1.
Framebuffer
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A framebuffer is a portion of RAM containing a bitmap that is used to refresh a video display from a memory buffer containing a complete frame of data. In computing, a buffer is a part of computer memory used by a computer application for the representation of the content to be shown on the computer display. The screen buffer may also be called the buffer, the regeneration buffer. Screen buffers should be distinguished from video memory, to this end, the term off-screen buffer is also used. The information in the buffer typically consists of values for every pixel to be shown on the display. Color values are stored in 1-bit binary, 4-bit palettized, 8-bit palettized, 16-bit high color. An additional alpha channel is used to retain information about pixel transparency. The total amount of memory required for the framebuffer depends on the resolution of the output signal, computer researchers had long discussed the theoretical advantages of a framebuffer, but were unable to produce a machine with sufficient memory at an economically practicable cost. In 1969, A. Michael Noll of Bell Labs implemented a scanned display with a frame buffer, later on, the Bell Labs system was expanded to display an image with a color depth of three bits on a standard color TV monitor. An even earlier scanned display was implemented at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, advances in integrated-circuit memory in the 1970s made it more cost practical to create framebuffers capable of holding a standard video image. In 1972, Richard Shoup developed the SuperPaint system at Xerox PARC and this system had 311,040 bytes of memory and was capable of storing 640 by 480 pixels of data with 8 bits of color depth. The memory was scattered across 16 circuit boards, each loaded with multiple 2-kilobit shift register chips, while workable, this design required that the total framebuffer be implemented as a 307,200 byte shift register that shifted in synchronization with the television output signal. The primary drawback to this scheme was that memory was not random access, rather, a given position could be accessed only when the desired scan-line and pixel time rolled around. This gave the system a maximum latency of 33 ms for writing to the framebuffer, Shoup was also able to use the SuperPaint framebuffer to create an early digital video-capture system. By synchronizing the output signal to the signal, Shoup was able to overwrite each pixel of data as it shifted in. Shoup also experimented with modifying the signal using color tables. These color tables allowed the SuperPaint system to produce a variety of colors outside the range of the limited 8-bit data it contained. This scheme would become commonplace in computer framebuffers
2.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
3.
Great Britain
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Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2, Great Britain is the largest European island, in 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the worlds third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, the island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons. Politically, the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island. The term Great Britain often extends to surrounding islands that form part of England, Scotland, and Wales. A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England, the archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years, the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, the oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle, or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, There are two large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne. The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten, Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC. Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι. The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Ireland. The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans, the Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain and to Ireland as little Britain in his work Almagest. The name Albion appears to have out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain. After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a term only. It was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself King of Great Brittaine, France, Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination
4.
Oxford Street
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Oxford Street is a major road in the City of Westminster in the West End of London, running from Marble Arch to Tottenham Court Road via Oxford Circus. It is Europes busiest shopping street, with half a million daily visitors. It is designated as part of the A40, a road between London and Fishguard, though it is not signed as such, and traffic is regularly restricted to buses. The road was originally a Roman road, part of the Via Trinobantina between Essex and Hampshire via London and it was known as Tyburn Road through the Middle Ages and was once notorious as a street where prisoners from Newgate Prison would be transported towards a public hanging. The first department stores in Britain opened on Oxford Street in the early 20th century, including Selfridges, John Lewis, unlike nearby shopping streets such as Bond Street, it has retained an element of downmarket street trading alongside more prestigious retail stores. The street suffered heavy bombing during World War II, and several longstanding stores including John Lewis were completely destroyed, the annual switching on of Christmas lights by a celebrity has been a popular event since 1959. However, the combination of a popular retail area and a main thoroughfare for London buses and taxis has caused significant problems with traffic congestion, safety. Various traffic management schemes have proposed by Transport for London, including a ban on private vehicles during daytime hours on weekdays and Saturdays. Oxford Street runs for approximately 1.2 miles, the eastward continuation is New Oxford Street, and then Holborn. The road is entirely within the City of Westminster and it is within the London Congestion Charging Zone. Numerous bus routes run along Oxford Street, including 10,25,55,73,98,390 and Night Buses N8, N55, N73, N98 and N207. Oxford Street follows the route of a Roman road, the Via Trinobantina, between the 12th century and 1782, it was variously known as Tyburn Road, Uxbridge Road, Worcester Road and Oxford Road. Despite being a major coaching route, there were several obstacles along it, a turnpike trust was established in the 1730s to improve upkeep of the road. It became notorious as the route taken by prisoners on their journey from Newgate Prison to the gallows at Tyburn near Marble Arch. Spectators drunkenly jeered at prisoners as they carted along the road, by about 1729, the road had become known as Oxford Street. The street began to be redeveloped in the 18th century after many of the fields were purchased by the Earl of Oxford. In 1739, local gardener Thomas Huddle began to build property on the north side, John Rocques Map of London, published in 1746, shows urban buildings as far as North Audley Street, but only intermittent rural property thereafter. Buildings began to be erected on the corner of Oxford Street, further development along the street occurred between 1763 and 1793
5.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
6.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
7.
SoHo, Manhattan
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The areas history is an archetypal example of inner-city regeneration and gentrification, encompassing socioeconomic, cultural, political, and architectural developments. The name SoHo refers to the area being South of Houston Street, and was also a reference to Soho and it was coined by Chester Rapkin, an urban planner and author of The South Houston Industrial Area study, also known as the Rapkin Report. It consists of 26 blocks and approximately 500 buildings, many of them incorporating cast-iron architectural elements, many side streets in the district are paved with Belgian blocks. SoHo is bounded by Houston Street on the side, Canal Street on the south, Crosby Street on the east. The AIA Guide to New York City gives the western boundary of SoHo north of Broome Street as West Broadway. The AIA Guide calls that neighborhood An intersection of brick and glass, searching for an identity, the SoHo-Cast Iron Historic District is contained within the zoned SoHo neighborhood. The boundary lines are not straight, and some block-fronts on West Broadway and this land was acquired in the 1660s by Augustine Hermann, and then passed to his brother-in-law, Nicholas Bayard. The estate was confiscated by the state as a result of Bayards part in Leislers Rebellion, in the 18th century natural barriers – streams and hills – impeded the growth of the city northward into the Bayard estate, and the area maintained its rural character. During the American Revolution, the area was the location of fortifications, redoubts. A canal was built to drain the pond into the Hudson, once Broadway was paved and sidewalks were built there and along Canal Street, more people began to make their homes there, joining earlier arrivals such as James Fennimore Cooper. This dramatic shift in the nature of the continued to drive out residents. This phase came to an end by the close of the 19th century, and as the center of the city continued to move uptown, after World War II, the textile industry largely moved to the South, leaving many large buildings in the district unoccupied. In some buildings they were replaced by warehouses and printing plants, by the 1950s, the area had become known as Hells Hundred Acres, an industrial wasteland, full of sweatshops and small factories in the daytime, but empty at night. SoHo boasts the greatest collection of architecture in the world. Approximately 250 cast-iron buildings stand in New York City and the majority of them are in SoHo, cast iron was initially used as a decorative front over a pre-existing building. With the addition of modern, decorative facades, older buildings were able to attract new commercial clients. Most of these facades were constructed during the period from 1840 to 1880, in addition to revitalizing older structures, buildings in SoHo were later designed to feature the cast iron. An American architectural innovation, cast iron was cheaper to use for facades than materials such as stone or brick, molds of ornamentation, prefabricated in foundries, were used interchangeably for many buildings, and a broken piece could be easily recast
8.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
9.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
10.
Virtual camera system
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In 3D video games, a virtual camera system aims at controlling a camera or a set of cameras to display a view of a 3D virtual world. Camera systems are used in videogames where their purpose is to show the action at the best possible angle, more generally, as opposed to film makers, virtual camera system creators have to deal with a world that is interactive and unpredictable. It is not possible to know where the character is going to be in the next few seconds, therefore. To solve this issue, the system relies on certain rules or artificial intelligence to select the most appropriate shots, there are mainly three types of camera systems. In fixed camera systems, the camera does not move at all, tracking cameras, on the other hand, follow the characters movements. Finally, interactive camera systems are automated and allow the player to directly change the view. To implement camera systems, video game developers use techniques such as constraint solvers, artificial intelligence scripts, in video games, third-person refers to a graphical perspective rendered from a fixed distance behind and slightly above the player character. This viewpoint allows players to see a more strongly characterized avatar, games with this perspective often make use of positional audio, where the volume of ambient sounds varies depending on the position of the avatar. In this kind of system, the set the properties of the camera, such as its position, orientation or field of view. The camera views will not change dynamically, so the place will always be shown under the same set of views. An early example of this kind of system can be seen in Alone in the Dark. While the characters are in 3D, the background on which they evolve has been pre-rendered, the early Resident Evil games are notable examples of games that use fixed cameras. The God of War series of games is also known for this technique. One advantage of camera system is that it allows the game designers to use the language of film. Indeed, like filmmakers, they have the possibility to create a mood through camerawork, games that use this kind of technique are often praised for their cinematic qualities. As the name says, a camera follows the characters from behind. The player does not control the camera in any way - he/she cannot for example rotate it or move it to a different position and this type of camera system was very common in early 3D games such as Crash Bandicoot or Tomb Raider since it is very simple to implement. However, there are a number of issues with it, in particular, if the current view is not suitable, it cannot be changed since the player does not control the camera
11.
Computer animation
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Computer animation is the process used for generating animated images. The more general term computer-generated imagery encompasses both static scenes and dynamic images, while computer animation refers to the moving images. Modern computer animation usually uses 3D computer graphics, although 2D computer graphics are used for stylistic, low bandwidth. Sometimes, the target of the animation is the computer itself, Computer animation is essentially a digital successor to the stop motion techniques used in traditional animation with 3D models and frame-by-frame animation of 2D illustrations. It can also allow a single graphic artist to such content without the use of actors, expensive set pieces. To create the illusion of movement, an image is displayed on the monitor and repeatedly replaced by a new image that is similar to it. This technique is identical to how the illusion of movement is achieved with television and motion pictures, for 3D animations, objects are built on the computer monitor and 3D figures are rigged with a virtual skeleton. For 2D figure animations, separate objects and separate transparent layers are used with or without that virtual skeleton, then the limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc. of the figure are moved by the animator on key frames. The differences in appearance between key frames are calculated by the computer in a process known as tweening or morphing. For 3D animations, all frames must be rendered after the modeling is complete, for 2D vector animations, the rendering process is the key frame illustration process, while tweened frames are rendered as needed. For pre-recorded presentations, the frames are transferred to a different format or medium. The frames may also be rendered in real time as they are presented to the end-user audience, low bandwidth animations transmitted via the internet often use software on the end-users computer to render in real time as an alternative to streaming or pre-loaded high bandwidth animations. To trick the eye and the brain into thinking they are seeing a moving object. With rates above 75-120 frames per second, no improvement in realism or smoothness is perceivable due to the way the eye, at rates below 12 frames per second, most people can detect jerkiness associated with the drawing of new images that detracts from the illusion of realistic movement. Conventional hand-drawn cartoon animation often uses 15 frames per second in order to save on the number of drawings needed, to produce more realistic imagery, computer animation demands higher frame rates. Films seen in theaters in the United States run at 24 frames per second, for high resolution, adapters are used. Early digital computer animation was developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories in the 1960s by Edward E. Zajac, Frank W. Sinden, other digital animation was also practiced at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. An early step in the history of animation was the sequel to the 1973 film Westworld
12.
British Academy Film Awards
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The British Academy Film Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts to honour the best British and international contributions to film. Between 2008 and 2016, the ceremony was held in central London at the Royal Opera House, the 70th British Academy Film Awards were held on 12 February 2017 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. British Academy of Film and Television Arts was founded in 1947 as The British Film Academy, by David Lean, Alexander Korda, Carol Reed, Charles Laughton, Roger Manvell and others. BAFTA stated charitable purpose is to support, develop and promote the art forms of the image, by identifying and rewarding excellence, inspiring practitioners. In addition to awards ceremonies BAFTA runs a year-round programme of educational events including film screenings. BAFTA is supported by a membership of about 6,000 people from the film, television, the Academys awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was commissioned by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955. The ceremony previously took place in April or May and since 2002 it takes place in February in order to precede the Oscars. The awards are open to all nationalities, though there is an award for Outstanding British Film. Only UK films are eligible for the categories of The British Short Film, the Awards ceremony is delayed broadcast on British television the same evening, and across the world for example its shown on BBC America in the United States. It has been broadcast in colour since 1970, the award ceremony is held in London. From 2000 to 2007 the ceremonies took place at the flagship Odeon cinema in Leicester Square, between 2008 and 2016, the ceremonies took place at the Royal Opera House. The 70th Awards in 2017 were held at the Royal Albert Hall, until 2012, the mobile network Orange sponsored the awards and starting in 2013 Oranges parent company, EE, began sponsorship. British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Academy Television Awards Official website BAFTA Awards database Museum of Broadcast Communications, BAFTA IMDB, BAFTA
13.
Compositing
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Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene. Live-action shooting for compositing is variously called chroma key, blue screen, green screen, today, most, though not all, compositing is achieved through digital image manipulation. Pre-digital compositing techniques, however, go back as far as the films of Georges Méliès in the late 19th century. All compositing involves the replacement of selected parts of an image with other material, usually, in the digital method of compositing, software commands designate a narrowly defined color as the part of an image to be replaced. Then the software replaces every pixel within the color range with a pixel from another image. In television studios, blue or green screens may back news-readers to allow the compositing of stories behind them, in other cases, presenters may be completely within compositing backgrounds that are replaced with entire virtual sets executed in computer graphics programs. Virtual sets are used in motion pictures filmmaking, some of which are photographed entirely in blue or green screen environments, as for example in Sky Captain. More commonly, composited backgrounds are combined with sets – both full-size and models – and vehicles, furniture, and other objects that enhance the reality of the composited visuals. That way, subjects recorded in modest areas can be placed in large virtual vistas, most common of all, perhaps, are set extensions, digital additions to actual performing environments. Digital compositing is a form of matting, one of four basic compositing methods, the others are physical compositing, multiple exposure, and background projection. In physical compositing the separate parts of the image are placed together in the photographic frame, the components are aligned so that they give the appearance of a single image. The most common physical compositing elements are partial models and glass paintings, partial models are typically used as set extensions such as ceilings or the upper stories of buildings. The model, built to match the set but on a much smaller scale, is hung in front of the camera. Models are often large because they must be placed far enough from the camera so that both they and the set far beyond them are in sharp focus. Glass shots are made by positioning a large pane of glass so that it fills the camera frame, the entire scene is painted on the glass, except for the area revealing the background where action is to take place. Photographed through the glass, the action is composited with the painted area. A classic example of a shot is the approach to Ashley Wilkes plantation in Gone with the Wind. The plantation and fields are all painted, while the road, a variant uses the opposite technique, most of the area is clear, except for individual elements affixed to the glass
14.
FilmLight
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Established in 2002, FilmLight design, create and manufacture unique colour grading systems, image processing applications and workflow tools for the film and television industry. The company is headquartered in London with offices around the world, filmLight’s first product was the Northlight film scanner, a motion picture film scanner capable of scanning 16,35 or 65 mm film formats. It is commonly used for feature film effects, Digital Intermediate and it then followed with the Baselight colour grading system and the Truelight colour management system. Today, the range includes, Baselight ONE Deskside grading system with 2TB SSD cache only or 24TB with 2TB SSD cache. Baselight FOUR and EIGHT Multi GPU/multi-node grading systems, Blackboard 2 Control surface for Baselight systems. Slate Compact grading panel for FilmLight systems based on the technology as Blackboard 2. FLUX Streaming media storage and data management, Baselight Editions Same core toolset as the full Baselight systems inside Final Cut Pro 7, Avid and NUKE
15.
Lightworks
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Lightworks was an early developer of computer-based non-linear editing systems, and has been in development since 1989. The program is available for Windows, Linux and Mac OS. The development of an open version, as well as ports to Linux. No source code has yet been released, but the project roadmap has indicated that source code release will happen eventually, the source code release is currently overdue, The Lightworks website FAQ states Once the Linux and Mac versions are released the source code of Lightworks will become available. We cannot give a date when this will happen, but announcements, OLE Limited was founded in 1989 by Paul Bamborough, Nick Pollock and Neil Harris. In 1994 it was sold to Tektronix, who were not successful at developing the companys products, in 1999 it was sold on to the newly formed Lightworks Inc. then owned by Fairlight Japan, and then purchased by Gee Broadcast in May 2004. Under Gee Broadcast ownership, new product releases resumed with the release of the Lightworks Touch range, Softworks offered the Lightworks User Interface and toolset in a software only package for laptops or office workstations. Softworks and Alacrity supported mixed formats and resolutions in real time, Alacrity supported dual outputs while the same facility was available for Softworks users as an option. In August 2009 the UK and US based company EditShare acquired Gee Broadcast, at the annual convention of the National Association of Broadcasters, NAB Show, on 11 April 2010, EditShare announced that they plan to transform Lightworks into Lightworks Open Source. It was presented at IBC in Amsterdam September 2010, EditShare planned the release of the open source version in Q4 of 2011, after they finished code review. They plan to make money from proprietary plugins offered in their online shop. Shortly before the release date of 29. November 2011, EditShare announced that an open source release of the software would be temporarily delayed, the announcement noted that they were not yet satisfied with the stability of the new version. After an 18-month beta program, EditShare released Lightworks 11, for Windows only, the non beta release of Lightworks includes a host of new features for editors, and runs on wide range of PC hardware. The free version supports DV, MPEG, Uncompressed and other codecs for both import and export, on 29 May 2013, v11.1 stable release was made available for download. A major development in the Pro version is much improved performance of the H. 264/AVC codec in MP4 and this makes it possible to edit this format natively, even with less powerful CPUs. This should interest HDSLR and GoPro camera users, native editing of H.264 MTS files has been possible since version 11.0.3. This version of Lightworks has also replaced HASP with the new EditShare Licensing System, Lightworks Free users can now download the 64 bit version, which was previously limited to Pro users
16.
The Fruit Machine
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The Fruit Machine is a 1988 British film thriller starring Tony Forsyth, Emile Charles, Bruce Payne and Robbie Coltrane in the role of Annabelle. The film, which was directed by BAFTA-winner Philip Saville, is about two gay teen friends who are running from an assassin and the police. It was produced by UK TV company Granada Productions, the film showcases the rising careers of actors Coltrane and Payne, as well as future Academy Awards winner, composer Hans Zimmer, who wrote the soundtrack. The film uses a combination of adventure, buddy film, road movie, since its release, it has developed a cult following primarily due to its straightforward portrayal of British gay youth. Eddie and Michael are two 16-year-old best friends on the brink of adulthood and they are both gay, but hold diametrically opposed outlooks on life. Eddie likes watching old films on video with his mother, Michael likes video games and the street. They are total opposites that argue like an old married couple, leaving behind the grim, oppressive reality of Liverpool, they stumble into the bizarre fantasy world of a gay transvestite nightclub called The Fruit Machine, run by Annabelle. There, they witness a gangland murder by Echo that transforms their thirst for adventure into a run for their lives. Alone and afraid, yet hopeful, they wind up in Brighton with Vincent and Eve at Wonderland, the film was shot on location in Liverpool, Brighton and London. Included were interior and main entrance scenes at the Britannia Adelphi Hotel, flamingo Land in Kirby Misperton, North Yorkshire was used for the fun park known as Wonderland. The soundtrack was written by Hans Zimmer, who would write the film scores for Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End, The Da Vinci Code. The disco dance sequence used music from Divine, a queen who had released several singles in the UK charts in the 1980s. The films title song was produced by Stock, Aitken & Waterman, the film has had two DVD releases. In the UK on 16 July 2007 and on 9 April 2009, a North American Region 1 DVD version has still not materialised. The New York Times / The Fruit Machine TimeOut London / The Fruit Machine Brighton Lesbian, Hans Zimmer, The British Years on Soundtrack. net The Fruit Machine at the Internet Movie Database Multi-media trailer for The Fruit Machine at Pro-Fun Media
17.
Advertising
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Advertising is an audio or visual form of marketing communication that employs an openly sponsored, nonpersonal message to promote or sell a product, service or idea. Sponsors of advertising are often businesses who wish to promote their products or services, Advertising is differentiated from public relations in that an advertiser usually pays for and has control over the message. It is differentiated from personal selling in that the message is nonpersonal, the actual presentation of the message in a medium is referred to as an advertisement or ad. Commercial ads often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, on the other hand, ads that intend to elicit an immediate sale are known as direct response advertising. Non-commercial advertisers who spend money to advertise items other than a product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations. Non-profit organizations may use free modes of persuasion, such as a service announcement. Advertising may also be used to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful, in 2015, the world spent an estimate of US$592.43 billion on advertising. Its projected distribution for 2017 is 40. 4% on TV,33. 3% on digital, internationally, the largest advertising conglomerates are Interpublic, Omnicom, Publicis, and WPP. In Latin, ad vertere means to turn toward, egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii, lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, the tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BC. In ancient China, the earliest advertising known was oral, as recorded in the Classic of Poetry of bamboo flutes played to sell candy, advertisement usually takes in the form of calligraphic signboards and inked papers. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons, the first compilation of such advertisements was gathered in Les Crieries de Paris, a thirteenth-century poem by Guillaume de la Villeneuve. In the 18th century advertisements started to appear in newspapers in England. However, false advertising and so-called quack advertisements became a problem, thomas J. Barratt from London has been called the father of modern advertising. Working for the Pears Soap company, Barratt created an advertising campaign for the company products. One of his slogans, Good morning, have you used Pears soap. was famous in its day and into the 20th century. Barratt introduced many of the ideas that lie behind successful advertising
18.
Iceland
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Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of 332,529 and an area of 103,000 km2, the capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Reykjavík and the areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active, the interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly, with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate. According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in the year 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, emigrated to Iceland, the island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing, one of the worlds oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway, Denmark, Iceland thus followed Norways integration to that Union and came under Danish rule after Swedens secession from that union in 1523. In the wake of the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars, Icelands struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in 1918, until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture, and was among the poorest in Europe. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, in 1994, it became a part of the European Economic Area, which further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing. Iceland has an economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. Iceland ranks high in economic, political and social stability and equality, in 2013, it was ranked as the 13th most-developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy, some bankers were jailed, and the economy has made a significant recovery, in large part due to a surge in tourism. Icelandic culture is founded upon the nations Scandinavian heritage, most Icelanders are descendants of Germanic and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is descended from Old Norse and is related to Faroese
19.
The Tale of Despereaux (film)
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The Tale of Despereaux is a 2008 British-American computer-animated adventure fantasy family film directed by Sam Fell and Robert Stevenhagen and produced by Gary Ross and Allison Thomas. Macy, Emma Watson and Tracey Ullman and it was released on December 19,2008 by Universal Pictures. The movie is the second theatrically released computer-animated film distributed by Universal Studios and it was also produced by Universal Animation Studios, Framestore Feature Animation and Relativity Media. The film grossed $86,947,965 on a $60 million budget, sailor Pietro and his rat companion Roscuro dock in the kingdom of Dor, famous around the world for its delicious soups, during the Royal Soup Day. The chief cook, Andre, makes good soup due to Boldo, enchanted by the smell of the delicious soup, Roscuro slips away and ends up in the royal banquet hall, on a chandelier above the royal familys table. He slips and falls into the Queens soup, giving her such a fright that she has a heart attack, the entire hall goes into a panic, as the guards pursue Roscuro. He attempts to flee the castle, but sees Pietros ship has sailed away. It leads to the dungeons, where hes found and taken in by Botticelli. Distraught over his wifes death, the king forbids any and all things soup related, without its soup, Dor becomes impoverished and dreary. Andre is banned from making any more soup and Boldo stops appearing, the kings daughter, Princess Pea, despairs over the sad state of the kingdom and how her father has shut the entire world out, even her, in his grief. In a mouse village in the castles abandoned kitchen storage room, as he grows up, it becomes obvious Despereauxs not like other mice, he isnt meek and timid, but brave and curious, unnerving his family, friends, and school teachers. He becomes fascinated by books about daring knights and trapped princesses. One day while reading, he comes across Princess Pea and the two speak and she makes him promise to finish reading the story about the princess so he may tell her how it ends. Upon discovering Despereaux has violated law by talking to a human. The council banishes Despereaux to the dungeons, there he is captured by the rats and thrown into their arena with a cat. As hes about to be eaten, Roscuro saves his life by requesting Botticelli give Despereaux to him to eat, having been unable to adjust to being a sewer rat, Roscuro is desperate to hear about the outside world. The two become friends, as every day Despereaux tells him the stories and of the princess, hoping to make amends for all the trouble hes caused, Roscuro sneaks up to Princess Peas room and tries to apologize, but shes frightened by him and lashes out. Hurt by this, Roscuro decides he wants Pea to hurt just as much as he does, after Mig drags Pea down to the dungeons, Roscuro double-crosses her and locks her in a cell
20.
Chicken Run
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Chicken Run is a 2000 stop-motion comedy-drama film produced by the British studio Aardman Animations. As the studios first feature-length film, it was directed by Peter Lord and it was co-financed by DreamWorks Pictures and Pathé, with the former distributing the film worldwide except for Europe, where it was handled by Pathé. The film features the voices of Julia Sawalha, Mel Gibson, Timothy Spall, Phil Daniels, Tony Haygarth, Chicken Run received positive reviews from critics, and grossed over $224 million, becoming the highest-grossing stop motion animated film ever. Mr. and Mrs. Tweedy run a chicken farm in Yorkshire, the chickens are caged in the style of a prison camp with a high fence and barbed wire. Chickens that fail to produce eggs are slaughtered for food. Frustrated at the minuscule profits generated by the farm, Mrs. Tweedy comes up with the idea of converting their farm into the production of chicken pot pies. However, she is caught and put into solitary confinement. While thinking of a new plan, Ginger witnesses a Rhode Island Red cockerel fly over the fence and crash into one of the coops, Ginger and the other chickens help to hide him from the Tweedys and care for his wing, learning that his name is Rocky. Ginger is particularly interested in Rockys ability to fly and begs him to train her. Rocky is coy, but proceeds to try to train the chickens. Meanwhile, Mr. Tweedy begins assembling their pie-making production line, amid the training, Rocky holds a large party to help relieve the stress, it is revealed his wing is healed, and Ginger insists he show them how to fly the next day. However, Mr. Tweedy completes the line and immediately grabs Ginger for a test run. Rocky is able to save Ginger and helps to damage the machine, giving the chickens only a short time to plan to escape while Mr. Tweedy repairs it. When morning arrives, Ginger finds Rocky has fled, leaving behind a part of a poster that shows him to be a stunt cockerel, shot out of a cannon from a nearby circus, Ginger and the other chickens are depressed. All the chickens, with help from the rats, secretly assemble the parts for the plane from their coops while racing against Mr. Tweedys repairs. While travelling the countryside, Rocky sees a billboard for Mrs. Tweedys Chicken Pies and is inspired to go back to help, with the machine now fixed, Mrs. Tweedy insists that Mr. Tweedy gather all the chickens, but the chickens are ready to escape. They knock Mr. Tweedy out and tie him up enough to complete assembly of their plane. Just before they take off, Rocky returns and joins them, whilst taking off, Mrs. Tweedy chases them down and catches onto a Christmas light strand snagged in the wheels
21.
Avatar (2009 film)
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The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of Navi – a humanoid species indigenous to Pandora. The films title refers to a genetically engineered Navi body with the mind of a remotely located human that is used to interact with the natives of Pandora, Development of Avatar began in 1994, when Cameron wrote an 80-page treatment for the film. Work on the language of the films extraterrestrial beings began in 2005, Avatar was officially budgeted at $237 million. Other estimates put the cost between $280 million and $310 million for production and at $150 million for promotion, the film made extensive use of new motion capture filming techniques, and was released for traditional viewing, 3D viewing, and for 4D experiences in select South Korean theaters. The stereoscopic filmmaking was touted as a breakthrough in cinematic technology and it also became the first film to gross more than $2 billion and the best-selling film of 2010 in the United States. Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, following the films success, Cameron signed with 20th Century Fox to produce three sequels, making Avatar the first of a planned tetralogy. On April 14,2016, Cameron confirmed that there were now plans for four sequels, Avatar 2 was scheduled for release in December 2018 before being delayed, with the sequels following in December 2020,2022, and 2023, respectively. By 2154, humans have depleted Earths natural resources, leading to an energy crisis. The Resources Development Administration mines for a valuable mineral – unobtanium – on Pandora, Pandora, whose atmosphere is poisonous to humans, is inhabited by the Navi, 10-foot tall, blue-skinned, sapient humanoids who live in harmony with nature and worship a mother goddess called Eywa. Dr. Grace Augustine, head of the Avatar Program, considers Sully an inadequate replacement, witnessing an auspicious sign, she takes him to her clan, whereupon Neytiris mother Moat, the clans spiritual leader, orders her daughter to initiate Jake into their society. When Grace learns of this, she herself, Jake. Over the following three months, Jake grows to sympathize with the natives, while trying to warn the Navi, Jake confesses to being a spy and the Navi take him and Grace captive. Seeing this, Quaritchs men destroy Hometree, killing Neytiris father, Moat frees Jake and Grace, but they are detached from their avatars and imprisoned by Quaritchs forces. Pilot Trudy Chacón, disgusted by Quaritchs brutality, carries them to Graces outpost, to regain the Navis trust, Jake connects his mind to that of Toruk, a dragon-like predator feared and honored by the Navi. Jake finds the refugees at the sacred Tree of Souls and pleads with Moat to heal Grace, the clan attempts to transfer Grace from her human body into her avatar with the aid of the Tree of Souls, but she dies before the process can be completed. Supported by the new chief Tsutey, who acts as Jakes translator, Jake speaks to unite the clan, noticing the impending gathering, Quaritch organizes a pre-emptive strike against the Tree of Souls, believing that its destruction will demoralize the natives. On the eve of battle, Jake prays to Eywa, via a connection to the Tree of Souls. Quaritch prepares to slit the throat of Jakes avatar, but Neytiri kills Quaritch, humans Sam Worthington as Jake Sully, a disabled former Marine who becomes part of the Avatar Program after his twin brother is killed
22.
Shanghai
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Shanghai is the most populous city proper in the world, with a population of more than 24 million as of 2014. As one of the four direct-controlled municipalities of the Peoples Republic of China, it is a financial centre and transport hub. Located in the Yangtze River Delta in East China, Shanghai sits on the edge of the mouth of the Yangtze in the middle portion of the eastern Chinese coast. The municipality borders the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the north, south and west, as a major administrative, shipping and trading city, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to trade and recognition of its favourable port location and economic potential. The city was one of five treaty ports forced open to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the First Opium War, the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking and 1844 Treaty of Whampoa allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between China and other parts of the world, and became the financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, trade was limited to other socialist countries, and the citys global influence declined. In the 1990s, the reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance. The two Chinese characters in the name are 上 and 海, together meaning Upon-the-Sea. The earliest occurrence of this dates from the 11th-century Song Dynasty, at which time there was already a river confluence. There are disputes as to exactly how the name should be understood, Shanghai is officially abbreviated 沪 in Chinese, a contraction of 沪渎, a 4th- or 5th-century Jin name for the mouth of Suzhou Creek when it was the main conduit into the ocean. This character appears on all motor vehicle license plates issued in the municipality today, another alternative name for Shanghai is Shēn or Shēnchéng, from Lord Chunshen, a third-century BC nobleman and prime minister of the state of Chu, whose fief included modern Shanghai. Sports teams and newspapers in Shanghai often use Shen in their names, such as Shanghai Shenhua F. C. Huating was another early name for Shanghai. In AD751, during the dynasty, Huating County was established at modern-day Songjiang. Today, Huating appears as the name of a hotel in the city. The city also has various nicknames in English, including Pearl of the Orient, during the Spring and Autumn period, the Shanghai area belonged to the Kingdom of Wu, which was conquered by the Kingdom of Yue, which in turn was conquered by the Kingdom of Chu. During the Warring States period, Shanghai was part of the fief of Lord Chunshen of Chu and he ordered the excavation of the Huangpu River. Its former or poetic name, the Chunshen River, gave Shanghai its nickname of Shen, two important events helped promote Shanghais development in the Ming dynasty
23.
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
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Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them is a 2001 book written by British author J. K. Rowling about the magical creatures in the Harry Potter universe. The original version purports to be Harry Potters copy of the textbook of the name mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone. The book benefits the charity Comic Relief, over 80% of the cover price of each book sold goes directly to poor children in various places around the world. According to Comic Relief, sales from this book and its companion Quidditch Through the Ages have raised over £17 million. On 12 September 2013, Warner Bros. and Rowling announced they would be producing a film inspired by the book and she came up with a plan for a movie after Warner Bros. suggested the idea. The story features Newt Scamander as a character and is set in New York City,70 years before Harrys story started. The film was released on 18 November 2016, on 14 March 2017 a new edition of the book was published with six new creatures and the foreword by Newt Scamander. It is assumed to be a new copy as it does not feature any handwritten notes, proceeds from this edition are donated to Lumos as well as Comic Relief. Fantastic Beasts purports to be a reproduction of a textbook owned by Harry Potter and written by magizoologist Newt Scamander, in the series, Magizoology is the study of magical creatures. Albus Dumbledore, headmaster of Hogwarts, provides the Foreword and explains the purpose of the edition of this book. At the end, he tells the reader. The amusing creatures described hereafter are fictional and he repeats the Hogwarts motto, Draco dormiens nunquam titillandus, Latin for Never tickle a sleeping dragon. Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them contains the history of Magizoology, Scamander says that he collected most of the information found in the book through observations made over years of travel across five continents. He notes that the first edition was commissioned in 1918 by Mr Augustus Worme of Obscurus Books, however, it was not published until 1927. It is now in its fifty-second edition, in the Harry Potter universe, the book is a required textbook for first-year Hogwarts students, having been an approved textbook since its first publication. It is not clear why students need it in their first year, however, it may be used as an encyclopedia of Dark creatures studied in Defence Against the Dark Arts classes. In his foreword to the book, Albus Dumbledore notes that it serves as an excellent reference for Wizarding households in addition to its use at Hogwarts, the book features doodles and comments added by Ron Weasley. The comments would appear to have written around the time of the fourth book, Harry Potter. These doodles add some extra information for fans of the series along with comic relief, integrated in the design the cover of the book, on the first edition, appears to have been clawed by an unidentified animal
24.
Beauty and the Beast
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Beauty and the Beast is a traditional fairy tale written by French novelist Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve and published in 1740 in La Jeune Américaine et les contes marins. Variants of the tale are known across Europe, amour pour amour, by Nivelle de la Chaussée, is a 1742 play based on Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuves version. According to researchers at universities in Durham and Lisbon, the story originated around 4,000 years ago, a widowed merchant lives in a mansion with his six children, three sons and three daughters. They secretly taunt Beauty and treat her more like a servant than a sister, the merchant eventually loses all of his wealth in a tempest at sea. He and his children are forced to live in a small farmhouse. Some years later, the merchant hears that one of the ships he had sent off has arrived back in port. Before leaving, he asks his children if they wish for him to bring any gifts back for them. The sons ask for weaponry and horses to hunt with, whereas his oldest daughters ask for clothing, jewels, Beauty is satisfied with the promise of a rose as none grow in their part of the country. The merchant, to his dismay, finds that his ships cargo has been seized to pay his debts, leaving him penniless, during his return, the merchant becomes lost during a storm. Seeking shelter, he enters a dazzling palace, a hidden figure opens the giant doors and silently invites him in. The merchant finds tables inside laden with food and drink, which seem to have left for him by the palaces invisible owner. The merchant accepts this gift and spends the night there, the next morning, as the merchant is about to leave, he sees a rose garden and recalls that Beauty had desired a rose. The merchant begs to be set free, arguing that he had picked the rose as a gift for his youngest daughter. The Beast agrees to let him give the rose to Beauty, the merchant is upset but accepts this condition. The Beast sends him on his way, with wealth, jewels and fine clothes for his sons and daughters, the merchant, upon arriving home, tries to hide the secret from Beauty, but she pries it from him. Her brothers say they will go to the castle and fight the Beast, Beauty then agrees to go to the Beasts castle. The Beast receives her graciously and informs her that she is now mistress of the castle and he gives her lavish clothing and food and carries on lengthy conversations with her. Every night, the Beast asks Beauty to marry him, only to be refused each time, Beauty does not make the connection between the handsome prince and the Beast and becomes convinced that the Beast is holding the prince captive somewhere in the castle
25.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
26.
Joe Wright
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His most recent film, Pan, is a Peter Pan origin story. Darkest Hour, Wrights political drama about Winston Churchill, will be released in 2017, Wright was born on 25 August 1972 in London, where his parents, John and Lyndie, founded the Little Angel Theatre, a puppet theatre in Islington. Wright always had an interest in the arts, especially painting and he would also make films on his Super 8 camera as well as spend time in the evenings acting in a drama club. He left school without any GCSEs and he began his career working at his parents puppet theatre. He also took classes at the Anna Scher Theatre School and acted professionally on stage and he spent an art foundation year at Camberwell College of Arts, before taking a degree in fine art and film at Central St Martins. In his last year of studies he received a scholarship to make a film for the BBC that won several awards. On the success of the short, he was offered the script for the serial Nature Boy. He followed this up with the serials Bodily Harm with Timothy Spall, during the 1990s he worked at Oil Factory, a music video production company based in Caledonian Road, Kings Cross. He worked on a variety of productions in numerous roles, including casting director, here he was able to get the opportunity to direct some music videos. Alongside this, particularly on the strength of his film work, he was also developing The End. He attributes some of the aesthetic and emotion of the UK rave scene as an influence on his work, in 2007, Wright became engaged to actress Rosamund Pike, yet the wedding was called off in 2008. Wright is married to sitarist Anoushka Shankar, daughter of Ravi Shankar and they have two sons, Zubin Shankar Wright, who was born in February 2011, and Mohan Shankar Wright, who was born in February 2015. In 2005 he made the transition to films with the critically acclaimed adaptation of Pride & Prejudice starring Keira Knightley. The film received numerous accolades including 4 Academy Award nominations,6 BAFTA nominations among a host of nominations and wins. On 13 December 2007, the film was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards, though Wright himself was not nominated for director, the film received seven Academy Award nominations, winning only for Best Original Score. At the BAFTA Awards it received 14 nominations and went on to win for Best Production Design and his next film was The Soloist which stars Jamie Foxx and Robert Downey, Jr. It was to be released on 21 November 2008, however the date was pushed back to 24 April 2009. Wright reunited with Atonement star Saoirse Ronan for the action thriller Hanna, the title character is a 15-year-old girl trained since birth to be an assassin by her father, a rogue CIA asset
27.
Blade Runner 2049
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Blade Runner 2049 is an upcoming American neo-noir science fiction film directed by Denis Villeneuve and written by Hampton Fancher and Michael Green. The film is set for release in the United States on October 6,2017, in 2D, 3D, a new blade runner, LAPD Officer K, discovers a dark secret that might bring an end to humanity. Ks discovery leads him to find Rick Deckard, a former runner who disappeared thirty years ago. Stuart Hazeldine had written a sequel to the film based on The Edge of Human, titled Blade Runner Down, however, Ridley Scott considered developing a sequel, tentatively titled Metropolis, and again announced his interest in developing the project while attending the San Diego Comic Con. Eagle Eye co-writer Travis Wright worked with producer Bud Yorkin for several years on the project, in June 2009, The New York Times reported that Scott, along with his brother Tony Scott, were working on a Blade Runner prequel, set in 2019. The prequel, Purefold, was planned as a series of 5–10 minute shorts, aimed first at the web, due to rights issues the proposed series was not to be linked too closely to the characters or events of the 1982 film. On February 7,2010, it was announced production on Purefold had ceased. On March 4,2011, io9 reported that Yorkin was developing a new Blade Runner film and it was also reported that month that director Christopher Nolan was the desired choice to make the film. It was announced on August 18,2011, that Scott was to be at the helm of a new installment, indications from producer Andrew A. Kosove were that Ford was unlikely to be involved in the project. Scott later said that the film was liable to be a sequel but without the previous cast, to be clear, what we are trying to do with Ridley now is go through the painstaking process of trying to break the back of the story. The casting of the movie could not be further from our minds at this moment, when Scott was asked about the possibility of a sequel in October 2012, he said, Its not a rumor—its happening. Well, he was a Nexus-6 so we dont know how long he can live, and thats all Im going to say at this stage. Scott said in November 2014 that he would no longer direct the film, Scott also revealed that filming would begin sometime in late 2014 or 2015, and that Fords character will only appear in the third act of the sequel. On February 26,2015, the sequel was officially confirmed, Ford was confirmed to return as Deckard, as was original writer Hampton Fancher, with the film expected to enter production in mid-2016. On April 16,2015, Ryan Gosling entered negotiations for a role, Gosling confirmed his casting in November 2015, citing the involvement of Villeneuve and Deakins as factors for his decision to join the film. On May 20, Roger Deakins was hired as director of photography, principal photography was set to begin in July, with Warner Bros. distributing the film domestically and Columbia Pictures handling international release. An official release date of January 12,2018, was announced on February 18,2016, when interviewed at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival, Villeneuve disclosed that the plot would include the ambiguity of whether or not Deckard is a human or a replicant. On March 31,2016, Robin Wright entered final negotiations for a role in the film, Bautista and Wright were confirmed to be joining the cast on April 4, and a filming start date of July was established
28.
Black Mirror
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Episodes are standalone works, usually set in an alternative present or the near future. The show was first broadcast on the British Channel 4, in 2011, in September 2015, Netflix commissioned a third season of 12 episodes. The commissioned episodes were divided into two seasons of six episodes, the third season was released on Netflix worldwide on 21 October 2016. Regarding the programmes content and structure, Brooker noted, each episode has a different cast, but theyre all about the way we live now – and the way we might be living in 10 minutes time if were clumsy. The series has received acclaim and has seen an increase in interest internationally after being added to Netflix. The first two series of the programme were produced by Zeppotron, for Endemol, Channel 4 describes the first episode as a twisted parable for the Twitter age. Black Mirror series 1 had a limited DVD release for PAL / Region 2 on 27 February 2012 and this was followed by a DVD release of series 2, also PAL for region 2 only. According to Brooker, the team considered giving the series a linking theme or presenter. Do we set them all in the same street, do we have some characters who appear in each episode, a bit Three Colours, Blue/White/Red style. We did think about having a character who introduces them, Tales from the Crypt style, or like Rod Serling or Alfred Hitchcock or Roald Dahl, but the more we thought about it, we thought it was a bit weird. Charlie Brooker explained the title to The Guardian, If technology is a drug – and it does feel like a drug – then what. This area – between delight and discomfort – is where Black Mirror, my new drama series, is set. The black mirror of the title is the one youll find on every wall, on desk, in the palm of every hand, the cold, shiny screen of a TV, a monitor. In 2013, Robert Downey Jr. optioned the episode The Entire History of You to potentially be made into a film by Warner Bros. and his own production company, Team Downey. In September 2015, Netflix commissioned a third season of 12 episodes, the directors for the third season include Joe Wright, Jakob Verbruggen, James Hawes, and Dan Trachtenberg. The third season was released on Netflix worldwide on 21 October 2016, Channel 4 will not air the third season after Netflix outbid them for the rights, spending $40 million. A trailer for the season was released in October 2016. In October 2016, it was announced that Jodie Foster will direct an episode of the season starring Rosemarie DeWitt
29.
The Golden Compass (film)
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The Golden Compass is a 2007 British and American fantasy and adventure film based on Northern Lights, the first novel in Philip Pullmans trilogy His Dark Materials. Written and directed by Chris Weitz, it stars Dakota Blue Richards, Daniel Craig, Eva Green, Tom Courtenay, Christopher Lee, Nicole Kidman, the project was announced in February 2002, but difficulties over the script and the selection of a director caused significant delays. At US$180 million, it was one of New Line Cinemas most expensive projects ever, the film depicts the adventures of Lyra Belacqua, an orphan living in a parallel universe on a world that looks much like our own. In Lyras world, a dogmatic ruling power called the Magisterium opposes free inquiry, poor, orphan, and Gyptian children are disappearing at the hands of a group the children call the Gobblers. When Lyra discovers that Mrs. Coulter is running the Gobblers, rescued by the Gyptians, Lyra joins them on a trip to the far north, to the land of the armored polar bears, in search of the missing children. The studio ordered significant changes late in post-production, which Weitz later called a terrible experience, although the films visual effects won both a BAFTA and an Academy Award, critical reception was mixed and revenue lower than anticipated. The story takes place in a world dominated by a powerful church called the Magisterium. Lyra Belacqua, a raised in a college in Oxford, England. Lyra then warns her uncle, Lord Asriel, who instructs her to remain in hiding, Lyra watches Asriel give a presentation regarding Dust, a particle that the Magisterium has forbidden the mention of. The college gives Asriel a grant to fund a northern expedition, at dinner, Lyra meets Mrs. Coulter, who insists on taking Lyra north as her assistant. Before Lyra leaves, the Master of the college entrusts her with the only remaining alethiometer, the Magisterium has destroyed all the others. He instructs her to keep it secret, especially from Mrs. Coulter, at Mrs. Coulters house in a city that resembles a futuristic London, Lyra mentions dust. This puts Mrs. Coulter on edge and she warns Lyra never to mention it again, Mrs. Coulters dæmon attacks Pan, causing Lyra to give in. Lyra and Pan discover that Mrs. Coulter is head of the General Oblation Board, the Gobblers and she also discovers that her best friend Roger and her Gyptian friend Billy have been taken by the Gobblers. Lyra and Pan walk in on Mrs. Coulters dæmon attempting to steal the alethiometer, the Gobblers pursue her, but she is saved by some Gyptians. Aboard a Gyptian boat heading north to rescue their children, Lyra shows the alethiometer to a Gyptian wise elder, Farder Coram, on deck that night Serafina Pekkala, the witch queen, tells Lyra that the missing children are in a place called Bolvangar. Mrs. Coulter sends two mechanical spy flies after Lyra, one is batted away but the other is caught and sealed in a can by Farder Coram, who explains that the spy fly has a sting with a sleeping poison. Lord Asriel is captured by Samoyed tribesmen hired by Mrs. Coulter, at a northern port, Lyra is befriended by a Texan aeronaut named Lee Scoresby, who advises her to hire an armoured bear
30.
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
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The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our Lives, Odd Man Out and The World Is Rich. In 2005, it placed a cap on worldwide voting membership which now stands at approximately 6,500. BAFTA has offices in Scotland and Wales in the UK, in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and runs events in Hong Kong, amanda Berry OBE has been chief executive of the organisation since December 2000. Many of these events are free to online at BAFTA Guru. BAFTA runs a number of programmes across the UK, US. Launched in 2012, the UK programme enables talented British citizens who are in need of support to take an industry-recognised course in film. Each BAFTA Scholar receives up to £12,000 towards their annual course fees, since 2013, three students every year have received one of the Prince William Scholarships in Film, Television and Games, supported by BAFTA and Warner Bros. These scholarships are awarded in the name of in his role as President of BAFTA, since 2015, BAFTA has been offering scholarships for British citizens to study in China, vice versa. BAFTA presents awards for film, television and games, including entertainment, at a number of annual ceremonies across the UK and in Los Angeles. The BAFTA award trophy is a mask, designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe. Todays BAFTA award – including the mask and marble base – weighs 3.7 kg and measures 27 cm x 14 cm x 8 cm. BAFTAs annual film awards ceremony is known as the British Academy Film Awards, or the BAFTAs, in 1949 the British Film Academy, as it was then known, presented the first awards for films made in 1947 and 1948. Since 2008 the ceremony has held at the Royal Opera House in Londons Covent Garden. It had been held in the Odeon cinema on Leicester Square since 2000, the ceremony had been performed during April or May of each year, but since 2002 it has been held in February to precede the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards, or Oscars. They have been awarded annually since 1954, the first ever ceremony consisted of six categories. Until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors, from 1968 until 1997, BAFTAs Film and Television Awards were presented together, but from 1998 onwards they were presented at two separate ceremonies. The Television Craft Awards celebrate the talent behind the programmes, such as working in visual effects, production
31.
Superman Returns
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Superman Returns is a 2006 American superhero film directed and produced by Bryan Singer. The film stars Brandon Routh as Clark Kent/Superman, Kate Bosworth as Lois Lane, Kevin Spacey as Lex Luthor, with James Marsden, Frank Langella, the film tells the story of the title character returning to Earth after a five-year absence. He finds that his love interest Lois Lane has moved on with her life, and that his archenemy Lex Luthor is plotting a scheme that will destroy Superman and the world. After a series of projects to resurrect Superman on screen following the critical failure and box office disappointment of Superman IV. Warner Bros. hired Bryan Singer to direct and develop Superman Returns in July 2004, upon release, Superman Returns received generally positive critical reviews, with critics praising its visual effects, story, musical score, and style. However, it received mixed reviews in years, with criticism focused on its length, story. While a box office success, Warner Bros. was disappointed with the box office return. A sequel was planned for a summer 2009 release, but the project was later canceled, the Superman film series was completely rebooted in 2013 with the film Man of Steel, directed by Zack Snyder and starring Henry Cavill as Superman. For five years, Superman has abandoned his home of Earth while on a journey to visit the remains of Krypton. His seemingly selfish decision has ruined his image in the eyes of many, including journalist Lois Lane, upon returning to Metropolis, Superman, in his human identity of Clark Kent, is shocked to discover the consequences of his disappearance. While covering the launch of a shuttle, he narrowly saves a plane carrying Lois and other observers from crashing after a mysterious power failure. Unbeknownst to anyone, the accident was triggered by Luthor using Kryptonian technology stolen from the Fortress of Solitude, Luthor has his aide Kitty distract Superman, allowing Lex to steal a sample of kryptonite from a museum. Suspecting his involvement, Lois requests an off-the-record interview aboard his private yacht, Jason has an asthmatic attack when Luthor reveals the kryptonite, but has no subsequent reaction when Luthor holds the stone near him. When one of Luthors henchmen threatens Lois, Jason crushes him with a piano, realizing that he is Supermans son, Luthor and his thugs escape by helicopter as the new landmass emerges from the ocean. While working to contain the damage to Metropolis, Superman learns from Richard that Lois is in danger and saves her, Superman tries to apprehend Luthor, but the kryptonite-poisoned atmosphere quickly strips him of his powers. Luthors men torture Superman into submission, before Luthor stabs Superman with a Kryptonite shard, with Richards help, Lois gets him to safety and removes the shard. Fueled by the radiation, Superman defeats Luthors gang and covers the landmass with soil. While helping Luthor escape, a disillusioned Kitty allows the helicopter to crash on a remote island, complications from Kryptonite exposure cause Superman to fall into a coma, and while doctors are able to remove most of the fragments, they cannot revive him
32.
The Dark Knight (film)
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The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed, produced, and co-written by Christopher Nolan. Nolans inspiration for the film was the Jokers comic book debut in 1940, the 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke, and the 1996 series The Long Halloween, the nickname the Dark Knight was first applied to Batman in Batman #1, in a story written by Bill Finger. The Dark Knight was filmed primarily in Chicago, as well as in other locations in the United States, the United Kingdom. Nolan used IMAX70 mm film cameras to film some sequences, Warner Bros. initially created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight, developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screenshots of Ledger as the Joker. With over $1 billion in worldwide, it is the 26th-highest-grossing film of all time. The film received eight Academy Award nominations, it won the award for Best Sound Editing, the Dark Knight Rises, the final film in the trilogy, was released on July 20,2012. A gang of criminals rob a Gotham City mob bank, double-crossing and murdering each other there is only one left, The Joker. Batman, District Attorney Harvey Dent and Lieutenant Jim Gordon form an alliance to rid Gotham of organized crime, Mob bosses Sal Maroni, Gambol and the Chechen hold a videoconference with corrupt accountant Lau, who has taken their funds and fled to Hong Kong. The Joker interrupts, warns them that Batman is unhindered by the law, and offers to him in exchange for half of their money. After escaping and smuggling himself as a corpse, the Joker kills Gambol, the mob ultimately decides to take the Joker up on his offer. Dent arrests the mob, while Batman finds Lau in Hong Kong. The Joker threatens to keep killing people unless Batman reveals his identity, and starts by murdering Police Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb, the Joker also tries to kill Mayor Anthony Garcia, but Gordon sacrifices himself to stop the assassination. Dent learns that Rachel is the next target, Bruce decides to reveal his secret identity. Before he can, however, Dent announces that he is Batman, Dent is taken into protective custody, but the Joker appears and attacks the convoy. Batman comes to Dents rescue and Gordon, who faked his death, Rachel and Dent are escorted away by Michael Wuertz and Anna Ramirez, detectives on Maronis payroll. Batman interrogates the Joker, who reveals that Rachel and Dent have been trapped in separate locations rigged with explosives, Batman races to save Rachel, while Gordon goes to save Dent. Batman arrives at the building, realizing that the Joker sent him to Dents location instead, both buildings explode, killing Rachel and disfiguring half of Dents face. The Joker escapes the jail with Lau. Coleman Reese, an accountant at Wayne Enterprises, deduces that Bruce is Batman, after observing the unpredictability of the Joker, Maroni informs the Jokers location to Commissioner Gordon
33.
Gravity (2013 film)
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Gravity is a 2013 British-American science fiction adventure film directed, produced, co-written and co-edited by Alfonso Cuarón. It stars Sandra Bullock and George Clooney as astronauts who are stranded in space after the destruction of their space shuttle. Cuarón wrote the screenplay with his son Jonás and attempted to develop the film at Universal Pictures, the rights were sold to Warner Bros. Pictures, where the project eventually found traction, david Heyman, who previously worked with Cuarón on Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, produced the film with him. Gravity opened the 70th Venice International Film Festival on August 28,2013 and had its North American premiere three days later at the Telluride Film Festival. Upon its release, Gravity was met with acclaim, and has been regarded as one of the best films of the 2010s. The film became the film of 2013 with a worldwide gross of over US$723 million against production budget of only $100 million. The film was awarded six BAFTA Awards, including Outstanding British Film and Best Director, the Golden Globe Award for Best Director, seven Critics Choice Movie Awards. Dr. Ryan Stone, an engineer from Lake Zurich, Illinois, is aboard the NASA Space Shuttle Explorer for her first space mission. Veteran astronaut Matt Kowalski is commanding his final mission, Mission Control orders that the mission be aborted and the crew begin re-entry immediately because the debris is speeding towards the Shuttle. Communication with Mission Control is lost shortly thereafter, high-speed debris from the Russian satellite strikes the Explorer and Hubble, detaching Stone from the shuttle and leaving her tumbling through space. Kowalski, using a Manned Maneuvering Unit, recovers Stone and they return to the Explorer and they discover that it has suffered catastrophic damage and the rest of the crew are dead. They decide to use the MMU to reach the International Space Station, Kowalski estimates they have 90 minutes before the debris field completes an orbit and threatens them again. On their way to the International Space Station, the two discuss Stones home life and her daughter, who died young in an accident, as they approach, they see that its crew has evacuated in one of its two Soyuz TMA capsules. The parachute of the remaining Soyuz TMA-14M has deployed, rendering the capsule useless for returning to Earth, Kowalski suggests using it to travel to the nearby Chinese space station Tiangong,100 km away, in order to board a Chinese module to return safely to Earth. Out of air and maneuvering power, the two try to grab onto the ISS as they fly by, Stones leg gets entangled in the Soyuzs parachute cords and she grabs a strap on Kowalskis suit, but it soon becomes clear that the cords will not support them both. Despite Stones protests, Kowalski detaches himself from the tether to save her from drifting away with him and he continues to support her until he is out of communications range. Stone enters the station via an airlock
34.
67th British Academy Film Awards
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The 67th British Academy Film Awards, more commonly known as the BAFTAs, were held on 16 February 2014 at the Royal Opera House in London, honouring the best national and foreign films of 2013. The nominations were announced on 8 January 2014 by actor Luke Evans, gravity won six of its eleven nominations, including Best Director for Alfonso Cuarón, Outstanding British Film, Best Cinematography, Best Original Music, Best Sound, and Best Special Visual Effects. 12 Years a Slave won Best Film and Best Actor in a Leading Role for Chiwetel Ejiofor, the ceremony was broadcast on BBC One and BBC Three. It was hosted by Stephen Fry, the time hes hosted the ceremony. The ceremony opened with a duet call Heroes from Tinie Tempah, viewing figures were the lowest since 2010, with 4.73 million watching the ceremony
35.
86th Academy Awards
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The ceremony was scheduled well after its usual late-February date to avoid conflicting with the 2014 Winter Olympics. During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards in 24 categories, the ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Neil Meron and Craig Zadan and directed by Hamish Hamilton. Actress Ellen DeGeneres hosted the show for the time, having previously hosted the 79th ceremony held in 2007. In related events, the Academy held its 5th annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 16,2013. On February 15,2014, in a ceremony at The Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills, California,12 Years a Slave won three awards including Best Picture. Gravity won the most awards with seven including Best Director for Alfonso Cuarón, the telecast garnered nearly 44 million viewers in the United States, making it the most watched Oscar ceremony since the 72nd Academy Awards in 2000. The nominees for the 86th Academy Awards were announced on January 16,2014, PST, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Cheryl Boone Isaacs, president of the Academy, and actor Chris Hemsworth. American Hustle and Gravity tied for the most nominations with ten each, the winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 2,2014. American Hustle became David O. Russells second consecutive film to earn nominations in all acting categories and it also was the third film after Gangs of New York and True Grit to lose all ten of its nominations. Steve McQueen became the first black director to direct a Best Picture winner, Alfonso Cuaron became the first person of Mexican descent to win Best Director. With Matthew McConaughey and Jared Letos respective wins in the Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor categories, additionally,3 other films also received nominations for both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor. Cate Blanchett became the actress to have won both female acting awards in her career. Lupita Nyongo was the sixteenth Oscar acting winner to win for a film performance. Best Original Song co-winner Robert Lopez became the youngest individual to win an Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Award, winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger. The Academy held its 5th Annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 16,2013, angela Lansbury — An entertainment icon who has created some of cinemas most memorable characters, inspiring generations of actors. Steve Martin — In recognition of his talents and the unique inspiration he has brought to the art of motion pictures. Piero Tosi — A visionary whose incomparable costume designs shaped timeless, angelina Jolie The following individuals and groups, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. Despite the mixed reception received from the years ceremony, the Academy rehired Neil Meron
36.
Clio Awards
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Time magazine described the event as the worlds most recognizable international advertising awards. The Clios were first given in 1960, for excellence in advertising, by the American TV. Each winner received a gold Georg Olden–designed statuette, the competition was expanded to include work on international television and movies in 1966, and then radio ads, in the United States, in 1967. The Clio Awards were acquired by Bill Evans in 1972 for $150,000, at one point, the companys income was $2.5 million per year, being derived primarily from Clio nomination fees, of $70 to $100 per entry. Evans expanded competition by including, U. S, Print advertising in 1971, International Print advertising in 1972, International Radio advertising in 1974, U. S. Packaging design in 1976, International Packaging design, and U. S. Specialty advertising in 1977, in 1983, Evans continued to expand by acquiring U. S. The rules for the 1984 award required that an entry appear publicly during the calendar year in 1983. In order to be eligible, Chiat/Day needed to run Apple Computers 1984 commercial for the Macintosh computer prior to Super Bowl XVIII. In December 1983, Apple purchased time on KMVT in Twin Falls, Idaho, after the normal sign-off, the move paid off as Ziebarts Friend of the Family commercial garnered the Clio Award in 1985. In 1987, Evans acquired Hispanic advertising, attendees of the 1991 Clio Awards who had paid the US$125 admission price did not have tickets waiting at the door, as promised. Also missing were any Clio officials and Clio President Bill Evans, the event did not start on time, in fact, people stood around drinking, schmoozing, and trading rumors about Evans and the Clio organization for more than two hours. Finally, the lights dimmed and the band started playing, a man walked up to the microphone and began to speak. He identified himself as the caterer and announced that the master of ceremonies was a no-show and it started out well but, after being informed that there was no script and no winners list, he gave up and walked off. A second man walked onstage and began talking, but he was not a polished speaker, Print ads were the first awards, transparencies of the winning entries were displayed. As each image appeared on screen, the owner of the work was asked to come to the stage, pick up their Clio, when the last award in the category was dispensed, the band began playing an interlude and the emcee began singing. The audience began booing and throwing dinner rolls, and the man staggered offstage, several minutes passed, but no one took his place. As the people began to leave, one man mounted the stage, strode to the table of remaining statuettes, snatched one up, two other individuals claimed their own awards, then suddenly, the stage was stampeded by advertising executives, intent on the Clios that remained. The event for television commercials, scheduled a few later, was called off
