1.
Glossary of vexillology
–
Flag terminology is the nomenclature, or system of terms, used in vexillology, the study of flags, to describe precisely the parts, patterns, and other attributes of flags and their display. Badge A coat of arms or simple heraldic symbol, canton Any quarter of a flag, but commonly means the upper hoist quarter, such as the field of stars in the flag of the United States or the Union Jack in the Australian Flag. Charge A figure or symbol appearing in the field of a flag, emblem A device often used as a charge on a flag. It may be heraldic in origin or modern, for example the maple leaf on the Canadian Flag, field The background of a flag, the color behind the charges. Fimbriation A narrow edging or border, often in white or gold, for example the white and gold lines of the South African Flag. Fly The half or edge of a flag farthest away from the flagpole and this term also sometimes refers to the horizontal length of a flag. Hoist The half or edge of a flag nearest to the flagpole and this term also sometimes refers to the vertical width of a flag. Length The span of a flag along the side at right angles to the flagpole, width The span of a flag down the side parallel to the flagpole. Flags often inherit traits seen in traditional European heraldry designs and as a result patterns often share names, banderole or bannerol A small flag or streamer carried on the lance of a knight, or a long narrow flag flying from the mast-head of a ship. Banner Generically, a synonym for a flag of any kind, in heraldry, a flag whose design is the same as the shield in a coat of arms, but usually in a square or rectangular shape, also known as a banner of arms. Burgee A distinguishing flag of a recreational boating organisation, Civil ensign, merchant flag or merchant ensign A version of the national flag flown by civil ships to denote nationality. Civil flag A version of the flag flown by civilians on non-government installations or craft. Colour or color The flag of a military unit, courtesy flag or courtesy ensign A flag flown by a visiting ship in foreign waters as a token of respect. Ensign The flag of a ship or military unit, may also be used generically as a synonym for a flag of any kind. Fanion A small flag used by the French military, gonfalon, gonfanon or gonfalone A type of heraldic flag suspended from a crossbar. Guidon A small flag borne by a military unit, in Scots heraldry, a smaller version of the Standard. Pennon or pennant A flag larger at the hoist than at the fly, pipe banner A decorative flag for the Scottish Highland bagpipes. Prayer flag A type of flag found strung along mountain ridges and peaks in the Himalayas, rank flag or distinguishing flag The flag flown by a superior naval officer on his flagship or headquarters
Glossary of vexillology
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Contents
2.
Civil flag
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A civil flag is a version of the national flag that is flown by civilians on nongovernmental installations or craft. The use of flags was more common in the past to denote buildings or ships not manned by the military. In some countries, the flag is the same as the war flag or state flag but without the coat of arms, such as in the case of Spain. In others, it is an alteration of the war flag, in Scandinavia, state and war flags can be double and triple-tailed variants of the Nordic Cross flag. Many countries, particularly those with a British heritage, still have distinctive civil flags for use at sea, many based on the Red Ensign
Civil flag
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Argentina
3.
Civil ensign
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Civil ensign is the ensign used by civilian vessels to denote nationality. It can be the same or different from the state ensign and its also known as the merchant ensign or merchant flag. Some countries have civil ensigns for yachts, and even for specific yacht clubs. Most countries have one national flag and ensign for all purposes. In other countries, a distinction is made between the flag and the civil, state and naval ensigns. The civil ensigns that are different from the flag can be grouped into a number of categories. Several countries use red flags with, in most cases, either the national flag or the Union Flag in the canton. British overseas territories fly the plain Red Ensign or a Red Ensign with the colonial arms in the fly. Saudi Arabia puts its national flag in the canton of an otherwise-green flag, Ghana stopped using its Red Ensign in 2003 with the adoption of a new merchant shipping act, which made the Ghanaian flag the proper national colors for Ghana ships. Similarly, Sri Lanka stopped using its Red Ensign in 1969, several countries have civil ensigns that are very different from the national flag, for instance Malta and Luxembourg. Well-known examples are the Italian civil ensign showing the shield with the arms of the sea republics or the Polish civil ensign with the arms of Poland, most of these emblems were added to distinguish the ensign from similar flags of other countries or from other signal flags. In several countries there are two versions of the flag, a simpler one and a more elaborate one with the national arms. The simpler one is used as ensign, whereas the version with the arms is mainly used by the government. In Spain and Argentina the flag without the arms is only a variant for civil use, in El Salvador, the civil ensign also differs from the national flag in the proportions. France is a case, the overall proportion is the same. Civil and merchant ensigns Civil air ensign
Civil ensign
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United Kingdom
4.
Nordic Cross flag
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The Norwegian flag was the first Nordic cross flag with three colours. All Nordic flags may be flown as gonfalons as well, note that some of these flags are historical. Also, note that flag proportions may vary between the different flags and sometimes even between different versions of the same flag and these flags either do not have official status or represent various private entities. They have not been adopted and their use remains limited. Nordic flags in Germany were historically used to allude to the nations Germanic heritage, Nordic flag designs very similar to Denmarks, Swedens, and Norways national flags were proposed as Germanys national flags in both 1919 and 1948, after World War I and World War II, respectively. Today, the Nordic cross is a feature in some city, a number of flags for localities in the United Kingdom are based on Nordic cross designs, intended to reflect the Scandinavian heritage introduced to the British Isles during the Viking Age. The flag of the city of Wilmington, Delaware is also a Nordic Cross flag, flags of Central America Flag of Gran Colombia Pan-African colours Pan-Arab colours Pan-Slavic colours Southern Cross Flag Union Flag Tricolour Znamierowski, Alfred. The world encyclopedia of flags, The definitive guide to international flags, banners, standards, extensive compilation of official and non-official Nordic Cross flags
Nordic Cross flag
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Nordic flags, from left to right: the flags of
Finland,
Iceland,
Norway,
Sweden and
Denmark, respectively.
Nordic Cross flag
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A proposal for the
flag of Estonia (1919)
Nordic Cross flag
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Flag of
Rosmalen
Nordic Cross flag
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Flag of
Alegre, Espírito Santo
5.
State flag
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There are two separate meanings for the term of state flag in vexillology, the flag of the government of a sovereign state and the flag of an individual subnational state. A state flag is a variant of a national flag specifically designated and restricted by law or custom to use by a government or its agencies. For this reason they are referred to as government flags. Scandinavian countries also use swallowtailed state flags, to differentiate them from civil flags. In addition, some countries have state ensigns, separate flags for use by government ships such as guard vessels. For example, government ships in the United Kingdom fly the blue ensign, state flags should not be confused with the national flag as used by military organisations, these are referred to as war flags and naval ensigns. To avoid confusion with the first meaning of the term, however, such a flag would be more referred to as the flag of the state of X. For this usage, see also, Flags of the Australian states and territories Flags of Brazilian states Flags of the U. S. states Flags of German states Znamierowski, the world encyclopedia of flags, The definitive guide to international flags, banners, standards and ensigns
State flag
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The
Flag of Massachusetts on display in the
Financial District of
Boston.
6.
State ensign
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Ensign is the national flag flown on a vessel to indicate nationality. The ensign is the largest flag, generally flown at the stern of the ship, the naval ensign, used on warships, may be different from the civil ensign or the yacht ensign. Large versions of naval ensigns called battle ensigns are used when a warship goes into battle, the ensign differs from the jack which is flown from a jackstaff at the bow of a vessel. In its widest sense, an ensign is just a flag or other standard, the European military rank of ensign, once responsible for bearing a units standard derives from it. In contrast, the Arab rank of ensign, liwa, derives from the command of a unit or units with an ensign, not the carrier of such a units ensign, and is a general officer. In Arab armies, ensign is a title equivalent to a Western brigade. In nautical use, the ensign is flown on a ship or boat to indicate its appartenance, while this includes its nationality, it may well indicate more information rather than being the national flag itself. This is particularly common for commonwealth and European countries, ensigns are usually at the stern flagstaff when in port, and may be shifted to a gaff or mast amidships when the ship is under way, becoming known as a steaming ensign. Vexillologists distinguish three varieties of a national flag used as an ensign, A civil ensign is worn by merchant. In some countries the yacht ensign, used on boats or ships instead of merchant vessels. A state ensign or government ensign is worn by government vessels, a naval ensign is used by a countrys navy. Such ensigns are strictly regulated and indicate if the vessel is a warship, a merchant ship, several Commonwealth countries national flags had their origin in the ensigns of their original colonising power, the United Kingdom. Most notable of these flags are those of Australia, New Zealand. It is also likely that the original design from which the flag of the United States developed was strongly influenced by the British Red Ensign or the flag of the East India Company. With the creation of independent air forces and the growth in aviation in the first half of the 20th century. These may be divided into air force ensigns and civil air ensigns, in heraldry, an ensign is the ornament or sign, such as the crown, coronet, or mitre, borne above the charge or arms. Distinguishing mark Maritime flag Znamierowski, Alfred, the world encyclopedia of flags, The definitive guide to international flags, banners, standards and ensigns
State ensign
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National civil ensign of New Zealand flown from the stern of
Hikitia
State ensign
State ensign
7.
Coat of Arms of Finland
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The coat of arms of Finland is a crowned lion on a red field, the right foreleg replaced with an armoured hand brandishing a sword, trampling on a sabre with the hindpaws. The coat of arms was created around the year 1580. The heraldic lion originated from the Lion of Judea is quite common in Western Europe, in Nordic heraldry, the lion is first found in the coat of arms of Denmark in the later part of the 12th century. The first known use of the lion in Sweden was on the seals of Erik Knutsson and Erik Eriksson. The first king of the Folkunga family, Valdemar Birgersson, also used 3 lions on his seal and this version of the arms was quite similar to the modern coat of arms of Finland, but the lion did not yet brandish any weapon. The grand-ducal coat of arms is thought to have resulted out of a combination of the Göta lion, the result was that the lion brandishes one weapon and treads on another. The best-known version of the coat of arms is found on the tomb of Gustavus I in the Uppsala cathedral. It has been suggested that either Duke John himself, or his brother Eric XIV, was leading the work on the heraldic signs on the tomb. Neither statement can be confirmed, but it is known that Eric XIV showed an interest in heraldry, the monument was commissioned from Guillaume Boyen, a Flemish architect and sculptor who had worked in Sweden. He started on the task in Antwerp in 1562, completing it 10 years later, however, the tomb was not in place in Uppsala until the early 1580s, and the finishing work lasted until 1591. In addition to the arms of Sweden and those of Finland. From Finland they include North and South Finland, as well as Tavastia and Karelia, the purpose of the nine roses remains unknown, but are now mostly considered to be decorative only. They have sometimes claimed to represent the nine historical provinces of Finland. The lion experienced several changes during the 17th century, after Finland had been ceded to Russia, Elias Brenners version of the lion was chosen by the authorities as the model for the new coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire. Obviously, any interpretation of the lion as trampling on a Russian sabre had been lost at point in time. During the reform of the Russian official heraldry in 1857, the lion was changed on the initiative of baron Bernhard Karl von Köhne. The sword in the right forepaw had shrunk in size, to the point of resembling a dagger rather than a sword. During the years when the Russian emperors attempted russification of Finland, the use of the arms of Finland increased significantly, the director of the Finnish National Archives, Karl August Bomansson made the first significant study on the arms of Finland in modern times
Coat of Arms of Finland
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Figure 5: Grand-ducal coat of arms of Finland, tomb of King Gustav Vasa (
Uppsala cathedral,
Sweden)
Coat of Arms of Finland
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Coat of arms of Finland
Coat of Arms of Finland
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Figure 6: Coat of arms of
Karelia, tomb of King Gustav Vasa (Uppsala cathedral, Sweden)
Coat of Arms of Finland
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7th Missile Squadron,
Finnish Navy: Finnish lion with a fish-tail and a trident
8.
War flag
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A war flag, also known as a military flag or a battle flag, is a variant of a national flag for use by a countrys military forces when on land. The nautical equivalent is a naval ensign, under the strictest sense of the term, few countries today currently have proper war flags, most preferring to use instead their state flag or standard national flag for this purpose. And either victory, or else a grave, field signs were used in early warfare at least since the Bronze Age. The word standard itself is from an Old Frankish term for a field sign, the use of flags as field signs apparently emerges in Asia, during the Iron Age, possibly in either China or India. Early field signs that include, but are not limited to a flag, are also called vexilloid or flag-like, the Roman Vexillum itself is also flag-like in the sense that it was suspended from a horizontal crossbar as opposed to a simple flagpole. Use of simple flags as military ensigns becomes common during the medieval period, the maritime flag also develops in the medieval period. The medieval Japanese Sashimono carried by foot-soldiers are a parallel development, some medieval free cities or communes did not have coats of arms, and used war flags that were not derived from a coat of arms. Thus, the city of Lucerne used a flag as a field sign from the mid 13th century. Colours, standards and guidons Wise, Terence Military flags of the world, FIAV Flag Information Symbols at Flags of the World
War flag
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A knight (Jan I van Brabant) flying a
heraldic flag in battle, in addition to the heraldic device displayed on his shield (
Codex Manesse, ca. 1304)
War flag
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Babur and his
Mughal Army saluting the Nine Standards of
Timur.
War flag
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Myanmar
War flag
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The original
Eureka Flag specimen, rebel warflag at the 1854 Battle of
Eureka Stockade.
9.
Naval ensign
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Naval ensign is the ensign used by Navy vessels to denote nationality. It can be the same or different from the civil ensign and its also known as the war ensign. A large version of the naval ensign which is flown on a warships mast just before going into battle is called a battle ensign, the ensign differs from the jack which is flown from a jackstaff at the bow of a vessel. Most countries have one national flag and ensign for all purposes. In other countries, a distinction is made between the flag and the civil, state and naval ensigns. Some naval ensign differ in shape from the flag, such as the Nordic naval ensigns which have tongues. Naval ensigns that are different from the ensign and the national flag
Naval ensign
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National civil ensign of New Zealand flown from the stern of
Hikitia
Naval ensign
Naval ensign
10.
Order of the Cross of Liberty
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The Order of the Cross of Liberty is one of three official orders in Finland, along with the Order of the White Rose of Finland and the Order of the Lion of Finland. The President of Finland is the Grand Master of the two orders, and usually of the Order of the Cross of Liberty as well, Grand Mastership of which is attached to the position of Commander-in-chief. The orders are administered by boards consisting of a chancellor, a vice-chancellor, the orders of the White Rose of Finland and the Lion of Finland have a joint board. The Order of the Cross of Liberty was founded on March 4,1918, the Finnish artist Akseli Gallen-Kallela was commissioned to design the Orders insignia with the swastika. At its foundation there were seven classes, grand cross, cross of liberty, the decorations of the Order of the Cross of Liberty were initially conferred only in time of war. A decree was issued on 18 August 1944 enabling the decorations to be awarded in peacetime, the Cross of Liberty has a red ribbon when it is granted in wartime and a yellow ribbon when it is awarded in peacetime. Pictures of decorations The Office of the President of the Republic of Finland Finnish military decorations
Order of the Cross of Liberty
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VR Mourning Cross
Order of the Cross of Liberty
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Order of the Cross of Liberty breast star with swords
11.
Naval Jack
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A maritime flag is a flag designated for use on ships, boats, and other watercraft. Naval flags are considered important at sea and the rules and regulations for the flying of flags are strictly enforced, the flag flown is related to the country of registration, so much so that the word flag is often used symbolically as a synonym for country of registration. Ensigns are usually required to be flown when entering and leaving harbour, when sailing through foreign waters, and when the ship is signalled to do so by a warship. Warships usually fly their ensigns between the morning ceremony and sunset when moored or at anchor, at all times when underway. When engaged in battle a warship often flies multiple battle ensigns and this tradition dates from the era of sailing vessels. Tradition dictated that if a ship lowered its ensign it was deemed to have surrendered, masts were targets of gunfire, and the second and subsequent ensigns were flown in order to keep the ensign flying even after a mast hit. Jacks are additional national flags flown by warships at the head of the ship and these are usually flown while not underway and when the ship is dressed on special occasions. Jacks in the Royal Navy must be run up when the first line is ashore when coming alongside, although they continued to fly the same ensign as U. S. Since then, commissioned ships of NOAA, which fly the same national ensign as U. S. Navy ships, have flown the flag of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as a distinguishing mark. Similarly, all ships of the United States Lighthouse Service flew the U. S, the rank flag or distinguishing flag is the flag flown by a superior officer on his flagship or headquarters. The origins of this are from the era before radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony, the flag denotes the ship which must be watched for signals designating orders. Such flags are also flown when leaders of the government are aboard Navy ships, today, with the progress in communications, this flag indicates the obligation of the other Naval vessels to pay the relevant honours according to nautical etiquette. In a group of ships all commanded by superior officers. In the Royal Navy, admirals fly rectangular rank flags, an Admiral of the Fleet flies a Union Flag, the flags of vice-admirals and rear-admirals have one and two additional red balls respectively. Commodores fly a Broad Pennant which is a short swallow-tailed pennant based on the St Georges Cross, in the United States Navy as well as in some other countries, admirals fly rectangular flags with stars according to rank. Line officer flags are blue with stars, while staff officer flags are white with blue stars. Captains, when commanding a flotilla or squadron, fly a burgee with the colours of Hellenic Navy Jack, when a rank flag is flown the commissioning pennant is displaced downward. The pennant, historically called a pennon, is a long narrow flag, conveying different meanings depending on its design, examples, A commissioning pennant, or masthead, which a warship flies from its masthead and indicates the commission of the captain of the ship
Naval Jack
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House flags, ca. 1900
Naval Jack
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A medieval ship flag captured from a
Danish ship by
Lübeck forces in 1427 showed the arms of Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Pomerania. The original flag was destroyed in World War II during a British attack on Lübeck, but a 19th-century copy remains in
Frederiksborg Palace, Denmark. The saint accompanying the Virgin Mary and infant Christ is Saint
James the Greater, identified by his
scallop shell emblem.
Naval Jack
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Burgee of Barrachois Harbour Yacht Club, Nova Scotia, Canada
Naval Jack
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Superyacht Ariane NI in Toulon harbour, flying her British ensign and a French courtesy flag
12.
Finnish language
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Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. It is one of the two languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both standard Finnish and Meänkieli, a Finnish dialect, are spoken, the Kven language, a dialect of Finnish, is spoken in Northern Norway by a minority group of Finnish descent. Finnish is the member of the Finnic language family and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages. It modifies and inflects nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs, Finnish is a member of the Finnic group of the Uralic family of languages. The Finnic group also includes Estonian and a few minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea, several theories exist as to the geographic origin of Finnish and the other Uralic languages. The most widely held view is that they originated as a Proto-Uralic language somewhere in the boreal forest belt around the Ural Mountains region and/or the bend of the middle Volga. The Finns are more similar to their Indo-European-speaking neighbours than to the speakers of the geographically close Uralic language Sami. It has been argued that a native Finnic-speaking population absorbed northward migrating Indo-European speakers who adopted the Finnic language, the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, United States classifies Finnish as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers. Finnish is spoken by five million people, most of whom reside in Finland. There are also notable Finnish-speaking minorities in Sweden, Norway, Russia, Estonia, Brazil, Canada, the majority of the population of Finland,90. 37% as of 2010, speak Finnish as their first language. The remainder speak Swedish, Sami and other languages and it has achieved some popularity as a second language in Estonia. Finnish is one of two languages of Finland and one of the official languages in the European Union since 1995. Finnish language started to gain its role during the Grand Duchy of Finland, along with the nationalistic Fennoman movement and it enjoys the status of an official minority language in Sweden. The Finnic languages evolved from the Proto-Finnic language after Sámi was separated from it around 1500–1000 BCE, current models assume three or more hypothetical Proto-Finnic proto-dialects evolving over the first millennium BCE. During the Middle Ages, Finnish was solely an oral language, the first known written example of Finnish comes from this era and was found in a German travel journal dating back to c.1450, Mÿnna tachton gernast spuho somen gelen emÿna daÿda. According to the journal, a Finnish bishop, whose name is unknown, was behind the above quotation. Finnish priestdom at the time was largely Swedish-speaking, the first comprehensive writing system for Finnish was created by Mikael Agricola, a Finnish bishop, in the 16th century
Finnish language
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Mikael Agricola, a 19th-century drawing by
Albert Edelfelt
Finnish language
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Official language.
Finnish language
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Elias Lönnrot as depicted in a 19th-century caricature – Lönnrot made several journeys to Karelia and Eastern Finland to collect folklore, from which he compiled the
Kalevala
Finnish language
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Suomalaisen Sana-Lugun Coetus (1745) by
Daniel Juslenius was the first comprehensive dictionary of the Finnish language with 16,000 entries.
13.
Swedish language
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Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken natively by more than 9 million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish, along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. It is currently the largest of the North Germanic languages by number of speakers, Standard Swedish, spoken by most Swedes, is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties descended from the rural dialects still exist. The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages, V2, Swedish morphology is similar to English, that is, words have comparatively few inflections. There are two genders, no cases, and a distinction between plural and singular. Older analyses posit the cases nominative and genitive and there are remains of distinct accusative and dative forms as well. Adjectives are compared as in English, and are inflected according to gender, number. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes, complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles, the prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless velar fricative, a highly variable consonant phoneme. Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages, by many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had some changes. This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, the dialects of Old East Norse that were spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish while the dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish. The dialects are described as runic because the body of text appears in the runic alphabet. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, from 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. An early change that separated Runic Danish from the dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é. This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain, there was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr dead
Swedish language
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The initial page of the first complete copy of
Västgötalagen, the
law code of
Västergötland, from c. 1280. It is one of the earliest texts in Swedish written in the
Latin script.
Swedish language
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Major Swedish-speaking areas
Swedish language
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Front page of
Gustav Vasa 's Bible from 1541, using
Fraktur. The title translated to English reads: "The Bible / That is / The Holy Scripture / in Swedish. Printed in
Uppsala. 1541".
Swedish language
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August Strindberg, one of the most influential writers in modern Swedish literature.
14.
Christianity
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Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the worlds largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles Creed and his incarnation, earthly ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning good news. The term gospel also refers to accounts of Jesuss life and teaching, four of which—Matthew, Mark, Luke. Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century, following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the denominations of Protestantism. There are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible, concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds. They began as baptismal formulae and were expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Apostles Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists and this particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator, each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. Most Christians accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the mentioned above. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God, Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept, Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin
Christianity
–
An
Eastern Christian icon depicting
Emperor Constantine and the Fathers of the
First Council of Nicaea (325) as holding the Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381
Christianity
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Various
depictions of Jesus
Christianity
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Crucifixion, representing the death of
Jesus on the
Cross, painting by
Diego Velázquez, 17th century
15.
Coat of arms of Finland
–
The coat of arms of Finland is a crowned lion on a red field, the right foreleg replaced with an armoured hand brandishing a sword, trampling on a sabre with the hindpaws. The coat of arms was created around the year 1580. The heraldic lion originated from the Lion of Judea is quite common in Western Europe, in Nordic heraldry, the lion is first found in the coat of arms of Denmark in the later part of the 12th century. The first known use of the lion in Sweden was on the seals of Erik Knutsson and Erik Eriksson. The first king of the Folkunga family, Valdemar Birgersson, also used 3 lions on his seal and this version of the arms was quite similar to the modern coat of arms of Finland, but the lion did not yet brandish any weapon. The grand-ducal coat of arms is thought to have resulted out of a combination of the Göta lion, the result was that the lion brandishes one weapon and treads on another. The best-known version of the coat of arms is found on the tomb of Gustavus I in the Uppsala cathedral. It has been suggested that either Duke John himself, or his brother Eric XIV, was leading the work on the heraldic signs on the tomb. Neither statement can be confirmed, but it is known that Eric XIV showed an interest in heraldry, the monument was commissioned from Guillaume Boyen, a Flemish architect and sculptor who had worked in Sweden. He started on the task in Antwerp in 1562, completing it 10 years later, however, the tomb was not in place in Uppsala until the early 1580s, and the finishing work lasted until 1591. In addition to the arms of Sweden and those of Finland. From Finland they include North and South Finland, as well as Tavastia and Karelia, the purpose of the nine roses remains unknown, but are now mostly considered to be decorative only. They have sometimes claimed to represent the nine historical provinces of Finland. The lion experienced several changes during the 17th century, after Finland had been ceded to Russia, Elias Brenners version of the lion was chosen by the authorities as the model for the new coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire. Obviously, any interpretation of the lion as trampling on a Russian sabre had been lost at point in time. During the reform of the Russian official heraldry in 1857, the lion was changed on the initiative of baron Bernhard Karl von Köhne. The sword in the right forepaw had shrunk in size, to the point of resembling a dagger rather than a sword. During the years when the Russian emperors attempted russification of Finland, the use of the arms of Finland increased significantly, the director of the Finnish National Archives, Karl August Bomansson made the first significant study on the arms of Finland in modern times
Coat of arms of Finland
–
Figure 5: Grand-ducal coat of arms of Finland, tomb of King Gustav Vasa (
Uppsala cathedral,
Sweden)
Coat of arms of Finland
–
Coat of arms of Finland
Coat of arms of Finland
–
Figure 6: Coat of arms of
Karelia, tomb of King Gustav Vasa (Uppsala cathedral, Sweden)
Coat of arms of Finland
–
7th Missile Squadron,
Finnish Navy: Finnish lion with a fish-tail and a trident
16.
Crimean War
–
The Crimean War was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to March 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, the French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an agreement, Nicholas I of Russia, Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to, when the Ottomans demanded changes, Nicholas refused and prepared for war. Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans declared war on Russia in October 1853. The war started in the Balkans, when Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities, until then under Ottoman suzerainty and now part of modern Romania, led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive campaign and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the town of Kars in eastern Anatolia led to a siege. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, France and Britain rushed forces to Gallipoli and they then moved north to Varna in June, arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra. Aside from a skirmish at Köstence, there was little for the allies to do. Karl Marx quipped that there they are, the French doing nothing, after extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought their way to a point south of Sevastopol after a series of successful battles. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, a second counterattack, ordered personally by Nicholas, was defeated by Omar Pasha. The front settled into a siege and led to conditions for troops on both sides. Smaller actions were carried out in the Baltic, the Caucasus, Sevastopol fell after eleven months, and neutral countries began to join the Allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued and this was welcomed by France and Britain, as their subjects were beginning to turn against their governments as the war dragged on. The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856, Russia was forbidden from hosting warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent, Christians there were granted a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute. The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways
Crimean War
–
Detail of
Franz Roubaud 's
panoramic painting The
Siege of Sevastopol (1904)
Crimean War
Crimean War
–
Russian siege of
Kars,
Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29
Crimean War
–
Two French
Zouaves officers and one private
17.
Maamme
–
Maamme or Vårt land is the title of Finlands de facto national anthem. The music was composed by the German immigrant Fredrik Pacius, with words by Johan Ludvig Runeberg, and was performed for the first time on 13 May 1848. The original poem, written in 1846 but not printed until 1848, had 11 stanzas and formed the prologue to the great verse cycle The Tales of Ensign Stål, a masterpiece of Romantic nationalism. The current Finnish language text is attributed to the 1889 translation of Ensign Stål by Paavo Cajander. The Tales of Ensign Stål were much appreciated throughout all of Scandinavia, note that in the original Swedish text there is no reference to Finland, only to a country in the north, but the Finnish text explicitly refers to Finland. The poems theme is, furthermore, remarkably similar to that of the anthems of Sweden. There is no law regarding an official anthem in Finland, in the same way as Coat of arms. Instead its position has been established gradually by convention over the years, today, Maamme is firmly established by convention. In formal occasions it is both in Finnish and in Swedish. It is played at sporting events, such as the Olympics, some Finns have proposed that the Finnish national anthem be changed to Finlandia by Jean Sibelius, with lyrics by V. A. There are also those who simply prefer Finlandia as a musical piece and it is said that Pacius composed the tune in four days. It was popular throughout the 19th century, but established as national anthem only after Pacius death, the melody of Maamme has similarities with the German drinking song Papst und Sultan. Many believe that Fredrik Pacius intentionally or unintentionally copied parts of the tune, another Finnish patriotic song, Sotilaspoika, composed by Pacius, also includes similarities with Papst und Sultan. The melody of Maamme is also used for the anthem of Estonia with a similarly themed text, Mu isamaa. It is also considered to be the anthem for the Livonians as Min izāmō
Maamme
–
Frontpage of Vårt land by
Johan Ludvig Runeberg
Maamme
–
The Swedish words of the Vårt Land poem appear in Johan Ludvig Runeberg's monument in Helsinki. Sculptor
Walter Runeberg.
18.
Nyland Yacht Club
–
Nyländska Jaktklubben, Nyland Yacht Club, is a yacht club in Helsinki, Nyland. The club was founded on March 4,1861 with the approval of its constitution by Tsar Alexander II and his brother, Admiral-General Grand Duke Konstantin, officiated at the inauguration ceremony. Todays flag, introduced in 1919, is the version of the original. The official language of the club is Swedish, in 1885 NJK came to Valkosaari. That same year the clubs first pavilion was built, the present pavilion, designed by architects Estlander and Settergren, was inaugurated on August 31,1900. Today NJK has two harbours, Valkosaari and Koivusaari, Valkosaari is one of the official guest harbours of Helsinki. During the summer the club house accommodates a restaurant, which is a member of the Finnish Royal Restaurants. Blekholmen offers its guests toilets (24/7, showers, sauna and laundry-room, water, electricity and septi-tanc emptying are also available. Koivusaari is the NJK sailing centre, situated on the western part of Lauttasaari island. Björkholmen is one of the busiest sailing centres in the capital region, the clubhouse, with the club office, is open all year round. It has a small café open for members and kitchen and dining area for bigger occasions. List of International Council of Yacht Clubs members Official Club website Restaurant NJK
Nyland Yacht Club
–
Clubhouse at Valkosaari island
Nyland Yacht Club
–
Nyland Yacht Club Ensign
19.
Yacht club
–
A yacht club is a sports club specifically related to yachting. Yacht clubs are located by the sea, although there are some that have been established at a lake or riverside locations. Yacht or sailing clubs have either a marina or a section of the beach or shoreline with buoys marking the areas off-limits for swimmers as well as safe offshore anchorages. Although the terms Yacht Club and Sailing Club tend to be synonymous, historically a Yacht Club tended to focus on a membership composed of yacht owners, including motorboats. This type of club often was extremely exclusive, attracting the aristocracy or the high class, on the other hand, a Sailing Club tended to focus on a membership composed exclusively of owners of sailboats, including smaller boats such as dinghies. These became very popular towards the end of the 19th century when small boats began to be produced on an industrial scale, Yacht clubs are often known by their initials. Organized and run by the membership, Yacht Clubs became a place to promote the sport of racing and cruising. The membership is a mixture of people with specific recreational affinities, generally, the members include those who sail as crew for cruising or racing, as well as boat owners. Also it is up to the decide on the objectives of the club to satisfy the membership. For example, some clubs include owners of powerboats, while others specifically exclude them, in order to overcome difficulties concerning the affinities of their members one particular club may have two sections, a sailing section and a powerboat section. Members Clubs often have paid staff for catering, bar duty, boat yard duty, accounts, control and organization of the club is done for the membership via members elected by the membership into roles such as Sailing Secretary, Commodore, Cruising Captain, Racing Captain etc. Smaller clubs typically have a condition of membership which requires participation of the membership in activities such as maintenance of club facilities. Unlike the classical clubs where the membership is the focus, certain clubs are run on a commercial basis and they may be owned by individuals or a company to provide a service and generate a profit. Often they are associated with a marina or port. Objectives are usually similar to members clubs, but the social side may be more dominant. There is a historical tradition behind yacht clubs. According to the date of establishment, the Neva Yacht Club and it was only in 1846 that the first yacht club in Russia to adopt British-style Members Club regulations was established. A number of the worlds most renowned Yacht Clubs are located in the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Canada, and the United States
Yacht club
–
Aerial view of yacht club and
marina Yacht Harbour Residence "Hohe Düne" in
Rostock,
Germany.
Yacht club
–
The clubhouse of the yacht club in
Cienfuegos,
Cuba
Yacht club
–
Columbia yacht club in
Chicago,
Illinois
Yacht club
–
Britannia Yacht Club in
Ottawa, Ontario Clubhouse & Marquis tent
20.
Helsinki
–
Helsinki is the capital and largest city of Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. Helsinki has a population of 629,512, a population of 1,231,595. Helsinki is located some 80 kilometres north of Tallinn, Estonia,400 km east of Stockholm, Sweden, Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities. The Helsinki metropolitan area includes the core of Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, Kauniainen. It is the worlds northernmost metro area of one million people. The Helsinki metropolitan area is the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Nordic countries, Helsinki is Finlands major political, educational, financial, cultural, and research center as well as one of northern Europes major cities. Approximately 75% of foreign companies operating in Finland have settled in the Helsinki region, the nearby municipality of Vantaa is the location of Helsinki Airport, with frequent service to various destinations in Europe and Asia. In 2009, Helsinki was chosen to be the World Design Capital for 2012 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, the city was the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics and the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest 2007. In 2011, the Monocle magazine ranked Helsinki the most liveable city in the world in its Liveable Cities Index 2011, in the Economist Intelligence Units August 2015 Liveability survey, assessing the best and worst cities to live in globally, Helsinki placed among the worlds top ten cities. Helsinki is used to refer to the city in most languages, the Swedish name Helsingfors is the original official name of the city. The Finnish name probably comes from Helsinga and similar names used for the river that is known as the Vantaa River. Helsingfors comes from the name of the parish, Helsinge and the rapids, which flowed through the original village. As part of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, one suggestion for the origin of the name Helsinge is that it originated with medieval Swedish settlers who came from Hälsingland in Sweden. Others have proposed that the name derives from the Swedish word helsing, other Scandinavian cities located at similar geographic locations were given similar names at the time, for example Helsingør and Helsingborg. The name Helsinki has been used in Finnish official documents and in Finnish language newspapers since 1819, the decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue. This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish, in Helsinki slang the city is called Stadi. Hesa, is not used by natives to the city, helsset is the Northern Sami name of Helsinki
Helsinki
–
Clockwise from top:
Helsinki Cathedral, view of central Helsinki, Headquarters of
Sanoma, Helsinki city centre at night, beaches at
Aurinkolahti,
Parliament House and
Suomenlinna.
Helsinki
–
Coat of arms
Helsinki
–
Central Helsinki in 1820 before rebuilding. Illustration by
Carl Ludvig Engel.
Helsinki
–
Construction of
Suomenlinna began in the 18th century.
21.
Uusimaa
–
Uusimaa or Nyland is a region in Finland. It borders the regions Southwest Finland, Tavastia Proper, Päijänne Tavastia, finland’s capital Helsinki, its second largest city Espoo and its fourth largest city Vantaa are all located centrally in Uusimaa, making it by far the most populous region. Uusimaa was, along with the rest of Southern and Western Finland, the Swedish placenames of Uusimaa date back to this period. However, there are traces of the older Tavastian placenames left in some names, the names Uusimaa and Nyland mean “new land” in English. The Swedish-language name Nyland appears in the documents from the 14th century, the Finnish-language name Uusimaa appears for the first time in 1548 as Wsimaa in the first translation of the New Testament to Finnish by Mikael Agricola. The Finnish provinces were ceded to Imperial Russia in the War of Finland in 1809, after this, Uusimaa became the Province of Uusimaa of the old lääni system. From 1997 to 2010, Uusimaa was a part of the Province of Southern Finland and it has been divided in the regions of Uusimaa and Eastern Uusimaa. In 2011, two regions were merged, Uusimaa is an officially bilingual region, with both Finnish and Swedish having the same status. Helsinkis slang, stadin slangi, first evolved in the late 19th century,8. 5% of population of the region speak Swedish language as native. Is the main governing body for region and focueses primarily on urban planning, like all regional councils it is mandated by law. The region of Uusimaa is made up of 26 municipalities, of which 13 have city status, also two popular tabloid newspapers, Iltalehti and Ilta-Sanomat, are published there. The coat of arms of the shows a yellow boat which is a symbol for the coastal areas. Uusimaa received its coat of arms at the end of the 16th century, there is an image of the coat of arms made in 1599. In 1997, the coat of arms became the official coat of arms of the region
Uusimaa
–
Helsinki Cathedral, the symbol of the capital
Uusimaa
–
Logo of the Regional Council
Uusimaa
–
Porvoo Old Town
Uusimaa
–
Nurmijärvi Church
22.
Neva Yacht Club
–
The Neva Yacht Club, is a sailing club located in Saint Petersburg, close to the Neva River, that was founded in 1718, and was re-established club in 1958. It claims to be the first and oldest yacht club in Russia and even in the world, Nevsky Flot, the first yacht club in Russia, was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on April 12,1718. The tsar, an enthusiast of naval activities, provided 141 small ships to entertain members of the aristocracy, the flag of the club, a version of the Russian Navy Ensign, was designed and given to the club by the tsar himself. The club ceased activities after the death of the tsar, who had been sponsoring the club. Its date of establishment makes the Neva Yacht Club perhaps the oldest yacht club in the world, however, since this Russian yacht club was established by a decree of the emperor, it does not qualify as a proper club, understood as a voluntary association of members. It was only in 1846 that the first yacht club in Russia to adopt British-style club regulations was established, the Imperial St. Petersburg Yacht Club had at its origins 19 members and five sailing yachts. Only members of the nobility were admitted, in 1892 after the initiative of certain high officers of the Russian Imperial Navy, the Neva Yacht Club was revived in memory of Peter the Greats Nevsky Flot. It began regularly organising various sailing competitions meant mainly for large cruise yachts, the Imperial Neva Yacht Club was disbanded after the Russian Revolution. The current Neva Yacht Club was reestablished in 1958, the club services only members of the Public Association of Amateurs of Aquatic Recreation. It accepts only ship owners or members and it is located in address to 94, Martynova Quay. In 2009 the club shop has seriously suffered from a fire. Парус - моя жизнь, Из воспоминаний, Жемчужина на ладони Невской губы // Капитан-клуб
Neva Yacht Club
–
A view of
St. Petersburg by
Alexey Zubov, 1716. Shows
yachts and
war ships on the
Neva River.
Neva Yacht Club
–
Neva Yacht Club burgee -basis of the flag of
Finland
23.
Russian Navy
–
The Russian Navy is the naval arm of the Russian Armed Forces. The regular Russian Navy was established by Peter the Great in October 1696, ascribed to Peter I is the oft quoted statement, A ruler that has but an army has one hand, but he who has a navy has both. The symbols of the Russian Navy, the St. Andrews ensign, neither Janes Fighting Ships nor the International Institute for Strategic Studies list any standard ship prefixes for the vessels of the Russian Navy. For official U. S. Navy photographs, they are referred to as RFS—Russian Federation Ship. However, the Russian Navy itself does not use this convention, a rearmament program approved in 2007 placed the development of the navy on an equal footing with the strategic nuclear forces for the first time in Soviet and Russian history. This program, covering the period until 2015, expected to see the replacement of 45 percent of the inventory of the Russian Navy, out of 4.9 trillion rubles allocated for military rearmament,25 percent will go into building new ships. Another setback is attributed to Russias domestic shipbuilding industry which is reported to have been in decline as to their capabilities of constructing contemporary hardware efficiently, some analysts even say that because of this Russias naval capabilities have been facing a slow but certain irreversible collapse. The origins of the Russian navy may be traced to the period between the 4th and the 6th century, the first Slavic flotillas consisted of small sailing ships and rowboats, which had been seaworthy and able to navigate in riverbeds. During the 9th through 12th centuries, there were flotillas in the Kievan Rus consisting of hundreds of vessels with one, riverine vessels in 9th century Kievan Rus guarded trade routes to Constantinople. The citizens of Novgorod are known to have conducted military campaigns in the Baltic Sea —although contemporary Scandinavian sources state that the fleet was from Karelia or Estonia, ladya was a typical boat used by the army of Novgorod. There were also smaller sailboats and rowboats, such as ushkuys for sailing in rivers, lakes and skerries, kochis, during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Cossacks conducted military campaigns against the Crimean Khanate and Ottoman Empire, using sailboats and rowboats. The Don Cossacks called them strugs and these boats were capable of transporting up to 80 men. The Cossack flotillas numbered 80 to 100 boats, the centralized Russian state had been fighting for its own access to the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Sea of Azov since the 17th Century. By the end of century, the Russians had accumulated some valuable experience in using riverboats together with land forces. Under Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich, the construction of the first three-masted ship to be entirely within Russia was finished in 1636. She was built in Balakhna by Danish shipbuilders from Holstein with a European design, in 1668, they built a 26-gun ship, the Oryol, a yacht, a boat with a mast and bowsprit, and a few rowboats. Unquestionably the most celebrated Russian explorer was Semyon Dezhnev, who, in 1648, rounding the Chukotsk Peninsula, Dezhnev passed through the Bering Sea and sailed into the Pacific Ocean. The regular Russian Navy was created at the initiative of Peter the Great, during the Second Azov campaign of 1696 against the Ottoman Empire, the Russians employed for the first time 2 warships,4 fireships,23 galleys and 1300 strugs, built on the Voronezh River
Russian Navy
Russian Navy
–
Emblem of the Russian Navy
Russian Navy
–
Flag of the Commander-in-Chief, Russian Navy.
Russian Navy
–
Eugene Lanceray. Fleet of Peter the Great (1709).
24.
Ensign
–
Ensign is the national flag flown on a vessel to indicate nationality. The ensign is the largest flag, generally flown at the stern of the ship, the naval ensign, used on warships, may be different from the civil ensign or the yacht ensign. Large versions of naval ensigns called battle ensigns are used when a warship goes into battle, the ensign differs from the jack which is flown from a jackstaff at the bow of a vessel. In its widest sense, an ensign is just a flag or other standard, the European military rank of ensign, once responsible for bearing a units standard derives from it. In contrast, the Arab rank of ensign, liwa, derives from the command of a unit or units with an ensign, not the carrier of such a units ensign, and is a general officer. In Arab armies, ensign is a title equivalent to a Western brigade. In nautical use, the ensign is flown on a ship or boat to indicate its appartenance, while this includes its nationality, it may well indicate more information rather than being the national flag itself. This is particularly common for commonwealth and European countries, ensigns are usually at the stern flagstaff when in port, and may be shifted to a gaff or mast amidships when the ship is under way, becoming known as a steaming ensign. Vexillologists distinguish three varieties of a national flag used as an ensign, A civil ensign is worn by merchant. In some countries the yacht ensign, used on boats or ships instead of merchant vessels. A state ensign or government ensign is worn by government vessels, a naval ensign is used by a countrys navy. Such ensigns are strictly regulated and indicate if the vessel is a warship, a merchant ship, several Commonwealth countries national flags had their origin in the ensigns of their original colonising power, the United Kingdom. Most notable of these flags are those of Australia, New Zealand. It is also likely that the original design from which the flag of the United States developed was strongly influenced by the British Red Ensign or the flag of the East India Company. With the creation of independent air forces and the growth in aviation in the first half of the 20th century. These may be divided into air force ensigns and civil air ensigns, in heraldry, an ensign is the ornament or sign, such as the crown, coronet, or mitre, borne above the charge or arms. Distinguishing mark Maritime flag Znamierowski, Alfred, the world encyclopedia of flags, The definitive guide to international flags, banners, standards and ensigns
Ensign
–
National civil ensign of New Zealand flown from the stern of
Hikitia
Ensign
Ensign
25.
Saltire
–
A saltire, also called Saint Andrews Cross, is a heraldic symbol in the form of a diagonal cross, like the shape of the letter X in Roman type. The word comes from the Middle French sautoir, possibly owing to the shape of the areas in the design. It appears in flags, including those of Scotland and Jamaica. A variant, also appearing on many past and present flags, a warning sign in the shape of a saltire is also used to indicate the point at which a railway line intersects a road at a level crossing. In Unicode, the cross is encoded at U+2613 ☓ saltire, see X mark#Unicode for similar symbols that might be more accessible. The saltire appears on vexilla that are represented consistently on coinage of Christian emperors of Rome, in the ninth and tenth century the saltire was revived in Constantinople as a symbol of Christian-imperial power. Anne Roes detected the symbol, which appears with balls in the quadrants formed by the arms of the chi-cross. She suggested that early Christians endorsed its solar symbolism as appropriate to Christ and she also wrote, although it cannot be proved. In the white saltire of St. Andrew we still have a reminiscence of the old standard of the Persepolitan kingdom, when two or more saltires appear, they are usually blazoned as cut off. A saltorel is a saltire, the term is usually defined as one-half the width of the saltire. A field per saltire is divided into four areas by a saltire-shaped cut, otherwise, each of the four divisions may be blazoned separately. Examples include, Suffolk County Council, England, The Corporation of the Municipality of Brighton, when five or more compact charges are in saltire, one is in the center and one or more lie on each arm of an invisible saltire. The Saint Andrews Cross was worn as a badge on hats in Scotland, the Cross of Burgundy, a form of the Saint Andrews Cross, is used in numerous flags across Europe and the Americas. It was first used in the 15th century as an emblem by the Valois Dukes of Burgundy, the Duchy of Burgundy, forming a large part of eastern France and the Low Countries, was inherited by the House of Habsburg on the extinction of the Valois ducal line. As a result, the Cross of Burgundy has appeared in a variety of flags connected with territories formerly part of the Burgundian or Habsburg inheritance. Examples of such diversity include the Spanish naval ensign, the flag of Carlism, the flag of the Dutch municipality of Eijsden, the naval ensign of the Imperial Russian and Russian navies is a blue saltire on a white field. Prior to the Union the Royal Scots Navy used a red ensign incorporating the St Andrews Cross, with its colours exchanged, the same design forms part of the arms and flag of Nova Scotia. The Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza also use a blue saltire on a white field, the flags of the Spanish island of Tenerife and the remote Colombian islands of San Andrés and Providencia also use a white saltire on a blue field
Saltire
–
St Andrew crucified crucified on a diagonal cross
Saltire
Saltire
–
Timber framing Saltire in Duderstadt, Germany
Saltire
–
A blue-and-white saltire used on a road sign to represent the
Flag of Scotland.
26.
Russification of Finland
–
The two Russification campaigns evoked widespread Finnish resistance, starting with petitions and escalating to strikes, passive resistance and eventually active resistance. Finnish opposition to Russification was one of the factors that ultimately led to Finlands declaration of independence in 1917. Russia attacked Sweden in 1808, in what became known as the War of Finland. In 1809 the lost territory of Sweden became the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, in 1809 the Finnish Diet recognized Tsar Alexander I as Grand Duke. We promise to all these benefits and laws firm and unshaken in their full force. This promise was maintained, indeed, Alexander II amplified the powers of the Finnish diet in 1869, the Language Manifesto of 1900, the decree by Emperor Nicholas II which made Russian the language of administration of Finland. The conscription law, signed by Nicholas II in July 1901 incorporating the Finnish army into the imperial army, from April 1903 until the Russian Revolution of 1905, the governor-general was granted dictatorial powers. In June 1904 Eugen Schauman assassinated Bobrikov, the incumbent, the imperial government responded with a purge of opponents of Russification within the Finnish administration and more stringent censorship. However the resistance also had some successes, notably a de facto reversal of the new conscription law. The Russification campaign was suspended and partially reversed in 1905–07 during a period of civil unrest throughout the Russian empire following Russian defeats in the Russo-Japanese War. The program was reintroduced in 1908 on, costing Finland much of its autonomy and again causing further Finnish resistance, including the Jäger movement. During the Russo–Japanese War with the aid from Japan the rebels bought a shipment of thousands of rifles with the aim of creating an uprising and forming an independent state. However, the ship was wrecked off the coast of Finland, during the First World War when Russia and Japan were allies fighting against Germany, the Japanese handed to the Russian government a list of leading men in the freedom movement. Russification Kagal Russophobia Sergeevskii, N. D. Finland, the question of autonomy and fundamental laws Alenius, Russification in Estonia and Finland Before 1917, Faravid,2004, Vol.28, pp 181–194 Huxley, Steven. Constitutionalist insurgency in Finland, Finnish passive resistance against Russification as a case of nonmilitary struggle in the European resistance tradition Polvinen, Imperial Borderland, Bobrikov and the Attempted Russification of Finland, 1898–1904 Thaden, Edward C. Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, the Era of Russification The Gracious Manifesto of the Imperial Majesty, text of the February Manifesto of 1899 Nicholass Decree Limiting Finnish Autonomy, March 20,1903
Russification of Finland
–
Edvard Isto 's painting Attack (1899) symbolizes Finnish resistance to Russification. The two-headed eagle of Russia is tearing away the law book from the Finnish Maiden's arms.
27.
Pennon
–
A pennon or pennant is a flag that is larger at the hoist than at the fly. It can have several shapes, such as triangular, tapering or triangular and it was one of the principal three varieties of flags carried during the Middle Ages. Pennoncells and streamers or pendants are minor varieties of this style of flag, the pennon is a flag resembling the guidon in shape, but only half the size. It does not contain any coat of arms, but only crests, mottos and heraldic, pennon comes from the Latin penna meaning a wing or a feather. The pennon was sometimes pointed, but more generally forked or swallow-tailed at the end, in the 11th century, the pennon was generally square, the fly end being decorated with the addition of pointed tongues or streamers, somewhat similar to the oriflamme. During the reign of Henry III, the acquired the distinctive swallow-tail. Another version of the pennon was introduced in the 13th century. In shape this was a triangle, obtained by cutting diagonally the vertically oblong banner. The pennon was a personal ensign. A pennoncell was a diminutive pennon carried by the esquires, pennons were also used for any special ceremonial occasion, and more particularly at state funerals. For instance, there were XII doz, among the fittings of the ship that took Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, to France in the reign of Henry VII was a great streamer for the ship 40 yards in length 8 yards in breadth. Besides the white ensign, ships commissioned in the Royal Navy fly a long streamer from the maintopgallant masthead and this, which is called a pennant, is in fact the sign of command, and it is first hoisted when a captain commissions his ship. Now, however the pennant is a long white streamer with the St Georges cross in the inner portion close to the mast, pennants have been carried by men-of-war from the earliest times, prior to 1653 at the yard-arm, but since that date at the maintopgallant masthead. There are other navies that also fly pennant in a similar manner, the commissioning pennant in ships may end in a point, but they can also be forked, in which case it is also called a banderole. Pennants are also associated with American sports teams, such as Major League Baseball, in Australian rules football, a pennant is awarded to the winner of major competitions. For many years, this was the prize given. As a result, a League Championship is often referred to as a pennant, as in, and in Australian football, a premiership can also be referred to as a flag. In the Netherlands, an orange pennon is always used on the Kings Day and it is flown alongside the standard Dutch flag
Pennon
–
The pennon of James Douglas, Earl of Douglas as used at the
Battle of Otterburn.
Pennon
–
Pennant of shipping control of the German Democratic Republic.
Pennon
–
A contemporary depiction of streamers (or pennoncells) on all four masts of the warship
Mary Rose which sank in 1545. Here they have a
cross of Saint George at the hoist and the white and green heraldic colours of the
House of Tudor along the rest of its length. Illustration from the
Anthony Roll.
Pennon
–
The pennon of
Sir Henry Percy, also known as Harry Hotspur.
28.
Order of the Dannebrog
–
The Order of the Dannebrog is an Order of Denmark, instituted in 1671 by Christian V. In 1808, the Order was reformed and divided into four classes, the Grand Commander class is reserved to persons of princely origin. It is only awarded to royalty with close ties with the Danish Royal House. The statute of the Order was amended in 1951 by a Royal Ordinance so that men and women could be members of the Order. The badge of the Order is a white enamelled Dannebrog cross with a red enamelled border, for the Knights in silver and for everyone else in gold or silver gilt. On its reverse are found the crowned royal cyphers of Valdemar II Sejr, Christian V and Frederik VI, as well as the years 1219,1671 and 1808, in each of the four angles of the cross is found a small Danish royal crown. The Grand Cross can, as an honor, be awarded with diamonds. There is also a Cross of Honour, when the collar is worn the sash is not worn. The star of the Order is a silver star with straight rays with an enamelled Dannebrog cross at the centre. The breast cross of the Order is similar to the cross on the star but larger and with faceted silver instead of white enamel, the ribbon of the Order is white silk moiré with red borders, the national colours of Denmark. The Order originally had a distinctive habit worn by the knights on very solemn occasions, over this red mantle was worn a short white shoulder cape with a standing collar embroidered in gold, upon which was worn the collar of the Order. The habit also had a hat with a plume of white. This habit was almost identical to that worn by the knights of the Order of the Elephant, each Danish ministry has a quota of Knights and Knights 1st class that they may use at their discretion. It is most often given to high-ranking officers of the police, armed forces, also used for politicians in Folketinget after 8 years of elected service. Ministers are given the rank of Knight 1st Class, the rank of Commander is given to Colonels, ministers and other high-ranking officials as a retirement-decoration after long service. Commander 1st class is given for Admirals, Generals, Supreme-court judges, ambassadors, Grand Cross is most often used for admirals, generals, Supreme-court judges, ambassadors and similar as a reward for very meritorious service to Denmark. Grand Cross with Breaststar with Diamonds is most often given to high-ranking officers of the Royal Court, finally, the Grand Commander grade is only given to 8 people. The reigning monarch is always a Grand Commander, and he/she may give the grade to 7 others - most often close family, the Order of the Dannebrog is often used as a tool of diplomacy
Order of the Dannebrog
–
Order of the Dannebrog, Breast Star with Grand Cross, unofficial model
29.
Barber
–
A barber is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave mens and boys hair. A barbers place of work is known as a shop or a barbers. Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse, in some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns and they were also influential in helping shape male identity. In previous times, barbers performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures. In modern times, the barber is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in mens hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers, in the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location. Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws, for example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In Australia, the term for a barber is hairdresser, barber is only a popular title for mens hairdressers. Most would work in a hairdressing salon, the barbers trade has a long history, razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals, priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς, in an agora which also served as a gathering for debates. Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, the barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars, some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks. Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century as African American businesses that helped to develop African American culture and economy
Barber
–
Edwin Lord Weeks, "The Barber"
Barber
–
A street barber in
Shiraz
Barber
–
Barbershop in
Bucharest around 1842. Woodcut. As shown in this image, the barbershop also provides an opportunity for social contacts.
Barber
–
The barbershop in Fluvanna, Texas, has been restored as part of a pioneer village in
Snyder in
Scurry County in
West Texas.
30.
Swedish flag
–
The flag of Sweden is the national flag of the Kingdom of Sweden. It consists of a yellow or gold Nordic Cross on a field of blue, the Nordic Cross design traditionally represents Christianity. Blue and yellow have been used as Swedish colors at least since King Magnus IIIs royal coat of arms of 1275, the dimensions of the Swedish flag are 5,2,9 horizontally and 4,2,4 vertically. The dimensions of the Swedish flag with a triple-tail are 5,2,5,8 horizontally and 4,2,4 vertically. The colors of the flag are officially established through the Natural Color System to be NCS 0580-Y10R for the shade of yellow, the square-cut Swedish state flag is identical to the civil ensign. The Swedish law does not regulate the design of the Swedish pennant, the triple-tailed flag is used as a military ensign. Its overall ratio, including the tails, is 1,2, the flag is also used as the Swedish naval jack. The jacks are smaller than the ensigns, but they have the same proportions, the Swedish swallow-tailed flag was originally the Kings personal emblem, or the emblem representing a command conferred by the King. It was at first two-pointed, but by the mid-17th century, the flag is also flown by the defence ministry, while civil ministries fly square flags. The King personally decides about the use of the royal flag. According to early modern legend, the 12th-century King Eric IX saw a cross in the sky as he landed in Finland during the First Swedish Crusade in 1157. Seeing this as a sign from God he adopted the cross against a blue background as his banner. It has been suggested that the Swedish origin legend is chosen to counter a parallel origin story for the Danish flag, according to this theory, the Swedish flag was created during the reign of King Charles VIII, who also introduced the coat of arms of Sweden in 1442. The national coat of arms is a combination of King Alberts coat of arms of 1364 and King Magnus IIIs coat of arms of 1275, and is blue divided quarterly by a golden cross pattée. The exact age of the Swedish flag is not known, but the oldest recorded pictures of a cloth with a yellow cross date from the early 16th century. The first legal description of the flag was made in a warrant of April 19,1562 as yellow in a cross fashioned on blue. As stipulated in a warrant of 1569, the yellow cross was always to be borne on Swedish battle standards. Prior to this, a similar flag appeared in the coat of arms of King John IIIs duchy, the same coat of arms is still used by the province
Swedish flag
–
One of the oldest preserved Swedish flags. This banner was made in 1620 and was used by soldiers on board ships of the Swedish navy.
Swedish flag
–
Sweden
Swedish flag
–
Early variant of state flag and war ensign. This design was also used by the
Swedish East India Company.
Swedish flag
–
Swedish historical flags at the
Maritime Museum in Stockholm. The striped designs are some of the earliest variants on the general theme of the state colors of blue and yellow.
31.
Greek flag
–
The national flag of Greece, officially recognised by Greece as one of its national symbols, is based on nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white. There is a canton in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross, the cross symbolises Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The blazon of the flag is Azure, four bars Argent, the official flag ratio is 2,3. The shade of blue used in the flag has varied throughout its history, from blue to dark blue. It was officially adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus on 13 January 1822, the nine stripes are also said to represent the letters of the word freedom. There is also a different theory, that the nine stripes symbolise the nine Muses, blue and white have many interpretations, symbolising the colours of the famed Greek sky and sea, traditional colours of Greek clothes in the islands and the mainland, etc. The origins of national flag with its cross-and-stripe pattern are a matter of debate. This flag was based on their coat of arms, whose pattern is supposed to be derived from the standards of their claimed ancestor and this pattern included nine stripes of alternating blue and white, as well as a cross, assumed to be placed on the upper left. Although the use of alternating blue and white - or silver - stripes on Kallergis coats of arms is well documented, however, in such cases of flags derived from much older designs, it is very difficult to prove or trace original influences. Flags as they are known today did not exist in Antiquity, instead, a variety of emblems and symbols were used to denote each state and were for example painted on the hoplite shields. The closest analogue to a flag were the vexillum-like banners used by ancient Greek armies, such as the so-called phoinikis. It is not known to have carried any device or decoration though, the Byzantines, like the Romans before them, used a variety of flags and banners, primarily to denote different military units. These were generally square or rectangular, with a number of streamers attached, most prominent among the early Byzantine flags was the labarum. Other common symbols, prominently featuring on seals, were depictions of Christ, the Virgin Mary and saints, Western European-style heraldry was largely unknown until the last centuries of the Empire. The tetragrammatic cross flag, as it appears in quarters II and III in this design, is well documented, in the same Spanish atlas this plain tetragrammatic cross flag is presented as the Flag of Salonika and the real Greece and Empire of the Greeks. Pseudo-Kodinos records the use of the cross on the banner borne by imperial naval vessels. During the Ottoman rule several unofficial flags were used by Greeks, usually employing the Byzantine double-headed eagle, the Christian Greek sipahi cavalry employed by the Ottoman Sultan were allowed to use their own, clearly Christian flag, when within Epirus and the Peloponnese. It featured the blue cross on a white field with the picture of St. George slaying the dragon, and was used from 1431 until 1639
Greek flag
–
Bishop
Germanos of Patras blessing the flag of the Greek revolutionaries at the
Monastery of
Agia Lavra, part of a popular legend regarding the start of the revolution of 1821, although it never actually happened.
Greek flag
–
Greece
Greek flag
–
Flags of Greece and Cyprus being flown on flagpoles with cross finials in front of Agioi Anargyroi Church, Pafos.
Greek flag
–
No Day decorations in
Poros.
32.
Golden ratio
–
In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. The figure on the right illustrates the geometric relationship, expressed algebraically, for quantities a and b with a > b >0, a + b a = a b = def φ, where the Greek letter phi represents the golden ratio. Its value is, φ =1 +52 =1.6180339887 …, A001622 The golden ratio is also called the golden mean or golden section. Other names include extreme and mean ratio, medial section, divine proportion, divine section, golden proportion, golden cut, the golden ratio appears in some patterns in nature, including the spiral arrangement of leaves and other plant parts. The golden ratio has also used to analyze the proportions of natural objects as well as man-made systems such as financial markets. Two quantities a and b are said to be in the golden ratio φ if a + b a = a b = φ, one method for finding the value of φ is to start with the left fraction. Through simplifying the fraction and substituting in b/a = 1/φ, a + b a =1 + b a =1 +1 φ, multiplying by φ gives φ +1 = φ2 which can be rearranged to φ2 − φ −1 =0. First, the line segment A B ¯ is about doubled and then the semicircle with the radius A S ¯ around the point S is drawn, now the semicircle is drawn with the radius A B ¯ around the point B. The arising intersection point E corresponds 2 φ, next up, the perpendicular on the line segment A E ¯ from the point D will be establish. The subsequent parallel F S ¯ to the line segment C M ¯, produces, as it were and it is well recognizable, this triangle and the triangle M S C are similar to each other. The hypotenuse F S ¯ has due to the cathetuses S D ¯ =1 and D F ¯ =2 according the Pythagorean theorem, finally, the circle arc is drawn with the radius 5 around the point F. The golden ratio has been claimed to have held a fascination for at least 2,400 years. But the fascination with the Golden Ratio is not confined just to mathematicians, biologists, artists, musicians, historians, architects, psychologists, and even mystics have pondered and debated the basis of its ubiquity and appeal. In fact, it is fair to say that the Golden Ratio has inspired thinkers of all disciplines like no other number in the history of mathematics. Ancient Greek mathematicians first studied what we now call the golden ratio because of its frequent appearance in geometry, the division of a line into extreme and mean ratio is important in the geometry of regular pentagrams and pentagons. Euclid explains a construction for cutting a line in extreme and mean ratio, throughout the Elements, several propositions and their proofs employ the golden ratio. The golden ratio is explored in Luca Paciolis book De divina proportione, since the 20th century, the golden ratio has been represented by the Greek letter φ or less commonly by τ. Timeline according to Priya Hemenway, Phidias made the Parthenon statues that seem to embody the golden ratio, plato, in his Timaeus, describes five possible regular solids, some of which are related to the golden ratio
Golden ratio
–
Michael Maestlin, first to publish a decimal approximation of the golden ratio, in 1597
Golden ratio
–
Line segments in the golden ratio
Golden ratio
–
Many of the proportions of the
Parthenon are alleged to exhibit the golden ratio.
Golden ratio
–
The drawing of a man's body in a
pentagram suggests relationships to the golden ratio.
33.
Cabinet of Finland
–
The Council of State is Finlands cabinet, it directs the Government of Finland. However, in translations to English, the distinction is often blurred between cabinet and government in the wider sense. This wider sense includes the Parliament of Finland, the agencies that are directed by the Cabinet. Despite of the blurring by translators, the difference is significant. The Cabinet is directly responsible to the parliament and may be dismissed by a motion of no confidence, the President, according to the 2000 constitution, formally appoints the cabinet, but the daily working is the responsibility of the Prime Minister. In 1918, after Finlands independence, the Cabinet, that in the Grand Duchy of Finland had been called the Senate of Finland, was reorganized and renamed to the Council of State. One of the objectives of that reform was to separate the judiciary from the executive branch. International treaties and declaration of war are within the authority of the parliament, less important matters are decided within the respective ministries. Matters within the authority of the President are decided at plenary meetings of the Cabinet, with the exception of appointments, pardon, after election, the party in plurality has the privilege to appoint a negotiator to form the government. In practice, this person is the leader of the party, since 1972, all cabinets have been formed as coalitions of multiple parties that together constitute a parliamentary majority. In an intense period after elections, the negotiator will attempt to forge a consensus between the parties on the issues to be prosecuted during the tenure of the government. This will then be written down in a government platform, following from President Urho Kekkonens excessive direction over the government formation process, the 2000 constitution limited the Presidents power in government formation. Today, the President only formally appoints the government, but cannot select or remove individual members, the current Council of State, the 72nd since Finlands independence, was inaugurated by President Sauli Niinistö on 29 May 2015. The current Council of State is a Center-right, 14-minister coalition consisting of the Centre Party, the Finns Party, the Chancellor of Justice is not a member of the Council of State but must by law attend its every meeting. Council of State Minister for Foreign Affairs Minister of Justice Minister of Defence Minister of Finance Minister of the Interior The Finnish Government – Official site
Cabinet of Finland
–
The headquarters of the Cabinet on Senate Square, Helsinki, seen flying the State flag.
34.
Municipalities of Finland
–
The municipalities represent the local level of administration in Finland and act as the fundamental, self-governing administrative units of the country. The entire country is incorporated into municipalities and legally, all municipalities are equal, municipalities have the right to levy a flat percentual income tax, which is between 16 and 22 percent, and they provide two thirds of public services. Municipalities control many community services, such as schools, health care and the water supply and they do not maintain highways, set laws or keep police forces — these tasks are the responsibility of the central government. Municipalities have council-manager government, i. e. they are governed by an elected council, the size of the council is proportional to the population, the extremes being 9 in Sottunga and 85 in Helsinki. A subsection of the council, the executive board, controls the municipal government. Its decisions must be approved by the council, unlike national cabinets, its composition is derived from the composition of the council, not along government-opposition lines. Furthermore, individual decisions are prepared in specialized municipal boards for a meeting, these include e. g. zoning, social assistance. Council, executive board and board membership is responsible position, not a full-time job, municipal managers are civil servants named by the council. The city manager of Helsinki is called ylipormestari/överborgmästare Lord Mayor for historical reasons, there were previously no mayors in Finland, but after a change in law, Tampere was first city to elect a mayor in 2007. The mayor is not, however, currently elected directly, the mayor acts as municipal manager and as a speaker of municipal council. Although municipalities do not have police or legislative powers, local ordinances concerning traffic can be set, municipalities are legal persons and can appear in an administrative court. Likewise, the state of Finland is a legal person. Excluding judicial review of compliance to administrative law, municipalities are independent. Municipalities cooperate in regions of Finland, the municipal tax is a flat income tax that is levied on lower income levels than state taxes, which in contrast are progressive taxes. The lowest tax of 16% is found in Kauniainen, while a 20% tax is the other extreme, municipalities also receive funding directly from the state. Municipalities levy a property tax on property, which is comparatively low and it is higher for summer cottages or other property intended for leisure. Municipalities receive part of the corporate tax yhteisövero income collected from companies having a place of business within their jurisdiction, some functions are funded both by the municipality and the state, e. g. AMK schools. The municipal tax, although in principle a flat tax, is affected by deductions, municipal taxes are collected by the state and paid to the municipalities
Municipalities of Finland
35.
Regions of Finland
–
Finland comprises 19 regions called maakunta in Finnish and landskap in Swedish. The regions are governed by councils, which serve as forums of cooperation for the municipalities of a region. The main tasks of the regions are planning and development of enterprise. In addition, the health services are usually organized on the basis of regions. Currently, the region where a popular election is held for the council is Kainuu. Other regional councils are elected by municipal councils, each municipality sending representatives in proportion to its population and they are each responsible for one or more of regions of Finland, and include offices of the Ministries of Employment and the Economy, Transport and Communications and Environment. The Finnish Defence Forces regional offices are responsible for the defence preparations. Regions represent dialectal, cultural and economic variations better than the former provinces, historically, regions are divisions of historical provinces of Finland, areas which represent dialects and culture more accurately
Regions of Finland
–
Regions of Finland (the borders of historical provinces are shown in grey)
36.
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
–
The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is a national church of Finland. It is part of the Lutheran branch of Christianity, the church is a member of the World Council of Churches and the Conference of European Churches. It is also a member of the Porvoo Communion and is involved in ecumenical relations. With slightly under four million members permanently resident in Finland, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world and it is Finlands largest religious body, at the end of 2016,71. 9% of Finns were members of the church. The current head of the Church is the Archbishop of Turku Kari Mäkinen, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland traces its lineage to the medieval Diocese of Turku, which coincides geographically with present-day Finland. Christianity was introduced to Finland slowly, the first signs of the Christian faith being found in sites dated to the 11th century. Based on etymological evidence, it seems that its very first influences came to present-day Finland from the Eastern Christian tradition, archaeological evidence shows that by the middle 12th century, Christianity was dominant in the region around present-day Turku. One legend recounts a crusade dated around 1054, but no contemporary or archaeological evidence backs the story, another legend is that the martyr-bishop St. Henry founded the Finnish Church, but that is also most likely fictional. The introduction of Christianity was mostly a peaceful, slow process contemporaneous with the integration with Sweden that culminated in the Sweden-Finland union. The first bishop, whose name was Thomas, lived in the first half of the 13th century, the ecclesiastical hierarchy was completely established during the Second Swedish Crusade. During the Middle Ages, the Diocese of Turku was under the primacy of the Archbishop of Uppsala, the diocese had a school, making it capable of educating its own priests, but several Finns also studied abroad in the universities of Germany and Paris. Before the Reformation, the most important monastic orders active in the bishopric were those of the Franciscans, the Dominicans, the liturgy of the diocese followed the Dominican model. The Swedish Reformation began during the reign of King Gustav Vasa, Sweden, like other Nordic countries, adopted the Lutheran form of Protestantism. Most monastic estates in Finland, along with Kuusisto Castle, which was the residence of the Bishops of Turku, were confiscated by the Swedish crown. The first Lutheran Bishop of Turku was Martinus Johannis Skytte, former Vicar General of the Dominican Province of Dacia and he retained most of the old Catholic forms within the Diocese, which was part of the now-independent Church of Sweden. The doctrinal reformation of the Finnish Church took place during the episcopacy of Mikael Agricola, Agricola translated the whole New Testament and large portions of the Old Testament into Finnish. While images and sculptures of saints were retained in the churches, Agricola was the first Bishop of Turku who was married. By the end of the 16th century, the Swedish Reformation was finally complete, membership in the church was obligatory, as was weekly attendance at Divine Service
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
–
The sixteenth-century
Hollola church which was converted during the Reformation.
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
–
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
–
The seal of the Diocese of Turku during the 16th and 17th centuries featured the finger of St Henry. The post-Reformation diocese included the relic of a pre-Reformation saint in its seal.
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
–
The
Cathedral of Turku is considered the national shrine of Finland, and is the seat of its de facto primate.
37.
Orthodox Church of Finland
–
The Finnish Orthodox Church, or Orthodox Church of Finland, is an autonomous Eastern Orthodox archdiocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The Church has a position as a national church in the country. With its roots in the medieval Novgorodian missionary work in Karelia, today the church has three dioceses and 58,000 members that account for 1.1 percent of the native population of Finland. The parish of Helsinki has the most adherents, along with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, the Orthodox Church of Finland has a special position in Finnish law. The church is considered to be a Finnish entity of public nature, the external form of the church is regulated by an Act of Parliament, while the spiritual and doctrinal matters of the church are legislated by the central synod of the church. The church has the right to tax its members and corporations owned by its members, previously under the Russian Orthodox Church, it has been an autonomous Orthodox archdiocese of the Patriarchate of Constantinople since 1923. The Finnish Orthodox Church is divided into three dioceses, each with a subdivision of parishes, there are 25 parishes with 140 priests and more than 58,000 members in total. The number of members has been steadily growing for several years. A convent and a monastery also operate within the church, the laymen representatives are elected indirectly. The nominations for representatives are made by the parish councils which also elect the electors who then elect the lay representatives to the central synod, the central synod elects the bishops and is responsible for the economy and the general doctrine of the church. The parishes are governed by the rector and the parish council, All full-age members of the parish are eligible to vote and to be elected to the parish council. The parish council elects the board, which is responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the parish. Financially, the church is independent of the state budget, the parishes are financed by the taxes paid by their members. The central administration is financed through the contributions of the parishes, the central synod decides yearly the amount of contributions the parishes are required to make. The special status of the Orthodox church is most visible in the administrative processes, the church is required to conform with the general administrative law and the decisions of its bodies may be appealed against in the regional administrative courts. However, the court is limited to reviewing the legality of the decision. It may not overturn a decision on the basis of its unreasonableness. The decisions of the synod of bishops and the synod are not subject to the oversight of the administrative courts
Orthodox Church of Finland
–
19th century
Uspenski Cathedral in Helsinki.
Orthodox Church of Finland
–
Coat of arms
Orthodox Church of Finland
–
The St. Nicholas Church in
Vaasa (1862).
Orthodox Church of Finland
–
The wooden Orthodox church of
Tornio (1884).
38.
Finnish Defence Forces
–
The Finnish Defence Forces are responsible for the defence of Finland. A universal male conscription is in place, under which all men above 18 years of age serve for 165,255 or 347 days, alternative non-military service and volunteer service by women are possible. Finland is the only non-NATO EU country bordering Russia, finlands official policy states that a wartime military strength of 230,000 personnel constitutes a sufficient deterrent. The army consists of a mobile field army backed up by local defence units. Finlands defence budget equals approximately 2.8 billion euros or 1.3 percent of GDP, the voluntary overseas service is highly popular and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO and EU missions. Homeland defence willingness against an enemy is at 76%, one of the highest rates in Europe. Fighting between the White Guards and the Red Guards had already broken out about a week before around Viipuri, after winning the Civil War, the Finnish peacetime army was organized as three divisions and a brigade by professional German officers. It became the structure for the next 20 years. The coast was guarded by former czarist coastal fortifications and ships taken as prizes of war, the Air Force had already been formed in March 1918, but remained a part of the Army and did not become a fully independent fighting force until 1928. The new government instituted conscription after the Civil War and also introduced a mobilization system, when the Soviets invaded in November 1939, the Finns defeated the Red Army on numerous occasions, including at the crucial Battle of Suomussalmi. These successes were in part thanks to the application of motti tactics. While the Finns ultimately lost the war and were forced to agree to the Moscow Peace Treaty, during the war the Finns lost 25,904 men, while Soviet losses were 167,976 dead. Finland fought in the Continuation War alongside Germany from 1941 to 1944, thanks to German aid, the army was now much better equipped, and the period of conscription had been increased to two years, making possible the formation of sixteen infantry divisions. The demobilization and regrouping of the Finnish Defense Forces were carried out in late 1944 under the supervision of the Soviet-dominated Allied Control Commission. Following the Treaty of Paris in 1947, which imposed restrictions on the size and equipment of the forces and required disbandment of the Civic Guard. The reorganization resulted in the adoption of the brigade -in place of the division- as the standard formation, for the first two decades after the Second World War, the Finnish Defence Forces relied largely on obsolete wartime material. Defence spending remained minimal until the early 1960s, during the peak of the Cold War, the Finnish government made a conscious effort to increase defence capability. This resulted in the commissioning of new weapons systems and the strengthening of the defence of Finnish Lapland by the establishment of new garrisons in the area
Finnish Defence Forces
–
White Guard in Nummi.
White Guards were appointed as the official military forces of the Finnish government on 25 January 1918.
Finnish Defence Forces
–
The tower and the lion is the symbol of the Finnish Defence Forces.
Finnish Defence Forces
–
Finnish soldier equipped with
Lahti-Saloranta M-26 during the
Winter war.
Finnish Defence Forces
–
Finnish troops equipped with
Panzerfaust antitank weapons walk past a destroyed Soviet
T-34 tank during the
Battle of Tali-Ihantala. The lead soldier is also armed with a
Suomi KP/-31.
39.
Minister of Defence (Finland)
–
The Minister of Defence is a member of the Finnish Council of State. As the head of the Ministry of Defence, the minister is responsible for the administration of national defence, the ministry is headquartered in Helsinki. The current Minister of Defence is Jussi Niinistö, from June to November 1918 the post was called Chief of the War Department, and from then until 1922 the post was called the Minister of War. The President of the Republic is the commander-in-chief of the Finnish Defence Forces, the commander of the military forces is the Chief of Defence
Minister of Defence (Finland)
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Incumbent
Jussi Niinistö since 29 May 2015
Minister of Defence (Finland)
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Minister of Defence flag
Minister of Defence (Finland)
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Minister of Defence of the Republic of Finland Puolustusministeri Försvarsminister
40.
Chief of Defence (Finland)
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The Chief of Defence is the Chief of Defence and commander of the Finnish Defence Forces, under the authority of the President of Finland. The Chief of Defence commands the Finnish Army, the Finnish Air Force and he is the highest-ranking officer of the forces and his deputy is the Chief of Staff of the Defence Command. The current Chief of Defence is General Jarmo Lindberg, in contrast to many other Western countries, the Finnish Defence Forces have an actual military commander with direct authority over all forces, and the Chief of Staff is a separate position. The Chief of Defence is responsible for all aspects of the Defence Forces, while the Ministry of Defence, headed by the civilian minister. In command matters, the Chief of Defence has the authority to any command decision that is not reserved to the President of Finland. In matters reserved to the Minister of Defence or to the President of Finland, however, since 1972, all Chiefs of Defence have retired only after fulfilling the statutory retirement age of 63
Chief of Defence (Finland)
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Flag of the Chief of Defence
41.
Half mast
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Half-mast or half-staff refers to a flag flying below the summit on a pole. In many countries this is seen as a symbol of respect, mourning, distress, or in some cases, strictly speaking, flags are said to be half-mast if flown from ships, and half-staff if on land, although not all regional variations of English use half-staff. The tradition of flying the flag at half-mast began in the 17th century, According to some sources, the flag is lowered to make room for an invisible flag of death flying above. When hoisting a flag that is to be displayed at half-mast, it should be hoisted to the finial for an instant, then lowered to half-mast. Likewise, when the flag is lowered at the end of the day, it is to be hoisted to the finial for an instant, and then lowered. The flag of Australia is flown half-mast in Australia, On the death of the Sovereign – from the time of announcement of the death up to and including the funeral. On the day the accession of the new Sovereign is proclaimed, flags in any locality may be flown at half-mast on the death of a notable local citizen or on the day, or part of the day, of their funeral. Recent examples include the death of naturalist Steve Irwin, actor Heath Ledger, esteemed international opera singer Dame Joan Sutherland, at times of natural disaster such as bushfires or tragedy. On 19 July 2014, the Australian flag flew half-mast across the country in tribute to the lives lost in the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 incident. On 16 December 2014, flags on all NSW government buildings, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the flag of Cambodia flew at half mast upon the death of King-Father Norodom Sihanouk for 7 days, from 15–22 October 2012. The term half-mast is the term used in Canada, according to the Rules For Half-Masting the National Flag of Canada. The decision to fly the flag at half-mast on federal buildings rests with the Department of Canadian Heritage and these include, On occasion discretion can dictate the flying of the national flag at half-mast, not only on the Peace Tower, but on all federal facilities. S. The national flag on the Peace Tower is also hoisted to full mast if a head of state or head of government is visiting the parliament. These exemptions, though, do not apply to the period of mourning for the death of a Canadian monarch. The Royal Standard of Canada also never flies at half-mast, as it is considered representative of the sovereign, each province can make its own determination of when to fly the flag at half-mast when provincial leaders or honoured citizens pass away. To raise a flag in this position, the flag must be flown to the top of the pole first, when such mourning occurs, all flags should be flown at that position or not be flown at all, with the exception of flags permanently attached to poles. On April 2,2008, the House of Commons voted in favour of a motion calling on the government to reinstate the former policy regarding the half-masting of the flag on federal buildings. The motion, however, was not binding and the Cabinet refused to recommend any revision in policy to the Governor General, at last report, the committees findings had been forwarded to the House of Commons all-party heritage committee for further study
Half mast
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The
Austrian flag flying at half-staff before the
Austrian Parliament Building, due to the death of President
Thomas Klestil, on July 7, 2004
Half mast
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The
Australian White Ensign flying at half mast. In accordance with British tradition, the flag is flying one flag's width below the top of the mast.
Half mast
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The
flag of Canada, the
flag of Québec, and the flag of the
Royal Canadian Sea Cadets are half masted on board Bagotville Cadet Summer Training Centre, following the
train detrailment and explosion of Lac Mégantic, Québec.
Half mast
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Chinese flag at half-mast to mark to mourn for the victims of the
2008 Sichuan earthquake.
42.
Midsummer
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The exact dates vary between different cultures. The Christian Church designated June 24 as the feast day of the early Christian martyr St John the Baptist, and these are commemorated by many Christian denominations. In Sweden the Midsummer is such an important festivity that there have been discussions to make the Midsummers Eve into the National Day of Sweden. It may also be referred to as St. Hans Day, european midsummer-related holidays, traditions, and celebrations are pre-Christian in origin. The fire festival or Litha – Summer solstice – is a tradition for many neopagans, Solstice celebrations still centered on the day of the astronomical summer solstice. Some choose to hold the rite on June 21, even when this is not the longest day of the year, and some celebrate June 24, in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Quebec, the traditional Midsummer day, June 24, is a public holiday. So it was also in Sweden and Finland, but in these countries it was, in the 1950s. In Wicca, practitioners celebrate on the longest day and shortest night of the year which has not had a set date since the retirement of the 13-month Celtic calendar, the celebration of Midsummers Eve was from ancient times a festival of the summer solstice. Bonfires were lit to protect against evil spirits which were believed to roam freely when the sun was turning southward again, in later years, witches were also thought to be on their way to meetings with other powerful beings. The solstice itself has remained a special moment of the cycle of the year since Neolithic times. In Sweden, Finland, Latvia and Estonia, Midsummers Eve is the greatest festival of the year, comparable only with Walpurgis Night, Christmas Eve, Ancient Romans would hold a festival to honor the god Summanus on June 20. In the 7th century, Saint Eligius warned the recently converted inhabitants of Flanders against the pagan solstice celebrations. According to the Vita by his companion Ouen, hed say, on St. Johns Eve in certain regions the boys collect bones and certain other rubbish, and burn them, and therefrom a smoke is produced on the air. They also make brands and go about the fields with the brands, thirdly, the wheel which they roll. The fires, explained the monk of Winchcombe, were to drive away dragons, on St Johns Day 1333 Petrarch watched women at Cologne rinsing their hands and arms in the Rhine so that the threatening calamities of the coming year might be washed away by bathing in the river. In Austria the midsummer solstice is celebrated each year with a procession of ships down the Danube River as it flows through the wine-growing Wachau Valley just north of Vienna. Up to 30 ships sail down the river in line as fireworks erupt from the banks and hill tops while bonfires blaze, lighted castle ruins also erupt with fireworks during the 90-minute cruise downstream. This nationwide festival, called Festa Junina, or São João, rural life is celebrated through typical clothing, food, and dance
Midsummer
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Midsummer
bonfire in
Finland
Midsummer
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A firewalking ritual on Enyovden (Midsummer day) in Bulgaria
Midsummer
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Danish bonfire with the traditional burning of a witch
Midsummer
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Danes celebrating Midsummer by singing the Midsummer hymn by the bonfire
43.
CIE 1931 color space
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The CIE1931 color spaces were the first defined quantitative links between physical pure colors in the electromagnetic visible spectrum, and physiological perceived colors in human color vision. The CIE1931 RGB color space and CIE1931 XYZ color space were created by the International Commission on Illumination in 1931 and they resulted from a series of experiments done in the late 1920s by William David Wright and John Guild. The experimental results were combined into the specification of the CIE RGB color space, the CIE1931 color spaces are still widely used, as is the 1976 CIELUV color space. The human eye with normal vision has three kinds of cells, which sense light, with spectral sensitivity peaks in short, middle. These cone cells underlie human color perception under medium- and high-brightness conditions, thus, three parameters, corresponding to levels of stimulus of the three types of cone cells, can in principle describe any color sensation. The tristimulus values associated with a space can be conceptualized as amounts of three primary colors in a tri-chromatic additive color model. In some color spaces, including LMS and XYZ spaces, the colors used are not real colors. The CIE XYZ color space encompasses all color sensations that a person can experience. That is why CIE XYZ is a device invariant color representation and it serves as a standard reference against which many other color spaces are defined. Consider two light sources made up of different mixtures of various wavelengths, such light sources may appear to be the same color, this effect is called metamerism. Such light sources have the apparent color to an observer when they produce the same tristimulus values. Most wavelengths stimulate two or all three types of cell, because the spectral sensitivity curves of the three types of cone cells overlap. Certain tristimulus values are thus physically impossible, to avoid these negative RGB values, and to have one component that describes the perceived brightness, imaginary primary colors and corresponding color-matching functions have been formulated. The resulting tristimulus values are defined by the CIE1931 color space, in which they are denoted X, Y, and Z. When judging the relative luminance of different colors in well-lit situations, humans tend to perceive light within the green parts of the spectrum as brighter than red or blue light of equal power. The luminosity function that describes the perceived brightnesses of different wavelengths is thus analogous to the spectral sensitivity of M cones. The CIE model capitalises on this fact by defining Y as luminance, Z is quasi-equal to blue stimulation, or the S cone response, and X is a mix of cone response curves chosen to be nonnegative. The XYZ tristimulus values are thus analogous to, but different from, defining Y as luminance has the useful result that for any given Y value, the XZ plane will contain all possible chromaticities at that luminance
CIE 1931 color space
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The normalized
spectral sensitivity of human
cone cells of short-, middle- and long-wavelength types
44.
Lab color space
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The Lab color space describes mathematically all perceivable colors in the three dimensions L for lightness and a and b for the color opponents green–red and blue–yellow. Other, less common examples of spaces with Lab representations make use of the CIE1994 color difference. The Lab color space exceeds the gamuts of the RGB and CMYK color models, one of the most important attributes of the Lab model is device independence. This means that the colors are defined independent of their nature of creation or the device they are displayed on, the Lab color space is used when graphics for print have to be converted from RGB to CMYK, as the Lab gamut includes both the RGB and CMYK gamut. Also it is used as an interchange format between different devices as for its device independency, the space itself is a three-dimensional real number space, that contains an infinite number of possible representations of colors. The lightness, L*, represents the darkest black at L* =0, the color channels, a* and b*, will represent true neutral gray values at a* =0 and b* =0. The red/green opponent colors are represented along the a* axis, with green at negative a* values, the yellow/blue opponent colors are represented along the b* axis, with blue at negative b* values and yellow at positive b* values. The scaling and limits of the a* and b* axes will depend on the implementation of Lab color, as described below. Perceptually uniform means that a change of the amount in a color value should produce a change of about the same visual importance. When storing colors in limited precision values, this can improve the reproduction of tones, both Lab spaces are relative to the white point of the XYZ data they were converted from. Lab values do not define absolute colors unless the point is also specified. Often, in practice, the point is assumed to follow a standard and is not explicitly stated. The lightness correlate in CIELAB is calculated using the root of the relative luminance. Unlike the RGB and CMYK color models, Lab color is designed to approximate human vision and it aspires to perceptual uniformity, and its L component closely matches human perception of lightness, although it does not take the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect into account. Thus, it can be used to make accurate color balance corrections by modifying output curves in the a and b components, or to adjust the lightness contrast using the L component. In the 1990s, when computer hardware and software were limited to storing and manipulating mostly 8-bit/channel bitmaps, converting an RGB image to Lab, with 16-bit/channel and floating-point support now common, the loss due to quantization is negligible. A big portion of the Lab coordinate space cannot be generated by spectral distributions, it falls outside the human vision. Some specific uses of the abbreviation in software, literature etc, in Adobe Photoshop, image editing using Lab mode is CIELAB D50
Lab color space
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An example of color enhancement using LAB colorspace in Photoshop. The left side of the photo is enhanced, while the right side is normal.
45.
Pantone Matching System
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Pantone Inc. is a corporation headquartered in Carlstadt, New Jersey. X-Rite Inc. a supplier of color measurement instruments and software, Pantone began in New York City in the 1950s as the commercial printing company of M & J Levine Advertising. In 1956, its founders, advertising executives brothers Mervin and Jesse Levine, for instance, a particular page might contain a number of yellows of varying tints. The idea behind the PMS is to allow designers to color match specific colors when a design enters production stage and this system has been widely adopted by graphic designers and reproduction and printing houses. Pantone recommends that PMS Color Guides be purchased annually, as their inks become yellowish over time, Color variance also occurs within editions based on the paper stock used, while interedition color variance occurs when there are changes to the specific paper stock used. The Pantone Color Matching System is largely a standardized color reproduction system, by standardizing the colors, different manufacturers in different locations can all refer to the Pantone system to make sure colors match without direct contact with one another. One such use is standardizing colors in the CMYK process, the CMYK process is a method of printing color by using four inks—cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. A majority of the printed material is produced using the CMYK process. Those that are possible to simulate through the CMYK process are labeled as such within the companys guides, however, most of the Pantone systems 1,114 spot colors cannot be simulated with CMYK but with 13 base pigments mixed in specified amounts. The Pantone system also allows for many special colors to be produced, such as metallics, while most of the Pantone system colors are beyond the printed CMYK gamut, it was only in 2001 that Pantone began providing translations of their existing system with screen-based colors. Screen-based colors use the RGB color model—red, green, blue—system to create various colors, the Goe system has RGB and LAB values with each color. Pantone colors are described by their allocated number, PMS colors are almost always used in branding and have even found their way into government legislation and military standards. In January 2003, the Scottish Parliament debated a petition to refer to the blue in the Scottish flag as Pantone 300, countries such as Canada and South Korea and organizations such as the FIA have also chosen to refer to specific Pantone colors to use when producing flags. US states including Texas have set legislated PMS colors of their flags and it has also been used in an art project by the Brazilian photographer Angelica Dass which applies Pantone to the human skin color spectrum. On September 5,2007, Pantone introduced the Goe System, Goe consisted of over 2,000 new colors in a new matching and numbering system. The Goe system was streamlined to use base colors and accommodate many technical challenges in reproducing colors on a press. The Pantone Goe system was discontinued in November 2013, in mid-2006 Pantone, partnering with Vermont-based Fine Paints of Europe, introduced a new line of interior and exterior paints. The color palette uses Pantones color research and trending and has more than 3,000 colors, in November 2015, Pantone partnered with Redland London to create a collection of bags inspired from Pantones authority on color
Pantone Matching System
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A logo designed by the
Government of Singapore to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the nation's independence. The usage instructions for the logo described it as being in Pantone Red 032 and White.
Pantone Matching System
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This article is about the corporation and its color space. For other uses, see
Pantone (disambiguation).
46.
Pantone
–
Pantone Inc. is a corporation headquartered in Carlstadt, New Jersey. X-Rite Inc. a supplier of color measurement instruments and software, Pantone began in New York City in the 1950s as the commercial printing company of M & J Levine Advertising. In 1956, its founders, advertising executives brothers Mervin and Jesse Levine, for instance, a particular page might contain a number of yellows of varying tints. The idea behind the PMS is to allow designers to color match specific colors when a design enters production stage and this system has been widely adopted by graphic designers and reproduction and printing houses. Pantone recommends that PMS Color Guides be purchased annually, as their inks become yellowish over time, Color variance also occurs within editions based on the paper stock used, while interedition color variance occurs when there are changes to the specific paper stock used. The Pantone Color Matching System is largely a standardized color reproduction system, by standardizing the colors, different manufacturers in different locations can all refer to the Pantone system to make sure colors match without direct contact with one another. One such use is standardizing colors in the CMYK process, the CMYK process is a method of printing color by using four inks—cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. A majority of the printed material is produced using the CMYK process. Those that are possible to simulate through the CMYK process are labeled as such within the companys guides, however, most of the Pantone systems 1,114 spot colors cannot be simulated with CMYK but with 13 base pigments mixed in specified amounts. The Pantone system also allows for many special colors to be produced, such as metallics, while most of the Pantone system colors are beyond the printed CMYK gamut, it was only in 2001 that Pantone began providing translations of their existing system with screen-based colors. Screen-based colors use the RGB color model—red, green, blue—system to create various colors, the Goe system has RGB and LAB values with each color. Pantone colors are described by their allocated number, PMS colors are almost always used in branding and have even found their way into government legislation and military standards. In January 2003, the Scottish Parliament debated a petition to refer to the blue in the Scottish flag as Pantone 300, countries such as Canada and South Korea and organizations such as the FIA have also chosen to refer to specific Pantone colors to use when producing flags. US states including Texas have set legislated PMS colors of their flags and it has also been used in an art project by the Brazilian photographer Angelica Dass which applies Pantone to the human skin color spectrum. On September 5,2007, Pantone introduced the Goe System, Goe consisted of over 2,000 new colors in a new matching and numbering system. The Goe system was streamlined to use base colors and accommodate many technical challenges in reproducing colors on a press. The Pantone Goe system was discontinued in November 2013, in mid-2006 Pantone, partnering with Vermont-based Fine Paints of Europe, introduced a new line of interior and exterior paints. The color palette uses Pantones color research and trending and has more than 3,000 colors, in November 2015, Pantone partnered with Redland London to create a collection of bags inspired from Pantones authority on color
Pantone
–
A logo designed by the
Government of Singapore to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the nation's independence. The usage instructions for the logo described it as being in Pantone Red 032 and White.
Pantone
–
This article is about the corporation and its color space. For other uses, see
Pantone (disambiguation).
47.
Embassy of Finland to Australia
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The Embassy of Finland to the Commonwealth of Australia is Finlands diplomatic mission to Australia. The mission is accredited to Fiji, Papua New Guinea. Finland first established a consulate in Sydney in 1918, in these early years, the consulate, apart from providing consular services, also played the role of a social club for the Australian Finnish community. In 1949, Finland and Australia began diplomatic relations, the relationship between the two countries was quickly established after the war and ties between Australia and Finland became stronger and deeper. In the 1950s, Finnish exports doubled from the previous decade, the Consulate of Finland remained in Sydney until 1966 when it was moved to the capital city of Canberra, and in 1968 the first Finnish ambassador was appointed. The Finnish embassy was built in Yarralumla in 1978, adjacent to the Singaporean and Indonesian missions, in 2002 a distinctively built annex was built, designed by Finnish architect Vesa Huttunen of Hirvonen and Huttunen who won the commission in a 1997 competition. The annex houses the chancery, a residence for the Counsellor, the 1978 building now serves as the Ambassadorial residence. The building appears as a long, sleek box of steel and glass. Named Ilmarinen after the Finnish armoured naval vessel, the building has the feel of a ship. Offices sit like cabins lined up along the side of the building, the facade of the chancery building is made entirely of glass. Interior steel I-beams and stainless steel padding is used alongside recycled jarrah timber external decks, Ilmarinen was granted a special prize in the annual architectural competition held in the Australian Capital Territory in the summer of 2003. The Estonian embassy to Australia has been located in the Finnish embassys building since August 2015, the embassy is located in Darwin Avenue at Yarralumla, ACT, Australia. In addition to the Embassy, there are 8 honorary consulates in cities around Australia. List of diplomatic missions in Australia Fides Bluff
Embassy of Finland to Australia
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Finnish Embassy in Canberra
Embassy of Finland to Australia
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Flag at the Finnish embassy,
Canberra.
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