1.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
2.
World's fair
–
A worlds fair, world fair, world exposition, or universal exposition is a large international exhibition designed to showcase achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in varying parts of the world, the next world Expo is Expo 2020 and is to be held in Dubai, UAE. Since the 1928 Convention Relating to International Exhibitions came into force, bIE-approved fairs are of three types, universal, specialized and horticultural. They usually last from three weeks to six months, Worlds fairs originated in the French tradition of national exhibitions, a tradition that culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. This fair was followed by other exhibitions in continental Europe. The best-known first World Expo was held in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, United Kingdom, in 1851, under the title Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations. The Great Exhibition, as it is called, was an idea of Prince Albert, Queen Victorias husband. It influenced the development of aspects of society, including art-and-design education, international trade and relations. This expo was the most obvious precedent for the international exhibitions, later called worlds fairs. Since their inception in 1851, the character of world expositions has evolved, three eras can be distinguished, the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding. The first era could be called the era of industrialization and covered, roughly, in these days, world expositions were especially focused on trade, and were famous for the display of technological inventions and advancements. World expositions were the platforms where the state-of-the-art in science and technology from around the world were brought together, inventions such as the telephone were first presented during this era. An important part of the image of worlds fairs stems from this first era, the 1939–40 New York Worlds Fair diverged from the original focus of the worlds fair expositions. From then on, worlds fairs adopted specific cultural themes, they forecasted a future for society. Technological innovations were no longer the primary exhibits at fairs, the fairs encouraged effective intercultural communication for the exchange of innovation. The 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal was promoted under the name Expo 67, event organizers retired the term worlds fair in favor of expo. From Expo 88 in Brisbane onwards, countries started to use world expositions more widely, finland, Japan, Canada, France and Spain are cases in point. A large study by Tjaco Walvis called Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers showed that improving national image was the primary goal for 73% of the countries at Expo 2000
3.
Simplon Tunnel
–
The Simplon Tunnel is a railway tunnel that connects Brig, Switzerland and Domodossola, Italy, through the Alps, but not under Simplon Pass itself. It is straight except for short curves at either end and it actually consists of two single-track tunnels built nearly 20 years apart. The first to be opened is 19,803 m long, work on the first tube of the Simplon Tunnel commenced in 1898. The Italian king Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and the president of the National Council of Switzerland Ludwig Forrer opened the tunnel at Brig on 10 May 1906, the builders of the tunnel were Hermann Häustler and Hugo von Kager. Work on the tube of the tunnel started in 1912. Shortly after the opening of the first railway in Switzerland, each began to favour a separate north-south link through the Alps towards Italy. Eastern Switzerland supported a line through the Splügen Pass or the Lukmanier Pass, Central Switzerland and Zürich favoured the Gotthard Pass, in 1871 the first line was completed through the Alps, connecting Italy and France with the Fréjus Rail Tunnel. On 1 July 1878, the Simplon Railway Company was created to promote the project, the French financiers of the SOS were able to secure finance for the tunnel in 1886. The company considered 31 proposals and selected one that involved the construction of a tunnel from Glis to Gondo, from Gondo it would have continued on a ramp through the Divedro valley down to Domodossola. At a Swiss-Italian conference held in July 1889, it was agreed, however, in order to secure credit for the tunnel, the SOS joined with the Jura–Bern–Luzern Railway to create the Jura–Simplon Railway. On 1 May 1903, the Jura-Simplon Railway was nationalized and integrated into the network of the Swiss Federal Railways, the construction of the tunnel was carried out by the Hamburg engineering company Brandt & Brandau, of Karl Brandau and Alfred Brandt. On average,3,000 people a day worked on the site and they were mostly Italians, who suffered under very poor working conditions,67 workers were killed in accidents, many died later of diseases. During the work, there were strikes, which led to the intervention of vigilantes, with up to 2,135 m of rock over the tunnel, temperatures of up to 42 °C were expected and a new building method was developed. In addition to the main tunnel, a parallel tunnel was built, with the tunnel centres separated by 17 m. It was envisaged that the tunnel could be upgraded to a second running tunnel when required. The first Simplon Tunnel was built almost straight, with only short curves at the two tunnel portals, on 24 February 1905, the two halves of the tunnel came together. They were out of alignment by only 202 mm horizontally and 87 mm vertically, construction time was 7½ years, rather than 5½ years, due to problems such as water inflows and strikes. Operations commenced through the tunnel on 19 May 1906, because of its length among other things, it has operated with electric traction rather than steam from the beginning
4.
Massimiliano Fuksas
–
Massimiliano Fuksas is an international Italian architect. He is the head of Studio Fuksas, with offices in Rome, Paris, Fuksas was born in Rome in 1944, his father was Lithuanian Jewish while his Catholic mother was the daughter of a French father and an Austrian mother. At the beginning of the Sixties, he worked for Giorgio De Chirico in Rome, after he left Italy and worked for a period for Archigram in London, for Henning Larsen and for Jørn Utzon in Copenhagen. He received his degree in architecture from the La Sapienza University in 1969 in Rome, where he opened his first office in 1967, from 1985 he has worked in partnership with his wife, Doriana Mandrelli. Subsequent offices were opened in Paris and Vienna, Frankfurt and Shenzhen, Fuksas had three daughter from Doriana Fuksas, Elisa, Lavinia, Priscilla. From 1994 to 1997 he was a member of the commissions of Berlin. For many years he has dedicated his special attention to the study of urban problems, from June 1997 he was advisor to the I. F. A. Since January 2000, writes the column of the weekly publication LEspresso. In 2000 he was the Director of The Venice Biennales - 7th International Architecture Exhibition - Less Aesthetics and he is visiting professor at several universities, including the École spéciale darchitecture in Paris, and Columbia University in New York. Oscillazioni e sconfinamenti, Testo e Immagine Ed, ISBN 88-86498-06-3 Official commercial site Massimiliano Fuksas - in Italian ARC Profile at Specifier Magazine Interview in the LEAF Review
5.
Pavilion
–
In architecture a pavilion has several meanings. In architectural terminology it refers to a building that is either positioned separately or as an attachment to a main building. Often its function makes it an object of pleasure, such configurations provide an emphatic visual termination to the composition of a large building, akin to bookends. Pavilions may be small outbuildings, similar to a summer house or a kiosk, small rooms on the roof of a large house. These were particularly popular up to the 18th century and can be equated to the Italian casina and these often resembled small classical temples and follies. Especially if there is space for food preparation, they may be called a banqueting house. A pavilion built to take advantage of a view may be referred to as a gazebo, bandstands in a park are a class of pavilion. A pool house by a swimming pool may have sufficient character, a sports pavilion is usually a building adjacent to a sports ground used for changing clothes and often partaking of refreshments. Often it has a verandah to provide protection from the sun for spectators, in cricket grounds, as at Lords, a cricket pavilion tends to be used for the building the players emerge from and return to, even when this is actually a large building including a grandstand. Externally, pavilions may be emphasised by any combination of a change in height, profile, colour, material, internally they may be part of a rectangular block, or only connected to the main block by a thin section of building. The two 18th-century English country houses of Houghton Hall and Holkham Hall, illustrate these different approaches in turn, in the Place des Vosges, Paris, twin pavilions mark the centers of the north and south sides of the square. They are named the Pavillon du Roi and the Pavillon de la Reine though no royal personage ever lived in the square, with their triple archways, they function like gatehouses that give access to the privileged space of the square. French gatehouses had been built in the form of such pavilions in the preceding century, in some areas, a pavilion is a term for a hunting lodge. The Pavillon de Galon in Luberon, France is a typical 18th century aristocratic hunting pavilion, the pavilion, located on the site of an old Roman villa, includes a garden à la française, which was used by the guests for receptions. Notes Media related to Pavilions at Wikimedia Commons
6.
Milan Metro Line 1
–
The Milan Metro Line One is the first underground rapid transit line built in Milan, Italy. It is part of the Milan Metro and it is operated by ATM, works on the line began in 1957, and the first part was opened on 1 November 1964, running from Sesto Marelli to Lotto station. The line is also called Red Line, as it is identified by red signs. Due to its premiership, the line gave its red color to the Milan Metro logo and it is 27 km long and serves 38 underground stations. The project was funded with ₤500 million from the municipality, the construction site of the first line was opened in viale Monte Rosa on 4 May 1957. Stations on the new line were designed by Albini-Helg architecture studio, bob Noorda designed the famous signaling. At first, stations were designed without the mezzanine floor, however, these were added to the final design to allow street crossing and the use of gates to collect tickets. The line from Lotto to Sesto Marelli opened on 1 November 1964, there are 4 types of trains running on the line, the original first series trains, revamped original trains, AnsaldoBreda Meneghino trains and the new Leonardo train introduced in 2015. The track gauge is the 1,435 mm standard gauge, the entire line is electrified by means of a third or fourth rail at 750 V. Among the 63 trains running on the line,20 entered service between 1964 and 1970 and those trains are planned to be replaced by new Meneghino trains in the next few years. There are 17 Meneghino trains already operational as of March 2012, an extension on the north from Sesto Primo Maggio to Monza is currently under construction. It is expected to be completed by 2017, the new section will be 1.9 km long with 2 stations, entirely underground. The total cost will be €206 million, Milan Metro Map News and hystorical info about Milan Metro and is architecture
7.
Milan suburban railway service
–
The Milan suburban railway service is a commuter rail system serving the metropolitan area of Milan, Italy. The system comprises 12 lines serving 125 stations, for a length of 403 km. There are 415 trains per day with a ridership of about 165,000. The core of the system is the Passante, a railway running through the city approximately from the north-west to the south-east. Several lines share this track, making the service in the city centre comparable to a metro line, the service timetable is based on a clock-face scheduling. Although operated by different companies, the Metro and the rail service have integrated tickets. Lines in darker background run through the Milan Passante railway, lines which share same tracks for the majority of the route are generally identified by similar colors. The line number S10, formerly used for a part of what is now line S13, has been unused since 2011 to avoid confusion with line S10 of the Canton Ticino commuter rail. Trains run every 30 minutes in each line, generally from 6 am to 9 pm or midnight depending on the line, an integrated ticket is used inside the Milan urban area for bus, tram and metro lines, as well as the suburban railway. The urban single journey ticket costs €1.50, other tickets are available, including 24h and 48h tickets and night ticket. Regional train fares apply outside the urban limit, between 2004 and 2007 ATM introduced Itinero smartcard, a proximity card which can be charged with season tickets, replacing paper for this type of tickets in the Milan area. At the beginning of 2010, a new smartcard, RicaricaMi, was introduced, the new card can be charged up with credit and can be used for travel in place of magnetic paper tickets, on the model of Londons Oyster card. These cards are valid on the suburban railway lines. The suburban railways can be accessed also with the regional integrated ticket Io viaggio ovunque in Lombardia, several train classes are operated on the network. TAF class trains were introduced since the end of the 1990s, Trenord is now introducing new Treno Servizio Regionale class trains to replace older rolling stock. On the S9, S11 and S8 are the Vivalto train and the double decker train Full service started on 12 December 2004 with the completion of the Passante, however, a shuttle service was running since 1997 in the partially completed track. Line S4 was extended from Seveso to Camnago on 19 February 2006, the new Romolo station on line S9 was opened 3 months later. Lines S1, S2, S6 and S10 were extended from Porta Vittoria to the new station of Rogoredo on 15 June 2008, two new stations, Pregnana Milanese and Rho Fiera Milano were opened in 2009
8.
Expo 2015
–
Expo 2015 was a universal exposition hosted by Milan, Italy. It opened on May 1 at 10,00 CEST and closed on October 31, Milan hosted an exposition for the second time, the first was the 1906 Milan International. The Bureau International des Expositions general assembly in Paris decided in favour of Milan on March 31,2008, on November 23,2010, the event was announced by the BIE. Expo 2015s theme was Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life, Expo 2015s theme was Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life, encompassing technology, innovation, culture, traditions and creativity and how they relate to food and diet. Futuristic concerns about food security are compounded by forecasts of increasing uncertainty about the quantity of food which will be available globally.1 km2 and it is adjacent to the Fiera Milano fairgrounds, designed by Massimiliano Fuksas, which may be considered the cornerstone of the areas urban redevelopment. It had long been an industrial zone before its conversion to logistical and municipal services, the fairgrounds and the Expo site were connected by a pedestrian bridge adjacent to the Rho-Pero high-speed rail station. Originally-planned bicycle paths were never constructed, and several motorways were built to access to the site. The area is oblong in shape with a length of nearly 3 km. The design of pools and waterways in and around the Expo area was an element of primary importance and it was designed by a committee of four architects, Stefano Boeri, Richard Burdett, Mark Rylander and Jacques Herzog. The main idea was to trace two avenues, representing the ancient Roman layout of a cardo and a decumanus, the initial idea of a classical site composed of avenues and pavilions was replaced by the idea of a light Expo composed of exhibition areas arranged across the main boulevard. The exhibition areas, identical for each country, recreated the typical cycle of each nation from production to consumption. The centre of the avenue was occupied by a table in front of the country pavilions extending the length of the site, the area would be covered by large, tent-like structures to convey the idea of a global marketplace. A second idea was to build greenhouses on the site to reproduce the earth’s principal biomes. These would be thematic pavilions for the cultivation and production of foodstuffs used in the individual country pavilions. Each country would have a dedicated greenhouse in its exhibition area, in this version of the site, water remained an important element but was shifted toward the exterior as a large, navigable canal surrounding the site. A large lake was included in the design. The master plan for Expo 2015, coordinated by Stefano Boeri, was delivered to the BIE during its April 30,2010 registration ceremony in Paris, changes included, Each exhibiting country could rent areas ranging from 400 to 6,000 m2. Buildable areas were reduced to 30 percent of the assigned to each exhibitor
9.
CityLife (Milan)
–
CityLife is a residential, commercial and business district under construction in a short distance from the old city centre of Milan, Italy, involving an area of 36.6 ha. The project is designed by famous architects Zaha Hadid, Arata Isozaki, the new exhibition centre in Rho-Pero opened in 2005,85 years after the first Trade Fair in April 1920. The Fiera’s move outside Milan benefitted the city by eliminating traffic problems caused by big events, an international tender for the redevelopment of the old Fiera area, seeking to create an unprecedented level of connectivity with the surrounding urban context, concluded in 2004. The CityLife project won the competition due to the level of architectural and environmental quality it offered. The 20 exhibition halls, with a volume of about 2.5 million cubic metres, were demolished. Painstaking efforts were made to protect and recover the stock of trees,120 of which were saved and relocated in the public parks over Milan. Since 2007 a Permanent Environmental Observatory has worked to protect the surrounding districts, administered by local public authorities, it controls the noise, dust and environmental impact during all stages of construction, using among other things, sound-absorbing and dust protective. The project involves the construction of three skyscrapers, with dedicated areas for offices, stores, restaurants and services, the luxury residential area will cover about 164,000 square metres, with around 1,300 apartments. In addition, more than 50% of the area,170,000 square metres are dedicated to green spaces. There will also be underground parking space for around 7,000 vehicles, further to the existing public transportation network, the CityLife area will be served by a new extension of the metro line 5, with a dedicated station at the centre of the Piazza Tre Torri. Its installations mainly use sources such as water, district heating. The Tre Torri offices have been awarded the prestigious GOLD level LEED™ pre-certification, CityLife is the largest car-free area in Milan and one of the biggest in Europe. Cars can reach garages and parking areas along an underground road system. A cycle and pedestrian path crosses the area from east to west, broad avenues lead from the residences to the centre of the district where to find shops, bars and restaurants overlooking the park. Situated in the south-east part of the CityLife area, the residences on Via Senofonte have been designed by Zaha Hadid, the residences are composed of seven buildings offering a wide range of possibilities from one-bed apartments to double-height penthouses. The residences on Via Senofonte are accessed through spacious lobbies with distinctive features such as large windows overlooking the park. The details and refinement of the give the entrances a high level of prestige. The furniture, designed by Zaha Hadid, is integrated into the spaces by its soft
10.
Milan Metro
–
The Milan Metro is the rapid transit system serving Milan, Italy, operated by Azienda Trasporti Milanesi. The network consists of 4 lines, identified by different numbers and colors, with a network length of 101 kilometres. It has a ridership of 1.15 million. The first line, the red one, opened in 1964, the line opened 5 years later in 1969, the yellow line in 1990. A fifth line is currently under construction, Milan Metro is currently the first system in Italy for length, number of stations and ridership. The architectural project, by Franco Albini, Franca Helg and Bob Noorda, was awarded in 1964 with a Compasso doro, the most prestigious award for Design in Italy. The first projects for a line in Milan were drawn up in 1914 and 1925, following the examples of underground transport networks in other European cities like London. Planning proceeded in 1938 for the construction of a system of 7 lines, the project was funded with ₤500 million from the municipality and the rest from a loan. The construction site of the first line was opened in viale Monte Rosa on 4 May 1957, stations on the new line were designed by Franco Albini and Franca Helg architecture studio, while Bob Noorda designed the signage. For this project both Albini-Helg and Noorda won the Compasso DOro prize, the first section from Lotto to Sesto Marelli was opened on 1 November 1964, after 7 years of construction works. The track was 12.5 km long, and the distance between the stations was 590 m. In the same year, in April, works on the line started. Passengers on the network grew constantly through the first years of service, the green line from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba opened five years later. During the 1960s and 1970s the network of 2 lines was completed, in 1978, the lines were already 17.6 km and 23 km long respectively, with 28 and 22 stations. The first section of the line, with 5 stations, was opened on 3 May 1990 after almost 9 years of construction works. The line opened just before the World Cup, the other 9 stations on Line 3 opened to the southeast in 1991, and northwest to Maciachini Station in 2004. In March 2005 the Line 2 Abbiategrasso station and the Line 1 Rho Fiera station opened, the intermediate station of Pero opened on December 2005. A north extension of Line 3 to Comasina and a new branch on the Line 2 to Assago opened in early 2011
11.
Milan
–
Milan is a city in Italy, capital of the Lombardy region, and the most populous metropolitan area and the second most populous comune in Italy. The population of the city proper is 1,351,000, Milan has a population of about 8,500,000 people. It is the industrial and financial centre of Italy and one of global significance. In terms of GDP, it has the largest economy among European non-capital cities, Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and lies at the heart of one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is an Alpha leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts Italys Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks, the city is a major world fashion and design capital, well known for several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair. The city hosts numerous cultural institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total enrolled students, Milans museums, theatres and landmarks attract over 9 million visitors annually. Milan – after Naples – is the second Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, the city hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. Milan is home to two of Europes major football teams, A. C. Milan and F. C. Internazionale, the etymology of Milan is uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio, however, some scholars believe lanum comes from the Celtic root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory in which Celtic communities used to build shrines. Hence, Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe, indeed, the name Mediolanum is borne by about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France, e. g. Saintes and Évreux. Alciato credits Ambrose for his account, around 400 BC, the Celtic Insubres settled Milan and the surrounding region. In 222 BC, the Romans conquered the settlement, renaming it Mediolanum, Milan was eventually declared the capital of the Western Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian in 286 AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire and his colleague Maximianus ruled the Western one, immediately Maximian built several monuments, such as a large circus 470 m ×85 m, the Thermae Herculeae, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other buildings. With the Edict of Milan of 313, Emperor Constantine I guaranteed freedom of religion for Christians, after the city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna. In 452, the Huns overran the city, in 539, the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569, a Teutonic tribe, the Lombards, conquered Milan, some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule. Milan surrendered to the Franks in 774 when Charlemagne took the title of King of the Lombards, the Iron Crown of Lombardy dates from this period
_-_BEIC_6357496.jpg)
_-_BEIC_6365501.jpg)
_-_BEIC_6364343.jpg)
_-_BEIC_6364346.jpg)
_-_BEIC_6364347.jpg)
_-_BEIC_6365991.jpg)
_-_BEIC_6365953.jpg)
