1.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
2.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
3.
Fire Island
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Fire Island is the large center island of the outer barrier islands parallel to the south shore of Long Island, New York. In 2012, Hurricane Sandy once again divided Fire Island into two islands, Together, these two islands are approximately 31 miles long and vary between 520 and 1,310 feet wide. Fire Island is part of Suffolk County and it lies within the towns of Babylon, Islip, and Brookhaven, containing two villages and a number of hamlets. The land area of Fire Island is 9.6 square miles, Fire Island lies an average of 3.9 miles off the south shore of Long Island, but nearly touches it along the east end. It is separated from Long Island by Great South Bay, which spans interconnected bays along Long Island, Patchogue Bay, Bellport Bay, Narrow Bay, and Moriches Bay. The island is accessible by automobile near each end, via Robert Moses Causeway on its western end, cross-bay ferries connect to over 10 points in between. Motor vehicles are not permitted on the rest of the island, except for utility, construction and emergency access, the island and its resort towns are accessible by boat, seaplane and a number of ferries, which depart from Bay Shore, Sayville, and Patchogue. Fire Island is located at 40°3935 north, 73°523 west, according to the United States Census Bureau, Fire Island has a land area of 9.6 square miles. The physical attributes of the island have changed over time and they continue to change, at one point it stretched more than 60 miles from Jones Beach Island to Southampton. Around 1683, Fire Island Inlet broke through, separating it from Jones Beach Island, the Fire Island Inlet grew to 9 miles in width before receding. The Fire Island Lighthouse was built in 1858, right on the inlet, Fire Island separated from Southampton in a 1931 Noreaster when Moriches Inlet broke through. The inlet widened on September 21,1938, between these major breaks there have been reports over the years of at least six inlets that broke through the island but have since disappeared. The origin of Fire Islands name is not certain and it is believed its Native American name was Sictem Hackey, which translated to Land of the Secatogues. The Secatogues were a tribe in the area of the current town of Islip and it was part of what was also called the Seal Islands. The name of Fire Island first appeared on a deed in 1789, at times histories have referred to it in the plural, as Fire Islands, because of the inlet breaks. Other versions say the island derived its name from fires built on the edge by Native Americans or by pirates to lure unsuspecting ships into the sandbars. Some say it is how portions of the look to be on fire from sea in autumn. Yet another version says it comes from the rash caused by poison ivy on the island, William Tangier Smith held title to the entire island in the 17th century, under a royal patent from Thomas Dongan
4.
Long Island
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Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the main Island as well as its nearby, surrounding outer barrier islands. North of the island is the Long Island Sound, across from which lie the states of Connecticut, across the Sound, to the northwest, lies Westchester County on mainland New York. To the west, Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River. To the extreme southwest, it is separated from the New York City borough of Staten Island and the U. S. state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, to the east lie Block Island and numerous smaller islands. Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile, Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse. Some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere are located on Long Island, nine bridges and 13 tunnels connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut, the Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24/7. At the time of European contact, the Lenape people inhabited the western end of Long Island, giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes, after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524. In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor, adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands. Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka, sewan was one of the terms for wampum, and is also translated as loose or scattered, which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island. The name t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s, later, the English referred to the land as Nassau Island, after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. It is unclear when the name Nassau Island was discontinued, the very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island, the first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21,1640, when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. Peter Hallock, one of the settlers, drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first and he is considered the first New World settler on Long Island. Southampton was settled in the same year, Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, and Brookhaven in 1655. While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County. The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645 and these included, Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick
5.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
6.
University of Michigan
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The University of Michigan, frequently referred to simply as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817 in Detroit as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania,20 years before the Michigan Territory became a state, in 1821, the university was officially renamed the University of Michigan. It moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres of what is now known as Central Campus, the University was a founding member of the Association of American Universities. Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States, Michigans body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people, one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world. Besides academic life, Michigans athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Wolverines. They are members of the Big Ten Conference, the University of Michigan was established in Detroit on August 26,1817 as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, by the governor and judges of Michigan Territory. Judge Augustus B. Woodward specifically invited The Rev. John Monteith and Father Gabriel Richard, Monteith became its first President and held seven of the professorships, and Richard was Vice President and held the other six professorships. Concurrently, Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres in the hopes of being selected as the state capital, but when Lansing was chosen as the state capital, the city offered the land for a university. What would become the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 thanks to Governor Stevens T. Mason, the original 40 acres was the basis of the present Central Campus. The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen, eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845. By 1866, enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were Civil War veterans, Women were first admitted in 1870. U-M also became the first American university to use the method of study. Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa, who in 1880 graduated as valedictorian and he returned to Puerto Rico to practice medicine and also served in high-ranking posts in the government. In 1920 the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed a committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. The university became a choice for bright Jewish students from New York in the 1920s and 1930s. Because of its standards, U-M gained the nickname Harvard of the West. During World War II, U-Ms research supported military efforts, such as U. S. Navy projects in proximity fuzes, PT boats, and radar jamming. After the war, enrollment expanded rapidly and by 1950, it reached 21,000, as the Cold War and the Space Race took hold, U-M received numerous government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for nuclear energy
7.
American poetry
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Unsurprisingly, most of the early colonists work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form, diction, and theme. However, in the 19th century, a distinctive American idiom began to emerge, the history of American poetry is not easy to know. The received narrative of Modernism proposes that Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot were perhaps the most influential modernist English-language poets in the period during World War I. But this narrative leaves out African American and women poets who were published, by the 1960s, the young poets of the British Poetry Revival looked to their American contemporaries and predecessors as models for the kind of poetry they wanted to write. There are 14 such writers whom we might on that basis call American poets, early examples include a 1616 testimonial poem on the sterling warlike character of Captain John Smith and Rev. One of the first recorded poets of the British colonies was Anne Bradstreet, the poems she published during her lifetime address religious and political themes. She also wrote tender evocations of home, family life and of her love for her husband, edward Taylor wrote poems expounding Puritan virtues in a highly wrought metaphysical style that can be seen as typical of the early colonial period. This narrow focus on the Puritan ethic was, understandably, the dominant note of most of the written in the colonies during the 17th. Of course, being a Puritan minister as well as a poet, a distinctly American lyric voice of the colonial period was Phillis Wheatley, a slave whose book Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, was published in 1773. She was one of the poets of her day, at least in the colonies. The 18th century saw an emphasis on America itself as fit subject matter for its poets. The work of Rebecca Hammond Lard, although old, still apply to life in todays world. She writes about nature, not only the nature of environment, on the whole, the development of poetry in the American colonies mirrors the development of the colonies themselves. The early poetry is dominated by the need to preserve the integrity of the Puritan ideals that created the settlement in the first place, as the colonists grew in confidence, the poetry they wrote increasingly reflected their drive towards independence. This shift in subject matter was not reflected in the mode of writing which tended to be conservative and this can be seen as a product of the physical remove at which American poets operated from the center of English-language poetic developments in London. The first significant poet of the independent United States was William Cullen Bryant, whose contribution was to write rhapsodic poems on the grandeur of prairies. Formed the Fireside Poets were a group of 19th-century American poets from New England, the poets primary subjects were the domestic life, mythology, and politics of the United States, in which several of the poets were directly involved. Other notable poets to emerge in the early and middle 19th century include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, Henry David Thoreau, Sidney Lanier, and James Whitcomb Riley
8.
Museum of Modern Art
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The Museum of Modern Art is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA has been important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is identified as one of the largest and most influential museums of modern art in the world. The MoMA Library includes approximately 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, over 1,000 periodical titles, the archives holds primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art. The idea for The Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller and they became known variously as the Ladies, the daring ladies and the adamantine ladies. They rented modest quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, and it opened to the public on November 7,1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash. Abby had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. At the time, it was Americas premier museum devoted exclusively to art. One of Abbys early recruits for the staff was the noted Japanese-American photographer Soichi Sunami. Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees, Sachs, the associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days as a collector of curators. Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr, under Barrs guidance, the museums holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing. Its first successful exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne. Abbys husband was opposed to the museum and refused to release funds for the venture. Nevertheless, he donated the land for the current site of the museum, plus other gifts over time. During that time it initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, the museum also gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–40, held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago. In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars, Boy Leading a Horse was briefly contested over ownership with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. In 1941, MoMA hosted the exhibition, Indian Art of the United States. His brother, David Rockefeller, also joined the board of trustees in 1948. David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the garden and name it in honor of his mother
9.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
10.
Surrealism
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Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. The aim was to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream, leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was, above all, a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I, the word surrealist was coined by Guillaume Apollinaire and first appeared in the preface to his play Les Mamelles de Tirésias, which was written in 1903 and first performed in 1917. The Dadaists protested with anti-art gatherings, performances, writings and art works, after the war, when they returned to Paris, the Dada activities continued. Meeting the young writer Jacques Vaché, Breton felt that Vaché was the son of writer. He admired the young writers anti-social attitude and disdain for established artistic tradition, later Breton wrote, In literature, I was successively taken with Rimbaud, with Jarry, with Apollinaire, with Nouveau, with Lautréamont, but it is Jacques Vaché to whom I owe the most. Back in Paris, Breton joined in Dada activities and started the literary journal Littérature along with Louis Aragon and they began experimenting with automatic writing—spontaneously writing without censoring their thoughts—and published the writings, as well as accounts of dreams, in the magazine. Breton and Soupault delved deeper into automatism and wrote The Magnetic Fields, continuing to write, they came to believe that automatism was a better tactic for societal change than the Dada form of attack on prevailing values. They also looked to the Marxist dialectic and the work of such theorists as Walter Benjamin, freuds work with free association, dream analysis, and the unconscious was of utmost importance to the Surrealists in developing methods to liberate imagination. They embraced idiosyncrasy, while rejecting the idea of an underlying madness, as Salvador Dalí later proclaimed, There is only one difference between a madman and me. Beside the use of analysis, they emphasized that one could combine inside the same frame, elements not normally found together to produce illogical. The more the relationship between the two juxtaposed realities is distant and true, the stronger the image will be−the greater its emotional power, the group aimed to revolutionize human experience, in its personal, cultural, social, and political aspects. They wanted to people from false rationality, and restrictive customs. Breton proclaimed that the aim of Surrealism was long live the social revolution. To this goal, at various times Surrealists aligned with communism and anarchism, in 1924 two Surrealist factions declared their philosophy in two separate Surrealist Manifestos. That same year the Bureau of Surrealist Research was established, leading up to 1924, two rival surrealist groups had formed. Each group claimed to be successors of a revolution launched by Guillaume Apollinaire, the other group, led by Breton, included Louis Aragon, Robert Desnos, Paul Éluard, Jacques Baron, Jacques-André Boiffard, Jean Carrive, René Crevel and Georges Malkine, among others. Goll and Breton clashed openly, at one point literally fighting, at the Comédie des Champs-Élysées, in the end, Breton won the battle through tactical and numerical superiority
11.
Abstract expressionism
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Action painting, sometimes called gestural abstraction, is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied. The resulting work often emphasizes the act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s, a comparison is often drawn between the American action painting and the French tachisme. According to Rosenberg the canvas was an arena in which to act, to Greenberg, it was the physicality of the paintings clotted and oil-caked surfaces that was the key to understanding them. – Clement Greenberg, Post Painterly Abstraction and it is essential for the understanding of action painting to place it in historical context. Action painting took this a further, using both Jung and Freud’s ideas of the subconscious as its underlying foundations. The paintings of the Action painters were not meant to portray objects per se or even specific emotions, instead they were meant to touch the observer deep in the subconscious mind, evoking a sense of the primeval and tapping the collective sense of an archetypal visual language. This was done by the artist painting unconsciously, and spontaneously, creating an arena of raw emotion and action. Action painting was influenced by the surrealist emphasis on automatism which influenced by psychoanalysis claimed a more direct access to the subconscious mind. Important exponents of this concept of art making were the painters Joan Miró, however the action painters took everything the surrealists had done a step further. Action Writing, Jack Kerouacs Wild Form, Carbondale, IL, auction record including a color image of a 1960 action painting by Elaine Hamilton. 9th Street Art Exhibition-abstract expressionist artists reminisce—YouTube video
12.
Action painting
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Action painting, sometimes called gestural abstraction, is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied. The resulting work often emphasizes the act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s, a comparison is often drawn between the American action painting and the French tachisme. According to Rosenberg the canvas was an arena in which to act, to Greenberg, it was the physicality of the paintings clotted and oil-caked surfaces that was the key to understanding them. – Clement Greenberg, Post Painterly Abstraction and it is essential for the understanding of action painting to place it in historical context. Action painting took this a further, using both Jung and Freud’s ideas of the subconscious as its underlying foundations. The paintings of the Action painters were not meant to portray objects per se or even specific emotions, instead they were meant to touch the observer deep in the subconscious mind, evoking a sense of the primeval and tapping the collective sense of an archetypal visual language. This was done by the artist painting unconsciously, and spontaneously, creating an arena of raw emotion and action. Action painting was influenced by the surrealist emphasis on automatism which influenced by psychoanalysis claimed a more direct access to the subconscious mind. Important exponents of this concept of art making were the painters Joan Miró, however the action painters took everything the surrealists had done a step further. Action Writing, Jack Kerouacs Wild Form, Carbondale, IL, auction record including a color image of a 1960 action painting by Elaine Hamilton. 9th Street Art Exhibition-abstract expressionist artists reminisce—YouTube video
13.
Avant-garde
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The avant-garde are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox, with respect to art, culture, and society. It may be characterized by nontraditional, aesthetic innovation and initial unacceptability, the avant-garde pushes the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. The avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism, the avant-garde also promotes radical social reforms. Several writers have attempted, with limited success, to map the parameters of avant-garde activity, the Italian essayist Renato Poggioli provides one of the best-known analyses of vanguardism as a cultural phenomenon in his 1962 book Teoria dellarte davanguardia. Other authors have attempted both to clarify and to extend Poggiolis study, bürgers essay also greatly influenced the work of contemporary American art-historians such as the German Benjamin H. D. Buchloh. Buchloh, in the collection of essays Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry critically argues for an approach to these positions. Subsequent criticism theorized the limitations of these approaches, noting their circumscribed areas of analysis, including Eurocentric, chauvinist, and genre-specific definitions. The concept of avant-garde refers primarily to artists, writers, composers and thinkers whose work is opposed to cultural values. For Greenberg, these forms were therefore kitsch, phony, faked or mechanical culture, for instance, during the 1930s the advertising industry was quick to take visual mannerisms from surrealism, but this does not mean that 1930s advertising photographs are truly surreal. In this way the autonomous artistic merit so dear to the vanguardist was abandoned and sales became the measure. It has become common to describe successful rock musicians and celebrated film-makers as avant-garde, nevertheless, an incisive critique of vanguardism as against the views of mainstream society was offered by the New York critic Harold Rosenberg in the late 1960s. Since then it has been flanked by what he called avant-garde ghosts to the one side, and this has seen culture become, in his words, a profession one of whose aspects is the pretense of overthrowing it. Avant-garde in music can refer to any form of working within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in some manner. The term is used loosely to describe the work of any musicians who radically depart from tradition altogether, although most avant-garde composers have been men, this is not exclusively the case. Women avant-gardists include Pauline Oliveros, Diamanda Galás, Meredith Monk, there are movements in theatre history that are characterized by their contributions to the avant-garde traditions in both the United States and Europe. Among these are Fluxus, Happenings, and Neo-Dada, Avant-garde – Wikipedia book Barron, Stephanie, and Maurice Tuchman. The Avant-garde in Russia, 1910–1930, New Perspectives, Los Angeles County Museum of Art Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Los Angeles, CA, Los Angeles County Museum of Art ISBN 0-87587-095-3, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-671-20422-X Berg, Hubert van den, and Walter Fähnders
14.
Mark Doty
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Mark Doty is an American poet and memoirist, and the winner of the National Book Award for Poetry in 2008. Mark Doty was born in Maryville, Tennessee to Lawrence and Ruth Doty, with an older sister and he earned a Bachelor of Arts from Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, and received his Master of Fine Arts in creative writing from Goddard College in Plainfield, Vermont. Dotys first collection of poems, Turtle, Swan, was published by David R. Godine in 1987, a second collection, Bethlehem in Broad Daylight, appeared from the same publisher in 1991. Booklist described his verse as “quiet, intimate” and praised its style in turning powerful young urban experience into “an example of how we live, how we suffer. Mark Dotys “Tiara” was printed in 1990 in an anthology called Poets for Life and this poem critiques the way society perceived and treated homosexual AIDS sufferers. The 1980s marked the beginning of the AIDS epidemic in the United States, the United States, with its sophisticated medicine and public health care system, is criticized for not mobilizing quickly enough during the 1980s. The Reagan administration’s delayed action to fight AIDS resulted in thousands of deaths, especially among young. Many believe the initial reluctance to mobilize was due to homophobia—society was uncomfortable with gay sexuality. This poem criticizes the idea that gay men “invite their own oppression as a consequence of pleasure. ”The poem’s phrase “he asked for it” represents this common, imagery like “perfect stasis” and “body’s paradise” is used by Doty to paint a future beyond brutality and discrimination for AIDS sufferers. According to Landau, Doty’s poems were “humane and comforting narratives” that offered hope to people living with HIV and his third book of poetry, My Alexandria, reflects the grief, perceptions and new awareness gained in the face of great and painful loss. In 1989, Dotys partner Wally Roberts tested positive for HIV, the collection, written while Roberts had not yet become ill, contemplates the prospect of mortality, desperately attempting to find some way of making the prospect of loss even momentarily bearable. My Alexandria was chosen for the National Poetry Series by Philip Levine, and won the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. When the book was published in the U. K. by Jonathan Cape, Doty became the first American poet to win the T. S. Eliot Prize, Doty had begun the poems collected in Atlantis when Roberts died in 1994. The book won the Bingham Poetry Prize and the Ambassador Book Award, heavens Coast, A Memoir, is a meditative account of losing a loved one, and a study in grief. The book received the PEN Martha Albrand Award First Nonfiction, mark Doty is the author of nine books of poetry, most recently Deep Lane, a book of descents, into the earth beneath the garden, into the dark substrata of a life. He has also written essays on still life painting, objects and intimacy, and his volumes of poetry include Sweet Machine, Source, School of the Arts and Fire to Fire, New and Selected Poems, which received the National Book Award. These first two received the American Library Associations Israel Fishman Non-Fiction Award. His most recent memoir, Dog Years, was a New York Times Bestseller and he served as guest editor for The Best American Poetry 2012
15.
Grafton, Massachusetts
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Grafton is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population, indicated by the 2014 town records is 14,268, Grafton consists of the North Grafton, Grafton, and South Grafton geographic areas, each with a separate zip code. Grafton also operates the states largest On-Call Fire Department, with 74 members, Grafton was first settled by Europeans in 1724 and was officially incorporated in 1735. Grafton stands tall in the industrialization of the Blackstone Valley and its Northeast Village was once known as New England Village. North Graftons Upper Mill, now known as the Washington Mills complex and this was part of the New England Village, as North Grafton was known for generations. This part of the mill was built in 1826 and was part of a larger complex. Mill housing was built at 12,14 and 16 Overlook Street and these central-chimney-style homes were boarding houses with ornate trim that has since been lost. The town is named for Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, ethan Allen ran a gun factory in Grafton in the early 19th century. In the 1930s, a movie, Ah, Wilderness. was filmed in the town, the moviemakers built a bandstand on the town common, which still stands there today. Grafton Common has many homes, churches and buildings and is considered the most quintessential common in the Blackstone Valley. The town is part of the Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor, in 1955, the United States Air Force installed a 50, 000-ton metal forge in North Grafton as part of its Heavy Press Program in a plant operated by Wyman Gordon. It was the largest metal forge, and indeed the largest machine, the entire undercarriage of the space shuttles were forged in Grafton of magnesium. From 1901 to 1973, North Grafton was home to the Grafton State Hospital, originally an offshoot of the Worcester State Hospital, Grafton State Hospital served as a farm colony where chronically insane patients could live and work in somewhat normal surroundings. The campus was made up of clusters of buildings and eventually encompassed 1,200 acres in Grafton, Shrewsbury. The hospital was closed in 1973, and the campus, including many of the buildings, was taken over by the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 23.3 square miles, of which 22.7 square miles is land and 0.5 square miles. Grafton is located 40 miles west of Boston and 5 miles southeast of Worcester, by the 2010 census, the population had reached 17,765. As of the census of 2000, there were 14,894 people,5,694 households, the population density was 655.0 inhabitants per square mile
16.
St. John's High School (Massachusetts)
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Saint Johns High School is a private Catholic boys high school located in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Worcester, the school was founded and is currently sponsored by the Xaverian Brothers. In 1898 a three-year high school curriculum was introduced, a fourth, or senior year, was added in 1906, when the College of the Holy Cross dropped that institutions college prep or high school senior course to concentrate solely on college-level work. This event coincided with the celebration of the Brothers arrival in America in 1854. The school population in 1954 consisted of eleven Brothers and 354 students, the brothers purchased a large acre estate in neighboring Shrewsbury. This acquisition was the first step in the expansion of Saint Johns to a high school serving all of Worcester County. In 1959, one hundred acres at the foot of Main Street hill were purchased. In 1962, all classes had transferred to the Shrewsbury location, a gym and cafeteria were added in 1963 and 1964. After the January 2008 retirement of Brother Plunket Doherty, there are no longer any Xaverian Brothers on the faculty, Saint Johns is a four-year college preparatory school. Students are tracked into several levels, Advanced Placement, Honors, Level I, seniors are offered religious studies electives such as Bioethics, World Religions, Christian Life, or The Catholic Church in History. Saint Johns offers twenty four Advanced Placement courses and each year students take approximately 700 AP exams, Saint Johns graduates consistently matriculate to Ivy League Universities and other top-ranked colleges. In 2007, Saint Johns was honored by the Siemens Foundation as the top Math, Science, St. Johns is the top Advanced Placement school of Massachusetts and one of the top AP schools in the nation. The football program won three consecutive Super Bowls from 2004-2006 and they also won the super bowls in 2002,2009 and 2010. The highlight to the season is the annual Thanksgiving football game between Saint Johns and rival St. Peter-Marian. The game is held at Fitton Field in Worcester, the St. Johns-Saint Peter-Marian football rivalry is the oldest Catholic high school rivalry in the nation. The schools basketball team won the 2000 and 2009 Division 1 state championships, the Saint Johns baseball team won the 1952,1976, and 2002 state championships. The Saint Johns ski team won the 2007 state championship, the Saint Johns golf team won three consecutive state titles from 2005–2007. In 2006, the 4 by 400 meter relay team won state and New England titles
17.
Out of wedlock
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Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce. Conversely, illegitimacy is the status of a child born outside marriage, depending on the cultural context, legitimacy can affect a childs rights of inheritance to the putative fathers estate and the childs right to bear the fathers surname or title. Illegitimacy has also had consequences for the mothers and childs right to support from the putative father, in medieval Wales, a bastard was defined simply as a child not acknowledged by its father. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, that were acknowledged by the father enjoyed the legal rights. Englands Statute of Merton stated, regarding illegitimacy, He is a bastard that is born before the marriage of his parents and this definition also applied to situations when a childs parents could not marry, as when one or both were already married or when the relationship was incestuous. The Poor Law of 1576 formed the basis of English bastardy law and its purpose was to punish a bastard childs mother and putative father, and to relieve the parish from the cost of supporting mother and child. By an act of 1576, it was ordered that bastards should be supported by their putative fathers, if the genitor could be found, then he was put under very great pressure to accept responsibility and to maintain the child. Under English law, a bastard was unable to be an heir to real property, in contrast to the situation under civil law, a younger non-bastard brother would have no claim to the land. The Legitimacy Act 1926 of England and Wales legitimized the birth of a if the parents subsequently married each other. The Legitimacy Act 1959 extended the legitimization even if the parents had married others in the meantime, neither the 1926 nor 1959 Acts changed the laws of succession to the British throne and succession to peerage titles. The Family Law Reform Act 1969 allowed a bastard to inherit on the intestacy of his parents, in canon and in civil law, the offspring of putative marriages have also been considered legitimate. Since 2003 in England and Wales,2002 in Northern Ireland and 2006 in Scotland, still, children born out of wedlock may not be eligible for certain federal benefits unless the child has been legitimized in the appropriate jurisdiction. Many other countries have abolished by any legal disabilities of a child born out of wedlock. In France, legal reforms regarding illegitimacy began in the 1970s, the European Convention on the Legal Status of Children Born out of Wedlock came into force in 1978. Countries which ratify it must ensure that children born outside marriage are provided with legal rights as stipulated in the text of this Convention, the Convention was ratified by the UK in 1981 and by Ireland in 1988. Use of the illegitimate child is now rare, even in legal contexts. It has been stricken from passports and legal documents as needlessly insulting and stigmatizing to the child, terms such as extra-marital child, love child and child born out of wedlock are more commonly used. Also used in Britain and other English-speaking countries is bastard, though such as natural child are preferred in polite society
18.
New England Conservatory of Music
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NEC is especially known for its strings, woodwinds, and brass departments, and its prestigious chamber music program. At the collegiate level, NEC offers the Bachelor of Music, Master of Music, and Doctor of Musical Arts, as well as the Undergraduate Diploma, Graduate Diploma, also offered are five-year joint double-degree programs with Harvard University and Tufts University. NEC is the music school in the United States designated as a National Historic Landmark. Its primary concert hall, Jordan Hall, hosts approximately 600 concerts each year, in June 1853, Eben Tourjée, at the time a nineteen-year-old music teacher from Providence, Rhode Island, made his first attempt to found a music conservatory in Boston, Massachusetts. He met with a group of Bostons most influential leaders to discuss a school based on the conservatories of Europe. The group included John Sullivan Dwight, a music critic, Dr. J. Baxter Upham, president of the Harvard Musical Association, and Oliver Ditson. Tourjée made his attempt in December 1866, when he again met with a group of Bostons top musicians. Among Upham, Ditson, and Dwight at this meeting were Carl Zerrahn, a popular Boston conductor, and Charles Perkins, in the thirteen-year interim, Tourjee had founded three music schools in Rhode Island, and this time was able to win over his audience. The men agreed to help Tourjee, and The New England Conservatory officially opened on February 18,1867 and it consisted of seven rooms rented above Music Hall off Tremont Street in downtown Boston. In 1870 it moved to the former St. James Hotel in Franklin Square in the South End, the NEC campus consists of three buildings on both sides of Gainsborough Street, between St. Botolph Street and Huntington Avenue, one block from Symphony Hall. The second building, at 33 Gainsborough, is the Residence Hall, a dormitory which also houses the Harriet M. Spaulding Library. The St. Botolph Building, at 241 St. Botolph street, contains Pierce Hall, a laboratory, the electronic music studio. Jordan Hall is NECs central performing space, opened in 1903, Jordan Hall was the gift of New England Conservatory trustee Eben D. Jordan the 2nd, a member of the family that founded the Jordan Marsh retail stores and himself an amateur musician. In 1901, Jordan donated land for NECs main building, while offering to fund a concert hall with a gift of $120,000. The dedication concert of Jordan Hall, performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra, a major renovation project was completed in 1995. Admission to NEC is based primarily on a live audition. The conservatory offers degrees in orchestral instruments, conducting, piano, jazz studies, contemporary improvisation, opera and voice, composition, music history, New England Conservatorys Preparatory School is an open-enrollment institution for pre-college students. The preparatory school offers classes and private instruction for young musicians
19.
Pacific Ocean theater of World War II
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The Pacific Ocean theater, during World War II, was a major theater of the war between the Allies and Japan. It officially came into existence on March 30,1942, when US Admiral Chester Nimitz was appointed Supreme Allied Commander Pacific Ocean Areas. In the other theatre in the Pacific region, known as the South West Pacific theatre. Both Nimitz and MacArthur were overseen by the US Joint Chiefs, most Japanese forces in the theater were part of the Combined Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy, which was responsible for all Japanese warships, naval aircraft, and marine infantry units. The Rengō Kantai was led by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, until he was killed in an attack by U. S. fighter planes in April 1943, Yamamoto was succeeded by Admiral Mineichi Koga and Admiral Soemu Toyoda. The General Staff of the Imperial Japanese Army was responsible for Imperial Japanese Army ground and air units in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. The IJN and IJA did not formally use joint/combined staff at the level, and their command structures/geographical areas of operations overlapped each other. In the Pacific Ocean theater, Japanese forces fought primarily against the United States Navy, US Marine Corps, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, Canada and other Allied nations also contributed forces. Pacific Crucible, War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942, the Official Chronology of the U. S. Navy in World War II. In the Service of the Emperor, Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army, a History of Us, War, Peace and all that Jazz. Kafka, Roger, Pepperburg, Roy L. Warships of the World, the Campaigns of the Pacific War
20.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
21.
Sonar
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Sonar is a technique that uses sound propagation to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name sonar, passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels, active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds, Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of targets in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar, Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and SODAR is used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is used for the equipment used to generate. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from low to extremely high. The study of sound is known as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics. In the 19th century a bell was used as an ancillary to lighthouses to provide warning of hazards. The use of sound to locate underwater in the same way as bats use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been prompted by the Titanic disaster of 1912. S. Revenue Cutter Miami on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland Canada, in that test, Fessenden demonstrated depth sounding, underwater communications and echo ranging. The so-called Fessenden oscillator, at ca.500 Hz frequency, was unable to determine the bearing of the due to the 3 metre wavelength. The ten Montreal-built British H class submarines launched in 1915 were equipped with a Fessenden oscillator, during World War I the need to detect submarines prompted more research into the use of sound. Although piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers later superseded the electrostatic transducers they used, lightweight sound-sensitive plastic film and fibre optics have been used for hydrophones, while Terfenol-D and PMN have been developed for projectors. By 1918, both France and Britain had built prototype active systems, the British tested their ASDIC on HMS Antrim in 1920, and started production in 1922. The 6th Destroyer Flotilla had ASDIC-equipped vessels in 1923, an anti-submarine school, HMS Osprey, and a training flotilla of four vessels were established on Portland in 1924. The US Sonar QB set arrived in 1931, by the outbreak of World War II, the Royal Navy had five sets for different surface ship classes, and others for submarines, incorporated into a complete anti-submarine attack system. The effectiveness of early ASDIC was hamstrung by the use of the charge as an anti-submarine weapon. This required a vessel to pass over a submerged contact before dropping charges over the stern. The hunter was effectively firing blind, during which time a commander could take evasive action
22.
USS Nicholas (DD-449)
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USS Nicholas was a Fletcher-class destroyer of the United States Navy, which served through most of World War II, and for 27 years and two more wars after. She was the second Navy ship to be named for Major Samuel Nicholas, Nicholas was laid down 3 March 1941 by the Bath Iron Works Corp. Bath, Maine, launched 19 February 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Edward B, tryon, descendant of Major Nicholas, and commissioned 4 June 1942, Lieutenant Commander William D. Brown in command. Three days later she began escorting Guadalcanal-bound troop and supply convoys, into 1943 she screened the convoys assembled at Espiritu Santo and Nouméa to Cactus area, guarded them as they off-loaded and then returned the vessels to their departure point. On 26 January, the officer, Lt. Comdr. Andrew J. Hill took command of Nicholas, en route back to Tulagi Nicholas, in company with De Haven and 3 LCTs, was attacked by a formation of 14 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers. Three bombs hit De Haven and a fourth, a near miss, as her sister destroyer settled in the waters of Ironbottom Sound, Nicholas fought off eight planes, receiving only near misses which killed two of her crew and damaged the steering gear. Following repairs, Nicholas resumed her varied duties, escort assignments and two bombardments of the Munda-Kolombangara area of New Georgia took up March. In April, she joined Task Force 18 for Slot patrol, by 11 May she was once again with TF18 en route to Kolombangara. On the 13th, while firing on enemy positions there, her #3 gun jammed and exploded, after repairs at Nouméa, she took up antisubmarine patrol duties and at the end of the month resumed escort duties in the Solomons-New Hebrides area. On 5 July she participated in bombardment of Kolombangara. In the early morning hours of the 6th she made contact with surface vessels in Kula Gulf. In the ensuing battle, Helena was lost, Nicholas, while rescuing 291 survivors, took the Japanese ships under torpedo and gunfire. In early August, she joined Task Unit 31.5.1 and on the 15th screened the transport group during landings at Barakoma. Racing up the Slot, the American destroyers picked up their Japanese counterparts on surface radar at 00,29,18 August,11 miles away, to the west the radar showed a barge group. At 00,50, the American quartet feinted toward the barges, at 00,56, they swung back toward the Imperial Navys destroyers, now five miles to the northwest. The brief engagement off Horaniu, in which the Japanese crossed the T of the American forces, the American force pursued, scored on Isokaze, and finally dropped behind, engineering problems in Chevalier limiting them to 30 knots. They then turned their attention to the scattering barge group, destroying two subchasers, two torpedo boats, and a barge
23.
Edward Gorey
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Edward St. John Gorey was an American writer and artist noted for his illustrated books. His characteristic pen-and-ink drawings often depict vaguely unsettling narrative scenes in Victorian and Edwardian settings, Edward St. John Gorey was born in Chicago. His parents, Helen Dunham and Edward Lee Gorey, divorced in 1936 when he was 11, then remarried in 1952 when he was 27. One of his stepmothers was Corinna Mura, a singer who had a small role in the classic film Casablanca as the woman playing the guitar while singing La Marseillaise at Ricks Café Américain. His father was briefly a journalist, Goreys maternal great-grandmother, Helen St. John Garvey, was a popular nineteenth-century greeting card writer and artist, from whom he claimed to have inherited his talents. Gorey attended a variety of local schools and then the Francis W. Parker School. He spent 1944 to 1946 in the Army at Dugway Proving Ground in Utah and he then attended Harvard University, beginning in 1946 and graduating in the class of 1950, he studied French and roomed with poet Frank OHara. He frequently stated that his art training was negligible, Gorey studied art for one semester at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1943. From 1953 to 1960, he lived in New York City and worked for the Art Department of Doubleday Anchor, illustrating covers and in some cases. He illustrated works as diverse as Dracula by Bram Stoker, The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells and his first independent work, The Unstrung Harp, was published in 1953. He also published under pen names that were anagrams of his first and last names, such as Ogdred Weary, Dogear Wryde, Ms. Regera Dowdy and his books also feature the names Eduard Blutig, a German language pun on his own name, and O. Müde. Goreys illustrated books, with their vaguely ominous air and ostensibly Victorian and Edwardian settings, have long had a cult following, in 1980, Gorey became particularly well known for his animated introduction to the PBS series Mystery. In the introduction of each Mystery, episode, host Vincent Price would welcome viewers to Gorey Mansion. Because of the settings and style of Goreys work, many people have assumed he was British, in fact, he left the U. S. once. The first of these productions, Lost Shoelaces, premiered in Woods Hole, the last was The White Canoe, an Opera Seria for Hand Puppets, for which Gorey wrote the libretto, with a score by the composer Daniel James Wolf. In the early 1970s, Gorey wrote a screenplay for a silent film. Gorey was noted for his fondness for ballet, fur coats, tennis shoes, all figure prominently in his work. Gorey treated television commercials as an art form in themselves, even taping his favorites for later study, Gorey was especially fond of movies, and for a time he wrote regular reviews for the Soho Weekly under the pseudonym Wardore Edgy
24.
Sergei Rachmaninoff
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Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff was a Russian pianist, composer, and conductor of the late-Romantic period, some of whose works are among the most popular in the classical repertoire. Born into a family, Rachmaninoff took up the piano at age four. He graduated from the Moscow Conservatory in 1892 and had composed several piano, in 1897, following the critical reaction to his Symphony No. 1, Rachmaninoff entered a depression and composed little until successful therapy allowed him to complete his enthusiastically received Piano Concerto No.2 in 1901. After the Russian Revolution, Rachmaninoff and his family left Russia and resided in the United States, in 1942, Rachmaninoff moved to Beverly Hills, California. One month before his death from advanced melanoma, Rachmaninoff acquired American citizenship, the piano is featured prominently in Rachmaninoffs compositional output, and through his own skills as a performer he explored the expressive possibilities of the instrument. Rachmaninoff was born at an estate in the Novgorod province in north-western Russia. It is unclear if he was born in the estate of Oneg, near Veliky Novgorod, or Semyonovo, near Staraya Russa, the Rachmaninoffs had strong musical and military leanings. The composers grandfather on the line, Arkady Alexandrovich, was a musician. His father, Vasily Arkadyevich Rachmaninoff, was an army officer and he married Lyubov Petrovna Butakova, the daughter of a wealthy army general who gave her five estates as part of her dowry. The couple had three sons and three daughters, Rachmaninoff being their fourth child, Rachmaninoff began piano and music lessons organised by his mother at the age of four. She became impressed with her sons musical ability to recite passages from memory without playing a wrong note. Rachmaninoff later dedicated Spring Waters, Song No.32 to Ornatskaya, in 1882, Rachmaninoffs father had to auction off their Oneg estate due to his financial incompetence—the familys five estates had been reduced to one. Rachmaninoff described his father as a wastrel, a gambler, a pathological liar. The family moved to a flat in Saint Petersburg. When Rachmaninoffs course of lessons with Ornatskaya neared its end, she arranged for him to music at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. That year, his sister Sofia died of diphtheria and his left the family, with their approval. In 1885, Rachmaninoffs sister Yelena died of pernicious anemia at eighteen and she was an important musical influence to Rachmaninoff who introduced him to the works of Tchaikovsky
25.
Pierre Reverdy
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Pierre Reverdy was a French poet whose works were inspired by and subsequently proceeded to influence the provocative art movements of the day, Surrealism, Dadaism and Cubism. The loneliness and spiritual apprehension that ran through his poetry appealed to the Surrealist credo and he, though, remained independent of the prevailing “isms, ” searching for something beyond their definitions. His writing matured into a mystical mission seeking, as he wrote, the son of a winegrower, Reverdy was born in Occitanie, in the region of Narbonne, and grew up near the Montagne Noire. The Reverdy ancestors were stonemasons and sculptors associated with work commissioned for churches, the extant facts of his childhood and early years are few and obscured. Some source material indicates that at the time of Reverdy’s birth, further, it is believed that Reverdy’s father and mother were not able to marry each other until 1897. His father schooled him at home, teaching him to read, Reverdy arrived in Paris in October 1910, devoting his early years there to his writing. It was in Paris, at the artistic enclave centered around the Bateau-Lavoir in Montmartre that he met Guillaume Apollinaire, Max Jacob, Louis Aragon, André Breton, Philippe Soupault, all would come to admire and champion Reverdy’s poetry. Reverdy published a volume of poetry in 1915. A second compilation of his work out in 1924, Les épaves du ciel. These poems, short, fragmentary, the words an evocation of sharp visuals, in the first Surrealist Manifesto, André Breton hailed Reverdy as the greatest poet of the time. Louis Aragon said that for Breton, Soupault, Éluard and himself, Reverdy was our immediate elder, in 1917, together with Max Jacob, Vicente Huidobro and Guillaume Apollinaire, Reverdy founded the influential journal Nord-Sud which contained many Dadaist and Surrealist contributions. Sixteen issues of Nord-Sud were published, from March 15,1917 through October 15,1918, by nature, Reverdy was a somber man, whose strong spiritual inclinations led him over time to distance himself from the frenetic world of bohemian Paris. In 1926, in a ritualistic act signifying the renunciation of the material world and he converted to Catholicism and retreated with his wife, Henriette, to a small house located in proximity to a Benedictine abbey at Solesmes. Excluding intermittent periods when he visited Paris, Solesmes was his home for the thirty years where he lived a “quasi-monastic life. During this time in Solesmes, Reverdy wrote several collections including Sources du vent, Ferraille, besides this, Reverdy published two volumes containing critical matter entitled En vrac and Le livre de mon bord. During the WWII German occupation of France, Reverdy became a partisan in the resistance movement, at the liberation of Paris from Nazi rule, his group of French Resistance fighters were responsible for the capture and arrest of French traitor and German espionage agent Baron Louis de Vaufreland. One of Reverdy’s most enduring and profound relationships was with the couturier, the intense period of their romantic liaison lasted from 1921-1926. Yet after the fire of this initial involvement cooled, they maintained a deep bond, and great friendship
26.
Arthur Rimbaud
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Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud was a French poet who is known for his influence on modern literature and arts, which prefigured surrealism. Rimbaud was known to have been a libertine and for being a restless soul, having engaged in an at times violent romantic relationship with fellow poet Paul Verlaine, which lasted nearly two years. After the end of his career, he traveled extensively on three continents as a merchant before his death from cancer just after his thirty-seventh birthday. As a poet, Rimbaud is well known for his contributions to Symbolism and, among other works, A Season in Hell, Arthur Rimbaud was born in the provincial town of Charleville in the Ardennes département in northeastern France. He was the child of Frédéric Rimbaud and Marie Catherine Vitalie Cuif. Rimbauds father, a Burgundian of Provençal extraction, was an infantry captain risen from the ranks, from 1844 to 1850, he participated in the conquest of Algeria, and in 1854 was awarded the Légion dhonneur by Imperial decree. Captain Rimbaud was described as good-tempered, easy-going and generous, with the long moustaches and goatee of a Chasseur officer. In October 1852, Captain Rimbaud, then aged 38, was transferred to Mézières where he met Vitalie Cuif,11 years his junior and she came from a solidly established Ardennais family, but one with its share of bohemians, two of her brothers were alcoholics. Her personality was the exact opposite of Captain Rimbauds, she was narrowminded, stingy, completely lacking in a sense of humour. When Charles Houin, a biographer, interviewed her, he found her withdrawn. Arthur Rimbauds private name for her was Mouth of Darkness, nevertheless, on 8 February 1853, Captain Rimbaud and Vitalie Cuif married, their first-born, Jean Nicolas Frédéric, arrived nine months later on 2 November. The next year, on 20 October 1854, Jean Nicolas Arthur was born, three more children followed, Victorine-Pauline-Vitalie on 4 June 1857, Jeanne-Rosalie-Vitalie on 15 June 1858 and, finally, Frédérique Marie Isabelle on 1 June 1860. Though the marriage lasted seven years, Captain Rimbaud lived continuously in the home for less than three months, from February to May 1853. The rest of the time his military postings—including active service in the Crimean War and he was not at home for his childrens births, nor their baptisms. Isabelles birth in 1860 must have been the last straw, as after this Captain Rimbaud stopped returning home on leave entirely. Though they never divorced, the separation was complete, thereafter Mme Rimbaud let herself be known as Widow Rimbaud, neither the captain nor his children showed the slightest interest in re-establishing contact. Fearing her children were being over-influenced by the children of the poor. Rimbaud moved her family to the Cours dOrléans in 1862 and this was a better neighbourhood, and the boys, now aged nine and eight, who had been taught at home by their mother, were now sent to the Pension Rossat
27.
Boris Pasternak
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Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was a Soviet Russian poet, novelist, and literary translator. In his native Russian, Pasternaks first book of poems, My Sister, Pasternaks translations of stage plays by Goethe, Schiller, Calderón and Shakespeare remain very popular with Russian audiences. Outside Russia, Pasternak is best known as the author of Doctor Zhivago, Doctor Zhivago was rejected for publication in the USSR. At the instigation of Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, Doctor Zhivago was smuggled to Milan and published in 1957, Pasternak was born in Moscow on 10 February,1890 into a wealthy assimilated Ukrainian Jewish family. His father was the Post-Impressionist painter, Leonid Pasternak, professor at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and his mother was Rosa Kaufman, a concert pianist and the daughter of Odessa industrialist Isadore Kaufman and his wife. Pasternak had a younger brother Alex and sisters Lydia and Josephine, sometimes willful boys were recommended after a incident of insubordination to some civil as well as religious authority, which were often the same. From 1904 to 1907 Boris Pasternak was the cloister-mate of Peter Minchakievich, Minchakievich came from an Orthodox Ukrainian family and Pasternak came from a Jewish Ukrainian family. Some confusion has arisen as to Pasternak attending an academy in his boyhood years. The uniforms of their monastery Cadet Corp were only similar to those of The Czar Alexander the Third Military Academy, as Pasternak, most schools used a distinctive military looking uniform particular to them as was the custom of the time in Eastern Europe and Russia. Boyhood friends, they parted in 1908, friendly but with different politics, Pasternak went to the Moscow Conservatory to study music, and Minchakievich went to Lviv University to study history and philosophy. The character of Strelnikov in Dr. Zhivago is a character, his bad dimension is based upon Leon Trotsky. Several of Pasternaks characters are composites, I believe that this is at the root of my distinctiveness. Most intensely of all my mind was occupied by Christianity in the years 1910–12, when the foundations of this distinctiveness – my way of seeing things. Shortly after his birth, Pasternaks parents had joined the Tolstoyan Movement, novelist Leo Tolstoy was a close family friend, as Pasternak recalled, my father illustrated his books, went to see him, revered him, and. the whole house was imbued with his spirit. In a 1956 essay, Pasternak recalled his fathers feverish work creating illustrations for Tolstoys novel Resurrection, the novel was serialized in the journal Niva by the publisher Fyodor Marx, based in St Petersburg. The sketches were drawn from observations in such places as courtrooms, prisons and on trains, to ensure that the sketches met the journal deadline, train conductors were enlisted to personally collect the illustrations. Joiners glue was boiling on the stove, the illustrations were hurriedly wiped dry, fixed, glued on pieces of cardboard, rolled up, tied up. The parcels, once ready, were sealed with sealing wax, regular visitors to the Pasternaks home also included Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alexander Scriabin, Lev Shestov, Rainer Maria Rilke
28.
Vladimir Mayakovsky
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Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was a Russian Soviet poet, playwright, artist, and actor. Mayakovsky often found engaged in confrontation with the increasing involvement of the Soviet State in cultural censorship. Even after death his relationship with the Soviet state remained unsteady, Vladimir Vladimirovichs mother Alexandra Alexeyevna, was a housewife, looking after the children, a son and two daughters, Olga and Lyudmila. The family was of Russian and Zaporozhian Cossack descent on their fathers side, at home the family spoke Russian. With his friends and at school Mayakovky used Georgian, I was born in the Caucasus, my father is a Cossack, my mother is Ukrainian. Thus three cultures are united in me, he told the Prague newspaper Prager Presse in a 1927 interview, Georgia for Mayakovsky remained the eternal symbol of beauty. I know, its nonsense, Eden and Paradise, but since people sang about them // It must have been Georgia, the joyful land, in 1902 Mayakovsky joined the Kutais gymnasium where, as a 14-year-old he took part in socialist demonstrations at the town of Kutaisi. His mother, aware of his activities, apparently didnt mind, people around warned us we were giving a young boy too much freedom. But I saw him developing according to the new trends, sympathized with him and pandered to his aspirations, she later remembered. After the sudden and premature death of his father in 1906 the family — Mayakovsky, his mother, in July 1906 Mayakovsky joined the 4th form of the Moscows 5th Classic gymnasium and soon developed a passion for Marxist literature. For me it was philosophy, Hegel, natural sciences, but first and foremost, thered be no higher art for me than The Foreword by Marx, he recalled in the 1920s in his autobiography I, Myself. In 1908, the boy was dismissed from the gymnasium because his mother was no able to afford the tuition fees. For two years he studied at the Stroganov School of Industrial Arts, where his sister Lyudmila had started her studies a few years earlier. As a young Bolshevik activist, Mayakovsky distributed propaganda leaflets, possessed a pistol without a license and this resulted in a series of arrests and finally an 11-month imprisonment. It was in a confinement of the Moscow Butyrka prison that Mayakovsky started writing verses for the first time. Revolution and poetry got entangled in my head and became one, he wrote in I, as an underage person, Mayakovsky avoided a serious prison sentence and in January 1910 was released. A warden confiscated the young mans notebook, and years later Mayakovsky conceded that was all for the better, upon his release from prison, Mayakovsky remained an ardent Socialist, but realized his own inadequacy as a serious revolutionary. Having left the Party, he concentrated on education, sat down and started to learn… Now my intention was to make the Socialist art, he later remembered
29.
John Ashbery
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John Lawrence Ashbery is an American poet. He has published more than twenty volumes of poetry and won every major American award for poetry. Renowned for its complexity and opacity, Ashberys work still proves controversial. Ashbery has stated that he wishes his work to be accessible to as people as possible. At the same time, he joked that some critics still view him as a harebrained, homegrown surrealist whose poetry defies even the rules. Ashbery was born in Rochester, New York, the son of Helen, a teacher, and Chester Frederick Ashbery. He was raised on a farm near Lake Ontario, his brother died when they were children, Ashbery was educated at Deerfield Academy, an all-boys school, where he read such poets as W. H. Auden and Dylan Thomas and began writing poetry. Two of his poems were published in Poetry magazine under the name of a classmate who had submitted them without Ashberys knowledge or permission. Ashbery also published a handful of poems, including a sonnet about his love for a fellow student, and a piece of short fiction in the school newspaper. His first ambition was to be a painter, from the age of 11 until he was 15 Ashbery took weekly classes at the art museum in Rochester. Ashbery graduated in 1949 with an A. B. cum laude, from Harvard College, where he was a member of the Harvard Advocate, the literary magazine. He wrote his thesis on the poetry of W. H. Auden. At Harvard he befriended fellow writers Kenneth Koch, Barbara Epstein, V. R. Lang, Frank OHara and Edward Gorey, Ashbery went on to study briefly at New York University, and received an M. A. from Columbia in 1951. After working as a copywriter in New York from 1951 to 1955, from the mid-1950s and he was an editor of the 12 issues of Art and Literature and the New Poetry issue of Harry Mathews Locus Solus. After returning to the United States, he continued his career as an art critic for New York, several years later, he began a stint as an editor at Partisan Review, serving from 1976 to 1980. During the fall of 1963, Ashbery became acquainted with Andy Warhol at a poetry reading at the Literary Theatre in New York. He had previously written favorable reviews of Warhols art, Ashbery returned to New York near the end of 1965 and was welcomed with a large party at the Factory. He became close friends with poet Gerard Malanga, Warhols assistant, in 1967 his poem Europe was used as the central text in Eric Salzmans Foxes and Hedgehogs as part of the New Image of Sound series at Hunter College, conducted by Dennis Russell Davies
30.
The Harvard Advocate
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The Harvard Advocate, the art and literary magazine of Harvard College, is the oldest continuously published college art and literary magazine in the United States. The magazine was founded by Charles S. Gage and William G. Peckham in 1866 and, in 1916, The New York Times published a commemoration of the Advocates fiftieth anniversary. Yet the Harvard Advocate, the undergraduate literary magazine, celebrated its centennial this month. Its current offices are a two-story wood-frame house at 21 South Street, near Harvard Square, today, the Harvard Advocate publishes quarterly. Its mission is to publish the best art, fiction, poetry, for its themed winter issue, the Harvard Advocate also accepts submissions from professional writers and artists beyond the Harvard community. When the Advocate was founded, it adopted the motto Dulce est Periculum which had used by an earlier Harvard newspaper. The founding in 1873 of The Harvard Crimson newspaper, and in 1876, of the Harvard Lampoon humor magazine, led the Advocate by the 1880s to devote itself to essays, fiction, and poetry. Over the years, the editors of and contributors to the Advocate have gone on to later fame, literary. Theodore Roosevelt edited the magazine in 1880, edwin Arlington Robinson, Wallace Stevens, E. E. Cummings, and T. S. Eliot all published their undergraduate poetry in the Advocate. Before World War II, undergraduates who worked on the Advocate included Malcolm Cowley, James Agee, Robert Fitzgerald, Leonard Bernstein, James Laughlin, the Advocate suspended publication during the years of World War II, and resumed publication with its April 1947 issue. Editors after the war included Daniel Ellsberg, contributors from outside Harvard during this time included Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, and Archibald MacLeish. Other contributors after World War II included Adrienne Rich, Howard Nemerov, Marianne Moore, Robert Lowell, Tom Wolfe, James Atlas, stewart, filmmaker Terrence Malick, and writer and video game developer Austin Grossman. First Flowering, The Best of the Harvard Advocate, 1866–1976, in 1986, The Harvard Advocate Anniversary Anthology was published in conjunction with the 120th year of the magazines publication and Harvards 350th anniversary. The anthology reproduced actual pages and artwork published in the magazine, the Advocate received a degree of national press attention following a controversial 2000 interview with writer Dave Eggers. V
31.
Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Ann Arbor is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The 2010 census recorded its population to be 113,934, the citys population was estimated at 117,070 as of July 2015 by the U. S. Census Bureau. The Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Washtenaw County, the city is also part of the larger Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI Combined Statistical Area with a population of 5,318,744. Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the villages founders, the University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics, Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements. Ann Arbor is home to the University of Michigan, one of the foremost research universities in the United States, the university shapes Ann Arbors economy significantly as it employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center. The citys economy is centered on high technology, with several companies drawn to the area by the universitys research and development infrastructure. In about 1774, the Potawatomi founded two villages in the area of what is now Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On 25 May 1824, the plat was registered with Wayne County as Annarbour. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of Bur Oak in the 640 acres of land purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allens sawmill, Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827, and was incorporated as a village in 1833. The Ann Arbor Land Company, a group of speculators, set aside 40 acres of undeveloped land and offered it to the state of Michigan as the site of the state capital, but lost the bid to Lansing. In 1837, the property was accepted instead as the site of the University of Michigan, since the universitys establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor, while the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and African-Americans. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873. It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants coming from Greece, Italy, Russia, Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling. Ann Arbors Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, during the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and anti-Vietnam War movement, during the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city
32.
English literature
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However, until the early 19th century, it only deals with the literature of the United Kingdom and Ireland. It does not include literature written in the languages of Britain. The English language has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years, the earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible as well as the Great Vowel Shift. Through the influence of the British Empire, the English language has spread around the world since the 17th century. 450, after the withdrawal of the Romans, and ending soon after the Norman Conquest in 1066. These works include such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English, from the 9th century, that chronicle the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The poem Battle of Maldon also deals with history and this is a work of uncertain date, celebrating the Battle of Maldon of 991, at which the Anglo-Saxons failed to prevent a Viking invasion. Oral tradition was strong in early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were popular, and some, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day. Beowulf is the most famous work in Old English, and has achieved national status in England. The only surviving manuscript is the Nowell Codex, the date of which is debated. Beowulf is the title, and its composition is dated between the 8th and the early 11th century. Cædmon is the earliest English poet whose name is known, and it is also one of the earliest recorded examples of sustained poetry in a Germanic language. The poem, The Dream of the Rood, was inscribed upon the Ruthwell Cross, Two Old English poems from the late 10th century are The Wanderer and The Seafarer. Classical antiquity was not forgotten in Anglo-Saxon England, and several Old English poems are adaptations of late classical philosophical texts, the longest is King Alfreds 9th-century translation of Boethius Consolation of Philosophy. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the form of the Anglo-Saxon language became less common. Under the influence of the new aristocracy, French became the language of courts, parliament
33.
The New School
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The New School is a private research university in Lower Manhattan, New York City, located mostly in Greenwich Village. From its founding in 1919 by progressive New York educators, and for most of its history, between 1997 and 2005 it was known as New School University. The university and each of its colleges were renamed in 2005, in 1934, the University in Exile was chartered by New York State and its name was changed to the Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science. In 2005, it adopted what had initially been the name of the whole institution, Parsons School of Design is the New Schools art school. Founders included economist and literary scholar Alvin Johnson, historian Charles A. Beard, economists Thorstein Veblen and James Harvey Robinson, several founders were former professors at Columbia University. In October 1917, after Columbia University imposed a loyalty oath to the United States upon the faculty and student body. Charles A. Beard, Professor of Political Science, resigned his professorship at Columbia in protest and his colleague James Harvey Robinson resigned in 1919 to join the faculty at the New School. The New School plan was to offer the rigorousness of postgraduate education without degree matriculation or degree prerequisites and it was theoretically open to anyone, as the adult division today called Schools of Public Engagement remains. The first classes at the New School took the form of lectures followed by discussions, for groups, or as smaller conferences. Davenport, Elsie Clews Parsons, and Roscoe Pound, John Cage later pioneered the subject of Experimental Composition at the school. The New School uses To the Living Spirit as its motto, in 1937, Thomas Mann remarked that a plaque bearing the inscription be the Living Spirit had been torn down by the Nazis from a building at the University of Heidelberg. He suggested that the University in Exile adopt that inscription as its motto, to indicate that the spirit, mortally threatened in Europe. The University in Exile was initially founded by the director of the New School, Alvin Johnson, through the financial contributions of Hiram Halle. The University in Exile and its subsequent incarnations have been the heart of the New School. In 1934, the University in Exile was chartered by New York State, in 2005 the Graduate Faculty was again renamed, this time taking the original name of the university, The New School for Social Research. The New School played a role with the founding of the École Libre des Hautes Études after the Nazi invasion of France. The École Libre gradually evolved into one of the institutions of research in Paris. Between 1940 and 1949, the New School was host to the Dramatic Workshop, important acting teachers during this period were Stella Adler and Elia Kazan
34.
ARTnews
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ARTnews is an American visual-arts magazine, based in New York City. It covers art from ancient to contemporary times and it includes news dispatches from correspondents, investigative reports, reviews of exhibitions, and profiles of artists and collectors. The magazine was founded by James Clarence Hyde in 1902 as Hydes Weekly Art News and was published eleven times a year. 18, the magazine was published as American Art News. From February 1923 to the present, in April 2014, Milton and Judith Esterow, the magazines owners since 1972, sold the publication to Skate Capital Corp. a private asset-management firm owned by Sergey Skaterschikov. It was later revealed that Skate Capital was acting on behalf of the Polish company Abbey House, following this change in ownership the magazine merged with Art in America in June 2015, owned by Brant Publications BMP Media Holdings, LLC. In October 2015 the monthly frequency of ARTnews was switched to quarterly, the magazines offices are at 40 West 25th Street in Manhattan. List of art magazines List of United States magazines Official website
35.
Norman Bluhm
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Norman Bluhm, was an American painter classified as an abstract expressionist, and as an action painter. He was born on March 28,1921 in Chicago, Illinois and he studied under Mies van der Rohe at the then Armour Institute of Technology. After service in World War II with the USAAF he decided not to resume his architectural studies, rather he studied art at the Academia de Belle Arte, Florence, Italy and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris. From 1948 until 1956 he lived in Paris and he had numerous friends in art, literature, and other creative fields. Among his close acquaintances were Joan Mitchell, Sam Francis, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Zao Wou-ki and he was married to Claude Souvrain until 1956. He returned to the United States in 1956 and he married Carolyn Ogle in 1961. They lived in New York City until 1969 with their two children, David and Nina, from 1970 to 1980 they lived in Millbrook, New York. From 1980 to 1987 they lived in East Hampton, New York, thereafter, they lived in East Wallingford, Vermont until Bluhms death on February 3,1999. Bluhms work has been praised and his works are in the collections of many major museums. His work changed throughout his career while retaining elements that to the discerning viewer are obvious. Among his more noted work are a series of paintings done with his good friend the poet Frank OHara. Shortly before Bluhm died, in 1999, Art in America editor Raphael Rubinstein predicted that this body of work would be as important to the 21st century as Cézanne’s later output was to the 20th. Bluhms work while recognized and praised has never received the measure of attention that some of his contemporaries, such as Joan Mitchell, in part, this is due to Bluhms unwillingness to cater sufficiently to those in the commercial art world. Also changing art tastes in the 60s with the advent of Pop Art placed Bluhm in a critical netherworld, in 2007, the Station Museum of Contemporary Art in Houston, Texas, organised a major exhibition under the title The Late Paintings of Norman Bluhm
36.
Grace Hartigan
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Grace Hartigan was a second-generation American Abstract Expressionist painter and a member of the New York School. Born in Newark, New Jersey, of Irish-English descent, Hartigan was the oldest of four children, encouraging her romantic fantasies, her father and grandmother often sang songs and told her stories. At seventeen she was married to Robert Jachens, a planned move to Alaska, where the young couple planned to live as pioneers, ended in California, where Hartigan began painting with her husbands encouragement. After her husband was drafted in 1942, Hartigan returned to New Jersey to study mechanical drafting at the Newark College of Engineering and she also worked as a draftsman in an airplane factory to support herself and her son. During this time, she studied painting with Isaac Lane Muse, through him, she was introduced to the work of Henri Matisse and Kimon Nicolaïdes’s The Natural Way to Draw, which influenced her later work as a painter. In 1945, Hartigan moved to New York City, and quickly became a member of the artistic community. Her friends included Jackson Pollock, Larry Rivers, Helen Frankenthaler, Willem and Elaine de Kooning, Frank OHara, Knox Martin, and many painters, artists, poets. Hartigan gained her reputation as part of the New York School of artists and she was often thought of as a “second generation Abstract Expressionist”, being heavily influenced by her colleagues of the time. Though she built her career upon more of a complete abstraction, in the early fifties Hartigan began to incorporate more recognizable motifs. In the early fifties, she exhibited for a time under the name George Hartigan in order to try to achieve better recognition for her work. Paintings from the Old Masters, In the early 1950s Grace Hartigan began painting figuratively from old master paintings, clement Greenberg, an influential art critic in New York during the mid 20th century, enthusiastically supported Hartigans Abstract Expressionist works, but opposed her painting figuratively. This discord resulted in her break from Greenberg, Painting from the old masters fostered Hartigans growth in depicting space, light, form, and structure. Some examples of paintings are Hartigans River Bathers, Knight, Death, and Devil, and The Tribute Money, working after Matisse, Durer. Brides, In 1949, Hartigan rented a studio on Grand Street in lower Manhattan, inspired by the display windows of the numerous bridal shops concentrated on the street, Hartigan began to paint groups of mannequins dressed in bridal gowns. Grand Streets Brides, based on Goyas Carlos IV of Spain and His Family, was one of works that drew the attention of critics and collectors. Later in her career, Hartigan said, bridal theme is one of my empty ritual ideas and it just seems ludicrous to me to go through all that fuss. Additionally, she stated, I paint things that Im against to try to make them wonderful, Oranges, In November 1952, Hartigan and close friend Frank OHara began a collaborative project, Oranges. Frank O’Hara had written a collection of fourteen poems while a student at Harvard, Hartigan created a painting in response to each of the fourteen poems, incorporating text from each poem into every image
37.
Willem de Kooning
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Willem de Kooning was a Dutch-American abstract expressionist artist who was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, and moved to New York in 1927. Willem de Kooning was born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, on April 24,1904 and his parents, Leendert de Kooning and Cornelia Nobel, were divorced in 1907, and de Kooning lived first with his father and then with his mother. He left school in 1916 and became an apprentice in a firm of commercial artists, until 1924 he attended evening classes at the Academie van Beeldende Kunsten en Technische Wetenschappen, now the Willem de Kooning Academie. In 1926 de Kooning travelled to the United States as a stowaway on the Shelley, a British freighter bound for Argentina and he stayed at the Dutch Seamens Home in Hoboken, New Jersey, and found work as a house-painter. In 1927 he moved to Manhattan, where he had a studio on West Forty-fourth Street and he supported himself with jobs in carpentry, house-painting and commercial art. De Kooning began painting in his time and in 1928 he joined the art colony at Woodstock. He also began to some of the modernist artists active in Manhattan. None of them were executed, but a sketch for one was included in New Horizons in American Art at the Museum of Modern Art, De Kooning met his wife, Elaine Fried, at the American Artists School in New York. She was 14 years his junior, thus was to begin a lifelong partnership affected by alcoholism, lack of money, love affairs, quarrels and separations. They were married on December 9,1943, at this time, de Koonings work borrowed strongly from Gorkys surrealist imagery and was influenced by Picasso. This only changed when de Kooning met the younger painter Franz Kline, Kline died young and he was one of de Koonings closest artist friends. Klines influence is evident in de Koonings calligraphic black images of this period, in the late 1950s, de Koonings work shifted away from the figurative work of the women and began to display an interest in more abstract, less representational imagery. He became a US citizen in 1961 and moved to East Hampton in 1963 and this became his primary residence and he remained there until the end of his life. On Long Island de Kooning, in addition to his painting, inspired in part by the work of Henry Moore, de Kooning created highly abstracted figurative sculpture very reminicent of his figurative paintings. It was revealed toward the end of his life that de Kooning began losing his memory in the late 1980s and had been suffering from Alzheimers disease for some time. This revelation has initiated considerable debate among scholars and critics about how responsible de Kooning was for the creation of his late work, succumbing to the progress of his disease, William de Kooning painted his final works in 1991. He passed away in 1997 at the age of 92, upon death William de Kooning was cremated. His final place of rest is publicly unknown, De Koonings paintings of the 1930s and early 1940s are abstract still-lifes characterised by geometric or biomorphic shapes and strong colours
38.
Joan Mitchell
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Joan Mitchell was an American second generation abstract expressionist painter and printmaker. She was a member of the American abstract expressionist movement, even much of her career took place in France. Along with Lee Krasner, Grace Hartigan, Helen Frankenthaler, Shirley Jaffe and Sonia Gechtoff, she was one of her eras few female painters to gain critical and her paintings and editioned prints can be seen in major museums and collections across the United States and Europe. Mitchell was born in Chicago, Illinois, the daughter of dermatologist James Herbert Mitchell and she lived on Chestnut Street in the Streeterville neighborhood and attended high school at Francis W. Parker School in the Lincoln Park neighborhood. Mitchell studied at Smith College in Massachusetts and The Art Institute of Chicago, a $2,000 travel fellowship allowed her to study in Paris and Provence in 1948—49, and she also traveled in Spain and Italy. Mitchell is recognized as a principal figure—and one of the few female artists—in the second generation of American Abstract Expressionists, by the early 1950s, she was regarded as a leading artist in the New York School. Her paintings are expansive, often covering two separate panels, landscape was the primary influence on her subject matter. She painted on unprimed canvas or white ground with gestural, sometimes violent brushwork and she has described a painting as an organism that turns in space. An admirer of van Goghs work, Mitchell observed in one of his final paintings – Wheatfield with Crows – the symbology of death, suicide, hopelessness, depression and darkness. With her sense that Wheatfield with Crows was a note, she painted a painting called No Birds as a response. After moving to Paris in 1959, Mitchell began painting in a studio on the rue Fremicourt in the 15th arrondissement of Paris. The marks on these works were said to be extraordinary, The paint flung and squeezed on to the canvases, spilling and spluttering across their surfaces and smeared on with the artists fingers. The artist herself referred to the work created in this period of the early 1960s as very violent and angry, but by 1964 she was trying to get out of a violent phase and into something else. Mitchell said that she wanted her paintings to convey the feeling of the sunflower and some of them come out like young girls. In 1951, Mitchells work was exhibited in the landmark Ninth Street Show alongside that of Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, in 1952, she had her first solo exhibition at the New Gallery. In October 1957, the first major feature on her work appeared in ARTnews. In 1972, Mitchell staged her first major exhibition, entitled “My Five Years in the Country, ” at the Everson Museum of Art in Syracuse. December 1988 saw Mitchells first retrospective exhibition, which she referred to as being art-historized live and it featured 54 paintings produced from 1951 to 1987
39.
Larry Rivers
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Larry Rivers was an American artist, musician, filmmaker and occasional actor. Rivers resided and maintained studios in New York City, Southampton, Long Island, Larry Rivers was born in the Bronx, as Yitzroch Loiza Grossberg to Samuel and Sonya Grossberg, Jewish immigrants from the Ukraine. He changed his name to Larry Rivers in 1940, after being introduced as Larry Rivers, Rivers took up painting in 1945 and studied at the Hans Hofmann School from 1947–48. He earned a BA in art education from New York University in 1951 and he was a pop artist of the New York School, reproducing everyday objects of American popular culture as art. He was one of eleven New York artists featured in the exhibition at the Terrain Gallery in 1955. During the early 1960s Rivers lived in the Hotel Chelsea, notable for its residents such as Bob Dylan, Janis Joplin, Leonard Cohen. In 1965 Rivers had his first comprehensive retrospective in five important American museums and his final work for the exhibition was The History of the Russian Revolution, which was later on extended permanent display at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, DC. During 1967 he was in London collaborating with the American painter Howard Kanovitz, during this trip they narrowly escaped execution as suspected mercenaries. During the 1970s Rivers worked closely with Diana Molinari and Michel Auder on many video tape projects, including the infamous Tits, Rivers married Augusta Berger in 1945, and they had one son, Steven. Rivers also adopted Bergers son from a relationship, Joseph. He married Clarice Price in 1961, a Welsh school teacher who cared for his two sons, Rivers and Clarice Price had two daughters, Gwynne and Emma. Shortly after, he lived and collaborated with Diana Molinari, who featured in many of his works of the 1970s, after that Rivers lived with Sheila Lanham, a Baltimore poet. In the early 1980s, Rivers and East Village figurative painter Daria Deshuk lived together and in 1985 they had a son, at the time of his death in 2002. Poet Jeni Olin was his companion, Rivers also sustained a relationship with poet Frank OHara in the late 1950s and delivered the eulogy at OHaras funeral in 1966. His primary gallery being the Marlborough Gallery in New York City, in 2002 a major retrospective of Rivers work was held at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D. C. New York University bought correspondences and other documents from the Larry Rivers Foundation to house in their archive, however, his daughters Gwynne and Emma objected to one particular film being displayed, as it depicts them naked as young children. The films purpose is supposedly to be a documentation on their growth through puberty, the matter was addressed in the December 2010 issue of the magazine Vanity Fair, and the October 2010 issue of Grazia. The film will never be displayed as requested by both children
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Green River Cemetery
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Green River Cemetery is a cemetery in the hamlet of Springs, New York within the Town of East Hampton. The cemetery was intended for the blue collar local families of the Springs neighborhood who supported the ocean mansions in East Hampton. Families with long histories in the region are interred there, including the Millers, Kings, Bennetts, however, after Jackson Pollock was buried on a hill there in 1956, it became famous as the artists and writers cemetery. Headstones have become works of art, despite its name, there are no rivers near the cemetery. Lieberman - Museum of Modern Art curator A. J, liebling - newspaper columnist Jan Yoors - artist and writer Hilda Morley - Poet Frank OHara - Poet Alfonso A
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Bill Berkson
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William Craig Bill Berkson was an American poet, critic, and teacher who was active in the art and literary worlds from his early twenties on. He attended The Day School of the Church of the Heavenly Rest and he graduated from Lawrenceville School in 1957. He dropped out of Brown University to return to New York after his father died and he studied poetry at The New School for Social Research with Kenneth Koch. He attended Columbia University and New York University’s Institute of Fine Arts, but his full commitment to poetry was prompted under the tutelage of Kenneth Koch in spring,1959 at the New School for Social Research. After leaving Columbia in 1960, Berkson started work as an associate at ARTnews. In 1975 he married the artist Lynn O’Hare, their son Moses Edwin Clay Berkson was born in Bolinas, California and he also has a daughter, Siobhan O’Hare Mora Lopez, and three grandchildren, Henry Berkson and Estella and Lourdes Mora Lopez. His friendships during his California years included those with, Joanne Kyger, Duncan McNaughton, Berkson is the author of some twenty collections and pamphlets of poetry—including most recently Portrait and Dream, New & Selected Poems and Expect Delays, both from Coffee House Press. His poems have appeared in many magazines and anthologies and have been translated into French, Russian, Hungarian, Dutch, Czechoslovakian, Romanian, Italian, German. Les Parties du Corps, a selection of his poetry translated into French, appeared from Joca Seria, Nantes, other recent books are What’s Your Idea of a Good Time. He retired from SFAI in 2008 and later held the position of Professor Emeritus, during the same period, he was also on the visiting faculty of Naropa Institute, California College of Arts and Crafts and Mills College. Berkson continued until the end of his life to lecture widely in colleges and universities and he published three collections of art criticism, to date, the last being For the Ordinary Artist, Short Reviews, Occasional Pieces & More. In 1998, he married the curator Constance Lewallen, with whom he lived in the Eureka Valley section of San Francisco, Berkson died of a heart attack in San Francisco on June 16,2016 at the age of 76. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Art Journal, Special de Kooning Issue,1989 Whats With Modern Art. e. Reader, Nuova Poesia Americana, New York, A Norton Anthology of Postmodern American Poetry, other Recordings of poetry on Disconnected and The World Record, Daniel Kane, All Poets Welcome, and in the American Poetry Archive, PennSound & elsewhere. Poetry translated into French, Italian, Turkish, Spanish, German, Dutch, Romanian, Arabic, Art reviews & essays regularly contributed to ARTnews 1961-64, Arts 1964-66, Art in America 1980-, Artforum 1985-1990, Modern Painters, 1998–2003, artcritical. com 2009
42.
Edwin Denby (poet)
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The son of Charles Denby, Jr. and Martha Dalzell Orr, Edwin was born in Tientsin, China, where Charles had been appointed as chief foreign advisor to Yuan Shi Kai a year earlier. Edwins grandfather, Charles Harvey Denby, who had served as the United States Ambassador to China for an unprecedented 13 years, died when Edwin was age one. Denby spent his childhood first in Shanghai, China, then in Vienna, Austria and he was educated at the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut, and attended Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, but failed to graduate. He also attended classes at the University of Vienna, before obtaining a diploma in gymnastics at the Hellerau-Laxenburg school in Vienna in 1928 and he performed for several years, notably with the Darmstadt State Theater and celebrated triumphs alongside Claire Eckstein, a German ballerina and choreographer. Looking for someone to take his passport photo, he encountered photographer and filmmaker Rudy Burckhardt in Switzerland in 1934, and the two remained inseparable for the rest of Denbys life. The following year, they returned to New York City, New York, the resulting play, titled Horse Eats Hat, was scored by Paul Bowles, and was performed as a Works Progress Administration Federal Theatre Production in 1936. During his lifetime, being ambivalent about the publication of his poetry, at the behest of Aaron Copland and Virgil Thomson, he began writing a dance column for the magazine Modern Music in 1936. In 1943, Thomson drafted Denby as the critic for the New York Herald Tribune. His dance reviews and essays were collected in Looking at the Dance, Dancers, Buildings, Denbys works of poetry include In Public, In Private, Mediterranean Cities, Snoring in New York, Collected Poems and The Complete Poems. His English translation of Lao Tzes Chinese classic text Tao Te Ching from a German edition was published as Edwins Tao in 1993, Denbys only novel, Mrs. Ws Last Sandwich was published in 1972. In 1948, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship grant in poetry, Denby was inducted into the National Museum of Dances Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame in 2002. Edwin Denby at the Internet Broadway Database Jacket Magazines Edwin Denby feature Recordings of Edwin Denby reading his poetry on PennSound
