishment in Stony Brook, the university has expanded to more than 200 major buildings with a combined area of more than 11 million gross square feet across 1,454 acres of land. In 2001, SUNY Stony Brook was elected to the Association of American Universities, joining four private universities and it is also a member of the larger Universities Research Association for which its president Samuel Stanley is a council president. Stony Brook is the largest single-site employer on Long Island, more than 24,500 students are enrolled at the university, which has over 14,500 employees and over 2,400 faculty. Stony Brook has a number of athletics teams, the Stony Brook Seawolves are members of the America East Conference and the Colonial Athletic Association competing at the Division I level of the NCAA since 1994. The State University of New York at Stony Brook was established in Oyster Bay in 1957 as the State University College on Long Island, by the governor and state of New York. Established almost a decade after the creation of New York’s public higher education system, leonard K. Olson was appointed as the first dean of the institution and was instrumental in the recruitment of faculty staff and planning of the later Stony Brook campus. SUCOLI opened with an class of 148 students, on the grounds of the William Robertson Coe Planting Fields estate. These first students were admitted on a tuition-free basis,1961 was a year of firsts as thirty students were conferred degrees in the first commencement and the University was appointed its first president, John Francis Lee. Lee left later that year due to political and bureaucratic matters regarding the future of the University, more recently, it has adopted the short-form name Stony Brook University. In 1963, only three years after the release of the Heald Report, the Governor commissioned the “Education of Health Professions” report, the report outlined the need for expansion of the university system to prepare medical professionals for the future needs of the state. In 1965 the State University appointed John S. Toll, a renowned physicist from the University of Maryland as the president of Stony Brook. In 1966 the University set forth initial timetables for the development of the Health Science Center which would house the University’s health programs, despite the budgetary concerns and challenges from Albany the University released a formalized plan early in 1968 and funding for recruitment of faculty was provided. At the same time, residential housing was expanded to 3,000, the Stony Brook Union opened in 1970, and in 1971, but the University lagged significantly in undergraduate education, prioritizing graduate education and research over undergraduate studies and student life. By 1975, enrollment had reached 16,000 and expansion crossed over Nicolls Road with the construction of the Health Science Center which would be completed in 1980, in 1981 John Marburger was inaugurated as the third president of the University and would continue the expansion of the institution. By the late 1980s the administration affirmed the need to other areas of the institution which included undergraduate education, student and residential life. The University approved a decision to transition athletics to the Division I of the NCAA and followed with the construction of the Stony Brook Arena, the 1990s affirmed Stony Brook’s success at building a research university with a strong undergraduate education
Stony Brook University
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Coe Hall on the original Oyster Bay campus (used 1957-1964)
Stony Brook University
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State University of New York at Stony Brook
Stony Brook University
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Main alley across the Stony Brook Campus
Stony Brook University
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The Staller Center for the Arts at Stony Brook University West Campus
38.
New York State College of Ceramics
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The New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University in Alfred, New York, United States is a statutory college of the State University of New York. It is divided into the School of Art and Design and the Inamori School of Engineering, the engineering programs in ceramics, glass, biomaterials, and materials science engineering programs are NYSCC entities. The College awards undergraduate and graduate degrees and is a doctoral granting institution of the State University of New York. It is host to both the Scholes Library, which has collections of research materials in both ceramic science and ceramic art, and the Schein-Joseph International Museum of Ceramic Art. In State University of New York
New York State College of Ceramics
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University centers
39.
Cornell University College of Human Ecology
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The Cornell University College of Human Ecology is a statutory college affiliated with the State University of New York and a component of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. In 2007-2008, the HumEc total budget of $42 million included $33 million in tuition revenue, the New York State College of Human Ecology enrolls approximately 1,250 undergraduates and 458 graduate students, and has approximately 105 professors and lecturers, and 70 research associates. Human Ecology provides a liberal arts foundation supporting career-specific preparation in a college environment. The admitted freshman profile is in the middle 50th percentile, in 2005, the Cornell Alumni Magazine reported males represented 25 percent of College of Human Ecology 2005–06 student body. Thirty-five to forty percent of Human Ecology students continue in professional or graduate programs following the completion of undergraduate degree programs. The home economics movement emerged toward the end of the nineteenth century, pioneers such as Ellen Swallow Richards and Mr. and Mrs. Melvil Dewey championed home economics as a field in higher education. From 1903 to 1907 Martha Van Rensselaer, and American nutritionist Flora Rose, and later co-directed the fledgling department of Home Economics. Van Rensselaer and Rose advocated for the chartered of 1925 for the New York State College of Home Economics - the first unit of its kind in the United States. In 1929, Eleanor Roosevelt lent political influence to assist the College to obtain funds to construct a building. In 1969, the College was renamed New York State College of Human Ecology, the term human ecology refers to methodology to sudy relationships between people and natural and constructed environments. In 1933, the New York State College of Human Ecology was housed in Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, located at 116 Reservoir Avenue in Ithaca, the Georgian Revival style brick building was designed by architect William Haugaard of the New York State Dormitory Authority. The building was named after Martha Van Rensselaer - pioneer in the field of home economics, in 1968, architect Ulrich Franzen designed an addition on the north side MVR Hall. The expansion provided studio and laboratory space for faculty and students, in 2001, MVR Halls north wing was urgently evacuated due to structural problems, and demolished in 2005. In 2011, a new 89, 000-square foot facility designed by Gruzen Samton and IBI Group was completed to provide a garage, a three-story building. In 2015, the Green Parking Council certified the parking structure a green garage, urie Bronfenbrenner Joan Jacobs Brumberg Stephen Ceci Karl Pillemer Robert Sternberg Susan Margaret Watkins Ritch Savin-Williams New York State College of Human Ecology. Ithaca, NY New York State College of Human Ecology & Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, American clothing, Identity in mass culture,1840 to 1990. Ithaca, NY, New York State College of Human Ecology, New York State College of Human Ecology. Report of the New York State College of Human Ecology, New York State College of Human Ecology
Cornell University College of Human Ecology
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Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, home of The College of Human Ecology
Cornell University College of Human Ecology
Cornell University College of Human Ecology
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The 89,000-square-foot dedicated Human Ecology Building, opened in 2011.
Cornell University College of Human Ecology
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University centers
40.
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
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The Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine is a college of veterinary medicine at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Founded in 1894, it is the first statutory college established by the State University of New York system, the College of Veterinary Medicine is an internationally recognized institution of public health, biomedical research, and veterinary medicine education. The New York State legislature allocated funding to build a veterinary medicine education building on the Cornell University campus, completed in fall of 1896, in 1957, New York state construction of a new veterinary medicine education complex on the eastern edge of the Cornell campus. Today the College of Veterinary Medicine is one of 30 veterinary colleges in the country, the core mission of the College is research and graduate veterinary education and public service. News & World Reports Americas Best Colleges edition, direct access to numerous innovative dairy farms in the upstate New York region facilitate training in food animal medicine. Cornell is consistently ranked the best veterinary college in the nation, State University of New York School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences students have been selected for prestigious Medical Research Fellowships. The College is in the process of expanding its class size from just 90 students a few years ago and this capital project will allow the College to maximize the capacity of the teaching hospitals with Cornell-trained students. Currently, we train approximately 120 students during the fourth year, with this renovation, Cornell will be able to train 120 students in each of the pre-clinical years. Once fully implemented, Cornells DVM enrollment will stand at approximately 480 students in total, the entering class enrollment for the past two years has been 102 students. The facility project will include renovation and expansion of classrooms, teaching laboratories, cafeteria, locker rooms, in recent years, some controversy at the College has surrounded clinician care
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
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Veterinary Research Center
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
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University centers
41.
SUNY Downstate Medical Center
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SUNY Downstate Medical Center, located in central Brooklyn, New York, is the only academic medical center for health education, research, and patient care serving Brooklyn’s 2.5 million residents. As of Fall 2011, it had a student body of 1,738 and approximately 8,000 faculty. Downstate Medical Center comprises a College of Medicine, Colleges of Nursing and Health Related Professions, Schools of Graduate Studies and Public Health and it also includes a major research complex and biotechnology facilities. SUNY Downstate ranks eighth nationally in the number of alumni who are on the faculty of American medical schools, more physicians practicing in New York City graduated from Downstate than from any other medical school. With 1,040 residents, Downstates residency program is the 16th largest in the country, SUNY Downstate Medical Center is the fourth largest employer in Brooklyn. Eighty-six percent of its employees are New York City residents,68 percent live in Brooklyn, the medical centers total direct, indirect, and induced economic impact on New York State is in excess of $2 billion. SUNY Downstate Medical Center attracted close to $60 million in research funding in 2011. It ranks fourth among SUNY campuses in grant expenditures, and second among SUNYs academic health centers, in 2010 SUNY Downstate celebrated its sesquicentennial, commemorating the year that the Long Island College Hospital first opened its doors to students. Yet Downstate traces its roots back even further when a group of physicians set up a free dispensary in Brooklyn to care for poor immigrants. Known as the German General Dispensary, its aim was to care for indigent Germans living in Brooklyn. In 1857 it was reorganized as an institution and renamed The St. John’s Hospital—the first of many name changes. In 1860 the school opened its doors to 57 students. It was one of only 11 medical schools to admit African American students, the first faculty included many distinguished physicians, such as Dr. Austin Flint, Sr. remembered for his role in introducing the stethoscope into standard medical practice in this country. Dr. Flint delivered the commencement address on July 24,1860, in the following decades The Long Island College Hospital greatly expanded both its facilities and medical school curriculum. By the time of the First World War, admission was opened to women, in 1930 the college and hospital were separated from one another so that each would be under its own governing board. The following year, the school was rechartered as the Long Island College of Medicine, in 1945, the college purchased a large tract of land that would become the site of the future Downstate Medical Center. The “Downstate” era began on April 5,1950, with the signing of a contract between the State University of New York and the Long Island College of Medicine. The medical center came to be known as Downstate to distinguish it from the SUNY medical center in Syracuse, New York, in 1954 President Dwight D. Eisenhower laid the cornerstone for the Basic Sciences Building
SUNY Downstate Medical Center
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2010 was SUNY Downstate's sesquicentennial, celebrating 150 years in medical education. Sesquicentennial Site
SUNY Downstate Medical Center
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SUNY Downstate Medical Center
SUNY Downstate Medical Center
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University centers
42.
State University of New York College of Optometry
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The State University of New York College of Optometry was established in 1971 as result of a legislative mandate of New York in the United States. It is located in midtown Manhattan in New York City in what was originally the Aeolian Building, which was built in 1912 for the Aeolian Company and it is a center for research on vision and the only school of optometry in New York. The College grants a degree, the Doctor of Optometry. Continuing education courses for practicing optometrists are also provided by the College, the University Eye Center provides eye care, corrective lenses, and vision therapy to the public. The University Eye Center is one of the largest outpatient eye clinics in the country, the College offers residencies to optometrists from around the world including specializations in subfields of optometry. The College enrolls between 80-100 optometry students per year in the degree program. About 20 of these students also seek an M. S. degree in Vision Science across the four years, the College also offers a Ph. D. in Vision Science and provides twelve graduate stipends per year. Research and graduate programs at the college are administered through the Graduate Center for Vision Research, Clinical research is conducted through the Clinical Vision Research Center. The College is a member of the SUNY Eye Institute
State University of New York College of Optometry
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Aeolian Building, 33 West 42nd Street
State University of New York College of Optometry
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University centers
43.
SUNY Polytechnic Institute
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Founded in 1966 using classrooms at a primary school, SUNY Poly is New Yorks public polytechnic college. The Marcy campus, formerly the SUNY Institute of Technology, has a Utica, the Albany campus was formerly a component of the University at Albany, established in January 2003. SUNY Poly is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges, the university offers over 30 bachelors degrees,15 masters degrees, and three doctoral degrees within five different colleges. SUNY Poly students come from across the state of New York, throughout the United States, more than 25,000 alumni enjoy successful careers in a wide range of fields. In 2002, the SUNY Board of Trustees approved a change, enabling SUNY Poly to offer upper-division programs in professional, technological. In 2003, SUNY Poly admitted its first class of freshmen and this class graduated in May 2007. The universitys name derives from the 2014 merger of the SUNY Institute of Technology, other programs and degrees in business administration, technology, nursing, design, professional studies, and the arts and sciences are offered at its Utica campus. The 2014 merger brought the first Ph. D program to the Utica campus in nanoscale science and nanoscale engineering, the Marcy campus occupies more than 400 acres, with major buildings, including three residential complexes, surrounded by trees and green landscape. The west campus property of more than 300 acres is reserved for the development of the Marcy NanoCenter, construction and renovation projects totaling $100 million in recent years included a new student center, field house, and residence hall complex—all completed in 2011. There are two halls on campus, William R. Kunsela Hall and James H. Donovan Hall. Opened in March 2003, the Peter J. Cayan Library is on the portion of the campus. SUNY Poly does not list its Marcy campus on its Employment map, notable people who have visited the Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering include President Barack Obama and Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Wozniak. It was announced in September 2015 that the campus would receive a 504-bed dormitory and new campus center, currently, a US$250–300 million semiconductor manufacturing research facility known as the Computer Chip Commercialization Center or Quad-C is being constructed on the Marcy campus. The research facility will host companies including GlobalFoundries, SEMATECH and Lam Research, the project is expected to be completed in mid-2015. The facility would be the largest solar panel factory in the Western Hemisphere, as well as one of the largest in the world, the project is expected to be completed by 2016. The Marcy Nanocenter, a facility for microchips and wafer fabrication, is slated to begin construction within 2016. The facility will be located across from the Marcy campus of the Institute. Students attending the Albany campus reside in CrestHill Suites in downtown Albany, SUNY Poly is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III, the Eastern College Athletic Conference, and the North Eastern Athletic Conference
SUNY Polytechnic Institute
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Aerial view of Marcy campus
SUNY Polytechnic Institute
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State University of New York Polytechnic Institute
SUNY Polytechnic Institute
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Aerial view of the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany
SUNY Polytechnic Institute
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U.S. President
Barack Obama prepares for a speech at the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering in 2012.
44.
Buffalo State College
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Buffalo State College was founded in 1871 as the Buffalo Normal School to train teachers. Eighty-six students attended the Buffalo Normal School on the first day of classes on September 13,1871, the school’s purpose was to provide a uniform training program for teachers to serve Buffalo’s fast-growing public school population. Today, Buffalo State remains one of only 136 colleges in the nation to host a teacher-preparation program, in 1910, the Art Department was added and by 1930 allowed for a specialization in art education. In 1920, five students founded an organization that would become Delta Kappa National Fraternity, in 1961, Buffalo State was the first institution in the SUNY system to offer a study-abroad program, a semester-long immersion program in Siena, Italy. International study programs now include international exchange and study-abroad programs in Australia, Canada, England, Italy, the Netherlands, Puerto Rico, and Spain. In 1964, the Buffalo State College Planetarium opened its doors with a 24-foot dome, on November 17,1978, a fire destroyed the facility, but the communitys generosity allowed it to reopen on April 18,1980. In April 1982, it was renamed the Whitworth Ferguson Planetarium in honor of its greatest benefactor, in 1984, Dr. Orgren hired Mr. Arthur Gielow as his successor. Mr. Gielow died in 2010, and after a brief remodeling, in January 2013, the planetarium hosted a closing ceremony that highlighted its 48-year history. Through 2010–2012, staff members Tim Collins, Stephen Dubois and Terry Farrell created several programs, in 2015, a generous donation allowed the planetarium to reopen with a temporary 20-foot inflatable fulldome system. The new 35-foot dome facility will open in Phase III of the Science And Math Complex, there are 9,116 undergraduates and 1,140 graduate students enrolled. The undergraduate population was 43 percent male and 57 percent female, the overall admission rate of new students was 62 percent. Students both in and out of state, as well as other countries, are a foundation of the student body. Buffalo State is recognized for its emphasis on teaching and small class sizes, more than 80 percent of all classes at Buffalo State have fewer than 40 students. Classes for undergraduate majors usually have between 12 and 15 students, as of 2016,49 Buffalo State faculty members have been awarded the SUNY Chancellors Award for Excellence in Teaching. Buffalo State has 177 undergraduate programs with 11 honors options and 63 opportunities for graduate study, forty-nine faculty members have been awarded the SUNY Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Teaching, and seven have been honored as SUNY Distinguished Teaching Professors. Buffalo State was the first school in the world to grant a master of science in creativity, the university also now offers an undergraduate minor in Creative Studies. Both programs are offered through the International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo State has 12 centers promoting growth and excellence. Others include, Center for Development of Human Services, Center for Health and Social Research
Buffalo State College
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Buffalo State College Graduation, 1997
Buffalo State College
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Buffalo State College Student Affairs Vice President and Dean of Students Phillip Santa Maria (1943–2005) Speaking at
MOOG Leadership Weekend,
East Aurora, New York, 2000
Buffalo State College
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Rockwell Hall - SUNY Buffalo State
Buffalo State College
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Cock-a-doodle-doo (1981)
sculpture by
Billie Lawless in front of Upton Hall
45.
State University of New York at Cortland
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The State University of New York College at Cortland was founded in 1868 as the Cortland Normal School, which included among its earliest students inventor and industrialist Elmer A. In 1948, Cortland was a member of the State University of New York. Cortland is located off of Interstate 81, between Syracuse and Binghamton, the colleges main campus covers 191 acres and includes 30 traditional and modern buildings. Fourteen of these structures are residence halls providing on-campus housing for approximately 3,000 students, Camp Pine Knot was the first Great Camp of the Adirondacks and the birthplace of what is now known as the Adirondack style of architecture. SUNY Cortland has 55,000 alumni living in all 50 states, Cortland is a comprehensive college within the State University of New York system. Mission SUNY Cortland is a community dedicated to diverse learning experiences. Students grow as engaged citizens with a social conscience fostered by outstanding teaching, scholarship. Today, approximately 7,200 students are pursuing degrees within the Colleges three academic divisions — arts and sciences, education and professional studies, SUNY Cortland has over 100 student clubs. In 2015, the opened a $56 million Student Life Center. The Cortland Red Dragons are the teams for SUNY Cortland. The college competes in NCAA Division III in the State University of New York Athletic Conference for most sports, football played in the New Jersey Athletic Conference from 2000–14 and will be moving to the Empire 8 in 2015. SUNY Cortland has had the most nationally successful mens and womens intercollegiate program in New York over the past two decades. In 1995, the Sears Directors Cup was established to gauge, SUNY Cortland is one of only five colleges and universities in the U. S. to have finished every year among the Top 25 NCAA Division III programs. Cortland placed 12th out of approximately 440 schools during the 2015–16 competition that is now known as the Learfield Sports Directors Cup, the competition is sponsored by USA Today, the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics, and Learfield Sports. The standings are based on schools national finishes in different sports, the Cortland Red Dragons annually play Ithaca College Bombers for the Cortaca Jug, which was added in 1959 to an already competitive rivalry. The match-up is one of the most prominent in Division III college football and it was called the biggest little game in the nation by Sports Illustrated in 1991. The Red Dragons currently have a winning streak as of November 2016. They also play the Cortaca Mic game every Friday before the Cortaca Jug game, which is played between the Ithaca and Cortland school radio stations
State University of New York at Cortland
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Dragon Statue in College Library, Fall 2006
State University of New York at Cortland
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State University of New York College at Cortland
State University of New York at Cortland
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SUNY Cortland campus
State University of New York at Cortland
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University centers
46.
Empire State College
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The School for Graduate Studies offers masters degrees. Empire State Colleges Center for International Programs also has programs for students in Lebanon through the American University of Science and Technology, Czech Republic. From 2005 to until 2010, Empire State College and Anadolu University in Turkey offered a joint MBA program, the College is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. Empire State College administrative offices are located in Saratoga Springs, New York, Empire State College was designed by then SUNY Chancellor Ernest Boyer in a document titled Prospectus for a New University College. In 1971, Ernest L. Boyer, chancellor of the State University of New York, conceived a new college for the public university. Students individually would define their needs, purposes and efforts. The college would be flexible in supporting them, through its faculty, policies and procedures and this is the animating idea and the root of Empire State College. Empire State College fulfills this mission by providing learning opportunities designed to accommodate students with family, work, at the core of the learning-teaching environment is individualized study and the creation of an individual degree plan that is supported by a faculty mentor to whom each student is assigned. Empire State College students can take advantage of multiple modes of study including guided independent studies, study groups, intensive residencies, online courses, the undergraduate degrees within broad areas of study offered by Empire State College are individualized to support a learners academic, career or personal goals
Empire State College
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The Coordinating Center at
Saratoga Springs, New York
Empire State College
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State University of New York-Empire State College
Empire State College
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Rochester, New York learning center
Empire State College
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University centers
47.
State University of New York at Fredonia
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The State University of New York at Fredonia is a four-year liberal arts college located in Fredonia, New York, United States. It is a constituent college of the State University of New York, Fredonia was one of the state teachers colleges traditionally specializing in music education, but now offers a large number of programs in many areas, including a growing graduate division. The most popular areas of study include science, communication, music, education, there are 82 majors and 41 minors. The Fredonia campus, located in Chautauqua County was designed by prominent architects I. M. Pei, opened in 1826 as Fredonia Academy under its first principal Austin Smith, the academy enrolled eight students. The first classes began on October 4,1826, within one year the Academy had 136 students,81 boys and 55 girls. In 1827 it was a normal school. The Academy reached peak enrollment in 1856 with 217 students, the school was plagued by financial shortages and was forced to close its doors in 1867. In 1867, the college re-emerged for its phase of existence. On December 2,1867, the Normal began classes with 147 students,62 boys and 85 girls. For students preparing to be teachers, no tuition was charged, books were supplied and those students not studying for the teaching profession paid tuition and provided their own textbooks. During its 82 years, Fredonia Normal had a tumultuous existence, with a fluctuating student enrollment and threats of state funding reductions, the school seemed to be in constant jeopardy of closing. Nonetheless, gradually the school was upgraded, in 1930,58 acres of land west of Central Avenue in the Village of Fredonia were bought to house a future campus. In 1938, music building was the first to be constructed on the Central Avenue site, New York State Governor Herbert Lehman signed the Feinberg Law in 1942 that changed the Normal Schools into Teacher Colleges, statewide. B. Previously, Fredonias curriculum was restricted for teacher training only, a complex came into being that consisted of the Rockefeller Arts Center, Maytum Hall, Daniel A. Reed Library, McEwen Hall, Campus Center student union, Houghton Hall, and LoGrasso Medical Center. Maytum Hall, McEwen Hall, Reed Library, and the Williams Center were all inter-connected, including an elevated walkway connecting McEwen Hall, in the early 1970s a second addition was made to Mason Hall, science building Houghton Hall, and multi-discipline Thompson Hall. A stadium for athletics - mainly soccer and lacrosse - which included an upgraded, lighted playing field, was built over the existing playing fields. Architects I. M. Pei and Henry Cobb designed the plan for the modernized campus in 1968. Many of the buildings are listed in architectural guides as examples of modern architecture
State University of New York at Fredonia
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Maytum Hall
State University of New York at Fredonia
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State University of New York at Fredonia
State University of New York at Fredonia
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Williams Center
State University of New York at Fredonia
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Daniel A. Reed Library with the addition built in 1992
48.
State University of New York at Geneseo
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The college was founded in 1871 as the Wadsworth Normal and Training School before it became a state liberal arts college in 1948. Geneseo is a public liberal arts college. It has 48 undergraduate majors, five graduate programs and 25 interdisciplinary minors, the most popular majors, in descending order, are education, business, the social sciences, biology, and psychology. The student population is approximately 5,500, with a student/faculty ratio of 19,1, nearly 90% of Geneseos full-time faculty holds a Ph. D. or other terminal degree. Geneseo ranks number one in the nation for four-year graduation rates among comprehensive colleges and is tied for highest freshman retention rate out of any college or university in New York. Geneseo is part of the New York Space Grant Consortium, and is provided grants by NASA to support outer-space related research on-campus, due to this participation, Geneseo is designated as a space-grant institution. Faculty members from various departments teach Western Humanities 1 and Western Humanities 2, individual course syllabi share many historical, philosophical, and literary texts with other courses creating a common knowledge base within the undergraduate student body. Core courses in the humanities, languages, and sciences ensures Geneseo students are well versed in the liberal tradition of education. S. The most well-known program is the Mediterranean Roots Humanities I program where students travel to Greece, Italy, following the retirement of long-time President Christopher Dahl, Dr. Denise Battles became the colleges president in July 2015. Geneseo has been profiled in publications such as the Princeton Review, Kiplingers Personal Finance, Fiske. In 2008, Kiplingers Personal Finance reported Geneseo could just be the best public college youve never heard of, Geneseo has earned a spot among Kiplingers Top Ten Best Value Public Colleges, both in and out-of-state, since 2005. US News & World Report’s 2005 edition of Guide to America’s Best Colleges ranked Geneseo No.12 in the Best Universities-Master’s category for all colleges, public or private, Geneseo was also ranked second among the top public universities in the north. U. S. News & World Report magazine named Geneseo among 80 colleges and universities in the country with a commitment to undergraduate teaching. The special list is part the magazine’s 2010 rankings of the top colleges and universities. Geneseo is among 44 Best Buy Schools in the 2016 edition of The Fiske Guide to Colleges published by former New York Times Education Editor Edward B. The publication named 44 institutions –20 public and 24 private – as Best Buys, Geneseo has been named to the list for several years. In July 2006, the New York Times profiled 20 colleges and universities of established or rising scholarship which are fast becoming viable alternatives to private institutions, other national distinctions include recognition from Money Magazine and Yahoo. Internet Lifes 100 most wired campuses list, all SUNY schools are part of the same university system, the State University of New York, but they differ in character, program, quality, and prestige
State University of New York at Geneseo
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Wadsworth School,
c. 1904.
State University of New York at Geneseo
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State University of New York College at Geneseo
State University of New York at Geneseo
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Milne Library.
State University of New York at Geneseo
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Sturges Hall is Geneseo's landmark building, featuring a clocktower and
carillon.
49.
State University of New York at New Paltz
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The State University of New York at New Paltz, known as SUNY New Paltz or New Paltz for short, is a public college in New Paltz, in the U. S. state of New York. It traces its origins to the New Paltz Classical School, an institution founded in 1828. The college is one of four SUNY institutions in the New York metropolitan area, following a decimating fire in 1884, the New Paltz Classical School offered their land to the state government of New York contingent upon the establishment of a normal school. In 1885, the New Paltz Normal and Training School was established to prepare teachers to practice their professions in the schools of New York. It was granted the ability to award degrees in 1938, when it was renamed the State Teachers College at New Paltz. In 1947, a program in education was established. When the State University of New York was established by legislative act in 1948, an art education program was added in 1951. In 1960, the college was authorized to confer liberal arts degrees, there were several student-led demonstrations in the late 1960s and early 1970s, primarily against the Vietnam War. In the spring of 1967, a protesting military recruitment on campus blocked the entrance to the Student Union for two days. While there were scores of demonstrators the first day, all but 13 dispersed before New York State Troopers arrived, College President John J. Neumaier posted bail. Pastor was released and charges were dropped, following the Cambodian Campaign and concomitant Kent State shootings in May 1970, there was a protest leading to a five-day student occupation of the Administration Building. Amid this tumult, the general education program was eliminated in 1971. A program in African American studies was established in 1968, instructors in the program were hired by students and compensated through student activity fees. Under Chandlers leadership, the college began to offer degree programs in nursing, engineering, journalism. The Legislative Gazette, a journalism and political science internship in which live and work in Albany. On December 29,1991, the campus was the scene of a widely reported PCB incident that contaminated four dormitories, as well as the Coykendall Science Building, under the direction of the county and state health departments, the university began a massive, thorough clean-up effort. As an additional precaution,29 other buildings were thoroughly tested and, if necessary, the clean-up process lasted until May 1995. Since 1994, PCBs have not been used on the SUNY New Paltz campus, concerns about this incident have been covered in New York Times articles by Michael Winerip, as well as investigative reporting in the Woodstock Times and Sierra magazine by Eric Francis
State University of New York at New Paltz
State University of New York at New Paltz
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State University of New York at New Paltz
State University of New York at New Paltz
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Old Main, the oldest building on campus.
State University of New York at New Paltz
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van den Berg Hall is the second oldest building on campus. Today it is the home to the business program.
50.
State University of New York at Old Westbury
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The State University of New York College at Old Westbury is a public college that is part of the State University of New York system. The college is in Old Westbury, New York, with portions in the town of Jericho. With nearly 4,500 students, SUNY College at Old Westbury serves as the public liberal arts college on Long Island. The State University of New York College at Old Westbury was founded in 1965 by the State University of New York Board of Trustees and it began in 1968 at Planting Fields, the former Coe Estate and arboretum in Oyster Bay, New York. There are over 50 degrees available at the college, of the College’s 160 full-time professors, approximately 80% hold the highest degree in their discipline. Eight members of the faculty have been named Distinguished Teaching or Service Professors by the State University of New York, Old Westbury faculty members are engaged in research, publication, and public service. Academic offerings are housed in three schools, the School of Business is composed of the Accounting, Taxation and Business Law Department, the Management, Marketing and Department. The Colleges current president is Calvin O. Butts, III, the colleges school week runs on a Monday–Thursday schedule, instead of Monday–Friday as at most colleges and universities. Students taking science courses usually have labs scheduled on Fridays, the College also has a dry campus policy – no alcohol allowed. The Student Government also has a student senate and a judicial court, in addition, there are many clubs and organizations on campus serving student interests. OWWR, the campus webcasting station, also has its own news department hosting a weekly newscast and posting short news items, campus events. SUNY Old Westbury teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Associations Division III, the Panthers are a member of the Skyline Conference. The Clark Center is a venue for the Nassau County, New York high school basketball playoffs as well as some womens tournament games. The events are shown on local Cablevision TV outlets News 12 Long Island, other Nassau high school basketball events are staged at the C. W. Post Campus of Long Island Universitys Pratt Center, north of the Clark Center in the region of Brookville. The neighboring Jackie Robinson Athletic Complex, dedicated in 2006, adjoins the Clark Center and it includes a baseball stadium and softball field. The baseball stadium seatings more than 1,000 fans and a box is available for game announcers. Lights designed to meet NCAA tournament specifications offer one of the few outlets for night baseball in Nassau County, the College features two soccer fields, eight tennis courts, and two outdoor recreational basketball courts
State University of New York at Old Westbury
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State University of New York College at Old Westbury
State University of New York at Old Westbury
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University centers
51.
State University of New York at Oneonta
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The State University of New York College at Oneonta is a four-year liberal arts college in Oneonta, New York, United States, with approximately 6,100 students. The college offers a variety of bachelors degree programs and a number of graduate degrees. Many academic programs at SUNY Oneonta hold national accreditations, including programs in Business Economics, Education, Music Industry, Human Ecology and it was located in a building nicknamed Old Main at the top of Maple Street in the city of Oneonta. The schools first principal was James M. Milne, for whom the current library is named. For nearly 40 years, Old Main was the building on campus. Bugbee, the principal of the Oneonta Normal School, Bugbee School provided an on-campus training facility for the student teachers attending the normal school. In 1948, the became a founding member of the State University of New York system. Royal F. Netzer was the president from 1951–1970, presiding over a period of tremendous growth. The three joined buildings known as the Morris Conference Complex were the first ones erected on the current campus, the cornerstone of the current building was laid in 1950, with one wing being completed in February 1951 and the other in September 1951. The two wings, Bacon and Denison Halls, were used as dormitories, which were much needed on the rapidly expanding campus. In 1952, the Faculty-Student Association Inc. purchased a 63-acre farm about four miles north of the college and this was the site for development of todays 272-acre College Camp, which provides educational, recreational and social opportunities for the college community. Home economics programs were added to the teacher education programs. In 1954, a Home Economics building and heating plant were constructed on the upper campus and these were followed in 1958 with the construction of a womens dormitory, Wilber Hall, followed by Tobey Hall in 1959. The 1960s were a period of growth in the colleges operating budget, student enrollment, number of staff members. To alleviate the shortage of classrooms,10 mobile classrooms were brought in as a temporary solution, additional property was acquired to the north and west of the campus, providing two entrances from West Street, one near a new service building. The first library on the campus was built in what is todays Alumni Hall. Other new buildings on the campus included a dorm, Littell Hall, a cafeteria. A path connected the campus with Old Main, which was slowly being phased out as the main academic building
State University of New York at Oneonta
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University centers
State University of New York at Oneonta
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State University of New York College at Oneonta
52.
State University of New York at Oswego
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State University of New York at Oswego, also known as SUNY Oswego and Oswego State, is a public college in the City of Oswego and Town of Oswego, New York, on the shore of Lake Ontario. It has two campuses, historic lakeside campus in Oswego and Metro Center in Syracuse, New York, SUNY Oswego was founded in 1861 as the Oswego Primary Teachers Training School by Edward Austin Sheldon, who introduced a revolutionary teaching methodology Oswego Movement in American education. In 1962 the college broadened its scope to become an arts college. SUNY Oswego currently has over 73,000 living alumni, Oswego State offers more than 100 academic programs leading to bachelors degrees, masters degrees, and certificates of advanced study. It consists of four colleges and schools, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Business, School of Education, and School of Communications, Media, in 2011, SUNY Oswego marked its 150th anniversary with a sesquicentennial celebration campaign to honor its rich tradition and heritage. SUNY Oswego is the only SUNY campus to offer a degree in Software Engineering, the current campus is located on 690 acres along Lake Ontario. Development of the campus was planned by the firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. The campus today consists of 46 buildings with classrooms, laboratories, residential, recent years have witnessed the launch of a $700 million campus-wide renovation and renewal program, with the new Campus Center acting as the social hub of campus. The colleges new social hub, known as the Marano Campus Center Complex, the renovated portions of the building house The Compass, The Point, a student media center with WNYO, WTOP and The Oswegonian newspaper, Copy Center, and Freshëns Cafe. In addition, the College Honors Program is located in the Campus Center, within Tyler Hall is the Tyler Art Gallery. The gallery has two spaces that showcase local and traveling exhibitions, exhibitions of faculty work and student exhibitions. The gallery serves as the base for the museum studies program. The Student Art Exhibition Committee curate and have responsibility for the annual exhibition of student work. One subsection of the permanent collection, the Grant Arnold Collection of Fine Prints, physically separate from the main campus, on the other side of New York State Route 104, is the south campus, consisting of Laker Hall, Romney Fieldhouse and several athletic fields. In addition, more than 400 acres of Rice Creek Field Station are on the South Campus, a variety of living options are available through 11 residence halls, Lakeside Area, Scales, Waterbury, Riggs and Johnson Halls. Riggs, Waterbury, and Johnson were recently renovated, the latter is the home to the First-Year Residential Experience, Scales Hall is scheduled to undergo renovation beginning at the start of the Spring 2017 semester. West Campus, formerly called New Campus, Cayuga, Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga Hall was constructed in a suite style, allowing communal living of up to six students per dormitory. A new townhouse village with apartment living was constructed south of Glimmerglass Lagoon, students with 45 credits who are enrolled full-time, and have lived on campus for a complete semester or three semesters, are allowed to live there
State University of New York at Oswego
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Campus as viewed from Glimmerglass Lagoon
State University of New York at Oswego
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State University of New York at Oswego (SUNY Oswego)
State University of New York at Oswego
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Sheldon Hall.
State University of New York at Oswego
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University centers
53.
State University of New York at Plattsburgh
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The college was founded in 1889 and opened in 1890. The college is part of the State University of New York system and is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges, the school is also a member of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities. SUNY Plattsburgh has 6,350 students, of whom 5,822 are undergraduates, Former state politician and influential Plattsburgh businessman Smith M. Weed championed endlessly the cause to build a state normal school in the city of Plattsburgh. After multiple proposals to the New York state senate going as far back as 1869, The final bill was proposed on January 12,1888 by George S. Weed, Smith Weeds son. The board of directors adopted official by-laws for Plattsburgh State Normal, Plattsburgh State Normal and Training School officially opened with its first day of classes on the morning of September 3,1890. The schools first principal was Fox Holden, former Superintendent of the Plattsburgh Union Graded Schools, Holden served for only two years, from 1890 until the first graduating class in 1892. On January 26,1929, a fire began in the boiler room destroyed the Plattsburgh Normal School. Aided by high winds and the buildings well-oiled floors, the structure was engulfed in flames within a half-hour, six children who were being given music lessons were safely lowered out the second story window by their teacher Lyndon Street. With an extensive shuffling of city services, classes resumed the following Wednesday at City Hall in downtown, the longer term solution was to share facilities with a number of the citys K-12 public schools. Plans were soon approved for a new structure to replace Normal Hall, plans were formally approved on October 10. The new building would be in the location and be twice as large as the old Normal Hall. The new structure was completed in 1932, and in 1955 it was named Hawkins Hall in honor of George K. Hawkins and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Plattsburgh State Normal and Training School was renamed State University of New York College at Plattsburgh when it joined the State University of New York system with its establishment in 1948. When the school part of the SUNY system, it changed from a two-year teachers institution to a four-year. During the 1960s and 1970s SUNY Plattsburgh, as well as the whole State University of New York system, many of the more modern buildings on campus were constructed during this time period, including the Angell College Center, Feinberg Library, and several high-rise dormitories. Since 1978, the student population has remained small, ranging between 5,900 and 6,600 matriculated students. The lowest enrollment during this time was the fall 2004 semester, with 5,909, and the highest enrollment in the fall 1988 semester, with 6,594. Dr. Fox Holden Dr. Edward N. Jones Dr. George Knight Hawkins Dr. Charles C. Ward Dr. Edward E. Redcay Dr. George W. Angell Dr. Joseph C. Burke Dr. Charles O. Warren Dr. Horace A. Judson Dr. A
State University of New York at Plattsburgh
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The post-fire ruins of Normal Hall
State University of New York at Plattsburgh
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State University of New York at Plattsburgh
State University of New York at Plattsburgh
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Amitié Plaza in front of the Angell College Center, 2006
State University of New York at Plattsburgh
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Amitié Plaza, 1990
54.
State University of New York at Potsdam
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Founded in 1816, it is among the 50 oldest colleges in the United States. It is composed of the College of Arts & Sciences, the School of Education and Professional Studies, Potsdam was founded by Benjamin Raymond in 1816 as the St. Lawrence Academy. In 1834, the academy was chosen by the New York State Legislature to exclusively offer an education program for its senatorial district. In 1866, the State Legislature ended its funding of teacher education departments in private academies, the Village of Potsdam was thus named as one of four locations for new normal schools, and in 1867, the St. Lawrence Academy became the Potsdam Normal School. By 1886, the Potsdam Normal School had become the first institution in the United States to offer a training course for public school music teachers in the United States. Founded by Julia E. Crane, the Crane Normal Institute of Music continues today as the world-renowned Crane School of Music as a leader in the field of music education. The State University of New York was founded in 1948, and Potsdam became one its founding members, in 1964, the colleges mission changed to providing multiple programs, and the university adopted its current name. The college has an enrollment of approximately 4,500 students. That is the biggest first-year class since 1982, and an 11.4 percent increase over last year’s incoming freshman class, the campus is located in the small village of Potsdam, near the Canada–United States border. It is situated in the St. Lawrence Valley, between the St. Lawrence River and the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains and it is located about 10 miles northwest of the border of the Adirondack State Park in Parishville. The school sits on 240 acres and consists of 44 buildings, barrington Drive runs through the center of the campus, with all academic buildings on the northwest side of the street, and all campus life and residence buildings on the southeast side. The Crane School of Music campus is located in the part of the campus. The college has two libraries, the Frederick W. Crumb Memorial Library in the center of the quad. The college also has six facilities, Hosmer Hall, Snell Theatre, and Wakefield Recital Hall, the Proscenium Theater, the Black Box Theater. The college also houses an art gallery and the Maxcy Hall Athletic Facility, also on campus is the Art Museum at SUNY Potsdam, also known as the Gibson Gallery, which stresses its mission to connect students, faculty and all those on campus with visual art. The affiliated non-profit organization that provides dining services and runs the union market, University Athletic Games & Intramural Sports BEAR-Con In 1981 and 1986, under Hall of Fame Coach Jerry Welsh, the Potsdam Bears basketball team won the NCAA Division III National Championship. In 1979,1982, and 1985, the Potsdam Bears were national runners-up for this title, the SUNY-Potsdam mens ice hockey team has competed in the NCAA for 27 years, from 1976 to the present. Most recently, they played in the State University of New York Athletic Conference, the 1995-96 Mens Ice Hockey team won the hockey programs only SUNYAC title in school history, under Hall of Fame Coach Ed Seney
State University of New York at Potsdam
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State University of New York at Potsdam
State University of New York at Potsdam
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SUNY Potsdam's Satterlee Hall
State University of New York at Potsdam
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SUNY Potsdam's Carson Hall
State University of New York at Potsdam
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University centers
55.
State University of New York at Purchase
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State University of New York at Purchase also known as Purchase College, State University of New York is a public four-year college located in Purchase, New York, United States. It is one of 13 comprehensive colleges in the State University of New York system, Purchase College was ranked 9 in U. S. News & World Reports 2016 listing of top public liberal arts colleges. The college was listed as one of Kiplingers 100 Best Public College Values in 2016 and it was also listed in that publications 2014 list of Best Values in Small Colleges. The Princeton Review included Purchase College in its 2015 list of The Best 379 Colleges. Purchase College confers the degrees, Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Fine Arts, Bachelor of Music, Master of Arts, Master of Fine Arts. Similarly, the BFA and MusB studies culminate in an exhibition, film. Masters degree programs culminate in a thesis and the MFA and MM culminate in an exhibition, recital, the land that would become Purchase College was first settled by the Thomas family in 1734. John Thomas served as an assemblyman in colonial New York from 1743-1776 and he served as a judge for the Court of Common Pleas in Westchester and a Muster-Master. Judge Thomas was a supporter of American independence. On March 22,1777, Thomas was imprisoned by the British, John Thomas sons, John Thomas, Jr. and Thomas Thomas, also fought for American independence. Thomas Thomas was later appointed a General and he is buried at the Thomas family graveyard, which is located behind the Neuberger Museum of Art on the campus of Purchase College. A tall, white stone obelisk commemorates General Thomas and his family, as of 2016, Purchase College had 4,188 undergraduate students with freshman enrollment of 694. 56% of Purchases student body is female, 15% of the colleges students come from outside of New York state and 2. 5% of its students are international. Purchase has a rate of 41% and a student-teacher ratio of 15,1. 62% of Purchase students receive need-based financial aid and the college has an endowment of $63.9 million, Purchase College was ranked the ninth-best public liberal-arts college in U. S. News & World Reports 2016 college rankings. Kiplinger ranked the school as the 76th Best Value in Public Colleges in 2016 and it was also listed as one of the 100 Best Value Public Colleges for the years 2013 and 2014 by the Princeton Review. The Princeton Review rated the schools theatre as the twelfth best, Purchase was also listed as one of the Princeton Reviews top 380 colleges for 2016. Newsweek ranked the student body as the thirteenth most liberal in 2012
State University of New York at Purchase
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State University of New York at Purchase
State University of New York at Purchase
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Purchase College's main plaza. All academic and service buildings centrally located on the newly renovated plaza.
State University of New York at Purchase
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Purchase College campus at dusk
State University of New York at Purchase
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Purchase College was originally a 500-acre estate and working farm in the 1700s.
