1.
Finsbury Park, London
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For the nearby park of the same name, see Finsbury Park. Finsbury Park is an area in north London, England, which grew up around an important railway interchange near the borders of the London Boroughs of Islington, Haringey and Hackney. It is not to be confused with Finsbury, which is 3.3 miles farther south in the London Borough of Islington, although in some local contexts the name is shortened in this way. The area is centred on Finsbury Park station, a bus, rail. The surrounding area has a feel, as reflected by the wide variety of shops and establishments on Seven Sisters Road, Blackstock Road. The North London Central Mosque, which drew attention for extremist activity before a change in leadership in 2003, is located here, arsenal Football Clubs Emirates Stadium is nearby. Among other groups, Finsbury Park is home to a significant Irish community, for details of education in Finsbury Park, London see the London Boroughs of Hackney, Haringey and Islington articles. Lead singer of the Sex Pistols and Public Image Limited John Lydon, musician Graham Bond, a key figure in the English rhythm and blues boom of the 1960s, died at Finsbury Park station on 8 May 1974. Rapper Skinnyman grew up in Finsbury Park, actresses Margaret Barton, Kate Beckinsale, Minnie Driver, Emily Mortimer, Lily Loveless, Naomie Harris and Peta Toppano were born in Finsbury Park. Politician John Grant was born in Finsbury Park, photojournalist Don McCullin was born in Finsbury Park. Jeremy Corbyn, the Labour party leader and MP for Islington North, a blog for Finsbury Park N4
2.
Woodville North, South Australia
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Woodville North is a north-western suburb of Adelaide 10 km from the Adelaide city centre, in the state of South Australia, Australia and falls under the City of Charles Sturt. The post code for Woodville North is 5012 and it is adjacent to Pennington, Athol Park, Woodville Gardens, Mansfield Park, Woodville and Kilkenny. It is bordered to the east by Hanson Road to the west by Carlton Crescent, to the south by Torrens Road, the suburb is residential, apart from an industrial pocket to the northwest. Currently, the local high school is Woodville High School. There are a few shops and medical practices on Hanson Road, the Finsbury Reserve on Park Avenue provides a venue for recreation. The al-Khalil mosque on Torrens Road provides a facility for Islamic worship, Woodville North Post Office opened on 14 February 1966. An earlier office of the name was renamed Kilkenny North in 1964. Hanson Road is served by the 253,254 and the 253X & 254X express bus services, Torrens Road is served by the 230,232 and 100 services. Park Avenue is served by the 252 service, the Finsbury railway line used to run parallel to Audley Street, mainly to service the industrial activity in the area, but this was removed in 1979 due to the industrial decline. The Finsbury railway station itself previously occupied the site of the al-Khalil mosque, Woodville North is home to a large immigrant population. The initial settlement of the suburb coincided with a wave of immigrants from Eastern Europe following the Second World War. Although most of their children have moved on, a number of immigrant retirees still live in the area. Another wave of immigration occurred in the 1980s, when Vietnamese immigrants arrived after the Vietnam War, currently, more than 50% of the population is from a non-English speaking background
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Harringay
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Harringay is a residential area in the London Borough of Haringey in north London, in the United Kingdom. It is centred on the section of Green Lanes running between the New River, where it crosses Green Lanes by Finsbury Park, and Ducketts Common, the boundaries of Harringay form a rough boot shape in the extreme southern centre of the borough. The western boundary of Harringay is formed by the East Coast Main Line, the northern boundary is to the south of Turnpike Lane, running parallel to it, somewhere between Sydney Road and Fairfax Road. In the northeast, the boundary roughly corresponds with a line drawn between the south of Ducketts Common and the end of Warwick Gardens. A line due south of point, as far as Eade Road. Southeast of here a line to Finsbury Park completes the southeastern limits, Finsbury Park is officially part of Harringay and forms the south western boundary. Including the park, Harringay has an area of about 1 3⁄4 miles from north to south and 1⁄2 mile, at its widest point, Harringays main shopping street, Green Lanes, is a busy, cosmopolitan high street. Some shops have an established presence, like Disneys furniture store. Others reflect the cosmopolitan nature of Green Lanes and include a large number of Kurdish & Turkish bakeries, grocers, cafes. There are several pubs including the Grade II listed and Pevsner noted Salisbury, part of the 1980 film The Long Good Friday and the 1992 biopic of Charlie Chaplin. Towards the southern end stands the well-preserved, Victoriana-laden Beaconsfield public house, opposite is the Arena Shopping Park with a handful of national multiples outlets, a Sainsburys supermarket, and one of Britains first drive-thru McDonalds restaurants. A large section of the side of Green Lanes is called Grand Parade. Whilst the main road feels definitely cosmopolitan, the population of the streets is somewhat more homogeneous. The streets to the west of Green Lanes are known as the Harringay Ladder, the streets to the east behind Grand Parade are known as The Gardens. To the south of The Gardens and Sainsburys is Harringays Warehouse District, Harringay is just under 5 1⁄2 miles from the centre of London sitting on a chalk bed covered by a thick layer of London Clay. The western part of the district is hilly, rising to 138 feet at its highest, further to the west, beyond Harringay, the ground rises steadily to one of the highest points in London at Hampstead Heath about 3 1⁄2 miles away. The eastern part of Harringay is low-lying, at between 60 and 90 feet, as the land descends towards the Lea Valley,2 miles to the east, Harringay covers an area of approximately ¾ of a square mile. The land use for the area is shown in the table below, the only waterway still running above ground is the man-made New River, constructed in 1619 to bring water into London from Hertfordshire
5.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
6.
London Borough of Haringey
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The London Borough of Haringey /ˈhærɪŋɡeɪ/ is a London borough in North London, classified by some definitions as part of Inner London, and by others as part of Outer London. It was created in 1965 by the amalgamation of three former boroughs and it shares borders with six other London boroughs. Clockwise from the north, they are, Enfield, Waltham Forest, Hackney, Islington, Camden, Haringey covers an area of more than 11 square miles. Some of the familiar local landmarks include Alexandra Palace, Bruce Castle, Jacksons Lane, Highpoint I and II. Haringey is also a borough of contrasts geographically, from the wooded high ground around Highgate and Muswell Hill, at 426.5 feet, the land falls sharply away to the flat, open low-lying land beside the River Lea in the east. The borough includes large areas of space, which make up more than 25% of its total area. The local authority is Haringey London Borough Council, in March 2009, Haringey Councils performance was placed by the Audit Commission in the bottom four of the country and the worst in London. In December 2009, Haringeys performance was placed by Ofsted in the nine in the country for childrens services. The Councils Childrens Services has significantly improved over the last two years, a series of positive Ofsted inspections culminated in the service being taken out of special measures by the government in February 2013. In the Ice Age, Haringey was at the edge of a huge mass that reached as far south as Muswell Hill. There is evidence of both Stone Age and Bronze Age activity, prior to the Romans arrival, Haringey was part of a large area covering Essex and Middlesex which was home to a Celtic tribe called Trinobantes. The Romans presence is evidenced chiefly by the roads built through the area. Tottenham High Road was part of the main Roman thoroughfare of Ermine Street, There have also been Roman finds in the borough which suggests possible Roman settlement. In the 5th and 6th centuries the Saxon invasions brought Haering, Haringey remained a rural area until the 18th century when large country houses close to London became increasingly common. The new borough became part of the new Greater London Council, the names Haringey, Harringay and Hornsey in use today are all different variations of the same Old English, Haeringes-hege. Haering was a Saxon chief who lived probably in the area around Hornsey, Haerings Hege meant Haerings enclosure and evolved into Haringey, Harringay and Hornsey. The official heraldic arms were granted on 10 May 1965, after the mergers of the former Municipal Borough of Hornsey, the Municipal Borough of Wood Green and the Municipal Borough of Tottenham. Unlike most other London boroughs, it was decided not to create arms based on the charges in the coats of arms of the former boroughs, the coat of arms contains black and gold, representing stability, a cogwheel for industry and a rising sun for the new borough
7.
Green Flag Award
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The Green Flag Award is the benchmark national standard for publicly accessible parks and green spaces in the United Kingdom. The scheme was set up in 1996 to recognise and reward green spaces in England and it is also seen as a way of encouraging others to achieve the same high environmental standards, creating a benchmark of excellence in recreational green areas. Any free to public park or green space is eligible to apply for an Award. Privately owned but publicly accessible parks have received such as Chavasse Park. The scheme is owned by the government through the Department for Communities and Local Government, a pilot scheme was started in 2007 in Scotland and three parks were given awards that year. Both primary and secondary schools may be awarded the Green Flag in recognition of steps taken towards making the school increasingly eco-friendly, meanwhile, the award goes to other countries too for example to Germany. Parks and green spaces are judged in April and May each year, parks must apply each year to keep their Green Flag Award, and winning sites are eligible to fly a Green Flag in the park for a year. This scheme, started in 2002, has adapted the criteria for voluntary organisations, between 2012 and 2017 both parties will be working to expand Green Flag Award into the social housing sector. The scheme was run by volunteers from its founding in the 1990s. It was then sponsored by the government and run by the Civic Trust till the latter went into administration in 2009, since then it has been managed by a consortium of Keep Britain Tidy, the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers, and the charity Greenspace. Judges continue to be unpaid volunteers with experience and competence in the management of parks, Green Flag Award - home page
8.
Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
9.
Finsbury Park station
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Finsbury Park is a busy intermodal interchange station in north London. The interchange consists of a National Rail station, a London Underground station, the main entrances are by the eastern bus station on Station Place. There is another exit by the bus station along Wells Terrace, incorporating the Underground ticket office. The complex is located in Travelcard Zone 2, the station is named after the nearby Finsbury Park, one of the oldest of Londons Victorian parks. It is also used by many Arsenal supporters on matchdays, as the ground is just a short walk away. When the Victoria line was built in the 1960s, the walls in Finsbury Park station were decorated with mosaics of duelling pistols, Finsbury Fields was close to the present-day Finsbury Square,3 miles south. At the same time the long entrance subways and the Wells Terrace booking hall were rebuilt to a high standard, Finsbury Park station has a long and complex history involving the participation of many railway companies and there have been various changes to the station infrastructure. British Transport Police maintain a presence at Finsbury Park and have a station at the Wells Terrace entrance. Ticket barriers were installed to platforms 1,2,5 and 6 in 2011, Finsbury Park is on the route of the East Coast Main Line from Kings Cross to the north of England and Scotland. The southern section of this was built in stages during the 1840s, tracks were first laid through Finsbury Park in 1850 to the GNRs temporary terminus at Maiden Lane just north of the permanent terminus at Kings Cross. The first station at Finsbury Park opened on 1 July 1861 and was originally named Seven Sisters Road, soon after the first station opened, the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway began construction of a line from Finsbury Park to Edgware. The GNR took over the EH&LR shortly before its opening on 22 August 1867, the station was given its current name Finsbury Park on 15 November 1869. The Edgware branch platforms were on side of the main tracks. The southbound track of the branch crossed over the line by a bridge on its way into the station. The tunnels were constructed with a diameter to accommodate this service. The GN&CR tunnels, instead, terminated beneath the line station without a connection to the surface. The line opened on 14 February 1904, the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway opened on 15 December 1906 between Finsbury Park and Hammersmith in west London. The GN&SR was taken over in 1901 by a led by Charles Yerkes before any work had been carried out
10.
Manor House tube station
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Manor House is a station on the Piccadilly line of the London Underground, on the boundary between Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3. It straddles the border between the London Boroughs of Hackney and Haringey, the address and three of the entrances being in the former, and one entrance in the latter. The station, named after a public house, is situated at the junction of Seven Sisters Road. Opened on 19 September 1932, it lies between Finsbury Park and Turnpike Lane tube stations, like all stations on the Cockfosters extension, Manor House station set new aesthetic standards, not previously seen on Londons Underground. The station was equipped with nine street level entrances, two of which access to tram routes to and from Tottenham, Edmonton and Stamford Hill via tramway island exits into Seven Sisters Road. The last of these services were withdrawn in 1938 and replaced by trolleybuses. The sub-surface areas of the station were tiled in biscuit coloured tiles lined with blue friezes, the station tunnels have, in common with those of Turnpike Lane and Wood Green, a diameter of 23 feet and were designed for the greater volume of traffic expected. In contrast, Bounds Green and Southgate have only 21 foot diameter platform tunnels, the construction of suicide pits between the rails was also innovative. These were built in connection with a system of passageways under the platforms to access to the track. During the planning of the Victoria line a proposal to transfer Manor House station to the Victoria line was put forward. New tunnels were proposed for the Piccadilly line between Finsbury Park and Turnpike Lane, which would have considerably reduced the travelling time from outer North London to Central London. The inconvenience caused during re-construction, as well as the cost, London Buses routes 29,141,253,254,259,279 and 341 and night routes N29, N253 and N279 serve the station
11.
Harringay railway station
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Harringay railway station is a railway station located off Wightman Road in Harringay, north London. It is on the East Coast Main Line between Finsbury Park and Hornsey and opened on 1 May 1885, Harringay is managed and served by Great Northern. A formal agreement to build a station at Harringay was made between the British Land Company and the Great Northern Railway in April 1884, contracts to build the station and a road bridge over the Tottenham & Hampstead line went to S. W. Pattinson of Ruskington for £8,000 and £3,999 respectively in August the same year, the station was constructed with an up platform as an island serving the up main and up slow, and a single-sided down platform serving the down slow only. A 300-foot-long footbridge was constructed to access to the station. It stretched from an approach road off Wightman Road to the west side of the cutting. A booking office was built on the footbridge above the platforms, the station opened to passenger traffic on 1 May 1885 with a staff complement of a station master, two assistant clerks, two ticket collectors, and three porters. Although it had agreed that the station would be named Harringay Park. A goods yard was built to the east of the line, in 1900 a second down slow passenger line was added and the down platform was made an island and widened along its entire length. The 1885 booking office building suffered damage in the 1960s and had been almost entirely removed by 1969. It was replaced by a small shack, which still serves as a ticket office today. The station was renamed Harringay West on 18 June 1951, in 1975 the platform layout was altered with the west sides of both acting as single sided platforms. A replacement waiting room/canopy block was provided on each, since 1976 under British Rail only the central part of the footbridge, and the girders built to carry the old booking office building, remain from the 1885 station structure. The GN&SR stations on each side would have been the same as the main line stations, oyster pay as you go was introduced at this station on 2 January 2010. The ticket office opening hours are, Monday - Friday,06,05 -14,35 Saturday,07,05 -15,35 Sundays, Closed. In Autumn 2008, a new SHERE self-service ticket machine, accepting cash and credit cards, was installed here and at other local FCC stations. The station has four electronic timetables, one per platform, one inside the office and one outside the ticket office. There is a waiting room and sheltered area on each platform with some bench seating
12.
Harringay Green Lanes railway station
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Harringay Green Lanes railway station is a railway station in Harringay, north London. It is on the Gospel Oak to Barking Line between Crouch Hill and South Tottenham, trains run every 15 minutes in each direction, towards either Gospel Oak or Barking. All passenger services from the station are operated by London Overground, the lines through the station are also used frequently by freight trains. London Buses routes 29,141 and 341 and night route N29 serve the station, the original ticket office at street level survived and in recent times has been converted into a café. Just west of the station was the yard, this closed on 3 February 1964. In summer 2008, the station was repainted and re-signed in London Overground colours, manor House station is about 770 yards away. Transfer on a ticket is allowed between Harringay Green Lanes and nearby Harringay. The station has access from street to platform. The Tottenham joint lines, a journey between Barking and Gospel Oak. The Railways of Tottenham, a description and historical survey of their development
13.
Railway Fields
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Railway Fields is a Local Nature Reserve and a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade I, in Harringay the London Borough of Haringey. About one hectare in area, it was a goods yard until 1967. Much of the site is wooded with open birch woodland running along part of the boundary with the railway, denser woodland and scrub occupies much of the rest of the site. There are areas of grassland and a small pond, at the centre of the reserve, a wooden cabin provides an office and a classroom. Over 200 species of flowers have been recorded. This includes the unique Haringey Knotweed discovered in 1987, a cross between the Japanese Knotweed and the Russian vine, more than sixty species of birds have been observed since Railway Fields opened. The area that is now the Railway Fields nature reserve was established as a yard on the Tottenham. It seems likely that the use of the goods yard was for coal. Just under 100 years later, in 1967, the yard was closed, in 1975 it was acquired by Haringey Council for a community centre for Haringey Social Services. In 1986 it was opened as a park and used as an educational nature reserve. In 1990 it was declared a local nature reserve. The site is protected as public space in perpetuity as a Fields in Trust Queen Elizabeth II field. Harringay online - Website for Harringay residents Photo series by Henry Jacobs on Smug Mug The Conservation Volunteers
14.
The Salisbury
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The Salisbury is a Grade II* listed pub on Grand Parade in Harringay, north London. The Salisbury was designed and built by John Cathles Hill, founder of The London Brick Company, the pub was opened in 1899 with W. A. Cathles, a cousin of Hill, as the manager. Its construction cost of £30,000 is approximately £3.05 million as of 2017, in this it is a paradox, as the hotel, restaurant and public house which it comprises are distinct, but they are nevertheless equally one. The hotel is one of the finest which exists at the present day, it is one also which will take a genius to eclipse. in 2003, following a period of dilapidation and decline, and temporary closure, it was sympathetically restored and reopened. In 2008, beer and architecture experts Geoff Brandwood and Jane Jephcote, selected The Salisbury as one of Londons top ten heritage pubs in their book, the exterior is classified as French Renaissance style with shaped gables, ogee domed cupolas and large pedimented dormers. It is constructed of red brick with bands and dressings. Its slated mansard roof has a central tower topped with a wrought-iron crown. The pub has three stories and attic, polished black larvikite Corinthian pilasters support the fascia. The entrances have ornate wrought-iron screens above imposts, with elaborately tiled lobbies, the pubs interior was described by the architectural historian Mark Girouard as a magnificently elaborate and complete interior. On the first floor there is a room at the front which was in the past used as a restaurant. It has an elaborate, compartmented ceiling with ornate fibrous plasterwork, there is also notable engraved glass by Cakebread & Robey in the doors separating off the residential part of the building. This floor was used as a church, but has recently been renovated into an expansive luxury apartment. The bar area has a ceiling with cast-iron columns. There is a large, curved wooden bar with a trough at its base. The bar forms a complete rectangle serving all parts of the large space, the saloon and public bars are divided by a wooden, arched screen containing glass engraved with Art Nouveau motifs. At the rear is the billiard room, now a function room and kitchen. There are many elaborate engraved mirrors, some windows and fire surrounds. YouTube video of the little seen first floor of The Salisbury
15.
St Paul's Church, Harringay
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The Church of St Paul the Apostle, Wightman Road, Harringay, London, N4, serves a traditional Anglo-Catholic parish in north London. In ecclesiastical terms the parish is part of the Edmonton Episcopal Area of the Diocese of London, in political terms the parish is in the London Borough of Haringey. In 1984 the nineteenth-century church building was destroyed by fire, the parish of Harringay is situated at one corner of what was formerly part of Hornsey parish, adjacent to Stoke Newington parish. On 28 June 1892 the ecclesiastical Parish of St. Pauls Harringay was formed out of Holy Trinity Stroud Green, St. Annes Stamford Hill, the living was £387 net per year, with benefice. In 1883, the Reverend Joshua Greaves was appointed vicar, and found at Harringay a fast-growing housing estate rapidly covering open spaces and fields, a temporary tin hut mission church was opened for worship on 23 December when there were six communicants and a collection of 14s 3d. The temporary church stood in Burgoyne Road, the digging of the ground preparatory to building the first permanent church began on Tuesday 20 May 1890, and the foundation stone was laid by Lady Louisa Wolseley on Saturday 31 May 1890. The church was consecrated on 1 October 1891, by Dr. Frederick Temple, the new church was designed by the London architect George Michael Silley, and was built of red brick with Carsham-stone dressing, topped with a flèche. The building was in the style of 13th-century English Gothic architecture, when built the church seated 700. At the entrance to the chancel was an open, oak screen, a magnificent organ was made by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd, and was latterly maintained by Hill, Norman and Beard Ltd. of Hornsey. The churchs stained glass windows were designed by John Byam Liston Shaw, the total length of nave and chancel when completed was 130 feet, the width was 28 feet. The height from floor level was 37 feet, a church hall was built in Cavendish Road, N4, and in 1903 a new vicarage was built next to the church. Joshua Greaves remained the Vicar for 40 years, until 1923, the incumbents succeeding him were, in chronological order, Appleton, Warren, Brassel, Cowen, Bond, Barraclough, Lloyd, Seeley, and Martin. In 1932 were installed a new altar, marble font. On 7 March 1984 - during Seeleys incumbency - the churchs roof caught fire, the fire spread, and the church was destroyed. As can be judged by the images here, the interior of the church conveys a certain ordered calm that might be seen by some as sterile. It has been described as evoking a numinous presence, some of these are used on the altar, while others stand next to each of the three statues contained in the church. The simple and restrained stone statues of St. Paul and of St. Anthony are by Danny Clahane, while the traditional Walsingham-style, John Makepeace has contributed a one-metre-high alms box, carved from a single piece of solid oak with distinctive deep-ridged ziggurat patterns on all four sides. The mechanical-action organ was designed and built by Richard Bower, to fit within the organ case designed by the churchs architects, Harringay Onlines Harringay Timeline Harringay Online video of interior of St Pauls on YouTube
16.
Langham Working Men's Club
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The Secretary was a certain Mr. C. H. The club then became the Langham Club and Institute, named after a nearby road and it soon affiliated to the Working Mens Club and Institute Union. The club relocated to its current premises on Harringays Green Lanes in 1915, to begin with, the building was a large double-fronted house but it was extended back away from the road to provide additional rooms. A dance floor was laid in the new concert room, later on a snooker room was provided upstairs where the offices are also located. It was fortunate to avoid being bombed during the war though a few nearby streets suffered direct hits and it set up a very popular amateur boxing club and was the venue for local tournaments as well as for training. A collapsible boxing ring was erected one of the main rooms for this. The clubs proximity to the nearby Harringay Arena may well have encouraged an interest in the sport, lack of outdoor facilities meant that an indoor one was preferable. In the 1960s the club thought the original boxing ring might be stored under the stage. Many previous artefacts and documents were destroyed by a fire, the Lord Mayor of Haringey in 1967 was Mrs A. F. Remington and she pulled the first pint in the new lounge of the Langham that year. As she did, she declared that as it was a mens club. In her view all wives were working women and it did appear to be a women-friendly club even in the days when women were not welcome in others. There is no longer any boxing but plenty of things going on at the club. It is described by President, Mr. Robert Mead, as a ‘family club’ where everyone knows everyone else, but it also cares for others in the community and has always been involved in charity work. The club hosted the Lord Mayors charity event in 2006, apart from regular charities that it supports, the members organise spontaneous collections such as when the Asian tsunami hit back on Boxing Day 2006. There was a marathon darts playing session plus various other activities to raise money for those caught up in the disaster, regular entertainment is usually arranged for Saturday and Sunday evenings with some special events on Fridays, such a quizzes. Bingo is also played and a game of snooker can be had anytime the club is open, a local line dancing club holds its events in the large function room once a week. To conform with the 2007 smoking ban, a ‘smoker’s den’ was set up in the forecourt area, leading Working Mens Clubs of England, London 1952. The Economist, Vol 311,1989 Club Historians website
17.
Harringay Arena
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Harringay Arena was a sporting and events venue on Green Lanes in Harringay, North London, England. Built in 1936, it lasted as a venue until 1958, Harringay Arena was built and owned by Brigadier-General Alfred Critchley under the auspices of his private company, the Greyhound Racing Association Trust Ltd. A new company, Harringay Arena Limited, whose directors were directors of the GRA, was incorporated in 1929 to build. The company raised funds for the venture via a stock and share issue in January 1936, designed by Dr. Oscar Faber, the arena was a stark modernist octagonal-shaped building which borrowed heavily from the Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto. It was erected adjacent to the Harringay Stadium in just eight months between February and October 1936 and its vast steel roof was constructed by Dorman Long & Co, who had recently been responsible for the Sydney Harbour Bridge and completed the new Wembley Stadium in 2007. It had a capacity of almost 10,000 for ice hockey. The actual arena was 198 feet long by 88 feet wide, a removable maple floor could be laid over the ice for non-sporting events. At an event shortly after its opening the Daily Herald reported that claims that Harringay had solved its cold-feet problem were not quite substantiated, cold air from the ice below the boards filtered through. Specifically designed as an ice hockey venue, it became famous as a venue for both ice hockey and boxing. Up to the Second World War, ice hockey enjoyed its most popular era in the UK until a revival in the 1990s, two local teams were formed for the Arenas opening, Harringay Racers and Harringay Greyhounds. On October 26,1938, the first ice hockey game to be televised anywhere in the world was played at Harringay between the Racers and Streatham, a year later, WWII started and ice hockey matches were suspended. This interruption proved very damaging to the popularity and post-war audiences remained thin for the remainder of the Arenas life. Boxing became firmly established at the Arena prior to the war, on April 7,1938 Harringay was the venue for the first boxing match to be televised live when the full 15 rounds between Len Harvey v Jock McAvoy were broadcast. Following the war Harringay was a successful boxing venue. During its 22-year life, it was home to five world title fights, however famous the Arena became for boxing, commercial necessity led to a diversification into a wider range of events including, The basketball and wrestling events for the 1948 Summer Olympics. All England Open Badminton Championships from 1947 to 1949, Home of the Horse of the Year Show for its first ten years, from 1949 to 1958. In its final year at Harringay, the featured in the first broadcast of the BBCs new Saturday afternoon sports programme Grandstand. Roller Speedway from 1939 until 1952, with a break during the War, in 1953, with the demise of roller speedway, the Arena hosted a Roller Derby match
18.
Harringay Stadium
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Harringay Stadium was a major greyhound racing and motorcycle speedway venue in Harringay, north London. It was built and opened in 1927 and closed in 1987, Harringay Stadium was the third greyhound racing stadium to open in Britain. It was owned by the Greyhound Racing Association Ltd, after great success with their first track at Belle Vue in Manchester in 1926, they opened both White City and Harringay stadiums in 1927. Apparently his interest in how the lower classes were losing money by backing horses was born out of concern for his valet who lost large sums betting on horse racing. Harringay Stadium was constructed by Messrs T. G. Simpson of Victoria Street, London, the 23-acre site had been the Williamsons Pottery Works from the late 18th century through to the early 1900s. It was then used as a ground for the spoil from the construction of the Piccadilly line to Finsbury Park. On completion, the rather awkward structure had a capacity of 50,000, the main stand running along the north of the site seated 3,000. The remaining 47,000 spectators were accommodated on terracing constructed on earth banking, when it opened the stadium was originally called Harringay Park. There were a number of additions to the stadium in the years after construction including a number of smaller stands around the track, one of the most renowned additions was the Australian-invented Julius totalisator. This electro-mechanical computer, installed in 1930 and extended and upgraded in 1948, the opening night was on Tuesday 13 September 1927 and drew in a crowd of 35,000 and the racing was dampened by persistent rain all evening. The opening race was the Chorley Wood Stakes and it was won by Baltard Castle over 500 yards in a time of 30.80 sec at 3-1 for trainer Sid Jennings, the original trainers were Kennedy, Jennings, William Spoor, Harry Buck and Reginald Grey. Track lighting was seen as a first time experience by most, in 1927 the GRA set up the Hook estate at Northaw for GRA trainers to train out off for White City Stadium and Harringay. The 140 acres of park and grassland was used for greyhounds over nine months old and could house 600 dogs, the pups under nine months were reared under the supervision of William Skerratt on farms in and around Blythe Bridge near Stoke-on-Trent before graduating to Northaw. Bendeemer trained by Jack Kennedy finished fourth in the 1928 English Greyhound Derby final before the Mick the Miller appeared at Harringay for the time in 1929. He defeated the Billy Chandler owned Bishops Dream in a race on 11 December. The prestigious Pall Mall Stakes was set up in 1935 and became Harringay’s feature competition, the race was moved to Harringay, a move that did not go down well with many within the industry and the press described it as being the forgotten Derby. Racing was restricted during the four years with Saturday matinee meetings being the only fixtures. In 1948 the popular totalisator board underwent extensive improvements with the stand next to the board being demolished
19.
Former cinemas in Harringay
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In its days as an entertainment centre for London, Harringay in North London also provided more locally directed entertainment in the shape of four cinemas. The earliest was opened in 1910 and was operating as a cinema until January 2003, from the very beginning of the 20th Century William Day, pioneer of moving pictures, showed films in the Olympian Gardens pleasure grounds next to the Queens Head pub. It is assumed that a marquee or large tent was used, by the end of the decade the grounds had been occupied by Harringays first real cinema. The Premier Electric, designed by the architectural firm Emden & Egan, was opened on 16 April 1910 and it was built for London Picture Theatre Ltd as one of a small chain of Premier Electrics. By the time it closed in January 2003 it was the UK’s oldest operating cinema, the building still stands today on Frobisher Road by Ducketts Common. The frontage and entrance area had been designed to echo colonial India, palm trees were scattered around the foyer to foster the colonial feel. Reporting its opening the local newspaper, the Hornsey Journal, described it in glowing terms, the auditorium was designed in the style typical of the period with a curved and banded ceiling and proscenium arch. Seating was provided for 900 on a single floor, during the first part of its life the cinema had its own Premier Orchestra which played during all films. The entertainment bill during its early years was typical of its day, the programme for Thursday 30 June 1910 included the following, The Premier Electric saw its first changes in the early Thirties. It was bought by the River Park company and its shortened to the Premier. In 1932 Turnpike Lane Tube Station opened nearby, three years later as part of the development around the new station, competition arrived with the opening of the sleek new Ritz cinema. By 1938 the Premier was under another set of owners, Gaywood Cinemas, the company also owned the nearby Palais Deluxe in Station Road, Wood Green. In that year both cinemas were modernised, the Premier closed for seven weeks on 22 January 1938. What emerged was a new art deco cinema, renamed the Regal, the old building remained intact behind the new streamlined façade and most of the interior was left untouched apart from new seating and electrical work. The seating capacity was reduced to a more roomy 650, the cinema was set to compete. It went through two changes of ownership, reaching the hands of Newcastle based Essoldo in 1954. The chain also acquired the Coliseum Cinema on Green Lanes, on 6 October 1959, the Regal was renamed the Essoldo. By this time it was taking inferior class films and even showing some mild pornography, the new owners saw more profit in bingo and converted both Harringay cinemas to bingo halls
20.
Harringay Online
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Harringay Online is a hyperlocal social network based in the neighbourhood of Harringay, north London. Started on 1 July 2007, Harringay Online was one of the first neighbourhood websites to be set up using social media technology and it was established with the stated aim of strengthening the community in the neighbourhood of Harringay in the north London Borough of Haringey. The site aims to achieve a blend of web-based and real world neighbourhood interactions, empowering local people to take action to shape their neighbourhood – working to improve local people’s ability to influence local decisions and affect local circumstances. Engaging people in democratic processes. The sites main structure is, Main Page - summarising and linking to all content, forum - for discussions on local and sometimes non-local issues. Blogs - for blog type pieces, gallery - pictures & videos including an extensive series of film footage and photos on Harringays history. Local Information - a wide range of local links and information including weekly updates, events - calendar of local events. Local News - local news stories aggregated from around the internet, the site is a well used local site and receives between 1500 and 3000 unique users per day. An email update is circulated weekly to all members and it has been recognised by two national awards and was awarded a Judges Special Commendation by the Prime Minister in the UKs 2008 Catalyst Awards. In June 2009 it was commended in the National eWell-Being Awards. In 2010 it was a focus for the UK-based study on local websites, the site is somewhat thin- skinned when presented with criticism of local councillors. To date he has not been allowed access to the site, general Referenced in Joining the Conversation, a guide to neighbourhood media, a paper jointly published by the Young Foundation, IDeA and the Local Government Association. Section on Harringay Online in Promising Practices In Online Engagement by Public Agenda
21.
Hornsey
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Hornsey /hɔːrnziː/ is a district of north London, England in the London Borough of Haringey. It is an inner-suburban, for the most part residential, area centred 6.2 miles north of Charing Cross, despite being the oldest recorded village in London, there is much debate about the definition of the area and the term Hornsey Village. The boundaries of Hornsey neighbourhood today are not clearly defined and this used to stretch to a long border with Islington and Stoke Newington. It also had two small detached parts immediately beyond and within the latter, north of Hornsey High Street, and immediately to its south, some of the area is public sector housing, surrounded by the late Victorian terraces developed by builders such as John Farrer. Between the western end of the High Street and the bottom of Muswell Hill, much of this part is the Warner Estate built up with large well-appointed late Victorian houses. To the south west of the High Street is Priory Park, the High Street has a range of shops and an increasing number of restaurants and pubs. The eastern section retains strong echoes of its rural past and hosts the 13th-century tower which is all that remains of St Marys Church, the Tower has recently been used as The Intimate Space, climaing to be Londons smallest performance space. On the north side of the High street was the old public bath and wash house which was demolished got make way for a new housing scheme, opened in 1932, it had 33,000 users a year in the 1950s. A small group of residents had suggested to Haringey Council that it should be developed as an arts & crafts studio. The TV drama series The Hour was filmed in Hornsey Town Hall, Hornseys Town Hall was also used within the show. One electoral ward containing the word Hornsey was in use by the London Borough of Haringey in 2011, the earliest written form of the name was recorded as Harenhg’ in about 1195. Its development thereafter gave rise to the names of Harringay. The church first mentioned in 1291, the village grew dramatically after about 1860 and eventually merged with the separate settlement at Crouch End to form an urban area in the middle of the parish. Much of Hornsey was built up in Edwardian times, but the tower of the parish church still stands in its ancient graveyard in Hornsey High Street. Other notable places are the Doragh Gasworks, the former Hornsey Town Hall in Crouch End, in 1954 the first Lotus Cars factory was established in stables behind the Railway Hotel on Tottenham Lane. The company was formed as Lotus Engineering Ltd in 1952 by Colin Chapman and Colin Dare, the Railway Hotel pub was owned by Chapman’s father. In its early days Lotus sold cars aimed at privateer racers and its early road cars could be bought as kits, in order to save on purchase tax. Adjacent to the pub was the first Lotus showroom where there is now a plaque to Colin Chapman erected by Club Lotus
22.
Municipal Borough of Hornsey
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Hornsey was a local government district in east Middlesex from 1867 to 1965. In 1867, a Local Board was formed for part of the parish of Hornsey. The rest of the parish was already under South Hornsey Local Board formed in 1865, in 1894, under the Local Government Act of that year, Hornsey became an urban district. In 1903, it was incorporated as a municipal borough, the corporation made two unsuccessful attempts to gain county borough status in 1904 and 1915. The borough was part of the London postal district and Metropolitan Police District, the manor of Hornsey had at one time been held by the Diocese of London and crossed swords, taken from the Dioceses arms, completed the design. The Latin motto was Fortior quo paratior or The better prepared, one of the municipal boroughs first significant projects was the opening of Hornsey Cottage Hospital in 1910. Hornsey Town Hall, built in 1933–35 and designed by Reginald Uren, was admired for its clean, Modernist style. However, since 2004 Haringey Council gradually removed municipal services from the building, in 1965, the municipal borough was abolished and its area was transferred to Greater London under the London Government Act 1963. Hornseys area was combined with the Municipal Borough of Tottenham and the Municipal Borough of Wood Green to form the present-day London Borough of Haringey, Local Government Act 1894 London Government Act 1963 A Vision of Britain - Hornsey UD/MB
23.
Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
24.
Stroud Green, London
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Stroud Green is the name of a suburb located adjacent to Finsbury Park in north London, England. Stroud Green ward is within the London Borough of Haringey, on its south-western side the Stroud Green Road forms part of the boundary with the London Borough of Islington. Thus, the adjacent areas of Islington are sometimes referred to as Stroud Green, Stroud Green Road is the main local hub and shopping area for residents. At its eastern end it intersects Seven Sisters Road and Blackstock Road at a major crossroads, Stroud Green Road is a populous thoroughfare linking the area of Crouch Hill with the major north London transport interchange of Finsbury Park station. In 1407 the area was called Strode, which is formed from the Old English stōd and it is recorded as Stowde Grene in 1546, the grene suffix is Middle English and means village green. The neighbourhood high street, Stroud Green Road, includes a range of restaurants. There are also two high-street supermarkets, the Finsbury Park end of the road, though different in character to the stretch further north, is currently benefitting from a large regeneration scheme centred on Finsbury Park town centre. The folk record label Topic Records was based at 48–50 Stroud Green Road, the label has since moved to Uppingham in Rutland. In the east of the neighbourhood, next to Harringay railway station is the Stroud Green & Harringay Library. Stroud Green Road runs north west from the hub of Finsbury Park station. On the eastern border of Stroud Green is Harringay railway station on the Great Northern Line, London bus routes W3, W7, and 210 run the length of Stroud Green Road, terminating at Finsbury Park. The low railway bridge at Finsbury Park prevents bus routes running directly from areas north of Finsbury Park such as Stroud Green Road directly into central London, Stroud Green railway station closed in 1954. It was on the Finsbury Park to Edgware line, and along with nearby Crouch End railway station had planned to be added to the Northern line of London Underground. Stroud Green Community bulletin board Stroud Green Flickr Group Stroud Green Primary School
25.
Manor House, London
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Manor House is a district of north east London that mainly falls within the London Borough of Hackney, although it is located on the border with the London Borough of Haringey. Taking its name from Manor House tube station on the Piccadilly line, it is centred on the crossroads of Seven Sisters Road, the western border is defined by Finsbury Park in the neighbourhood of Harringay. Its other borders are defined by the New River, which loops around it on three sides, the area consists mainly of the Woodberry Down Estate, but there are also two small shopping areas, a school and a pub. The pub was the source of both the name of the station and the area. The first pub on the site was built by Stoke Newington builder Thomas Widdows between 1830 and 1834 next to the turnpike on Green Lanes. Prior to this date a cottage had existed on the site, Thomas Widdows was both the owner of the house and its occupant. With the building soon to be sited on the junction of the existing Green Lanes turnpike road, the new building was within sight of the Hornsey Wood Tavern, which had been formed out of the old Copt Hall, the manor house of the Manor of Brownswood. It is possible that its name was taken from this connection The land itself however was on the demesne of Stoke Newington Manor, so it is equally possible that the Manor House name was just a fashionable name, more related to the connection with Stoke Newington Manor. Baily died just three years later and the tavern was taken over by George Stacey who had previously been at the Adelaide Tavern in Hackney Road, Stacey placed a tablet on the pub with the following inscription. However, nothing is known of the incident, The tavern changed hands several times after Stacey. In 1851 it was purchased by James Toomer, according to the Morning Post, Toomer was well respected in literary and theatrical circles. The new owner added function rooms including a hall and ballroom which became known as the Manor House Assembly Rooms. Soon after purchase he obtained licences for music and dancing and the pub became a regular venue for events of both sorts. In the summer of 1870 Toomer advertised a new ballroom and later that summer sold the pub, in 1890 it was taken on by James Swinyard who remodelled and modernised it shortly after the sale. Swinyard managed the pub till his death in 1910, subsequently his widow Amelia took over the licence until the late 1920s. In 1930 the imminent arrival of the Piccadilly Line led to the widening of the road, the demolition of the old tavern, Amelia died in 1937, aged 90 in a nursing home in Muswell Hill. In later years the pub was the first employer of Richard Desmond, now the owner of the Daily Express, the building also housed a nightclub that was popular among Goths in the mid-1980s. Two decades earlier it had functioned as a music venue for rhythm and blues enthusiasts
26.
Arboretum
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An arboretum in a narrow sense is a collection of trees only. Related collections include a fruticetum, and a viticetum, a collection of vines, more commonly, today, an arboretum is a botanical garden containing living collections of woody plants intended at least partly for scientific study. An arboretum specializing in growing conifers is known as a pinetum, other specialist arboreta include saliceta, populeta, and querceta. The term arboretum was first used in an English publication by John Claudius Loudon in 1833 in The Gardeners Magazine, egyptian Pharaohs planted exotic trees and cared for them, they brought ebony wood from the Sudan, and pine and cedar from Syria. It is reported that Hatshepsut had these trees planted in the courts of her Deir el Bahri mortuary temple complex, Arboreta are special places for the cultivation and display of a wide variety of different kinds of trees and shrubs. Many tree collections have been claimed as the first arboretum, in most cases, however, Arboreta differ from pieces of woodland or plantations because they are botanically significant collections with a variety of examples rather than just a few kinds. Of course there are many tree collections that are older than the eighteenth century in different parts of the world. Loudons Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum,8 vols, Loudon urged that a national arboretum be created and called for arboreta and other systematic collections to be established in public parks, private gardens, country estates and other places. He regarded the Derby Arboretum as the most important landscape-gardening commission of the part of his career because it demonstrated the benefits of a public arboretum. The more lofty trees suffered from the high winds. We walked round the two spirals of this coil of trees and shrubs, viz. from Acer to Quercus. There is no garden scene about London so interesting, a plan of Loddiges arboretum was included in The Encyclopaedia of Gardening,1834 edition. One example of an early European tree collection is the Trsteno Arboretum, the date of its founding is unknown, but it was already in existence by 1492, when a 15 m span aqueduct to irrigate the arboretum was constructed, this aqueduct is still in use. The garden was created by the prominent local Gučetić/Gozze family and it suffered two major disasters in the 1990s but its two unique and ancient Oriental Planes remained standing. Udhagamandalam Arboretum, The Nilgiris, India The arboretum at Ooty was established in 1992 with an aim of conserving native and indigenous trees and it was established during the year 1992 and maintained by Department of Horticulture with Hill Area Development Programme funds. The area is the natural habitats of indigenous and migratory birds. During the year 2005-2006, it was rehabilated with funds provided by the Hill Area Development Programme by providing permanent fencing, a foot path, and other infrastructure facilities. The arboretum is the realization of the dream of William Douglas Cook, the arboretum is now the National Arboretum of New Zealand, and holds some 4,000 different trees, shrubs and climbers
27.
Football (soccer)
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
28.
Bowling green
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A bowling green is a finely-laid, close-mown and rolled stretch of turf for playing the game of bowls. Before 1830, when Edwin Beard Budding invented the lawnmower, lawns were often kept cropped by grazing sheep on them, the worlds oldest surviving bowling green is the Southampton Old Bowling Green, which was first used in 1299. Bowling green specifications for the lawn bowls variation of the sport are stipulated in World Bowls Laws of the Sport of Bowls. For the variant known as crown green bowls, no such stipulation is documented by the governing body and bowls clubs are free to form the dimensions. Several games of bowls can be played on a green at the same time. The number of games depends on the dimensions of the green, each game is played on its own portion of the green. These divided portions of the green are called rinks, the length of a green in the direction of play will be between 31 metres and 40 metres. The green should have a level playing surface made of grass or of an approved synthetic material. The green is surrounded by a ditch between 200 millimetres and 380 millimetres wide, and between 50 millimetres and 200 millimetres deep, the ditch has a bank against its outer edge. The top of the bank should be at least 230 millimetres about the level of the green. Generally, greens are built in a shape as close to 40 metres as possible. This allows for games to be played in either direction, the advantages of playing in different directions are that, the wear on the green is more even, and, the players do not need to face towards the sun when playing. In cities, where space is limited, greens are rarely 40 metres in length. It is not unusual to find greens that are rectangular in shape, on rectangular greens games are played in one direction only. The length of a rectangular green is still between 31 metres and 40 metres, the width can vary from as little as 8 metres to as much as 60 metres or more. The width of a rink for outdoor play will be between 4.3 metres and 5.8 metres, the centre line of the rink can be marked along the surface of the green starting at 2 metres from each end ditch. The side boundaries of each rink are shown by boundary pegs, the side boundary of the outside rink should be at least 600 millimetres from the side ditch. Laws of the Game for Crown Green Bowls Crown Green Bowling at Bowls. org. uk
29.
Skatepark
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A skatepark, or skate park, is a purpose-built recreational environment made for skateboarding, BMX, scooter, wheelchair, and aggressive inline skating. The first skatepark in the world, Surf City at 2169 E. Speedway, Tucson, patti McGee, Women’s National Champion, was here for the grand opening. It had concrete ramps and was operated by Arizona Surf City Enterprises, a skatepark for skateboarders and skaters which had plywood ramps on a half-acre lot in Kelso, Washington, USA opened in April 1966. It was lighted for night use, Californias first skatepark, the Carlsbad Skatepark opened on March 3,1976. The World Skateboard Championships were held here on April 10,1977 and it operated until 1979, when it was buried intact beneath a layer of dirt for more than two decades, before being destroyed in 2005. The current Carlsbad Skatepark is in a different location, the East Coasts first skatepark, Ocean Bowl Skate Park, in Ocean City, Maryland, USA, opened the first week of June,1976. It is the oldest operating municipal skate park in the United States, due to time, wear and the current needs of skaters, the old bowl and ramp were torn down in the Fall of 1997 and the new park opened in July 1998. In 1999 the City of Hermosa Beach, California opened a small skatepark at the site of the first skateboard competition, the competition held at the Pier Avenue Junior Hugh School was organized by Dewey Weber across the street from his surf and skateboard shop. Makaha Skateboards was a sponsor of the competition, in 1987 an all wooden indoor skate park opened in Bristol, CT called CT Bike that is still in business today over 20 years later. CT Bike is where Tony Hawk made his debut when he was just a boy on his first East Coast tour. The indoor skate park today is operated by the same family who built the park despite a fire that threatened the park in 1988. In more extreme climates, parks were built indoors, often of wood or metal, by the end of the 1970s, the skateboarding fad had waned, and the original parks of the era began to close. A downturn in the general market in the 1980s and high liability insurance premiums contributed to the demise of the original skateparks. Some second-generation parks such as Upland, Californias Pipeline survived into the 1980s, however, few of the private parks of the 1970s remain, with the notable exception of Kona Skatepark in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. However, many public parks of that era can still be found throughout Western Europe, Australia, the modern skatepark designs of the Pacific Northwest can be traced back to Burnside Skatepark, a DIY barge build beneath the Burnside Bridge in Portland, Oregon. Skateboarders used an area populated primarily by the undesirable elements to create a skatepark. The process is called design/build, and is a characteristic of many skateparks today, the design/build process ensures that adjacent skatepark features are harmonious and rideable, allowing skateboarders to create endless lines to ride among the many features. Street skating has blurred the line between skateparks and street spots, some cities are starting to put in skate spots/plazas with features that would not have been classically designed for skateboarding, but can be skated by street skaters legally
30.
Athletics (sport)
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Athletics is a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running. The results of racing events are decided by finishing position, while the jumps, the simplicity of the competitions, and the lack of a need for expensive equipment, makes athletics one of the most commonly competed sports in the world. Athletics is mostly an individual sport, with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes performances for a team score, organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BCE. The rules and format of the events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century. Most modern top level meetings are conducted by the International Association of Athletics Federations, the athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics. The foremost international athletics meeting is the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, other top level competitions in athletics include the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. Athletes with a disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the IPC Athletics World Championships. The word athletics is derived from the Ancient Greek ἀθλητής from ἆθλον or ἆθλος, initially, the term was used to describe athletic contests in general – i. e. sporting competition based primarily on human physical feats. In the 19th century, the term acquired a more narrow definition in Europe. This definition continues to be the most prominent one in the United Kingdom, furthermore, foreign words in many German and Roman languages which are related to the term athletics also have a similar meaning. In much of North America, athletics is synonymous with sports in general, the word athletics is rarely used to refer to the sport of athletics in this region. Track and field is preferred, and is used in the United States and Canada to refer to most athletics events, including racewalking, Athletic contests in running, walking, jumping and throwing are among the oldest of all sports and their roots are prehistoric. Athletics events were depicted in the Ancient Egyptian tombs in Saqqara, with illustrations of running at the Heb Sed festival, the Tailteann Games were an ancient Celtic festival in Ireland, founded around 1800 BCE, and the thirty-day meeting included running and stone-throwing among its sporting events. The original and only event at the first Olympics in 776 BCE was a running event known as the stadion. This later expanded to include throwing and jumping events within the ancient pentathlon, Athletics competitions also took place at other Panhellenic Games, which were founded later around 500 BCE. The Cotswold Olimpick Games, a festival which emerged in 17th century England. Annually, from 1796 to 1798, LOlympiade de la République was held in revolutionary France, the premier event of this competition was a running event, but various ancient Greek disciplines were also on display
31.
Tennis
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Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent or between two teams of two players each. Each player uses a racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net. The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return, the player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the opposite player will. Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society, the sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including wheelchair users. The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, in the late 19th century as lawn tennis and it had close connections both to various field games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport of real tennis. The rules of tennis have changed little since the 1890s, two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times, and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s. Tennis is played by millions of players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport. Historians believe that the ancient origin lay in 12th century northern France. Louis X of France was a player of jeu de paume, which evolved into real tennis. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, in due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe. Because of the accounts of his death, Louis X is historys first tennis player known by name. Another of the enthusiasts of the game was King Charles V of France. It wasnt until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be called tennis, from the French term tenez, an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent. It was popular in England and France, although the game was played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall. Henry VIII of England was a big fan of this game, during the 18th century and early 19th century, as real tennis declined, new racket sports emerged in England. This in turn led to the codification of rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls. In 1872, along with two doctors, they founded the worlds first tennis club in Leamington Spa. Evans, turfgrass agronomist, Sports historians all agree that deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis, according to Honor Godfrey, museum curator at Wimbledon, Wingfield popularized this game enormously
32.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
33.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
34.
London Blitz (American football)
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London Blitz are a British American football team based in Finsbury Park, North London. They compete in the BAFA Premier Division South and play their games at the Finsbury Park. The club were formed in 1995 and are five-time BritBowl winners, the Blitz field a senior team in the BAFA National Leagues Premiership as well as youth teams. The roster has included both local players as well as players from North America, Jamaica, South Africa, Uganda, the team remained in the Premier division following the 2007 BAFL re-alignment. The team was formed in 1995 after a merger between pre-existing sides, the Ealing Eagles and the Woking Generals, the Blitz rose from the lower divisions of the then-British Senior League to the Premier Division. They won the British national championship, BritBowl XXI, in 2007 and they returned to defend the title in 2008, missing out to a field goal with 4 seconds left to play losing 32-33 against Coventry Cassidy Jets in a repeat of the 2007 match. In 2009 and 2010 the Blitz have cemented their place as the team in the UK by winning back to back BritBowls. The team participated in their sixth consecutive BritBowl in September 2011 and they defeated the London Warriors 18 -0 at Crystal Palace National Sports Centre in London. The 2011 double triumph of EFAF Cup and BritBowl was the most successful season for a British American Football team since the achievements of the London Olympians in the early nineties, in 2011 they again entered the EFAF Cup. They won their matches comfortably, beating the Amsterdam Crusaders again. The Blitz hosted the Danish Champions the Søllerød Gold Diggers in the semi-final beating them 23-7, the final was held at Finsbury Park on 2 July 2011. In front of a crowd of nearly 2,000 people the London Blitz won the EFAF Cup by beating the Serbian Champions,2012 saw the Blitz lose games in both Europe and in the domestic league for the first time in a few years. In Europe they took part in the EFL Eurobowl for the first time in the clubs history, group wins in Paris against the La Courneuve Flash and at home to LHospitalet Pioners from Spain led to a quarter final in Berlin against the Berlin Adler. The Blitz dominated most of the game and led late on, in the re-aligned domestic BAFANL Premiership South league they lost twice during the season to the London Warriors. The first time the Blitz had lost regular season games since 2008, however, they reached their 7th consecutive BritBowl at Don Valley Stadium in Sheffield where they faced the London Warriors again and this time the Blitz finished as winners when it mattered. The final score was 37-21 making the London Blitz national champions for the fourth consecutive year, former team captain Roderick Bradley appeared on television as Spartan in the 2008–2009 series of Gladiators. Bradley joined the Blitz in 2005 after attending Loughborough University, after a long and successful career he has since retired from playing. Ex quarterback and Britbowl MVP Fred Boyle joined the Blitz in 2009 after leading the Hertfordshire Hurricanes for four years at the University of Hertfordshire and he too has since retired from playing after Blitz lost out to the Warriors in Britbwol XXVIII
35.
Softball
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Softball is a variant of baseball played with a larger ball on a smaller field. It was invented in 1887 in Chicago as an indoor game and it was at various times called indoor baseball, mush ball, playground, softball, kitten ball, and because it was also played by women, ladies baseball. The name softball was given to the game in 1926 because the used to be soft. A tournament held in 1933 at the Chicago Worlds Fair spurred interest in the game, the Amateur Softball Association of America governs the game in the United States and sponsors annual sectional and World Series championships. Womens fastpitch softball became a Summer Olympic sport in 1996, but it were dropped from the 2012 Games, there are three types of softball. In fastpitch softball, the pitch is fast, there are nine players on the field at one time, modified softball restricts the windmill windup of the pitcher, although the pitcher is allowed to throw as hard as possible with the restricted back swing. Softball rules vary somewhat from those of baseball, despite the name, the ball used in softball is not very soft. It is about 12 in in circumference, which is 3 in larger than a baseball, Softball recreational leagues for children often use an 11-inch ball. In fast pitch softball the entire infield is sand, whereas the infield in baseball is grass except at the bases which are sand, the earliest known softball game was played in Chicago, Illinois on Thanksgiving Day,1887. It took place at the Farragut Boat Club at a gathering to hear the outcome of the Yale University, when the score was announced and bets were settled, a Yale alumnus threw a boxing glove at a Harvard supporter. The other person grabbed a took a swing at it, george Hancock called out Play ball. And the game began, with the boxing glove tightened into a ball and this first contest ended with a score of 41–40. The ball, being soft, was fielded barehanded, george Hancock is credited as the games inventor for his development of ball and an undersized bat in the next week. The Farragut Club soon set rules for the game, which spread quickly to outsiders, envisioned as a way for baseball players to maintain their skills during the winter, the sport was called Indoor Baseball. Under the name of Indoor-Outdoor, the game moved outside in the year. In 1895 Lewis Rober, Sr. of Minneapolis organized outdoor games as exercise for firefighters, Rober may not have been familiar with the Farragut Club rules. Fire Station No.19 in Minneapolis, Robers post from 1896 to 1906, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in part for its association with the sports development, the first softball league outside the United States was organized in Toronto in 1897. The name softball dates back to 1926, the name was coined by Walter Hakanson of the YMCA at a meeting of the National Recreation Congress
36.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
37.
Parkland Walk
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The Parkland Walk is a 2. It is often described as 4.5 miles long. The route follows the bridges and cuttings of the line, but avoids the closed section of Highgate station and its adjoining tunnels. The walk is almost all in Haringey, but a stretch between Crouch Hill and Crouch End Hill is in Islington, and this section incorporates Crouch Hill Park. The walk is a nature reserve and a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation. It was declared a nature reserve in 1990 and is Londons longest such reserve. Between Finsbury Park and Highgate, the forms part of the Capital Ring strategic walking route. The route of the path between Finsbury Park and Highgate was originally constructed by the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway in the 1860s as part of its line from Finsbury Park to Edgware. Before the line was opened on 22 August 1867, it was purchased by the larger Great Northern Railway, branch lines from Finchley to High Barnet, and from Highgate to Alexandra Palace, opened in 1872 and 1873. The GNR became part of the London & North Eastern Railway in 1923, plans were published by London Underground in the 1930s for the incorporation of these lines into the Northern line, but the onset of World War II stopped the work at an advanced stage. After the war the development plan was abandoned but passenger trains continued to run on line until 3 July 1954. The Alexandra Palace branch closed completely in 1957, but the link from Finsbury Park to Highgate, even after freight traffic had ceased, the line continued to be used to transfer empty tube stock between lines. This ceased in 1970 because of the condition of some of the intermediate bridges. After the track was lifted, most of the platforms and station buildings were demolished, the sections of the line from Finsbury Park to Highgate, and from Highgate to Alexandra Palace, were converted into the Parkland Walk. This was officially opened in 1984 following extensive re-surfacing and improvements to access, in the late 1980s the park was threatened by a plan to build a road along its route, but the plan was withdrawn following local opposition which was coordinated by The Friends of the Parkland Walk. The walk was declared a nature reserve in 1990. The route rises on an embankment overlooking the gardens of the Victorian suburban houses. The route then bridges Upper Tollington Park, the next bridge takes the walk over Stapleton Hall Road at a point where the Gospel Oak to Barking rail line also passes beneath the road
38.
Crouch Hill Park
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The Parkland Walk is a 2. It is often described as 4.5 miles long. The route follows the bridges and cuttings of the line, but avoids the closed section of Highgate station and its adjoining tunnels. The walk is almost all in Haringey, but a stretch between Crouch Hill and Crouch End Hill is in Islington, and this section incorporates Crouch Hill Park. The walk is a nature reserve and a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation. It was declared a nature reserve in 1990 and is Londons longest such reserve. Between Finsbury Park and Highgate, the forms part of the Capital Ring strategic walking route. The route of the path between Finsbury Park and Highgate was originally constructed by the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway in the 1860s as part of its line from Finsbury Park to Edgware. Before the line was opened on 22 August 1867, it was purchased by the larger Great Northern Railway, branch lines from Finchley to High Barnet, and from Highgate to Alexandra Palace, opened in 1872 and 1873. The GNR became part of the London & North Eastern Railway in 1923, plans were published by London Underground in the 1930s for the incorporation of these lines into the Northern line, but the onset of World War II stopped the work at an advanced stage. After the war the development plan was abandoned but passenger trains continued to run on line until 3 July 1954. The Alexandra Palace branch closed completely in 1957, but the link from Finsbury Park to Highgate, even after freight traffic had ceased, the line continued to be used to transfer empty tube stock between lines. This ceased in 1970 because of the condition of some of the intermediate bridges. After the track was lifted, most of the platforms and station buildings were demolished, the sections of the line from Finsbury Park to Highgate, and from Highgate to Alexandra Palace, were converted into the Parkland Walk. This was officially opened in 1984 following extensive re-surfacing and improvements to access, in the late 1980s the park was threatened by a plan to build a road along its route, but the plan was withdrawn following local opposition which was coordinated by The Friends of the Parkland Walk. The walk was declared a nature reserve in 1990. The route rises on an embankment overlooking the gardens of the Victorian suburban houses. The route then bridges Upper Tollington Park, the next bridge takes the walk over Stapleton Hall Road at a point where the Gospel Oak to Barking rail line also passes beneath the road
39.
Crouch End
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Crouch End is an area of north London, in the London Borough of Haringey. Crouch End is in a valley between Harringay to the east, Hornsey, Muswell Hill and Wood Green to the north, Stroud Green and Archway to the south, and Highgate to the west. Crouch End is located 4.6 miles north of Charing Cross and 5.1 miles from the City of London, to the immediate west, it is bounded by Highgate Wood, and the adjacent Queens Wood, as well as a large expanse of playing fields. To the north is Alexandra Park and to the south Finsbury Park, the Parkland Walk, a former railway line, makes a circuitous connection part of the way between these two parks. Other parks in the area include Stationers Park, Priory Park, Harringay Hornsey Highgate Muswell Hill Stroud Green Crouch End grew up as a hamlet on the old medieval route from London to the north. At this time it was governed as part of Hornsey, which became a parish in around 1300, the name Cruch End is recorded in 1593. This heavily wooded area contained farms and country houses, one of which was Crouch Hall, the transcribed 1829–1848 diaries of William Copeland Astbury, recently made available, describe in great detail London life of the period, including walks to Crouch End. Crouch End remained rural until around 1880, large parts remained in private ownership, inhibiting development. However, the development of the changed the area significantly. By 1887 there were seven railway stations in the area, Crouch End became a prosperous middle-class suburb due to an influx of mainly clerical workers who could easily commute to the city. The large old houses were replaced by comfortable middle-class housing, public parks were created, and it expanded greatly in the late Victorian period and most of its present-day streets were built up in the late 19th century. By the mid-1930s Crouch End had a shopping centre that included a Music Hall in the middle of Topsfield Parade. Until 1965 it was part of the Municipal Borough of Hornsey. In 1965, when local government in London was reorganised, Hornsey merged with the boroughs of Wood Green and Tottenham, in the post-war years, the London-wide provision of social housing led to the building of council homes in and around Crouch End, Hornsey Vale and Hornsey itself. The area became known as student bedsit land for decades into the early 80s until gentrification of the area changed the social profile. These social changes were illustrated by the changes in the shop types over the period, gentrification brought estate agents en masse along with up-market establishments and pavement-type cafes. Among its more prominent buildings is the modernistic Hornsey Town Hall, the architect was the New Zealand-born Reginald Uren. The interior and exterior have been used several times as a location by the BBC soap EastEnders, for further details of education in Crouch End see the London Borough of Haringey article There are three state secondary schools serving the N8 Crouch End area
40.
Highgate tube station
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Highgate is a London Underground station and former railway station in Archway Road, in the London Borough of Haringey in north London. The station takes its name from nearby Highgate Village and it is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line, between Archway and East Finchley stations and is in Travelcard Zone 3. The station was opened in 1867 as part of the Great Northern Railways line between Finsbury Park and Edgware stations. As part of their only partially completed Northern Heights plan, the London Underground started serving the station in 1941, the platforms of the surface station remain, but were last used in 1954, and the section of the line through them to Finsbury Park was lifted by 1972. One of the original 1867 station buildings still exists, and is in use as a private house, Highgate station was originally constructed by the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway in the 1860s on its line from Finsbury Park station to Edgware station. Before the line was opened it was purchased in July 1867 by the larger Great Northern Railway, whose line from Kings Cross ran through Finsbury Park on its way to Potters Bar. The station opened along with the railway to Edgware on 22 August 1867, because of the hilly terrain, the station was built in a deep cutting excavated from Highgate Hill adjacent to Archway Road. Tunnels penetrated the hillside at each end of the station, leading towards East Finchley to the north, when built, the station had two side platforms, with three tracks between them, and a station building on the south side. A footbridge linked the two platforms, a branch line was constructed from Highgate to Alexandra Palace by the Muswell Hill Railway and opened on 22 May 1872. The new branch split from the route north of the station in a wide arc around Highgate Wood. The next station on the line when it opened was Muswell Hill. In the 1880s, the station was rebuilt, with two flanking a central island platform instead of the two side platforms. The island platform was accessed from an office in the middle of the footbridge. In 1911, the MHR branch was taken over by the GNR, after the 1921 Railways Act created the Big Four railway companies, the GNR became part of the London & North Eastern Railway in 1923. To provide an interchange between the new platforms and the existing surface platforms, a subterranean concourse was constructed immediately beneath the existing station. The concourse was connected to the platforms with escalators and to the existing platforms by stairs. Street entrances to the concourse were provided from the south and the north, at the same time, the buildings on the surface platforms were partly reconstructed and the footbridge was removed. Northern line services through the new tunnels to East Finchley started operating on 3 July 1939 although they did not stop at Highgate until later, following the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, works to complete the electrification of the LNER lines were slowed or halted
41.
City of London
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The City of London is a city and county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, the City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London, however, the City of London is not a London borough. The City of London is widely referred to simply as the City and is colloquially known as the Square Mile. Both of these terms are often used as metonyms for the United Kingdoms trading and financial services industries. The name London is now used for a far wider area than just the City. London most often denotes the sprawling London metropolis, or the 32 London boroughs and this wider usage of London is documented as far back as 1888, when the County of London was created. The local authority for the City, namely the City of London Corporation, is unique in the UK and has some unusual responsibilities for a local council and it is also unusual in having responsibilities and ownerships beyond its boundaries. The Corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the current Lord Mayor, as of November 2016, is Andrew Parmley. The City is a business and financial centre. Throughout the 19th century, the City was the primary business centre. London came top in the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index, published in 2008, the insurance industry is focused around the eastern side of the City, around Lloyds building. A secondary financial district exists outside of the City, at Canary Wharf,2.5 miles to the east, the City has a resident population of about 7,000 but over 300,000 people commute to and work there, mainly in the financial services sector. It used to be held that Londinium was first established by merchants as a trading port on the tidal Thames in around 47 AD. However, this date is only supposition, many historians now believe London was founded some time before the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD. They base this notion on evidence provided by both archaeology and Welsh literary legend, archaeologists have claimed that as much as half of the best British Iron Age art and metalwork discovered in Britain has been found in the London area. One of the most prominent examples is the famously horned Waterloo Helmet dredged from the Thames in the early 1860s and now exhibited at the British Museum. Also, according to an ancient Welsh legend, a king named Lud son of Heli substantially enlarged and improved a pre-existing settlement at London which afterwards came to be renamed after him, the same tradition relates how this Lud son of Heli was later buried at Ludgate
42.
Tea room
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A tea house is an establishment which primarily serves tea and other light refreshments. Sometimes the meal is called tea. Although its function varies widely depending on the culture, tea houses often serve as centers of social interaction, some cultures have a variety of distinct tea-centered houses of different types, depending on the national tea culture. For example, the British or American tearoom serves afternoon tea with a variety of small cakes, in China and Nepal, a tea house is traditionally a place which offers tea to its consumers. People gather at tea houses to chat, socialize, and enjoy tea, the Guangdong style tea house is particularly famous outside of China especially in Nepals Himalayas. These tea houses, called chálou serve dim sum, and these plates of food are enjoyed alongside tea. In Japanese tradition a tea house ordinarily refers to a structure designed for holding Japanese tea ceremonies. This structure and specifically the room in it where the tea ceremony takes place is called chashitsu, the architectural space called chashitsu was created for aesthetic and intellectual fulfillment. In Japan during the Edo period, the tea house could also refer to a place of entertainment with geisha or as a place where couples seeking privacy could go. In this case the establishment was referred to as an ochaya, however, these establishments only served tea incidentally, and were instead dedicated to geisha entertainment or to providing discreet rooms for visitors. Contemporary Japanese go to modern tearooms called kissaten on main streets to drink black or green tea as well as coffee, in Central Asia the term tea house could refer to Shayhana in Kazakh, Chaykhana in Kyrgyz and Choyxona in Uzbek, which literally means a tea room. The largest tea houses are Orient Tea house or Chinese Tea house, on the 15th anniversary of Independence in Tajikistan, the people of Isfara town presented Isfara Tea house to Kulyab city for its 2700th anniversary on September 2006. Tea houses are present in parts of Central Asia, notably in Iran. Such tea houses may be referred to, in Persian, as Chay-Khaneh, or in Turkish, çayhane—literally and these tea houses usually serve several beverages in addition to tea. In Arab countries such as Egypt, establishments that serve tea, coffee, in Pakistan, the prominet Pak Tea House is an intellectual tea–café located in Lahore known as the hub of Progressive Writers Movement. Tea drinking is a closely associated with the English. A female manager of Londons Aerated Bread Company is credited with creating the bakerys first public tearoom, Tea rooms were part of the growing opportunities for women in the Victorian era. In the UK today, a tea room is a room or restaurant where beverages and light meals are served
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New River (England)
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There is a designated walking route along the canal titled the New River Path. It is a 28 mile long-distance footpath which follows the course of the New River from its source in Hertfordshire to its end in Islington, London. It starts between Ware and Hertford in Hertfordshire and today travels 20 miles down to Stoke Newington, in 1946 the water supply to New River Head was truncated at Stoke Newington with the New River ending at the East Reservoir. The reservoir is managed as the Woodberry Wetlands, a nature reserve, the design and construction of the New River is often attributed solely to Sir Hugh Myddelton. Edmund Colthurst first proposed the idea in 1602, obtaining a charter from King James I in 1604 to carry it out, the New River Company was founded with the assistance of Sir John Backhouse. The Companys first reservoir was built on his land in Islington, Myddelton gave some of the shares in the New River Company to Colthurst. Myddelton, however, was supported by the king, who agreed to pay half the projects expenses in return for a 50% shareholding. When it was constructed, long sections, for example around Forty Hall and in Hornsey. Other sections of the river, including the one in Harringay, were carried across valleys in wooden aqueducts lined with lead and supported by strong timbers, in at least one section, locals referred to the river as the boarded river. Improvements in canal construction in the century led to these sections being replaced by clay-banked canals. The New River Company was incorporated by Royal charter in 1619 with Sir Hugh Myddleton as first governor and this companys water was often by commissions found purer than the others. It was also, due to its source, not impacted by the ban on the supply of drinking water from the tidal Thames under the Metropolis Water Act 1852 from 1 August 1855, after this date the company continued to focus on its quality. Dr. Franklands analysis of water supplied to London during the month of October 1876 gave a degree of organic impurity compared to a given volume of the Kent Companys water. He also compared the samples from those of August and September, organic impurity was measured relative to the Kent Water Companys benchmark, who supplied part of London. It had a proportion of contamination with organic matter. The New River Company was taken over by the Metropolitan Water Board in 1904, the northern part of the New River is still an important link in the supply of water to London. The Companys former headquarters and laboratory at New River Head on Rosebery Avenue are now private flats, another large loop originally ran around the Devonshire Hill area in north Wood Green and southern Enfield. This loop was cut off when the Wood Green tunnel, which starts at Bowes Park, was completed in 1852, the loop existed for some decades, but was completely filled in and lost by the early 1900s
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Cock fighting
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A cockfight is a blood sport between two roosters, or more accurately gamecocks, held in a ring called a cockpit. The history of raising fowl for fighting goes back 6,000 years, the combatants, referred to as gamecocks, are specially bred birds, conditioned for increased stamina and strength. The comb and wattle are cut off in order to show standards of the American Gamefowl Society. Cocks possess congenital aggression toward all males of the same species, cocks are given the best of care until near the age of two years. They are conditioned, much like professional athletes prior to events or shows, wagers are often made on the outcome of the match. Cockfighting is a sport due in some part to the physical trauma the cocks inflict on each other. While not all fights are to the death, the cocks may endure significant physical trauma, in some areas around the world, cockfighting is still practiced as a mainstream event, in some countries it is regulated by law, or forbidden outright. Advocates of the age old sport often list cultural and religious relevance as reasons for perpetuation of cockfighting as a sport, two owners place their gamecock in the cockpit. The cocks fight until one of them dies or is critically injured. Historically, this was in a cockpit, a term which was used in the 16th century to mean a place of entertainment or frenzied activity. William Shakespeare used the term in Henry V to specifically mean the area around the stage of a theatre, in Tudor times, the Palace of Westminster had a permanent cockpit, called the Cockpit-in-Court. Cockfighting is an ancient spectator sport, there is evidence that cockfighting was a pastime in the Indus Valley Civilization. The Encyclopædia Britannica holds, The sport was popular in ancient times in India, China, Persia, based on his analysis of a Mohenjo-daro seal, Iravatham Mahadevan speculates that the citys ancient name could have been Kukkutarma. However, according to a recent study, it is not known whether these birds made much contribution to the domestic fowl. Chickens from the Harappan culture of the Indus Valley may have been the source of diffusion throughout the world. Within the Indus Valley, indications are that chickens were used for sport and not for food, an early image of a fighting rooster has been found on a 6th-century BC seal of Jaazaniah from the biblical city of Mizpah in Benjamin, near Jerusalem. The anthropologist Clifford Geertz wrote the influential essay Deep Play, Notes on the Balinese Cockfight, in some regional variations, the birds are equipped with either metal spurs or knives, tied to the leg in the area where the birds natural spur has been partially removed. A cockspur is a bracelet with a curved, sharp spike which is attached to the leg of the bird, the spikes typically range in length from short spurs of just over an inch to long spurs almost two and a half inches long
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Seven Sisters Road
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Seven Sisters Road is a road in north London, England which runs within the boroughs of Islington, Hackney and Haringey. It is an extension of Camden Road, running from Holloway Road at the Nags Head crossroads then on to another crossroads with Blackstock Road and Stroud Green Road. It carries on uphill alongside Finsbury Park to Manor House, the road was authorised in 1829 and constructed in 1833 by the Metropolitan Turnpike Trust. Seven Sisters Road is part of the A503, the stretch running past Finsbury Park is open to the park on the west side, and on the east side are large Victorian villas now used mainly as hotels. The Seven Sisters after which the road is named were seven trees located opposite its junction with Tottenham High Road and this junction is known as Wards Corner, reflecting the name of the large department store that stood on this corner. The Hetchins bicycle shop and frame factory was situated in Seven Sisters Road, singer Shirley Bassey was a resident of Seven Sisters Road during the 1950s before she became famous. The street is the subject of the song Seven Sisters Road by UK heavy rock band Allen Stash Tin, the 1979 single Saturday Night by the Leyton Buzzards features the line I discovered heaven in the Seven Sisters Road. Portland, Oregon based rock band Dan Reed Network released a written by Dan Reed called Seven Sisters Road on the album Slam in 1989. The song was included on the album Live At Last in 1997. The Swedish singer Mejas 1998 album Seven Sisters featured a track called Seven Sisters Road, rob Fleming, the main character in Nick Hornbys book High Fidelity, lives in Seven Sisters Road. London electropop band Real Lies released a 2015 single entitled Seven Sisters which followed their earlier single, of a similar road theme, North Circular
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Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
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Finsbury
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Finsbury is a district of central London, England. It lies immediately north of the City of London, east and north of Clerkenwell, west of Shoreditch and it is in the south of the London Borough of Islington. The Finsbury Estate is in the part of the district. The area should not be confused with Finsbury Park, a public space roughly three miles to the north also gives its name to the surrounding residential area. The name is first recorded as Vinisbir and means manor of a man called Finn, in the Middle Ages Finsbury was part of the great fen which lay outside the walls of the City of London. It gave its name to the Finsbury division of the Ossulstone hundred of Middlesex, in the early 17th century trees were planted and gravel walks made, and the area became a place for recreation. In 1641 the Honourable Artillery Company moved to Finsbury, where it still remains, the City of London Yeomanry also had its headquarters in nearby Finsbury Square when founded at the time of the Second Boer War. Building on Finsbury Fields began in the late 17th century, the parish church of St Lukes was built in 1732–33, and at the end of the 18th century a residential suburb was built with its centre at Finsbury Square. In 1832 the parliamentary borough of Finsbury was created, covering a wider area. In 1857 a park was opened three miles north of Finsbury for the enjoyment of the residents of the parliamentary borough. The Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury in the County of London was created in 1900, covering the area of Finsbury, in 1938, Dr. Chuni Lal Katial was elected mayor of Finsbury, making him the first Asian mayor in the United Kingdom. In 1942 the borough council erected a statue of Vladimir Lenin in Holford Square. The borough was abolished in 1965 and absorbed into the borough of Islington, george Cruikshank, the Victorian illustrator, lived on Amwell Street Violet Kray, mother of the gangster Kray brothers. Twins Ronnie and Reggie were arrested at her flat in Braithwaite House, Finsbury, in connection with crimes including murder. Nearest places, Clerkenwell Pentonville Islington City of London Nearest tube stations, Angel tube station Barbican tube station Finsbury
