1.
Fender '51 Precision Bass
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The Fender 51 Precision Bass is a Japanese-made re-issue of the original Fender Precision Bass electric guitar made in 1951. There are several copies of the models, such as the Fender Sting bass, the bass has the classic precision shape, a volume knob, and a tone knob. It also has a pickup, a string-through body. It comes two color variations, butterscotch blonde with a black pickguard, and two-tone sunburst with a white pinstripe pickguard
2.
Fender Musical Instruments Corporation
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Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, commonly referred to simply as Fender, is an American manufacturer of stringed instruments and amplifiers. It is known for its electric guitars and bass guitars, such as the Stratocaster, Telecaster, Precision Bass. Its headquarters are in Scottsdale, Arizona, the company, previously named the Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company, was founded in Fullerton, California, by Clarence Leonidas Leo Fender in 1946. The company is a privately held corporation with Andy Mooney serving as the Chief Executive Officer, the company filed for an initial public offering in March 2012, but this was withdrawn five months later. In addition to its Scottsdale headquarters, Fender has manufacturing facilities in Corona, California and Ensenada, Baja California. The company also makes and / or distributes acoustic guitars, electric basses, mandolins, banjos, and electric violins, as well as amplifiers, bass amplifiers. Other Fender brands include Squier, Jackson, Charvel, EVH guitars and amplifiers in collaboration with Eddie Van Halen, in 1950, Fender introduced the first mass-produced solid-body Spanish-style electric guitar, the Telecaster. Following its success, Fender created the first mass-produced electric bass, in 1954, Fender unveiled the Stratocaster guitar. With the Telecaster and Precision Bass on the market for some time, the Strats comfortable contoured edges and in-built vibrato system led to its soaring popularity. The solid wood bodies of Fenders instruments allowed for minimal feedback with high-gain amplification, the Fender guitars were popular with musicians in a variety of genres and are now revered for their build quality and tonal excellence. The company began as Fenders Radio Service in late 1938 in Fullerton and it got its name from the surname of its founder Leo Fender. All designs were based on research developed and released to the domain by Western Electric in the 1930s. The business also sidelined in carrying records for sale and the in rental of company-designed PA systems, Leo became intrigued by design flaws in contemporary musical instrument amplifiers and began building amplifiers based on his own designs or modifications to designs. Production began in 1945 with Hawaiian lap steel guitars and amplifiers sold as sets, by the end of the year Fender became convinced that manufacturing was more profitable than repair and he decided to concentrate on that business instead. Kauffman remained, however, unconvinced and he and Fender amicably parted ways by early 1946, at that point Leo renamed the company the Fender Electric Instrument Company. The service shop remained open until 1951, although Leo Fender did not personally supervise it after 1947, a custom lap steel guitar made in 1946 for his friend Noel Boggs was probably the very first product of the new company, already sporting the familiar Big F logo. In the late 1940s, Leo Fender began to experiment with more conventional guitar designs, as early as 1949, the familiar shape of the Telecaster can be made out in some of Fenders prototypes. Early Telecasters were plagued with issues, Leo Fender boasted the strength of the Telecasters one-piece pine neck while early adopters lamented its tendency to bow in humid weather
3.
Solid-body
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The most well-known solid body instruments are the electric guitar and electric bass. These were instrumental in creating new genres of such as rock. Common woods used in the construction of solid body instruments are ash, alder, maple, mahogany, korina, spruce, rosewood, the first two make up the majority of solid body electric guitars. Solid body instruments have some of the features as acoustic string instruments. Like a typical string instrument they have a neck with tuners for the strings, a bridge, the fretboard is a piece of wood placed on the top surface of the neck, extending from the head to the body. The strings run above the fingerboard, some fingerboards have frets or bars which the strings are pressed against. This allows musicians to stop the string in the same place, ebony, rosewood and maple are commonly used to make the fingerboard. Some electric guitar necks do not have a piece of wood for the fingerboard surface. All the solid bodies have variations in length or, the length of the strings from the nut to the bridge. The action, or the height of the strings from the fingerboard, is adjustable on solid body instruments, most solid bodies have controls for volume and tone. Some have an electronic preamplifier with equalization for low, middle and these are used to shape the sound along with the aid of the main amplifier. Amplifiers allow solid body instruments to be heard at high volumes when desired, while noting this, it will be assumed that electric lap steels without sounding boards are solid-body instruments for the purposes of this article. The first commercially successful solid-body instrument was the Rickenbacker frying pan lap steel guitar, the first commercially successful solid-body electric guitar was the Fender Broadcaster in 1950. A trademark dispute with the Gretsch Corporation who marketed a line of Broadcaster drums led to a change to the current designation. Fender also produced a one pickup version called the Fender Esquire starting in 1950 and these were followed by the Gibson Les Paul in 1952. Solid Body Electric Guitars The solid body electric guitar is one of the most well-known solid body instruments, instrumental in rock, metal, blues, and country music, the electric guitar has been responsible for creating various sounds. There are some characteristics of solid body electric guitars. They typically have six strings although there are some seven- and eight-string models, most have at least a volume and tone control
4.
Bolt-on neck
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Bolt-on neck is a method of guitar construction that involves joining a guitar neck and body using screws or bolts, as opposed to glue as with set-in neck joints. The bolt-on method is used frequently on solid body electric guitars, in the typical electric guitar bolt-on neck joint, the body and neck cross in horizontal plane, the neck is inserted in a pre-routed pocket in the body, and they are joined using 3 or 4 screws. However, a metal plate is usually considered as a part of vintage style and they are a popular place to emboss manufacturers logos, stamp out serial numbers. Many electric guitars with necks, Fender in particular, writes the production date on the end of the neck. The neck must be removed to see the date, the neck date is often cross referenced with the serial number to accurately date the guitar. The typical acoustic guitar bolt-on neck as popularized by Taylor Guitars includes threaded inserts in the heel of the neck, bolts inserted through the neck block of the body from inside the instrument attach the neck to the body. The term is usually a misnomer, introduced mostly by Fender whose guitars traditionally had what is called bolt-on necks, real bolted joints exist—particularly in acoustic guitars—but are less common in electric guitars. The maker claims this permits a higher fastening torque than ordinary wood screws, some sources differentiate bolt-on and bolt-in neck construction. The difference is that a bolt-on neck involves constructing a protruding flange that fits inside a pocket in the guitar body. Then the neck is secured inside this pocket using screws that run perpendicular to the surface of the guitar. In contrast, a bolt-in neck doesnt need to have such a flange inside the guitar body, usually, in bolt-in variant, a neck pickup is mounted directly on the extended neck wood underneath it, not on the guitar body. Bolt-in neck is used in electric guitars on a basis, but on acoustic guitars it is somewhat rare. However it is considered superior by some in terms of sound, however, given a relative uncommonness of bolt-in necks in electric guitars, most luthiers call both neck joints bolt-on. Luthiers and guitar players cite both advantages and disadvantages of bolt-on neck construction, note that most of these views are highly subjective and relative. It is not easy to measure most of the claims objectively or even compare objective factors, Typically cited advantages of bolt-on neck include, Easier and cheaper to mass produce and to repair if damaged. A Stratocaster neck can also be fitted to a Telecaster body, less traditional versions exist, such as 3-screw plate or even 6-screw plate bolt-on joint, but they may differ widely in the shapes, sizes and position of screws. Which one is better is debatable, but budget guitar manufacturers often choose 3-screw joints for its minimal cost, easy to control, sometimes bolt-on neck includes some sort of adjustment screw that can control neck-to-body angle, such as the Fender Deluxe American Stratocasters Micro-Tilt adjustment. More attack and snap, slightly brighter tone, but this advantage is frequently debated, more resonance and sustain Typically cited disadvantages of bolt-on neck include, For solid body electric guitars, harder access to top frets, especially if screw plate is used and visible
5.
Alder
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Alder is the common name of a genus of flowering plants belonging to the birch family Betulaceae. The common name alder evolved from Old English alor, which in turn is derived from Proto-Germanic root aliso, the generic name Alnus is the equivalent Latin name. With a few exceptions, alders are deciduous, and the leaves are alternate, simple and these trees differ from the birches in that the female catkins are woody and do not disintegrate at maturity, opening to release the seeds in a similar manner to many conifer cones. The largest species are red alder on the west coast of North America, by contrast, the widespread Alnus viridis is rarely more than a 5-m-tall shrub. Alders are commonly found near streams, rivers, and wetlands, Alder leaves and sometimes catkins are used as food by numerous butterflies and moths. A. glutinosa and A. viridis are classed as environmental weeds in New Zealand, Alder leaves and especially the roots are important to the ecosystem because they enrich the soil with nitrogen and other nutrients. Alder is particularly noted for its important symbiotic relationship with Frankia alni and this bacterium is found in root nodules, which may be as large as a human fist, with many small lobes, and light brown in colour. The bacterium absorbs nitrogen from the air and makes it available to the tree, Alder, in turn, provides the bacterium with sugars, which it produces through photosynthesis. Because of its abundance, red alder delivers large amounts of nitrogen to enrich forest soils, red alder stands have been found to supply between 120 and 290 pounds of nitrogen per acre annually to the soil. From Alaska to Oregon, Sitka alder characteristically pioneer fresh, gravelly sites at the foot of retreating glaciers, alders are common among the first species to colonize disturbed areas from floods, windstorms, fires, landslides, etc. Alder groves themselves often serve as natural firebreaks since these trees are much less flammable than conifers. Their foliage and leaf litter does not carry a fire well, in addition, the light weight of alder seeds allows for easy dispersal by the wind. Although it outgrows coastal Douglas-fir for the first 25 years, it is shade intolerant. Red alder is the Pacific Northwests largest alder and the most plentiful, alders largely help create conditions favorable for giant conifers that replace them. Alder root nodules Alder roots are parasitized by northern groundcone, the catkins of some alder species have a degree of edibility, and may be rich in protein. Reported to have a bitter and unpleasant taste, they are useful for survival purposes. The wood of certain species is often used to smoke various food items such as coffee, salmon. Most of the pilings that form the foundation of Venice were made from alder trees, Alder bark contains the anti-inflammatory salicin, which is metabolized into salicylic acid in the body
6.
Fraxinus
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Fraxinus /ˈfræksᵻnəs/, English name ash, is a genus of flowering plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae. It contains 45–65 species of medium to large trees, mostly deciduous though a few subtropical species are evergreen. The genus is widespread across much of Europe, Asia and North America, the trees common English name, ash, traces back to the Old English æsc, while the generic name originated in Latin. Both words also mean spear in their respective languages, the leaves are opposite, and mostly pinnately compound, simple in a few species. The seeds, popularly known as keys or helicopter seeds, are a type of known as a samara. Rowans or mountain ashes have leaves and buds superficially similar to those of true ashes, species are organized according to phylogenetic analysis. – California ash or two-petal ash Fraxinus anomala Torr, ex S. Watson – singleleaf ash Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. – blue ash Fraxinus lowellii – Lowell ash Fraxinus trifoliata Section Melioides sensu lato Fraxinus chiisanensis Fraxinus cuspidata Torr. – fragrant ash Fraxinus platypoda Fraxinus spaethiana Lingelsh, – Späths ash Section Melioides sensu stricto Fraxinus uhdei Lingelsh. – Shamel ash or tropical ash Fraxinus latifolia Benth, – Oregon ash Fraxinus papillosa Lingelsh. – Chihuahua ash Fraxinus americana L. – white ash or American ash Fraxinus profunda Bush – pumpkin ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall – green ash Fraxinus velutina Torr, – velvet ash or Arizona ash Fraxinus berlandieriana DC. – Mexican ash Fraxinus caroliniana Mill, – Carolina ash Fraxinus texensis Sarg. – Texas ash Section Pauciflorae Fraxinus greggii A. ex DC, – Afghan ash Fraxinus dimorpha Section Fraxinus Fraxinus nigra Marshall – black ash Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. – Manchurian ash Fraxinus holotricha Koehne Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl – narrow-leafed ash Fraxinus angustifolia subsp, oxycarpa – Caucasian ash Claret ash or raywood ash Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. – European ash Fraxinus pallisiae Wilmott – Pallis ash Fraxinus sogdiana Bge Section Ornus Fraxinus griffithii C. B. Clarke – Griffiths ash Fraxinus micrantha Lingelsh, – Chinese ash or Korean ash Fraxinus japonica – Japanese ash Fraxinus longicuspis Fraxinus floribunda Wall. – Himalayan manna ash Fraxinus ornus L. – manna ash or flowering ash Fraxinus bungeana DC, – Bunges ash Fraxinus paxiana Lingelsh. The emerald ash borer is a wood-boring beetle accidentally introduced to North America from eastern Asia via solid wood packing material in the late 1980s to early 1990s and it has killed tens of millions of trees in 15 states in the United States and adjacent Ontario in Canada. It threatens some seven billion ash trees in North America, the public is being cautioned not to transport unfinished wood products, such as firewood, to slow the spread of this insect pest. The disease has infected about 90% of Denmarks ash trees, in 2016, the ash tree was reported as in danger of extinction in Europe
7.
Populus
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Populus is a genus of 25–35 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names variously applied to different species include poplar /ˈpɒp. lər/, aspen, in the September 2006 issue of Science Magazine, the Joint Genome Institute announced that the western balsam poplar was the first tree whose full DNA code had been determined by DNA sequencing. The genus has a genetic diversity, and can grow from 15–50 m tall. The shoots are stout, with the terminal bud present, leaf size is very variable even on a single tree, typically with small leaves on side shoots, and very large leaves on strong-growing lead shoots. The leaves often turn bright gold to yellow before they fall during autumn, the flowers are mostly dioecious and appear in early spring before the leaves. They are borne in long, drooping, sessile or pedunculate catkins produced from buds formed in the axils of the leaves of the previous year. The flowers are each seated in a disk which is borne on the base of a scale which is itself attached to the rachis of the catkin. The scales are obovate, lobed, and fringed, membranous, hairy or smooth, the female flower also has no calyx or corolla, and comprises a single-celled ovary seated in a cup-shaped disk. The style is short, with two to four stigmata, variously lobed, and numerous ovules, pollination is by wind, with the female catkins lengthening considerably between pollination and maturity. Poplars of the section are often wetlands or riparian trees. The aspens are among the most important boreal broadleaf trees, Poplars and aspens are important food plants for the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species. Pleurotus populinus, the oyster mushroom, is found exclusively on dead wood of Populus trees in North America. The genus Populus has traditionally divided into six sections on the basis of leaf and flower characters. Recent genetic studies have supported this, confirming some previously suspected reticulate evolution due to past hybridisation and introgression events between the groups. Some species had differing relationships indicated by their nuclear DNA and chloroplast DNA sequences and they have the advantage of growing to a very large size at a rapid pace. Almost all poplars take root readily from cuttings or where broken branches lie on the ground, trees with fastigiate branching are particularly popular, and are widely grown across Europe and southwest Asia. Common poplar varieties are, G48 w22 The trees are grown from kalam or cuttings, harvested annually in January and February, most commonly used to make plywood, Yamuna Nagar in Haryana state has a large plywood industry reliant upon poplar. It is graded according to known as over, under
8.
Maple
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Acer /ˈeɪsər/ is a genus of trees or shrubs commonly known as maple. There are approximately 128 species, most of which are native to Asia, with a number appearing in Europe, northern Africa. Only one species, Acer laurinum, extends to the Southern Hemisphere, the type species of the genus is the sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus, the most common maple species in Europe. Most maples are trees growing to 10–45 m height, others are shrubs less than 10 meters tall with a number of small trunks originating at ground level. Most species are deciduous, and many are renowned for their autumn colour, but a few in southern Asia. Most are shade-tolerant when young and are often riparian, understory, many of the root systems are typically dense and fibrous, inhibiting the growth of other vegetation underneath them. A few species, notably Acer cappadocicum, frequently produce root sprouts, maples are distinguished by opposite leaf arrangement. The leaves in most species are palmate veined and lobed, with 3 to 9 veins each leading to a lobe, a small number of species differ in having palmate compound, pinnate compound, pinnate veined or unlobed leaves. Several species, including Acer griseum, Acer mandshuricum, Acer maximowiczianum, one species, Acer negundo, has pinnately compound leaves that may be simply trifoliate or may have five, seven, or rarely nine leaflets. A few, such as Acer laevigatum and Acer carpinifolium, have pinnately veined simple leaves, the flowers are regular, pentamerous, and borne in racemes, corymbs, or umbels. They have four or five sepals, four or five petals about 1 –6 mm long, four to ten stamens about 6 –10 mm long, and two pistils or a pistil with two styles. The ovary is superior and has two carpels, whose wings elongate the flowers, making it easy to tell which flowers are female. Maples flower in winter or early spring, in most species with or just after the appearance of the leaves. Maple flowers are green, yellow, orange or red, though individually small, the effect of an entire tree in flower can be striking in several species. Some maples are a spring source of pollen and nectar for bees. The distinctive fruits are called samaras, maple keys, helicopters and these seeds occur in distinctive pairs each containing one seed enclosed in a nutlet attached to a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue. They are shaped to spin as they fall and to carry the seeds a considerable distance on the wind, people often call them helicopters due to the way that they spin as they fall. During World War II, the US Army developed an air drop supply carrier that could carry up to 65 pounds of supplies and was based on the Maple seed
9.
Rosewood
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Rosewood refers to any of a number of richly hued timbers, often brownish with darker veining but found in many different hues. All genuine rosewoods belong to the genus Dalbergia and it is best known as Brazilian Rosewood, but also as Bahia rosewood. This wood has a sweet smell, which persists for many years. Another classic rosewood comes from Dalbergia latifolia known as Indian rosewood or sonokeling and it is native to India and is also grown in plantations elsewhere in Pakistan. Madagascar rosewood, known as bois de rose, is prized for its red color. It is overexploited in the wild, despite a 2010 moratorium on trade and illegal logging, throughout southeast Asia Dalbergia oliveri is harvested for use in woodworking. It has a fragrant and dense grain near the core, however the outer sapwood is soft. Dalbergia cultrata that has variegated burgundy to light color, a blackwood timber is sold as Burmese Rosewood. Products built with rosewood based engineered woods are sold as Malaysian Rosewood or as Dalbergia oliveri, some rosewood comes from Dalbergia retusa, also known as the Nicaraguan rosewood or as palisander is controlled by CITES under Appendix 2 which allows some commercial activity. Several species are known as Guatemalan rosewood or Panama rosewood, D. tucerencis, D. tucarensis, stevensonii, also on CITES Appendix 2, is used for marimba keys, guitar parts, clarinets and other musical and ornamental applications. Not all species in the large genus Dalbergia yield rosewoods, only about a species do. The woods of some species in the genus Dalbergia are notable—even famous—woods in their own right, African blackwood, cocobolo, kingwood. The woods of some species are usable for tool handles at best. The timber trade will sell many timbers under the name due to some similarities. A fair number of these come from other legume genera. Another that may be found in market from Southeast Asia is Pterocarpus indicus, Dalbergia sissoo is timber from rosewood species from India and Bangladesh, usually known as Sheesham or North-Indian Rosewood. It is extremely dense and has mild rot resistance, but it is porous and its exterior is soft and it is used for making cabinets, flooring and carving. It is exported as quality veneers, due to its after work quality when sealed and dyed, it is often sold as genuine rosewood or as teak
10.
Pickup (music technology)
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The signal from a pickup can also be recorded directly, using a DI box or broadcast on the radio or television. Most electric guitars and electric basses use magnetic pickups, acoustic guitars, upright basses and fiddles often use a piezoelectric pickup. A magnetic pickup consists of a permanent magnet with a core of such as alnico or ferrite. The pickup is most often mounted on the body of the instrument, Magnetic pickups used with string basses can be attached to the bridge. The permanent magnet creates a field, the motion of the vibrating steel strings disturbs the field, changing magnetic flux. The pickup is then connected with a cable to an amplifier which amplifies the signal to a sufficient magnitude of power to drive a loudspeaker. A pickup can also be connected to recording equipment via a patch cable, there may also be an internal preamplifier device mounted in an acoustic guitar or in an external box. When a preamp is used in way, it is between the pickup and cable and can significantly reduce the equivalent impedance of the pickup coil. The output voltage of magnetic pickups varies between 100 mV rms to over 1 V rms for some of the higher output types, some high-output pickups achieve this by employing very strong magnets, thus creating more flux and thereby more output. This can be detrimental to the sound because the magnets pull on the strings can cause problems with intonation as well as damp the strings. Other high-output pickups have more turns of wire to increase the voltage generated by the strings movement, however, this also increases the pickups output resistance/impedance, which can affect high frequencies if the pickup is not isolated by a buffer amplifier or a DI unit. The turns of wire in proximity to each other have an equivalent self-capacitance that and this resonance can accentuate certain frequencies, giving the pickup a characteristic tonal quality. The more turns of wire in the winding, the higher the output voltage, the inductive source impedance inherent in this type of transducer makes it less linear than other forms of pickups, such as piezo-electric or optical. The tonal quality produced by this nonlinearity is, however, subject to taste, the external load usually consists of resistance and capacitance between the hot lead and shield in the guitar cable. The electric cable also has a capacitance, which can be a significant portion of the overall system capacitance and this arrangement of passive components forms a resistively-damped second-order low-pass filter. Single coil pickups act like an antenna and are prone to pick up mains hum along with the musical signal. Mains hum consists of a signal at a nominal 50 or 60 Hz, depending on local alternating current frequency. The changing magnetic flux caused by the mains current links with the windings of the pickup, the pickups also are sensitive to the electromagnetic field from nearby cathode ray tubes in video monitors or televisions
11.
Single coil guitar pickup
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A single coil pickup is a type of magnetic transducer, or pickup, for the electric guitar and the electric bass. It electromagnetically converts the vibration of the strings to an electric signal, single coil pickups are one of the two most popular designs, along with dual-coil or humbucking pickups. In the mid-1920s George Beauchamp, a Los Angeles, California guitarist, originally using a phonograph pickup assembly, Beauchamp began testing many different combinations of coils and magnets hoping to create the first electromagnetic guitar pickup. He wound his earliest coils using an out of a washing machine, later on switching to a sewing machine motor. Beauchamp was backed in his efforts by Adolph Rickenbacker, an engineer and wealthy owner of a successful tool, Beauchamp eventually produced the first successful single coil pickup. The pickup consisted of two massive U shaped magnets and one coil and was known as the horseshoe pickup, the two horseshoe-shaped magnets surrounded the strings that passed over a single core plate in the center of the coil. The Gibson Guitar Corporation introduced the bar pickup in 1935 for its new line of Hawaiian lap steel guitars, the pickups basic construction is that of a metal blade inserted through the coil as a shared pole piece for all the strings. A pair of large magnets were fastened below the coil assembly. In 1936 Gibson introduced the ES-150, its first electric Spanish styled guitar, the ES-150 was outfitted with the bar pickup. Jazz guitar innovator, Charlie Christian, began playing an ES-150 in the late 1930s with the Benny Goodman Orchestra and this caused the popularity of the electrified guitar to soar. Due to Christian’s close association with the ES-150 it began being referred to as the “Charlie Christian Model”, the P-90 is a single-coil pickup designed by the Gibson Guitar Corporation. These pickups have a large, flat coil with adjustable steel screws as pole pieces, the adjustable pole pieces pick up the magnetism from the magnets. Moving the screw closer or further away from the magnet determines signal strength, occasionally, they are mistaken for pole pieces, thus, the P-90 is sometimes erroneously said to have eight pole pieces. Dog ear is a type with extensions at both sides of pickup that somewhat resemble dogs ears. These are extensions of the predominantly rectangular cover that encompass the outlying mounting screws, dog-ear P-90 pickups were commonly mounted on Gibsons hollowbody guitars like the ES-330 and occasionally on solid body models like the Les Paul Junior. The same pickups were available on Epiphone models and the design is best remembered for its appearance on the hollow body Epiphone Casino of the mid to late 1960s. Despite its tonal qualities the P-90 fell out of favor with Gibson in the early 1950s as a consequence of guitar players complaining about the amount of hum it put out. Gibson employee Seth Lover solved the hum problem by designing a hum-canceling pickup known as a humbucker, it was supposed to sound like a P-90 and it nevertheless became Gibsons mainstay pickup from that point on
12.
Humbucker
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A humbucking pickup, humbucker, or double coil, is a type of electric guitar pickup that uses two coils to buck the hum picked up by coil pickups. Most pickups use magnets to produce a field around the strings. Humbuckers work by pairing a coil with the poles of its magnets oriented up. By connecting the coils together out of phase, the interference is reduced via phase cancellation. The string signals from both coils add up instead of canceling, because the magnets are placed in opposite polarity. The coils can be connected in series or in parallel in order to achieve this hum-cancellation effect, in addition to electric guitar pickups, humbucking coils are sometimes used to cancel hum in dynamic microphones. Hum is caused by the magnetic fields created by transformers. While playing a guitar without humbuckers, a musician would hear a hum through the pickups during quiet sections of music, sources of studio and stage hum include high-power amps, processors, mixers, motors, power lines, and other equipment. Compared to unshielded single coil pickups, humbuckers dramatically reduce hum, the twin coiled guitar pickup invented by Arnold Lesti in 1935 is arranged as a humbucker, and the patent USRE20070 describes the noise cancelation and current summation principles of such a design. This Electric Translating Device employed the solenoid windings of the pickup to magnetize the steel strings by means of switching on a short D. C. charge before switching over to amplification, in 1938 A. F. Knoblaugh invented a pickup for stringed instruments involving 2 stacked coils. This pickup was to be used in pianos, since he was working for Baldwin Piano at the time, the iron cores of these pickups were magnetized to have their north-south poles at the opposite ends of the core, rather than the now more common top-bottom orientation. To overcome the hum problem for guitars, a humbucking pickup was invented by Seth Lover of Gibson under instruction of then president Ted McCarty, about the same time Ray Butts developed a similar pickup that was taken up by Gretsch guitars. Although Gibsons patent was filed almost 2 years before Gretschs, Gibsons patent was issued 4 weeks after Gretschs, both patents describe a reverse wound and reverse polarity pair of coils. A successful early humbucking pickup was the so-called PAF invented by Seth Lover in 1955, humbuckers are also known as dual-coil, double-coil, or hum-canceling pickups. In any magnetic pickup, a guitar string, magnetized by a fixed magnet within the pickup induces an alternating voltage across its coil. Guitar pickups reproduce this noise, which can be quite audible, the direction of voltage induced across a coil by the moving string depends on both the coil winding direction and the polarity of the fixed magnet. On the other hand, the direction of current induced by external fields is only dependent on the direction of winding, therefore a humbucker has two coils wound in such a way to cancel hum and maximize signal when they are connected. By convention humbucker coils are both wound counterclockwise, however typically the outside ends of the coils are connected together so that the starts are out of phase
13.
Fender Jazz Bass
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The Jazz Bass is the second model of electric bass created by Leo Fender. It is distinct from the Precision Bass in that its tone is brighter and richer in the midrange and it has a more focused tone than the Precision Bass, with less low end and low midrange. Because of these characteristics, the Jazz Bass is often preferred by bass players who seek a more noticeable sound. The sound of the Jazz Bass has been fundamental in the development of sounds in certain musical genres, such as funk, disco, reggae, blues, progressive rock, heavy metal. First introduced in 1960 as the Deluxe Model, it was marketed as a stablemate to the Jazzmaster guitar which was marketed as a Deluxe Model in its own right. It was renamed the Jazz Bass as Fender felt that its redesigned neck—narrower, the Jazz Bass has two single coil pickups with two pole pieces per string. This gave the bass a stronger treble sound to compete with the Rickenbacker bass, as well as having a slightly different, less symmetrical and more contoured body shape, the Jazz Bass neck is noticeably narrower at the nut than that of the Fender Precision Bass. The original intention of the instrument was to appeal to upright bass players, the original Jazz Bass had two stacked knob pots with volume and tone control for each pickup. Original instruments with this configuration are highly valued in the vintage guitar market. In late 1961 it received three control knobs, two controlling the volume of each pickup and one the overall tone, despite this new feature, many stacked knob models were made until about 1962. Another feature the initial models had were the Spring Felt Mutes, the purpose of those mutes was to dampen the overtones and the sustain, and were screwed in place between the bridge and aft pickup. Those felt mutes were not a success, and were replaced by a cheaper. Over the following years as the use of mutes gradually declined both the Precision and Jazz Bass models eventually began to be produced without bridge/tailpiece covers, a number of cosmetic changes were made to the instrument when CBS purchased the Fender companies in 1965. During 1965/66 the Jazz Bass received bound rosewood fingerboards with pearloid dot position inlays, block-shaped fingerboard inlays and an optional maple fingerboard were introduced after 1966/67. At first necks with rosewood fretboards received pearloid blocks/binding and maple fretboard necks received black, Fender switched to pearloid blocks/binding on all necks in mid-to-late 1973. White pickup covers and a pickguard/control plate were introduced the same year, unlike the Fender Precision Bass Plus, which had an optional maple neck, the Boner Jazz Bass was offered only with a rosewood fingerboard. The Jazz Plus debuted in 1989, discontinued in 1994 and replaced by the USA Deluxe Series Jazz Bass the following year, a fourth push button control is available on American-made Jazz Basses produced between mid-2003 until 2008. Known as the S-1 Switch, this allows the pickups to operate in standard, parallel wiring
14.
Mains hum
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Mains hum, electric hum, or power line hum is a sound associated with alternating current at the frequency of the mains electricity. The fundamental frequency of sound is usually 50 Hz or 60 Hz. The sound often has heavy harmonic content above 50–60 Hz, mains hum may also be heard coming from powerful electric power grid equipment such as utility transformers, caused by mechanical vibrations induced by the powerful AC current in them. Electric hum around transformers is caused by magnetic fields causing the enclosure. Magnetostriction is a source of vibration, in which the core iron changes shape minutely when exposed to magnetic fields. The intensity of the fields, and thus the hum intensity, is a function of the applied voltage, because the magnetic flux density is strongest twice every electrical cycle, the fundamental hum frequency will be twice the electrical frequency. Additional harmonics above 100 Hz or 120 Hz will be caused by the behavior of most common magnetic materials. Around high-voltage power lines, hum may be produced by corona discharge, in the realm of sound reinforcement, electric hum is often caused by induction. The audible aspect of this sort of electric hum is produced by amplifiers and loudspeakers, the other major source of hum in audio equipment is shared impedances, when a heavy current is flowing through a conductor that a small-signal device is also connected to. This hum is usually at the harmonic of the power line frequency. In vacuum tube equipment, one source of hum is current leakage between the heaters and cathodes of the tubes. Another source is direct emission of electrons from the heater, or magnetic fields produced by the heater, tubes for critical applications may have the heater circuit powered by direct current to prevent this source of hum. Leakage of analogue video signals can give rise to hum sounding very similar to mains hum and it is often the case that electric hum at a venue is picked up via a ground loop. In this situation, an amplifier and a mixing desk are typically at some distance from one another, the chassis of each item is grounded via the mains earth pin, and is also connected along a different pathway via the conductor of a shielded cable. As these two pathways do not run alongside other, an electrical circuit in the shape of a loop is formed. The same situation occurs between musical instrument amplifiers on stage and the mixing desk, to fix this, stage equipment often has a ground lift switch which breaks the loop. Another solution is to connect the source and destination through a 1,1 isolation transformer, another extremely dangerous option is to break contact with the ground wire by using an AC ground lift adapter or by breaking the earth pin off the power plug used at the mixing deck. Depending on the design and layout of the equipment, lethal voltages between the ground at the mixing desk and earth ground can then develop
15.
Bass guitar
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The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
16.
Solid body
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The most well-known solid body instruments are the electric guitar and electric bass. These were instrumental in creating new genres of such as rock. Common woods used in the construction of solid body instruments are ash, alder, maple, mahogany, korina, spruce, rosewood, the first two make up the majority of solid body electric guitars. Solid body instruments have some of the features as acoustic string instruments. Like a typical string instrument they have a neck with tuners for the strings, a bridge, the fretboard is a piece of wood placed on the top surface of the neck, extending from the head to the body. The strings run above the fingerboard, some fingerboards have frets or bars which the strings are pressed against. This allows musicians to stop the string in the same place, ebony, rosewood and maple are commonly used to make the fingerboard. Some electric guitar necks do not have a piece of wood for the fingerboard surface. All the solid bodies have variations in length or, the length of the strings from the nut to the bridge. The action, or the height of the strings from the fingerboard, is adjustable on solid body instruments, most solid bodies have controls for volume and tone. Some have an electronic preamplifier with equalization for low, middle and these are used to shape the sound along with the aid of the main amplifier. Amplifiers allow solid body instruments to be heard at high volumes when desired, while noting this, it will be assumed that electric lap steels without sounding boards are solid-body instruments for the purposes of this article. The first commercially successful solid-body instrument was the Rickenbacker frying pan lap steel guitar, the first commercially successful solid-body electric guitar was the Fender Broadcaster in 1950. A trademark dispute with the Gretsch Corporation who marketed a line of Broadcaster drums led to a change to the current designation. Fender also produced a one pickup version called the Fender Esquire starting in 1950 and these were followed by the Gibson Les Paul in 1952. Solid Body Electric Guitars The solid body electric guitar is one of the most well-known solid body instruments, instrumental in rock, metal, blues, and country music, the electric guitar has been responsible for creating various sounds. There are some characteristics of solid body electric guitars. They typically have six strings although there are some seven- and eight-string models, most have at least a volume and tone control
17.
Leo Fender
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Clarence Leonidas Leo Fender was an American inventor who founded Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company, or Fender for short. In January 1965, he sold the company to CBS and later founded two other musical instrument companies, Music Man and G&L Musical Instruments. Leo Fender was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992—a unique achievement given that he never learned to play the instruments that he made a career of building. Clarence Leonidas Fender was born on August 10,1909, to Clarence Monte Fender and Harriet Elvira Wood, from an early age, Fender showed an interest in tinkering with electronics. When he was 13 years old, his uncle, who ran a shop, sent him a box filled with discarded car radio parts. The following year, Leo visited his uncles shop in Santa Maria, California, Leo later claimed that the loud music coming from the speaker of that radio made a lasting impression on him. Soon thereafter, Leo began repairing radios in a shop in his parents home. In the spring of 1928, Fender graduated from Fullerton Union High School, while he was studying to be an accountant, he continued to teach himself electronics, and tinker with radios and other electrical items but never took any kind of electronics course. After college, Fender took a job as a man for Consolidated Ice and Cold Storage Company in Anaheim. It was around this time that a band leader approached Leo. Fender was contracted to six of these PA systems. In 1933, Fender met Esther Klosky, and they were married in 1934, about that time, he took a job as an accountant for the California Highway Department in San Luis Obispo. In a depression government change, his job was eliminated, after working there for six months, Leo lost his job along with the other accountants in the company. In 1938, with a borrowed $600, Leo and Esther returned to Fullerton, soon, musicians and band leaders began coming to him for public address systems, which he built, rented, and sold. During World War II, Leo met Clayton Orr Doc Kauffman, an inventor and lap steel player who had worked for Rickenbacker, while with Rickenbacker, Kauffman had invented the Vibrola tailpiece, a precursor to the later vibrato tailpiece. Fender convinced him that they should team up, and they started the K & F Manufacturing Corporation to design, in 1944, Leo and Doc patented a lap steel guitar with an electric pickup already patented by Fender. In 1945, they began selling the guitar, in a kit with a designed by Fender. As the Big Bands fell out of vogue towards the end of World War II, small combos playing boogie-woogie, rhythm and blues, western swing, many of these outfits embraced the electric guitar because it could give a few players the power of an entire horn section
18.
Ensenada, Baja California
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Ensenada is a coastal city in Mexico, the third-largest in Baja California. Lying 125 kilometres south of San Diego on the Baja California Peninsula, it is referred to as La Cenicienta del Pacífico. It is said that the first Vitis vinifera made it to the regions San Ignacio Mission in 1703, situated on the coastline of Bahía de Todos Santos—an inlet of the Pacific Ocean on the peninsulas Gold Coast—the Port of Ensenada is an important commercial, fishing, and tourist port. The city is home to a base, army base, and Ensenada Airport. Ensenada is the seat and cultural and commercial center of Ensenada Municipality. As of 2015, the city of Ensenada had a population of 519,813, Ensenada is backed by small mountain ranges. Proximity to the Pacific and a warm Mediterranean latitude create mild year-round weather, the rainy season during the winter is short and the area is prone to prolonged droughts, which can threaten its grape harvests. The National Park Constitution of 1857 created the Sierra de Juarez and San Pedro Martir National Parks, when the first European explorers discovered the region, the Yuman Indians inhabited the region, of which tribal groups such as the Kiliwa, Paipai and Kumeyaay still exist. These semi-nomadic indigenous people lived in the bay area and interior valleys of the Sierra de Juárez, Bahia Todos Santos, on which Ensenada now stands, was first reached by sea by the Portuguese explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo on the vessels El Salvador and Victoria. The city was founded September 17,1542 under the name San Mateo, the first permanent settlement was established by the Jesuits during the seventeenth or eighteenth century. After the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768, the Dominicans took over the representation of Europe in what is now Ensenada, in 1882, Ensenada was designated the capital of Baja California, and attempts at developing the area were made by the English Mexican Land and Colonization Company. These were interrupted by the Mexican Revolution, which left the area devastated, in 1915, the capital was transferred to Mexicali, and in 1930 the population of Ensenada was only 5,000. It really flourished only in the early 1950s, at which time Ensenadas population had risen to 20,000, the hotel finally closed in 1964. It was later reopened as a center and museum. By this time, other hotels had opened, and the population and economy of Ensenada had grown, Ensenada is predominantly a mid-rise building beach city. Several marinas including Ensenada Cruiseport Village, Hotel Coral & Marina, the Bajamar Oceanfront Golf Resort at Baja Mar is also located nearby to the north, and is a prominent seaside resort of Baja California. Many of the terrestrial or marine species inhabiting the surrounding the Greater Ensenada area in the Baja California islands are unique, Guadalupe Island, off the coast of the city, is one of the best places in the world for observing the great white shark. The island has been a sanctuary since 1975
19.
Baja California
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Baja California, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California, is a state in Mexico. It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico, before becoming a state in 1952, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California. It has an area of 70,113 km2, or 3. 57% of the mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula, north of the 28th parallel. The mainland portion of the state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by Sonora, the U. S. State of Arizona, and the Gulf of California and its northern limit is the U. S. state of California. The state has an population of 3,165,776 much more than the sparsely populated Baja California Sur to the south. Over 75% of the lives in the capital city, Mexicali, in Ensenada. Other important cities include San Felipe, Rosarito and Tecate, additionally, there is a large immigrant population from the United States due to its proximity to San Diego and the cheaper cost of living compared to San Diego. There is also a significant population from Central America, many immigrants moved to Baja California for a better quality of life and the number of higher paying jobs in comparison to the rest of Mexico and Latin America. Baja California is the twelfth largest state by area in Mexico and its geography ranges from beaches to forests and deserts. The backbone of the state is the Sierra de Baja California, where the Picacho del Diablo and this mountain range effectively divides the weather patterns in the state. In the northwest, the weather is semi-dry and mediterranean, in the narrow center, the weather changes to be more humid due to altitude. It is in area where a few valleys can be found, such as the Valle de Guadalupe. To the east of the range, the Sonoran Desert dominates the landscape. In the south, the weather becomes drier and gives way to the Vizcaino Desert, the state is also home to numerous islands off both of its shores. In fact, the westernmost point in Mexico, the Guadalupe Island, is part of Baja California, the Coronado, Todos Santos and Cedros Islands are also on the Pacific Shore. On the Gulf of California, the biggest island is the Angel de la Guarda, separated from the peninsula by the deep, the first people came to the peninsula at least 11,000 years ago. At that time two main groups are thought to have been present on the peninsula. In the south were the Cochimí, in the north were several groups belonging to the Yuman language family, including the Kiliwa, Paipai, Kumeyaay, Cocopa, and Quechan
20.
Squier
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Squier Company manufactured strings for violins, banjos, and guitars. It was established in 1890 by Victor Carroll Squier in Battle Creek, in 1965, the company was acquired by Fender. By 1975, Squier became defunct as a manufacturer and a name for strings. In 1982, the Squier brand was reactivated by Fender to become its brand for lower priced versions of Fender guitars, Squier guitars have been manufactured in Japan, Korea, Mexico, India, Indonesia, China, and the United States. He moved to Boston in 1881, where he built and repaired violins with his son, to this day, their violins are noted for their exceptional varnishes, and they command high prices as fine examples of early U. S. instrument craftsmanship. Indeed, J. B. Squier ranks among the best-known U. S. -trained violin makers and is referred to as the American Stradivarius. Victor returned to Battle Creek, where he opened his own shop in 1890, as his business grew, Squier moved the company to 429 Lake Ave. and eventually to 427 Capitol Ave, S. W. —the famous fiddle factory of Battle Creek. With a limited market for violins in Battle Creek, however, Squier astutely sought relationships with music schools. Up to 1900, the best violin strings were made in Europe, Squier violin strings, banjo strings and guitar strings became well known nationwide and were especially popular among students because of their reasonable price. Fender Musical Instruments Corporation entered the picture in the 1950s, when the V. C, Squier Company began supplying Southern California inventor and businessman Leo Fender with strings for his unusual new electric guitars. Squier Company became an original equipment manufacturer for Fender in 1963. Squier Company in early 1965, shortly before Fender itself was acquired by CBS in May of the same year, by the mid-1970s, the Squier name was retired as the strings had taken the Fender name. Before the Fender Squier line of guitars was introduced in 1982, Fender was making lower priced guitars such as the Fender Lead series at its Fullerton, in the late 1970s and early 1980s Fender was facing competition from lower priced Japanese made guitars. The higher priced Fender guitars were made in the United States, Fender was also losing sales in Japan to Japanese guitar brands such as Tōkai, Greco and Fernandes and the establishment of Fender Japan would benefit Fender sales in Japan, as well as overseas. Fender began negotiations with several Japanese musical instrument distributors and reached an agreement with Yamano Gakki, Yamano Gakki was known for once being part of Epiphone Japan. Kanda Shokai owned the Greco brand name and one of the conditions of the Fender Japan agreement was that Kanda Shokai cease production of its own Greco Fender copies, further negotiations between Fender and Japanese guitar factories took place. Tokai was seriously considered to start building the first Japanese made Fenders, the initial Squier models were launched on July/August 1982. Over time, the Squier series slowly evolved to include original model designs and production has moved from Japan to various other Asian countries such as Korea, China and these models were Fender models and not Squier models
21.
Double bass
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The double bass, or simply the bass, is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra. It is an instrument and is typically notated one octave higher than sounding to avoid excessive ledger lines below the staff. The double bass is the modern bowed string instrument that is tuned in fourths, rather than fifths, with strings usually tuned to E1, A1, D2. The instruments exact lineage is still a matter of some debate, the double bass is a standard member of the orchestras string section, as well as the concert band, and is featured in concertos, solo and chamber music in Western classical music. The bass is used in a range of genres, such as jazz, 1950s-style blues and rock and roll, rockabilly, psychobilly, traditional country music, bluegrass, tango. The double bass is played either with a bow or by plucking the strings, in orchestral repertoire and tango music, both arco and pizzicato are employed. In jazz, blues, and rockabilly, pizzicato is the norm, Classical music uses just the natural sound produced acoustically by the instrument, so does traditional bluegrass. In jazz, blues, and related genres, the bass is typically amplified with an amplifier and speaker, the double bass stands around 180 cm from scroll to endpin. However, other sizes are available, such as a 1⁄2 or 3⁄4 and these sizes do not reflect the size relative to a full size, or 4⁄4 bass, a 1⁄2 bass is not half the size of a bass but is only slightly smaller. It is typically constructed from several types of wood, including maple for the back, spruce for the top and it is uncertain whether the instrument is a descendant of the viola da gamba or of the violin, but it is traditionally aligned with the violin family. While the double bass is nearly identical in construction to other violin family instruments, like other violin and viol-family string instruments, the double bass is played either with a bow or by plucking the strings. In orchestral repertoire and tango music, both arco and pizzicato are employed, in jazz, blues, and rockabilly, pizzicato is the norm, except for some solos and also occasional written parts in modern jazz that call for bowing. In classical pedagogy, almost all of the focus is on performing with the bow and producing a good bowed tone, some of these articulations can be combined, for example, the combination of sul ponticello and tremolo can produce eerie, ghostly sounds. Classical bass players do play pizzicato parts in orchestra, but these parts generally require simple notes, vibrato is used to add expression to string playing. In general, very loud, low-register passages are played with little or no vibrato, mid- and higher-register melodies are typically played with more vibrato. The speed and intensity of the vibrato is varied by the performer for an emotional and musical effect, in jazz, rockabilly and other related genres, much or all of the focus is on playing pizzicato. In jazz and jump blues, bassists are required to play extremely rapid pizzicato walking basslines for extended periods, as well, jazz and rockabilly bassists develop virtuoso pizzicato techniques that enable them to play rapid solos that incorporate fast-moving triplet and sixteenth note figures. In jazz and related styles, bassists often add semi-percussive ghost notes into basslines, to add to the rhythmic feel and to add fills to a bassline
22.
Jump blues
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Jump blues is an up-tempo style of blues, usually played by small groups and featuring saxophone or brass instruments. It was popular in the 1940s and was a precursor of rhythm and blues and rock, appreciation of jump blues was renewed in the 1990s as part of the swing revival. Jump blues evolved from the music of big bands such as those of Lionel Hampton and these bands of the early 1940s produced musicians such as Louis Jordan, Jack McVea, Earl Bostic, and Arnett Cobb. Blues and jazz were part of the musical world, with many accomplished musicians straddling both genres. Jump bands such as the Tympany Five, which came into being at the time as the boogie-woogie revival. Lionel Hampton recorded the stomping big-band blues song Flying Home in 1942, featuring a choked, screaming tenor sax performance by Illinois Jacquet, the song was a hit in the race category. When released, however, Billboard described the tune as an unusually swingy side. with a bounce in the medium tempo. Billboard also noted that Benny Goodman had a hand in writing the tune back in the old Goodman Sextet Days, Billboard went on to state that apart from the fact that it is Lionel Hamptons theme, Flying Home is a sure-fire to make the youngsters shed their nickels—and gladly. Five years later Billboard noted the inclusion of Flying Home in a show that was strictly for hepsters who go for swing and boogie, and beats in loud, hot unrelenting style a la Lionel Hampton. As this urban, jazz-based music became popular, both bluesmen and jazz musicians who wanted to play for the people began favoring a heavy. This music appealed to black listeners who no longer wished to be identified with life down home, Jump groups, employed to play for jitterbugs at a much lower cost than big bands, became popular with agents and ballroom owners. The saxophonist Art Chaney said e were insulted when an audience wouldnt dance. Jump blues was revived in the 1980s by artists such as Joe Jackson and Brian Setzer and is performed today by bands including Roomful of Blues, the Lucky Few, and Mitch Woods and His Rocket 88s. Contemporary swing bands, such as Lavay Smith & Her Red Hot Skillet Lickers, african-American music List of jump blues musicians Swing revival West Coast blues Cohn, Lawrence, Humphrey, Mark A. Nothing but the Blues, The Music and the Musicians, jumptown, The Golden Years of Portland Jazz, 1942–1957. Deep Blues, A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta, escaping the Delta, Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues. Richie Unterberger, Jump Blues at Allmusic. com Lindy Hop Style of Dancing used with Jump Blues
23.
Swing music
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Swing music, or simply swing, is a form of American music that dominated in the 1930s and 1940s. The name swing came from the swing feel where the emphasis is on the off–beat or weaker pulse in the music, Swing bands usually featured soloists who would improvise on the melody over the arrangement. The danceable swing style of big bands and bandleaders such as Benny Goodman was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1946, the verb to swing is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong groove or drive. Notable musicians of the era include Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Count Basie, Woody Herman. Swing has roots in the late 1920s as larger ensembles began using written arrangements, a typical song played in swing style would feature a strong, anchoring rhythm section in support of more loosely tied wind and brass. The most common style consisted of having a soloist take center stage, Swing music began to decline in popularity during World War II because of several factors. By the late 1940s, swing had morphed into traditional pop music, or evolved into new styles such as jump blues, Swing music saw a revival in the late 1950s and 1960s with pop vocalists such as Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole, and Ella Fitzgerald. Swing blended with other genres to create new styles, in country music, artists such as Jimmie Rodgers, Moon Mullican and Bob Wills introduced many elements of swing along with blues to create a genre called western swing. Gypsy swing is an outgrowth of Venuti and Langs jazz violin swing, in the 1970s, and 1980s, fans of big band music attended swing music performances at supper clubs. In the late-1980s a trendier, more urban-styled swing-beat emerged called new jack swing, in the late 1990s and into the 2000s there was a swing revival, led by Squirrel Nut Zippers, Brian Setzer, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, and Lavay Smith. In Canada, some of the early 2000s records by The JW-Jones Blues Band included swing revival elements, the 1920s saw parallel trends in jazz and popular music that would later converge into the swing style. New Orleans style jazz was based on a meter and contrapuntal improvisation led by a trumpet or cornet, typically followed by a clarinet. The rhythm section consisted of a tuba and drums, and sometimes a banjo, by the early 1920s guitars and pianos sometimes substituted for the banjo and a string bass sometimes substituted for the tuba. Further innovations in small ensemble playing led to development of the Chicago style identified with Louis Armstrong, a stint with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra familiarized him with arranged ensemble playing that differed from the New Orleans style, in which saxophones became the dominant sound among the reeds. Armstrong brought those back to his smaller ensembles, the soloist played over an ensemble relegated to a supporting role in the background. The string bass also lent itself to playing in a 4/4 rhythm rather than the 2/4 rhythm dictated by the tuba. The new format gave the soloist the opportunity to play with more rhythmic freedom, but playing with swing remained the province of the soloist, not the ensemble. The late 1920s saw increasingly sophisticated arrangements used by bigger ensembles, some arrangements used call-response between horn sections to build the melody
24.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
25.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
26.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
27.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
28.
Bill Black
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William Patton Bill Black, Jr. was an American musician and bandleader who is noted as one of the pioneers of rock and roll music. Black was the bassist in Elvis Presleys early trio after which he formed Bill Blacks Combo, Black was born in Memphis, Tennessee, to a motorman for the Memphis Street Railway. He was the oldest of nine children and his father played popular songs on the banjo and fiddle to entertain the family. Black learned to play music at the age of 14 on an instrument made by his cigar box with a board nailed to it. At the age of sixteen, Black was performing music on acoustic guitar in local bars. During World War II, Black was stationed with the U. S. Army at Fort Lee in Virginia, while in the Army, he met Evelyn, who played guitar as the member of a musical family. They married in 1946 and returned to Memphis, Black worked at the Firestone plant. He began playing the bass fiddle, modeling his slap bass technique after one of his idols, Fred Maddox of Maddox Brothers. Black also developed a stage clown persona in the way that Maddox entertained audiences. Black performed as a hillbilly with blacked-out teeth, straw hat. According to his son, Black said his goal was always to give his audience a few moments of entertainment, in 1952, Black began playing club and radio shows with guitarist Scotty Moore. Along with two guitarists and a fiddler, they performed country music tunes by Hank Williams and Red Foley in Doug Poindexters band. Black and Moore also played in a band with Paul Burlison, Johnny Burnette, Dorsey Burnette on steel guitar, in July 1954, Sam Phillips of Sun Records asked Black and Moore to play back-up for the as-yet-unknown Elvis Presley. Black played slap bass with guitarist Scotty Moore, while Elvis Presley played rhythm guitar, neither musician was overly impressed with Presley, but they agreed a studio session would be useful to explore his potential. On July 5,1954, the trio met at Sun studios to rehearse, according to Moore, the first song they recorded was I Love You Because, but after a few country music songs that werent impressive they decided to take a break. During the break, Presley began acting the fool with Arthur Crudups Thats All Right, when the other two musicians joined in, Phillips taped the song. Get that on the radio and theyll run us out of town, the next day, the group recorded four more songs, including bluegrass musician Bill Monroes Blue Moon of Kentucky, which he had written and recorded as a slow waltz. Sources credit Bill Black with initiating the song, with Presley, Moore said, Bill is the one who came up with Blue Moon of Kentucky
29.
Jailhouse Rock (film)
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Jailhouse Rock is a 1957 American musical drama film directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Elvis Presley, Judy Tyler, and Mickey Shaughnessy. After his release from jail, while looking for a job as a club singer, as he develops his musical abilities and becomes a star, his self-centered personality begins to affect his relationships. The wife of producer Pandro S. Berman convinced him to create a film with Presley in the last role, Berman delegated the casting to Benny Thau, head of the studio and Abraham Lastfogel, the then president of William Morris Agency. Berman hired Richard Thorpe, who was known for shooting productions quickly, the production of Jailhouse Rock began on May 13,1957, and concluded on June 17 of that year. The dance sequence to the title song Jailhouse Rock is often cited as Presleys greatest moment on screen. Before pre-production began, songwriters Mike Stoller and Jerry Leiber were commissioned to integrate the films soundtrack, in April, Leiber and Stoller were called for a meeting in New York City to show the progress of the repertoire. Presley recorded the soundtrack at Radio Recorders in Hollywood on April 30 and May 3, during post-production, the songs were dubbed into the films scenes, in which Presley mimed the lyrics. Jailhouse Rock premiered on October 17,1957 in Memphis, Tennessee and was released nationwide on November 8,1957 and it peaked at number 3 on the Variety box office chart, and reached number 14 in the years box office totals, grossing $4 million. Jailhouse Rock earned mixed reviews, with most of the negative reception directed towards Presleys persona, in 2004, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Construction worker Vince Everett accidentally kills a drunken and belligerent man in a barroom brawl and he is sentenced to two years in the state penitentiary for manslaughter. His cellmate, washed-up country singer Hunk Houghton who was jailed for robbery, starts teaching Vince to play the guitar after hearing Vince sing. Hunk then convinces Vince to participate in an upcoming inmate show, Vince receives numerous fan letters as a result, but out of apparent jealousy, Hunk ensures they are not delivered to Vince. Hunk then convinces Vince to sign a contract to become partners in his act. Meanwhile, during a riot in the mess hall, a guard shoves Vince. As a result, the warden orders Vince to be lashed with a whip, afterwards, it was discovered that Hunk attempted to bribe the guards to drop the punishment, but to no avail. Upon Vinces release 20 months later, the warden gives Vince his fan mail, Hunk then promises Vince a singing job at a nightclub owned by a friend, where Vince meets Peggy Van Alden, a promoter for pop singer Mickey Alba. Vince is surprised when the club owner denies him a job as a singer, undeterred, Vince takes the stage when the house band takes a break and starts singing Young and Beautiful. But one of the customers laughs obnoxiously throughout the performance, enraging Vince, Peggy follows Vince and persuades him to record a demo so that he can listen to himself sing
30.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
31.
Monk Montgomery
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William Howard Monk Montgomery was an American jazz bassist. He was a pioneer of the bass, possibly the first to record on the instrument in a 1953 session led by trumpeter Art Farmer. He was the brother of noted guitarist Wes Montgomery and vibraphonist Buddy Montgomery, born in Indianapolis, Indiana, into a musical family, Monk had three brothers and a sister. His older brother Thomas played drums, and died at 16, Monk gave his younger brother Wes a tenor guitar when Wes was 11 or 12. Wes took up the guitar at age 19 and went on to major success. The youngest brother, Buddy played piano and later took up the vibraphone and their younger sister, Ervena, also played piano. Monk himself did not take up the bass until he was 30. The three brothers released a number of albums together as the Montgomery Brothers, also playing together on some albums credited to Wes, also Buddy and Monk recorded many albums together in their group The Mastersounds. He is perhaps the first electric bassist of significance to jazz and he said his biggest influences as a bassist were Jimmy Blanton, Ray Brown, and Charles Mingus. Monk played electric bass with his thumb and adapted his playing from double bass to electric. In the 1960s he took up Fender Jazz Bass, playing with a felt pick and his professional career did not start until he was 30, and after his younger brother Wes. Monk worked in a foundry and played gigs on upright bass at night in Indianapolis, Wes worked for vibraphonist Lionel Hampton from 1948-1950, Monk then worked for Hampton around 1952-1953, with Hampton insisting he play the Fender bass, and not an upright. Chuck Rainey said that Monk was the first electric bassist to record, guys in other kinds of music may have beat me to the studio, though Im not aware of any. As far as I know, I was the first in jazz to record electric bass. Monk toured and recorded in Europe with Hampton in late 1953, after that he worked briefly with the Anthony Ortega Quartet in Los Angeles, and then with his brothers in the Montgomery-Johnson Quintet in Indianapolis. In 1955 he moved to Seattle to form The Mastersounds from 1957 to 1960, in 1964-65 Montgomery played on two albums by The Jazz Crusaders, and members of that band would go on to produce and play on his first two solo albums. Later, from 1966 to 1970, he freelanced with vibraphonist Cal Tjader and continued to play where he settled in Las Vegas, Nevada, between 1969 and 1974 he released four solo albums. In 1970 he recorded in Los Angeles with South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela, in 1974 Monk toured South Africa with a group including singer Lovelace Watkins, and Monk recorded his final solo album Monk Montgomery in Africa. Live. in Soweto. In 1976 he served on the Jazz Advisory Panel for the National Endowment for the Arts with Benny Carter, George Russell, Muhal Richard Abrams, and others
32.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
33.
Wes Montgomery
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John Leslie Wes Montgomery was an American jazz guitarist. He is widely considered one of the jazz guitarists, emerging after such seminal figures as Django Reinhardtand Charlie Christian. Montgomery was known for a technique of plucking the strings with the side of his thumb which granted him a distinctive sound. He often worked with organist Jimmy Smith, and with his brothers Buddy, and his guitar style is the roots of fusion and smooth jazz. Montgomery was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, according to NPR Jazz Profiles The Life and Music Of Wes Montgomery, the nickname Wes was a childs abbreviation of his middle name, Leslie. He came from a family, his brothers, Monk. The brothers released a number of albums together as the Montgomery Brothers, although he was not skilled at reading music, he could learn complex melodies and riffs by ear. He was known for his ability to play Christians solos note for note and was hired by Lionel Hampton for this ability, Montgomery toured with Lionel Hampton early in his career, however, the combined stress of touring and being away from family took him back home to Indianapolis. To support his family of eight, Montgomery worked in a factory from 7,00 am to 3,00 pm, cannonball Adderley heard Montgomery in an Indianapolis club and was floored. The next morning, he called record producer Orrin Keepnews, who signed Montgomery to a contract with Riverside Records. Adderley later recorded with Montgomery on his Pollwinners album, Montgomery recorded with his brothers and various other group members, including the Wynton Kelly Trio which previously backed up Miles Davis. John Coltrane asked Montgomery to join his band after a jam session, boss Guitar seems to refer to his status as a guitar-playing bandleader. He also made contributions to recordings by Jimmy Smith, during this late period he occasionally turned out original material alongside jazzy orchestral arrangements of pop songs. In sum, this period earned him considerable wealth and created a platform for a new audience to hear his earlier recordings. To many, Montgomerys playing defines jazz guitar and the sound that try to emulate. Jazz guitarist Bobby Broom, in a history of Montgomerys impact on musicians and guitarists in Jazz, notes. Its been called its most prolific year and its been called the year Jazz died. One figure that is grossly ignored, is the iconic Wes Montgomery, the Jazz guitarist from Indianapolis who emerged in 1959 with his first trio record
34.
Patent
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A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property, the procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right and these claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness. Nevertheless, there are variations on what is patentable subject matter from country to country, the word patent originates from the Latin patere, which means to lay open. More directly, it is a version of the term letters patent. Similar grants included land patents, which were land grants by early state governments in the USA, and printing patents, a precursor of modern copyright. In modern usage, the term patent usually refers to the granted to anyone who invents any new, useful. The additional qualification utility patent is used to distinguish the primary meaning from these other types of patents. Particular species of patents for inventions include biological patents, business method patents, chemical patents, the period of protection was 10 years. These were mostly in the field of glass making, as Venetians emigrated, they sought similar patent protection in their new homes. This led to the diffusion of patent systems to other countries, by the 16th century, the English Crown would habitually abuse the granting of letters patent for monopolies. After public outcry, King James I of England was forced to revoke all existing monopolies, the Statute became the foundation for later developments in patent law in England and elsewhere. Important developments in patent law emerged during the 18th century through a process of judicial interpretation of the law. During the reign of Queen Anne, patent applications were required to supply a complete specification of the principles of operation of the invention for public access. Influenced by the philosophy of John Locke, the granting of patents began to be viewed as a form of property right. The English legal system became the foundation for patent law in countries with a common law heritage, including the United States, New Zealand, in the Thirteen Colonies, inventors could obtain patents through petition to a given colonys legislature
35.
Fender Telecaster
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The Fender Telecaster, colloquially known as the Tele /ˈtɛli/, is the worlds first commercially successful solid-body electric guitar. Its simple yet effective design and revolutionary sound broke ground and set trends in electric guitar manufacturing, the Fender Telecaster was developed by Leo Fender in Fullerton, California in 1950. In the period roughly between 1932 and 1949, several craftsmen and companies experimented with electric guitars, but none had made a significant impact on the market. Leo Fenders Telecaster was the design that made bolt-on neck, solid body guitars viable in the marketplace, players had been wiring up their instruments in search of greater volume and projection since the late 1920s, and electric semi-acoustics had long been widely available. That hand-built prototype, a white guitar, had most of the features of what would become the Telecaster. The initial single-pickup production model appeared in 1950, and was called the Esquire, fewer than fifty guitars were originally produced under that name, and most were replaced under warranty because of early manufacturing problems. In particular, the Esquire necks had no truss rod and many were replaced due to bent necks, later in 1950, this single-pickup model was discontinued, and a two-pickup model was renamed the Broadcaster. From this point onwards all Fender necks incorporated truss rods, the Esquire was reintroduced in 1951 as a single pickup Telecaster, at a lower price. The so-called Nocaster was a variant of Telecaster. Produced in early to mid-1951, it was the result of action from the Gretsch company over the guitars previous name. By the summer of 1951 the guitar was officially renamed as the Telecaster and has known as such ever since. The term Nocaster was originally coined by collectors to denote these transitional guitars that appeared without a name on the headstock. Since they were manufactured in this form for only a few very early in the Broadcaster/Telecasters history, original Nocasters are highly prized. There are no official numbers, but experts estimate that fewer than 500 Nocasters were produced. Fender has since registered Nocaster as a trademark to denote its modern replicas of this famous rarity, in 1951, Fender released the innovative and musically influential Precision Bass as a similar looking stable-mate to the Telecaster. This body style was released as the Fender Telecaster Bass in 1968 after the Precision Bass had been changed in 1957 to make it more closely resemble the Stratocaster guitar. Leo Fenders simple and modular design was geared to mass production, Guitars were not constructed individually, as in traditional luthiery. Rather, components were produced quickly and inexpensively in quantity and assembled into a guitar on an assembly line, the bodies were bandsawn and routed from slabs, rather than hand-carved individually, as with other guitars made at the time, such as Gibsons
36.
Fender Stratocaster
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The Fender Stratocaster is a model of electric guitar designed in 1954 by Leo Fender, Bill Carson, George Fullerton, and Freddie Tavares. The Fender Musical Instruments Corporation has continuously manufactured the Stratocaster from 1954 to the present and it is a double-cutaway guitar, with an extended top horn shape for balance. Along with the Gibson Les Paul, it is one of the most often emulated electric guitar shapes, Stratocaster and Strat are trademark terms belonging to Fender. The Fender Stratocaster was the first guitar to feature three pickups and a spring tension tremolo system, as well as being the first Fender with a contoured body, the Stratocasters sleek, contoured body shape differed from the flat, slab-like design of the Telecaster. The Stratocasters double cutaways allowed players access to higher positions on the neck. Starting in 1954, the Stratocaster was offered with a solid, deeply contoured ash body, a 21-fret one-piece maple neck with black dot inlays, the color was originally a two color sunburst pattern, although custom color guitars were produced. In 1956, Fender began using alder for sunburst and most custom color Stratocaster bodies, in 1960, the available custom colors were standardized, many of which were automobile lacquer colors from DuPont available at an additional 5% cost. A unique single-ply, 8-screw hole white pickguard held all electronic components except the recessed jack plate—facilitating easy assembly, in this floating position, players could move the bridge-mounted tremolo arm up or down to modulate the pitch of the notes being played. Hank Marvin, Jeff Beck and Ike Turner used the Strats floating tremolo extensively in their playing, as string gauges have changed, players have experimented with the number of tremolo springs, and modern Stratocasters ship with three springs. Some Strats have a bridge in place of the tremolo assembly. There is considerable debate about the effects on tone and sustain of the used in the tremolo systems inertia bar. The Stratocaster features three single coil pickups, with the originally selected by a 3-way switch. In 1977 Fender introduced a 5-way selector making such pickup combinations more stable, dick Dale is a prominent Stratocaster player who also collaborated with Leo Fender in developing the Fender Showman amplifier. In the early 1960s, the instrument was also championed by Hank Marvin, guitarist for the Shadows, in 1965, George Harrison and John Lennon acquired Stratocasters and used them for Help. Rubber Soul and later recording sessions, the double unison guitar solo on Nowhere Man is played by Harrison and Lennon on their new Stratocasters, after the introduction of the Fender Stratocaster Ultra series in 1989, ebony was officially selected as a fretboard material on some models. In December 1965 the Stratocaster was given a broader headstock with altered decals to match the size of the Jazzmaster, during the CBS era, particularly the 1970s, the perceived quality of Fender instruments fell. During this time, vintage instruments from the era became popular. Dan Smith, with the help of John Page, proceeded to work on a reissue of the most popular guitars of Leo Fenders era
37.
Inlay (guitar)
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Inlay on guitars or similar fretted instruments are decorative materials set into the wooden surface of the instrument using standard inlay techniques. Although inlay can be done on any part of a guitar, it is most commonly found on the fretboard, headstock —typically the manufacturers logo—, only the positional markers on the fretboard or side of neck and the rosette around the sound hole serve any function other than decoration. Nacre, plastic and wood are the materials most often used as inlay, some very limited edition high-end or custom-made guitars have artistic inlay designs that span the entire front of the guitar. These designs use a variety of different materials and are created using techniques borrowed from furniture making, while these designs are often just very elaborate decorations, they are sometimes works of art that even depict a particular theme or a scene. Although these guitars are constructed from the most exclusive materials, they are generally considered to be collectors items. Large guitar manufacturers often issue these guitars to celebrate a significant historical milestone, some popular fretboard inlays include rhombuses, parallelograms, isosceles trapezoids, shark fins and rectangles. Circular markers are the easiest and least expensive to produce, because drilling circular indentations and cutting circular inlays require the least time, many manufacturers use a distinct shape for their fret markers to create a brand identity set themselves apart from competitors. Gibson uses isosceles trapezoids while Fender uses dots, but others include lightning bolts, smaller dots are also usually inlaid into the upper edge of the fretboard or the neck so as to be more visible to the player who views the instrument from the side. LEDs or optical fiber can be employed to illuminate the markers and this is mostly employed by players who perform in front of live audiences where the lighting is either insufficient or constantly changing. Advantages of such scheme include its symmetry about the 12th fret, however, playing these frets, for example, on the E string would yield the notes E, G, A, B, C# that barely make a complete musical mode by themselves. Resonator Guitars usually have inlays like the first scheme shown above but with an inlay on the 12th. A less popular scheme involves inlays on 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 12th, 15th, 17th, 19th, 22nd and 24th frets. Playing these frets on the E string yields the notes E, G, A, B, D that fit perfectly into the E minor pentatonic scale, such a scheme is very close to the coloring of a pianos keys and is of some use on classical guitars. Some guitars like the Gibson Les Paul Custom will also have an inlay on the 1st fret. Beyond the fretboard inlay, the headstock and sound hole are also commonly inlaid, the manufacturers logo is commonly inlaid into the headstock and pickguard, if present. Sometimes a small design such as a bird or other character or an abstract shape also accompanies the logo, the sound hole designs found on acoustic guitars vary from simple concentric circles to delicate fretwork. Many high-end guitars have more elaborate decorative inlay schemes, often the edges of the guitar around the neck and body and down the middle of the back are inlaid. Because some electric guitars do not have a separate fretboard under which they can fit a truss rod, they fit it in the back of the neck and cover it with a strip of dark wood
38.
Fender Telecaster Bass
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The Fender Telecaster Bass is an electric bass introduced in 1968 by Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. Released as a reissue of the version of the Fender Precision Bass. The Telecaster Bass differs in shape from the original Telecaster guitar in that the latter is a single cutaway guitar and the bass is double cutaway. Early versions had a two-piece maple-capped neck with no skunk stripe on the back of the neck, the pickguard on the 1960s Telecaster Bass was slightly more slender and employed more mounting screws than the originals of the 1950s. There were also three different headstock decals in the early version, the earliest had a regular silver Telecaster guitar logo with the word bass added underneath. Only prototypes are known to have this decal, the earliest prototypes were partially constructed from leftover 1952 Precision Bass parts. The second decal was the larger Black Telecaster Bass logo, the third and most commonly used decal had the silver Fender script with the words Telecaster Bass written in a sans-serif type font underneath. In the early 1990s, Fender Japan reissued the 51 Precision Bass, which is in essence, the earliest Made in Japan versions vary slightly from the current Crafted in Japan model. For example, the early 1990s version uses the larger, more historically accurate string ferrules that were used in the 1950s, in 1971, the Tele Bass was modified in some aspects. A new neck plate with Micro Tilt system for a more precise neck adjustment, the old-style pickguard was redesigned to eliminate the control plate, and the single-coil pickup was replaced with a larger, more powerful, humbucking unit. The Telecaster Bass was produced alongside the contemporary Precision Bass through all the 1970s, the decal logo had changed from silver to gold, with black outlining. Available in 2-Color Sunburst and Butterscotch Blonde, Squier is a subsidiary of Fender and features less expensive versions of Fender instruments. The Squier Vintage Modified Precision Bass TB was released in April 2007 and it is based on the second version of the Telecaster Bass, featuring a similar Telecaster Bass headstock, pickguard and humbucking pickup. Squier has also issued a 1950s Precision Bass model in the style of the original Fender 1951 Precision Bass as part of their Classic Vibe series. It comes in three finishes, A Butterscotch Blonde with a black pickguard, a Lake Placid Blue metallic with a white pickguard, all have maple fretboards as well as contoured edges & front & back comfort contours, making them similar to the 54-57 Precision Bass design. The pickup on these models is a similar to that at the bridge position on a Telecaster guitar. Available in Black and White Blonde finishes, sting Arthur Kane, original bassist of New York Dolls. Mike Dirnt from American punk rock band Green Day has been noted to use a Telecaster Bass, charlie Tumahai, from English progressive rock band Be-Bop Deluxe and New Zealand reggae band Herbs, played a 1968–1971 version of the Telecaster Bass
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Mike Dirnt
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Michael Ryan Pritchard, known professionally as Mike Dirnt, is an American musician, songwriter and composer. He is best known as the co-founder, bassist, backing vocalist and he has also played in several other bands, including The Frustrators. As a child, his father was often away obtaining a degree, while his mother stayed at home to care for him, Dirnt excelled in school despite missing classes, often as a result of various illnesses believed to be caused by his biological mothers drug use. After an argument between his parents resulted in a call to the police, the couple divorced and his mother and sister moved to Rodeo, CA while he stayed in El Sobrante, CA with his father. However, missing his mother, he moved in with her. Having been previously described as bright and fearless, Dirnt became sullen, in the cafeteria in Carquinez Middle School, ten-year-old Dirnt met Billie Joe Armstrong, with whom he bonded instantly. Armstrong began to play guitar with Mike, and the two spent much time in Armstrongs house and they played songs by artists, most notably The Ramones. At the age of 15, they formed a group named Sweet Children where Billie playing lead guitar, dirnts family struggled with financial troubles, in an effort to help out, he worked as a chef at Nantucket, a seafood restaurant in Crockett. He eventually saved up money to purchase a used pickup truck that he and Armstrong often drove to Berkeley to attend shows at 924 Gilman Street. The pair got jobs at the club as security guards, despite their small physiques, Dirnt recalled, We lived and died for that place. At that time, it meant everything, while at Pinole Valley High School, Dirnt and classmate Billie Joe Armstrong formed a band called Sweet Children. Dirnts mother struggled to provide for him and his sister as a single parent, unwilling to leave Sweet Children, Armstrong and Dirnt convinced each others parents to allow Dirnt to move into Armstrongs garage. After drummer John Kiffmeyer, who was known as Al Sobrante, joined the group. The band performed several well-received sets, which encouraged Armstrong to drop out of school to focus his energy on music. Dirnt, however, worried that he needed a backup plan, hughes, who was not as dedicated to the group as the other members, left Sweet Children, leaving Dirnt to play bass. Dirnt often brought his bass to school, and the noise of the unamplified strings led classmates to jokingly call him by the onomatopoeia Dirnt. While performing at the 1998 KROQ Weenie Roast in Irvine, California, Third Eye Blind bassist Arion Salazar ran onstage and bear-hugged Dirnt, the incident escalated into an on-stage scuffle before security took Salazar away. After the performance, Dirnt confronted Salazar backstage, and as the two argued, a beer bottle struck Dirnt in the head, causing a fracture in his skull
40.
Sting (musician)
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Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner, CBE, better known by his stage name Sting, is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He was the songwriter, lead singer, and bassist for the new wave rock band The Police from 1977 to 1984. He has included elements of rock, jazz, reggae, classical, new-age and he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Police in 2003. In 2000, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for recording, in 2003, Sting received a CBE from Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for services to music, and was made a Kennedy Center Honoree at the White House in 2014. He was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2017, with The Police, Sting became one of the worlds best-selling music artists. Solo and with The Police combined, he has sold over 100 million records, in 2006, Paste ranked him 62nd of the 100 best living songwriters. He was 63rd of VH1s 100 greatest artists of rock, and he grew up near Wallsends shipyards, which made an impression on him. At eight or ten years old, he was inspired by the Queen Mother waving at him from a Rolls-Royce to divert from the shipyard prospect towards a more glamorous life. He helped his father deliver milk and by ten was obsessed with an old Spanish guitar left by a friend of his father. He attended St Cuthberts Grammar School in Newcastle upon Tyne and he visited nightclubs such as Club AGogo to see Cream and Manfred Mann, who influenced his music. After being a bus conductor, building labourer and tax officer, he attended Northern Counties College of Education from 1971 to 1974 and he taught at St Pauls First School in Cramlington for two years. Sting performed jazz in the evening, weekends and during breaks from college and he played with the Phoenix Jazzmen, Newcastle Big Band, and Last Exit. He gained his nickname after his habit of wearing a black, bandleader Gordon Solomon thought he looked like a bee, which prompted the name Sting. In the 1985 documentary Bring on the Night a journalist called him Gordon, to which he replied, My children call me Sting, my mother calls me Sting, in Time in 2011 he said, I was never called Gordon. You could shout Gordon in the street and I would just move out of your way, in January 1977, Sting moved from Newcastle to London and joined Stewart Copeland and Henry Padovani to form The Police. From 1978 to 1983 they had five UK chart-topping albums, won six Grammy Awards and their initial sound was punk-inspired, but they switched to reggae rock and minimalist pop. Their final album, Synchronicity, was nominated for five Grammy Awards including Album of the Year and it included their most successful song, Every Breath You Take, written by Sting, in 1983. While never formally breaking up, after Synchronicity the group agreed to concentrate on solo projects, as the years went by, the band members, particularly Sting, dismissed the possibility of reforming
41.
Schaller Electronic GmbH
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The company was founded by Helmut Schaller as a radio repair shop in 1945. Later they started to provide quality hardware for musicians, including Les Paul who Schaller met and they are producing only in Germany at their location in Postbauer-Heng. They are known also for their Security Locks, which prevent the guitar from falling off its strap, in the past Schaller was also a guitar amplifier manufacturer. M6 M6 Mini ST6 Golden 50 2in1 Hot Stuff S6 T6455456 GTM Hannes 3D6 System One Floyd Rose Vintage Official Schaller Site Schaller 456 - Review
42.
Lace Sensor
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The Lace Sensor is a guitar pickup designed by Don Lace and manufactured by AGI since 1985. This line of electric guitar pickups was used exclusively by Fender from 1987 to 1996, Lace Sensors are true single-coil pickups, however, internally they are different from classic single coils. The chief difference is that, like the used on the Fender Jaguar. According to the manufacturer, these barriers also help concentrate the field, allowing weaker magnets to be used. Less string pull, in turn, means truer pitch and intonation, four types of Lace Sensor pickups for Stratocaster were originally manufactured, followed by five newer models, each with a different output rating and tone. Lace Sensors are also available for Telecaster, Precision Bass, Fender Jazz Bass, a Lace Sensor Dually is effectively a double-coil unit combining two Lace Sensor single-coil pickups in a humbucker configuration. Both coils of the pickup are wired individually and left that way, so that the user may choose whether to wire them up as a humbucker, usually a humbucker needs to comprise at least two coils with equal output, in order to produce the noise-cancelling effect. Lace Sensors are able to use mismatched coils because as single-coil pickups they are low in noise, introduced in 2007, Lace Alumitone pickups feature a new design which is aluminum based, rather than copper. The result is less resistance, higher output coupled to a current driven design as opposed to conventional voltage based pickups, the water-jet-cut aluminum exoskeleton is then matted to a micro winding using 90% less fine copper wire. A low impedance/high impedance pickup is then created, sonically, the pickups produce more bass than traditional single coils, more volume, mids are slightly more than conventional pickups. Official Lace website Official information about internal workings Lace Alumitone Pickups - Review
43.
Fender Custom Shop
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The Fender Custom Shop is a division of Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, housed within their headquarters complex in Corona, Riverside County, California. For nearly 20 years, Fender was owned and operated by the CBS, many guitar players felt that the interests of CBS were at odds with the marketplace and profits declined. In 1984, CBS sold the rights to the Fender name, the Fender Custom Shop began in 1987, under the supervision of then-CEO Schultz. The initial staff comprised only two Master Builders and a Haas VF4 CNC machine that cuts three bodies or four necks at once, in 1991, the Fender Custom Amp Shop was created and housed in Scottsdale, Arizona. Seven years later, Fender USA manufacturing, R&D and Custom Shop divisions, were moved to its present location in Corona, currently, the Fender Custom Shop employs over fifty craftsmen and produces both custom one-off projects and limited CNC-tooled production runs. First and foremost, the Custom Shop creates one-off products, not explicitly intended for the public, examples include the tweed Twin remakes crafted by hand by John Suhr for Eric Clapton, and later delivered to Mark Knopfler and B. B. Closely related, and in some cases a direct result of collaborations with and these models are meticulously crafted by hand, under the supervision of one luthier as opposed to part of an assembly line. Fender makes this distinction by tagging these models as Master Built and these instruments are designed to closely replicate the original examples and are very limited in number and often extremely expensive. Far more common under the Custom Shop banner are production models commissioned by players and made available to the general public and this line includes high-end models in series such as Custom Classics, Showmasters and Time Machines. Examples of guitars designed by players and manufactured by the Custom Shop include signature guitars for David Gilmour, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, Albert Collins, Merle Haggard. An offshoot of Fenders forays into replicating the look of heavily worn instruments was the introduction of the Fender Relic series in the late 1990s, the true story stemmed from Stones producer Don Was. In 1994 Jay W. Black, one of the Senior Master Builders at the time, was wanted Black to beat up his new Sadowsky bass that he was due to play with Bonnie Raitt at a Grammy Awards ceremony because he felt it looked too squeaky clean. Fender tarnishes metal parts, purposely marks and scratches paintjobs, yellows and cracks plastic parts, relic-ing is controversial among players who question the logic of paying a premium for a deliberately damaged instrument. Recently, the Fender Custom Shop has devoted time and resources to creating limited Art guitars. The Fender Custom Amp Shop, a subset of the Custom Shop, has produced several limited-run amplifiers during its existence, examples include the Tone-Master, Prosonic, Tweed Reissue Twin Reverb, and Two-Tone models. Fender also produces Fender Custom Shop calendars, which feature their many different guitars, official Fender Custom Shop website 2006 John Page interview on Modern Guitars magazine
44.
Fender American Deluxe Series
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The Fender American Deluxe Series was a line of electric guitars and basses introduced by Fender in 1998 and discontinued in 2016. It was upgraded in 2004 and 2010 before being replaced by the American Elite series in 2016, the American Deluxe line replaced the Plus Series models of 1987. Jazz Basses are made with chrome hardware, a traditional control plate with classic black bakelite knobs, a body shape. Some of the elements found on the American Deluxe instruments were adopted on the American Series models of 2001. The American Deluxe was later updated with Samarium Cobalt Noiseless pickups by Fender in 2004, as of January 2016, the American Deluxe series was discontinued
45.
Equalization (audio)
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Equalization is the process of adjusting the balance between frequency components within an electronic signal. The most well known use of equalization is in recording and reproduction but there are many other applications in electronics. The circuit or equipment used to achieve equalization is called an equalizer and these devices strengthen or weaken the energy of specific frequency bands or frequency ranges. In sound recording and reproduction, equalization is the commonly used to alter the frequency response of an audio system using linear filters. Most hi-fi equipment uses relatively simple filters to make bass and treble adjustments, graphic and parametric equalizers have much more flexibility in tailoring the frequency content of an audio signal. An equalizer is the circuit or equipment used to achieve equalization, since equalizers, adjust the amplitude of audio signals at particular frequencies, they are, in other words, frequency-specific volume knobs. The term EQ specifically refers to this variant of the term, stereos and basic guitar amplifiers typically have adjustable equalizers which boost or cut bass or treble frequencies. Mid- to high-priced guitar and bass amplifiers usually have more bands of frequency control, such as bass, mid-range and treble or bass, low-mid, high-mid, some amps have an additional knob for controlling very high frequencies. Broadcast and recording studios use sophisticated equalizers capable of more detailed adjustments. The most common equalizers in music production are parametric, semi-parametric, graphic, peak, graphic equalizers are often included in consumer audio equipment and software which plays music on home computers. Parametric equalizers require more expertise than graphic equalizers, and they can provide more specific compensation or alteration around a chosen frequency and this may be used in order to remove unwanted resonances or boost certain frequencies. An acoustic guitarist who finds that her instrument sounds too boomy may ask the engineer to reduce the low frequency range response. A guitarist who finds that the instrument sound in the PA has too much finger noise may ask the engineer to reduce the frequency range response. The concept of equalization was first applied in correcting the frequency response of telephone lines using passive networks, a plot of the systems net frequency response would be flat, as its response to all frequencies would literally be equal. Much later the concept was applied in engineering to adjust the frequency response in recording, reproduction. Audio amplifiers have long had filters or controls to modify their frequency response and these are most often in the form of variable bass and treble controls, and switches to apply low-cut or high-cut filters for elimination of low frequency rumble and high frequency hiss respectively. Graphic equalizers and other equipment developed for improving fidelity have since used by recording engineers to modify frequency responses for aesthetic reasons. Hence in the field of audio electronics the term equalization is now used to describe the application of such filters regardless of intent
46.
Badass (guitar bridges)
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Badass is a trade name of Leo Quan, a manufacturer of bridges for guitars and basses. Badass bridges feature individually adjustable saddles, which allows for extremely accurate intonation adjustments, the Badass came on the market in the 1970s, and was made by entrepreneur and guitar repairman Glen Quan. The first Badass bridges were built from diecast zinc and were considered somewhat rough, later models were made from a high-density zinc alloy, frank Bello of Anthrax on his Fender signature bass. Mike Dirnt of Green Day, Badass II on a Fender Precision Bass made in the Fender Custom Shop, steve Harris of Iron Maiden, Badass II bridge on his Fender Precision Bass. Marcus Miller, on a Fender Jazz, jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, on his Danelectro. Malcolm Young of AC/DC, the Gretsch Malcolm Young Series was equipped with a Badass bridge, jerry Only of Misfits, on his devastator bass. David Ellefson of Megadeth, Davids Jackson signature bass model has a Badass II bridge
