1.
The Bronx
–
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
The Bronx
–
Yankee Stadium (center) and the
Grand Concourse to its left. To the right of the Stadium is
its former site.
The Bronx
–
Flag
The Bronx
–
Seal
The Bronx
–
Map of the Bronx in 1867
2.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
3.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
Chicago
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Chicago, the
Chicago Theatre, the
'L',
Navy Pier,
Millennium Park, the
Field Museum, and the
Willis Tower.
Chicago
–
Traditional
Potawatomi costume on display at the
Field Museum
Chicago
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A 1903 painting of Chicago in 1833
Chicago
–
An artist's rendering of the
Great Chicago Fire of 1871
4.
Illinois
–
Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
Illinois
–
Mississippian copper plate found at the Saddle Site in
Union County, Illinois
Illinois
–
Flag
Illinois
–
Illinois in 1718, approximate modern state area highlighted, from Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi by
Guillaume de L'Isle.
Illinois
–
Native women and children fleeing the
Battle of Bad Axe during the
Black Hawk War
5.
House music
–
House music is a genre of electronic music created by club DJs and music producers in Chicago in the early 1980s. Early house music was characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals. While house displayed several characteristics similar to music, it was more electronic and minimalistic. House music became popular in Chicago clubs in 1984 and it was pioneered by figures such as Frankie Knuckles, Phuture, Kym Mazelle, and Mr. Fingers, and was associated with African-American and gay subcultures. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, Baltimore, in the mid-to-late 1980s, house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America, and Australia. Since the early to mid-1990s, house music has been infused in mainstream pop, in the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. House music has also fused with other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as euro house, tech house, electro house. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the wave of progressive house. The genre has remained popular and fused into other subgenres, for example, ghetto house, deep house. As of 2016, house music popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe. The song structure of music songs typically involves an intro, a chorus, various verse sections, a midsection. Some songs do not have a verse, taking a part from the chorus. The drum beat is one of the important elements within the genre and is almost always provided by an electronic drum machine rather than by a human drummer playing drumkit. The drum beats of house are four on the floor, with bass drums played on every beat, House music is often based on bass-heavy loops or basslines produced by a synthesizer and/or from samples of disco or funk songs. The tempo of most house songs is between 118 and 135 beats per minute, soul music and disco influenced house music. These artists produced longer, more repetitive, and percussive arrangements of existing disco recordings, early house producers such as Frankie Knuckles created similar compositions from scratch, using samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines. Rachel Cain, co-founder of an influential Trax Records, was involved in the burgeoning punk scene and cites industrial
House music
–
An honorary
street name sign in
Chicago for house music and
Frankie Knuckles.
House music
–
Building in New York City where the
Paradise Garage nightclub was located
House music
–
Swedish House Mafia performing in 2011.
6.
Soul music
–
Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
Soul music
–
James Brown
Soul music
–
Al Green, influential soul performer
Soul music
–
Levi Stubbs singing lead with the Four Tops in 1966
Soul music
–
Isaac Hayes performing in 1973
7.
Disco
–
Disco is a genre of dance music containing elements of funk, soul, pop, and salsa. It achieved popularity during the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, Disco can be seen as a reaction against both the domination of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music by the counterculture during this period. It was popular with men and women, from many different backgrounds. The disco sound often has several components, a beat, an eighth note or 16th note hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat. In most disco tracks, string sections, horns, electric piano, Orchestral instruments such as the flute are often used for solo melodies, and lead guitar is less frequently used in disco than in rock. Many disco songs use electronic synthesizers, particularly in the late 1970s, well-known 1970s disco performers included Donna Summer, the Bee Gees, Boney M. KC and the Sunshine Band, The Trammps, Sylvester, Village People, Gloria Gaynor and Chic. While performers and singers garnered much attention, record producers working behind the scenes played an important role in developing the disco sound. Many non-disco artists recorded songs at the height of discos popularity. Disco was the last mass popular movement that was driven by the baby boom generation. Disco was a phenomenon, but its popularity drastically declined in the United States in 1980. Disco Demolition Night, an anti-disco protest held in Chicago on 12 July 1979, is thought of as a factor in discos fast. By the late 1970s most major U. S. cities had thriving disco club scenes, Studio 54, a venue popular amongst celebrities, is a well-known example of a disco club. Popular dances included the Hustle, a suggestive dance. Discotheque-goers often wore expensive, extravagant and sexy fashions, Disco clubs were also associated with promiscuity. Disco was a key influence on the 1980s electronic dance style called house. The term is derived from discothèque, by the early 1940s, the terms disc jockey and DJ were in use to describe radio presenters. During WWII, because of restrictions set in place by the Nazi occupiers, eventually more than one of these jazz venues had the proper name discothèque. By 1959, the term was used in Paris to describe any of these type of nightclubs and that year a young reporter named Klaus Quirini started to select and introduce records at the Scotch-Club in Aachen, West Germany
Disco
–
A
disco ball
Disco
–
Major disco clubs had lighted dance floors, with the light flashing according to the beat.
Disco
–
Man wearing Disco Sucks T-shirt.
Disco
–
Students from
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City performing disco during a cultural event on campus
8.
Rhythm and blues
–
Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
Rhythm and blues
–
T-Bone Walker, American Folk Blues Festival 1972 (Heinrich Klaffs Collection 46)
Rhythm and blues
–
Louis Jordan, New York, N.Y., ca. July 1946 (William P. Gottlieb 04721).
Rhythm and blues
–
Big Joe Turner, Hamburg 1974 (Heinrich Klaffs Collection 86)
Rhythm and blues
–
The habanera rhythm shown as tresillo (lower notes) with the backbeat (upper note).
9.
Chicago house
–
Chicago house refers to house music produced during the mid to late 1980s within Chicago. The term is used to refer to the first ever house music productions. Following Chicagos Disco Demolition Night in mid-1979, disco musics mainstream popularity fell into decline, in the early 1980s, fewer and fewer disco records were being released, but the genre remained popular in some Chicago nightclubs and on at least one radio station, WBMX-FM. Some of these DJs also made and played their own edits of their songs on reel-to-reel tape. Some even mixed in effects, drum machines, and other rhythmic electronic instrumentation in an effort to give songs more appeal and these edits and remixes were rarely released to the public, and even then were available only on privately pressed vinyl records or on mixtapes. One DJ, Jesse Saunders, ran a vanity record label through which he released original dance music productions which emulated various popular styles of the day, in 1984, the label released, on 12-inch single, a song called On and On. Saunders composed the track with Vince Lawrence in order to replace a record which had stolen from Saunders collection. Saunders success with the relatively unpolished On & On inspired other Chicago DJs to try their hand at producing and releasing songs in a similar style. These producers were aided in their efforts by the availability of affordable, mass-produced electronic music instruments, including synthesizers, compact sequencers, drum machines, although there are conflicting accounts of the terms etymology, by 1985, house music was synonymous with these homegrown dance music productions. Mainstream record stores often did not carry it, as the records were not available through the record distributors. In Chicago, only record stores such as Importes Etc, state Street Records, JR’s Music shop and Gramaphone Records were the primary suppliers of this music. The Hot Mix 5 shows started with the launch in 1981. Trends in house music soon became subgenres, such as the lush, slower-tempo deep house, deep houses origins can be traced to Chicago producer Mr Fingerss relatively jazzy, soulful recordings Mystery of Love and Can You Feel It. Which, according to author Richie Unterberger, moved house music away from its posthuman tendencies back towards the lush sound of early disco music. Acid house arose from Chicago artists experiments with the squelchy Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer, and the styles earliest release on vinyl is generally cited as Phutures Acid Tracks. Phuture, a group founded by Nathan DJ Pierre Jones, Earl Spanky Smith Jr. the groups 12-minute Acid Tracks was recorded to tape and was played by DJ Ron Hardy at the Music Box, where Hardy was resident DJ. Hardy once played it four times over the course of an evening until the crowd responded favorably, the track also utilized a Roland TR-707 drum machine. Several house tracks became #1 hits on the UK Singles Chart, at least three styles of dancing are associated with house music, Footwork, Jacking, and Lofting
Chicago house
–
An honorary
street name sign in
Chicago for
house music and
Frankie Knuckles.
Chicago house
–
Gramaphone Records is known as the home of house records in Chicago
Chicago house
–
The
Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer
10.
Phonograph
–
The phonograph is a device invented in 1877 for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound. In its later forms it is called a gramophone. To recreate the sound, the surface is rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it. In later electric phonographs, the motions of the stylus are converted into an electrical signal by a transducer. The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison, while other inventors had produced devices that could record sounds, Edisons phonograph was the first to be able to reproduce the recorded sound. His phonograph originally recorded sound onto a sheet wrapped around a rotating cylinder. A stylus responding to sound vibrations produced an up and down or hill-and-dale groove in the foil, in the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to flat discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near the center. Later improvements through the years included modifications to the turntable and its system, the stylus or needle. The disc phonograph record was the dominant audio recording format throughout most of the 20th century, from the mid-1980s on, phonograph use on a standard record player declined sharply because of the rise of the cassette tape, compact disc and other digital recording formats. Records are still a favorite format for some audiophiles and DJs, vinyl records are still used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records, the original recordings of musicians are sometimes re-issued on vinyl. Usage of terminology is not uniform across the English-speaking world, in more modern usage, the playback device is often called a turntable, record player, or record changer. When used in conjunction with a mixer as part of a DJ setup, the term phonograph was derived from the Greek words φωνή and γραφή. The similar related terms gramophone and graphophone have similar root meanings, the roots were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph, telegraph, and telephone. In British English, gramophone may refer to any sound-reproducing machine using disc records, the term phonograph was usually restricted to machines that used cylinder records. Gramophone generally referred to a wind-up machine, after the introduction of the softer vinyl records, 33 1⁄3-rpm LPs and 45-rpm single or two-song records, and EPs, the common name became record player or turntable. Often the home record player was part of a system that included a radio and, later, from about 1960, such a system began to be described as a hi-fi or a stereo. In American English, phonograph, properly specific to machines made by Edison, was used in a generic sense as early as the 1890s to include cylinder-playing machines made by others
Phonograph
–
Edison cylinder phonograph, circa 1899
Phonograph
–
Thomas Edison with his second phonograph, photographed by
Mathew Brady in Washington, April 1878
Phonograph
–
Close up of the mechanism of an Edison Amberola, manufactured circa 1915
Phonograph
–
A late 20th-century turntable and record
11.
Sampler (musical instrument)
–
The samples are loaded or recorded by the user or by a manufacturer. These sounds are played back by means of the sampler program itself. Because these samples are stored in digital memory, the information can be quickly accessed. A single sample may often be pitch-shifted to different pitches to produce musical scales, often samplers offer filters, effects units, modulation via low frequency oscillation and other synthesizer-like processes that allow the original sound to be modified in many different ways. Most samplers have polyphonic capabilities – they are able to more than one note at the same time. Many are also multitimbral – they can play back different sounds simultaneously, prior to computer memory-based samplers, musicians used tape replay keyboards, which store recordings on analog tape. When a key is pressed the tape head contacts the moving tape, to change sounds a new set of tapes had to be installed in the instrument. The emergence of the sampler made sampling far more practical. Bruce Haack built a digital sampler which he demonstrated on Mister Rogers Neighborhood in 1967, the home made synthesizer device included a built-in sampler which recorded, stored, played back and looped sounds controlled by switches, light sensors and human skin contact. EMS Musys system, developed by Peter Grogono, David Cockerell, the system ran on two mini-computers, Digital Equipment PDP-8s. These had 12,000 bytes of memory, backed up by a hard drive of 32k. EMS equipment was used to control the worlds first digital studio, the E-mu SP-1200 percussion sampler progressed Hip-Hop away from the drum machine sound upon its release in August 1987, ushering in the sample-based sound of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Akai pioneered many processing techniques, such as crossfade looping and time stretch to shorten or lengthen samples without affecting pitch, during the 1980s, hybrid synthesizers began to utilize short samples along with digital synthesis to create more realistic imitations of instruments than had previously been possible. Examples are the Korg M1, Roland U-110, Yamahas SY series, samplers, together with traditional Foley artists, are the mainstay of modern sound effects production. Using digital techniques various effects can be pitch-shifted and otherwise altered in ways that would have required many hours when done with tape, usually a sampler is controlled by an attached music keyboard or other external MIDI controller or source. Each note-message received by the sampler accesses a particular sample, often multiple samples are arranged across the keyboard, each assigned to a note or group of notes. Keyboard tracking allows samples to be shifted in pitch by an appropriate amount, each group of notes to which a single sample has been assigned is often called a keyzone, and the resultant set of zones is called a keymap. For example, in Fig 1, a keymap has been created four different samples
Sampler (musical instrument)
–
An AKAI MPC2000 sampling sequencer (1997)
Sampler (musical instrument)
–
Licht-Ton Orgel (1936), an earlier sampling organ utilizing analog
optical disc
Sampler (musical instrument)
–
Mellotron
Sampler (musical instrument)
–
EMS Synthi-100 as a part of EMS Musys
12.
Virgin Records
–
Virgin Records is a British-founded record label originally founded by English entrepreneurs Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Nik Powell, and musician Tom Newman in 1972. It was later sold to Thorn EMI in 1992, today, the operations of Virgin Records America, Inc. are still active and headquartered in Hollywood, California, as it operates exclusively under the Capitol Music Group since 2007. US artists include Knox Hamilton, LTric and Rise Against, in fact the first real store was above a shoe shop at the Tottenham Court Road end of Oxford Street. After making the shop into a success, they turned their business into a fully fledged record label, the name Virgin, according to Branson, arose from Tessa Watts, a colleague of his, when they were brainstorming business ideas. She suggested Virgin – as they were all new to business – like virgins, the original Virgin logo was designed by English artist and illustrator Roger Dean, a young naked woman in mirror image with a large long-tailed serpent and the word Virgin in Deans familiar script. A variation on the logo was used for the spin-off Caroline Records label and this was soon followed by some notable krautrock releases, including electronic breakthrough album Phaedra by Tangerine Dream, and The Faust Tapes and Faust IV by Faust. The Faust Tapes album retailed for 49p and as a result allowed this relatively unknown band to reach number 12 in the album charts, other early albums include Gongs Flying Teapot, which Daevid Allen has been quoted as having never been paid for. Under the guidance of Tessa Watts, Virgins Head of Publicity, shortly afterwards, the Notting Hill record shop was raided by police for having a window display of the Sex Pistols album Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in the window. After modified versions of the label came the red, white and blue design introduced in 1975. The current Virgin logo was created in 1978, commissioned by Simon Draper, brian Cooke of Cooke Key Associates commissioned a graphic designer to produce a stylised signature. In 1983 Virgin purchased Charisma Records, renaming it Charisma/Virgin, then later Virgin/Charisma, before folding the label in 1986, in the process they acquired Genesis and comedy group Monty Python. The Charisma label was reactivated in the US in 1990 and enjoyed success with such as Maxi Priest, Right Said Fred,38 Special. When this Charisma label was retired in 1992, all of its artists were, as before, in 1987, Venture Records was created for new age and modern classical artists including Klaus Schulze, who had been associated with Virgin since the early 1970s. 10 Records Immortal Records Delabel Caroline Records was a label used from 1973 to 1977. The name and logo were used for some American editions of Virgin records in the 1980s and 1990s. Caroline was primarily used for independent distribution until the label was reactivated in 2013, today, Caroline Records acts as an independent label taking the place of EMI Label Services, after Virgins former parent company EMI was purchased by Universal Music Group. Front Line Records was a label for issuing Jamaican and English reggae music from 1978 to approximately 1987, a short-lived associated label, Dindisc, had Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and The Monochrome Set during its brief existence, after which its recordings became part of Virgins catalogue. Noo Trybe Records was a hip hop label that existed from 1994 to 1999
Virgin Records
–
Virgin logo designed by
Roger Dean for the fledgling Virgin Records label
Virgin Records
–
Virgin Records
13.
Textile design
–
Textile design is essentially the process of creating designs for woven, knitted or printed fabrics or surface ornamented fabrics. Textile designers are involved with the production of designs, which are used, sometimes repetitively, in clothing. The field encompasses the actual pattern making while supervising the production process, in other words, textile design is a process from the raw material into finished product. Fiber, yarn and finishes are the key elements to be considered during the design procedure. Textile designing is a field that includes fashion design, carpet manufacturing. Textile design fulfills a variety of purposes in our lives, for example, our clothing, carpets, drapes, towels, and rugs are all a result of textile design. These examples illustrate the significance of textiles in our daily lives, the creations of textiles are not only important for their use, but also for the role they play in the fashion industry. Textile designers have the ability to inspire collections, trends, the textile industry, while being a creative art form, is a very business savvy industry. Textile designers marry a creative vision of what a finished textile will look like with an understanding of the technical aspects of production and the properties of fiber, yarn. The creative process often begins with different art mediums to map concepts for the finished product, traditionally, drawings of woven textile patterns were translated onto special forms of graph paper called point papers, which were used by the weavers in setting up their looms. Today, most professional textile designers use some form of computer-aided design software created expressly for this purpose, some of the latest advances in textile printing have been in the area of digital printing. The process is similar to the computer controlled paper printers used for office applications, in addition, heat-transfer printing is another popular printing method to be used in the textile design. Patterns are often designed in repeat to maintain a balanced design even when fabric is made into yardage, repeat size is the distance directly across or down from any motif in a design to the next place that same motif occurs. The size of the repeat is determined by the production method, for example, printed repeat patterns must fit within particular screen sizes while woven repeat patterns must fit within certain loom sizes. There are several different types of layouts for repeated patterns, some of the most common repeats are straight and half drop. Often, the design is produced in many different colored versions. Zika Ascher came to England from Prague in 1939 and established a textile business in London with his wife Lida. During the 1940s the Aschers commissioned leading artists such as Matisse, from 1946 Ascher supplied fabrics to the international fashion industry
Textile design
–
Point paper for Dove and Rose woven
double cloth by
William Morris, 1879.
Textile design
–
18th century
14.
Fashion Institute of Technology
–
It was founded in 1944, accredited in 1957, and is ranked among the top five fashion schools in the world. It has an enrollment of more than 9,567 students, in 1967 FIT faculty and staff won the first higher education union contract in New York State. Since that time the UCE-FIT has continued to define and protect the working conditions of its members, seventeen majors are offered through the School of Art and Design, and ten through the Jay and Patty Baker School of Business and Technology leading to the A. A. S. The School of Liberal Arts offers a BS degree in art history and museum professions, the School of Graduate Studies offers seven programs leading to the Master of Arts, Master of Fine Arts or Master of Professional Studies degree. In addition to the programs, FIT offers a wide selection of non-credit courses through the Center for Professional Studies. One of the most popular programs is the Sew Like a Pro series, FIT publishes research on store branding and store positioning. The nine-building campus includes classrooms, television and radio studios, labs, design workshops, the campus has a Barnes & Noble College Bookstore. The Conference Center at FIT features the John E. Reeves Great Hall, a suitable for conferences, fashion shows, lectures. The campus also has two theatres, the Haft Auditorium and the Katie Murphy Amphitheatre. FIT serves over 7,578 full-time and 2,186 part-time students, four dormitories, three of which are on-campus, serve approximately 2,300 students and offer a variety of accommodations. The campus also has a retail food court/dining hall, a deli, the Gladys Marcus Library provides access to books, periodicals, DVDs and non-print materials, and houses Fashion Institute of Technology Special Collections and College Archives. FIT also has computer labs for student use. The Instructional Media Services Department provides audiovisual and TV support and an in-house TV studio, student work is also displayed throughout the campus. Fashion shows featuring the work of graduating B. F. A, the Design/Research Lighting Laboratory, a development facility for interior design and other academic disciplines, features 400 commercially available lighting fixtures controlled by a computer. The Annette Green/Fragrance Foundation Laboratory is an environment for the study of fragrance development, well-known alumni of the school include the fashion designers Norma Kamali, Calvin Klein, Michael Kors, interior designer Scott Salvator and the film director Joel Schumacher. The Museum at FIT, founded in 1969 as the Design Laboratory, includes collections of clothing, textiles, in 1993, the Board of Trustees of FIT, noting the significance of the Design Laboratory’s collections and exhibitions, changed the institutions name to The Museum at FIT. In 2012, the Museum was awarded accreditation by the American Alliance of Museums, the Museum’s permanent collection now includes more than 50,000 garments and accessories from the 18th century to the present. Important designers such as Adrian, Balenciaga, Chanel, and Dior are represented, the collecting policy of the Museum focuses on aesthetically and historically significant clothing, accessories, textiles and visual materials, with emphasis on contemporary avant-garde fashion
Fashion Institute of Technology
–
The 27th Street campus of the Fashion Institute of Technology
Fashion Institute of Technology
–
Fashion Institute of Technology
Fashion Institute of Technology
–
The Fred P. Pomerantz Art & Design Center (near) and the Shirley Goodman Resource Center (far) straddle the 27th Street entrance to the campus.
Fashion Institute of Technology
–
The Marvin Feldman Center
15.
Continental Baths
–
The Continental Baths was a gay bathhouse in the basement of The Ansonia Hotel in New York City which was opened in 1968 by Steve Ostrow. It was advertised as reminiscent of the glory of ancient Rome, the documentary film Continental, by Malcolm Ingram, covers the height of the clubs popularity through the early 1970s. The facility had the capacity to serve nearly 1,000 men,24 hours a day, one gay guide from the 1970s described the Continental Baths as a place that revolutionized the bath scene in New York City. Some features of the Continental Bathhouse included a system that tipped off patrons when police arrived. There was also an STD clinic, a supply of A200 in the showers, a mouthwash dispenser, an added attraction at the club was the first class entertainment provided by performers such as, Due to her performances at the baths, Bette Midler earned the nickname Bathhouse Betty. It was at the Continental, accompanied by pianist Barry Manilow that she created her stage persona the Divine Miss M, despite the way things turned out, Im still proud of those days. I feel like I was at the forefront of the gay liberation movement, so, I kind of wear the label of Bathhouse Betty with pride. The Continental Baths lost much of its gay clientele by 1974, the reason for the decline in patronage was, as one gay New Yorker was quoted, We finally got fed up with those silly-assed, campy shows. All those straight people in our bathhouse made us feel like we were part of the décor, by the end of 1974, patronage was so low that Steve Ostrow had decided to discontinue the lounge acts. He focused, instead, on resurrecting his business by making the baths coed and he even advertised on WBLS, but to no avail. In the end, Ostrow closed the Continental Baths for good, the facility, however, was reopened in 1977 as a heterosexual swingers club called Platos Retreat. Platos Retreat relocated to W. 34th St. in 1980 then was shut down by the city of New York at the height of the AIDS epidemic, in February 1969, the New York City Police raided the Continental Baths. Twenty-two patrons, whom an undercover, towel-clad policeman identified as having offered to have sex with him or actually had sex with him, were arrested
Continental Baths
–
The Ansonia Hotel, New York City, circa 1905
16.
Drum machine
–
A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums, cymbals, other percussion instruments, and often basslines. Drum machines are most commonly associated with electronic music such as house music. They are usually used when session drummers are not available or if the production cannot afford the cost of a drummer. Also, many modern drum machines can also produce sounds, as well as allowing the user to compose unique drum beats. In the 2010s, most modern machines are sequencers with a sample playback or synthesizer component that specializes in the reproduction of drum timbres. The invention could produce sixteen different rhythms, each associated with a pitch, either individually or in any combination, including en masse. Received with considerable interest when it was introduced in 1932. The next generation of rhythm machines played only pre-programmed rhythms such as mambo, tango, Chamberlin Rhythmate In 1957 Californian Harry Chamberlin constructed a tape loop-based drum machine called the Chamberlin Rhythmate. It had 14 tape loops with a head that allowed playback of different tracks on each piece of tape. It contained a volume and a control and also had a separate amplifier with bass, treble, and volume controls. The tape loops were of real acoustic jazz drum kits playing different style beats, with additions to tracks such as bongos, clave, castanets. First commercial product – Wurlitzer Side Man In 1959 Wurlitzer released a drum machine called the Side Man. The Side Man was intended as an accompaniment for the Wurlitzer organ range. The Side Man offered a choice of 12 electronically generated, predefined rhythm patterns with variable tempos, the sound source was a series of vacuum tubes which created 10 preset electronic drum sounds. Combinations of these different sets of rhythms and drum sounds created popular rhythmic patterns of the day, e. g. waltzes and these combinations were selected by a rotary knob on the top of the Side Man box. The tempo of the patterns was controlled by a slider that increased the speed of rotation of the wiper arm, the Side Man had a panel of 10 buttons for manually triggering drum sounds, and a remote player to control the machine while playing from an organ keyboard. The Side Man was housed in a cabinet that contained the sound-generating circuitry. Raymond Scott In 1960, Raymond Scott constructed the Rhythm Synthesizer and, in 1963, scotts machines were used for recording his album Soothing Sounds for Baby series
Drum machine
–
Rhythmicon (1932) and
Joseph Schillinger, a music educator
Drum machine
–
A
Yamaha RY30 Drum Machine
Drum machine
–
Wurlitzer Sideman (1959, inner view)
Drum machine
–
Seeburg/Gulbransen Rhythm Prince using mechanical wheel, as seen on bailed out left panel
17.
Detroit
–
Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
Detroit
–
From top to bottom, left to right:
Downtown Detroit skyline and the
Detroit River,
Fox Theatre,
Dorothy H. Turkel House in
Palmer Woods,
Belle Isle Conservatory,
The Spirit of Detroit,
Fisher Building,
Eastern Market,
Old Main at
Wayne State University,
Ambassador Bridge, and the
Detroit Institute of Arts
Detroit
–
Ste. Anne de Détroit, founded in 1701 by French colonists, is the second-oldest continuously operating
Catholic parish in the United States. The present church was completed in 1887.
Detroit
–
A 4
p.m. change of work shift at the Ford Motor Company assembly plant in
Highland Park, Michigan, 1910s
Detroit
–
Looking south down
Woodward Avenue, with the Detroit skyline in the distance, July 1942
18.
Sound recording and reproduction
–
Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording, prior to the development of analog recording, there were mechanical systems for reproducing instrumental music, such as wind-up music boxes and later, in the late 19th century, player pianos. Analog sound reproduction is the process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Digital recording and reproduction converts the sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by the process of digitization. This lets the audio data be stored and transmitted by a variety of media. Whereas successive copies of an analog recording tend to degrade in quality, as noise is added. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is amplified and connected to a loudspeaker to produce sound, long before sound was first recorded on cylinders or records, music was recorded—first by written music notation, then also by mechanical devices. Fowler, this. cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century. The Banu Musa brothers also invented an automatic flute player, which appears to have been the first programmable machine, according to Fowler, the automata were a robot band that performed. more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection. In the 14th century, Flanders introduced a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder, similar designs appeared in barrel organs, musical clocks, barrel pianos, and musical boxes. A music box is a musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth of a steel comb. They were developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century, some of the more complex boxes also have a tiny drum and/or bells, in addition to the metal comb. The fairground organ, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books, the player piano, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store an long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the rolls were hand-played, meaning that the roll represented the actual performance of an individual. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904, piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008. A1908 U. S. Supreme Court copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, the use of piano rolls began to decline in the 1920s although one type is still being made today. The first device that could record actual sounds as they passed through the air was the phonautograph, the earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called phonautograms, made in 1857. They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it
Sound recording and reproduction
–
Frances Densmore recording
Blackfoot chief Mountain Chief on a cylinder phonograph for the
Bureau of American Ethnology (1916)
Sound recording and reproduction
–
Emile Berliner with disc record gramophone
Sound recording and reproduction
–
Magnetic audio tapes: acetate base (left) and polyester base (right)
Sound recording and reproduction
–
A typical Compact Cassette
19.
Pet Shop Boys
–
Pet Shop Boys are an English electronic pop duo, formed in London in 1981 and consisting of Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe. Pet Shop Boys have sold more than 50 million records worldwide, Other hit songs include a cover of Go West, Opportunities and What Have I Done to Deserve This. in a duet with Dusty Springfield. At the 2009 Brit Awards in London, Pet Shop Boys received an award for Outstanding Contribution to Music, in 2016, Billboard magazine named Pet Shop Boys the No.1 Billboard Dance duo/group over the 40 years since the charts inception in 1976. In 2017 the duo received NMEs Godlike Genius Award, Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe met in an electronics shop on Kings Road in Chelsea, London, in August 1981. Recognising a mutual interest in music, they began to work together on material, first in Tennants flat in Chelsea and from 1982. It was during early years that several future hit songs were created, including Its a Sin, West End Girls, Rent. Their big break came in August 1983, when Tennant was assigned by Smash Hits to interview The Police in New York, the duo were obsessed with a stream of Hi-NRG records made by New York producer Bobby Orlando, simply known as Bobby O. According to Tennant, I thought, well, if Ive got to go and see The Police play, in April 1984, the Orlando-produced West End Girls was released, becoming a club hit in Los Angeles and San Francisco. On 2 November, it was voted Screamer of the Week by listeners of Long Island and it was a minor dance hit in Belgium and France, but was only available in the United Kingdom as a 12 import. In March 1985, after negotiations, Pet Shop Boys cut their contractual ties with Bobby O. Hiring manager Tom Watkins, they signed with the London-based Parlophone label, in April, Tennant left Smash Hits and in July, a new single, Opportunities, was released, reaching number 116 in the UK. The B-side to this single, In the Night, later resurfaced, in a remixed version, as the opening track to the duos first remix album, Disco. This version was used as the theme for the UK television series The Clothes Show. Unperturbed by the low position, the band returned to the studio in August to re-record West End Girls with producer Stephen Hague. Released in October 1985, this new version entered the charts at a similarly low position. It was subsequently number one in the United States, Canada, Finland, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Israel, New Zealand and Norway and it remains the most-heard Pet Shop Boys song to date. After the success of West End Girls, Pet Shop Boys released a single, Love Comes Quickly. The single reached number 19 in the UK Singles Chart and was followed by their album, Please
Pet Shop Boys
–
Performing in Turku, Finland in 1997
Pet Shop Boys
–
Pet Shop Boys at an interview in 2013
Pet Shop Boys
–
Performing in 2007
Pet Shop Boys
–
Pet Shop Boys performing in 2010
20.
Introspective
–
Introspective is the third studio album by English synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys. It was first released on 11 October 1988 and is the Pet Shop Boys second-best-selling album and it is so named because all the songs, although its a dance album, are introspective. The album was unusual in that it reversed the typical process by which pop/dance acts released singles. Songs from the album that were released as singles were released as shorter and it is also notable that of the seven songs on the album, only two were actually written specifically for this project— those being Left to My Own Devices and Domino Dancing. Always on My Mind was re-recorded for this album and mixed with In My House, the album was certified Platinum in Spain. Introspective was re-released in 2001 as Introspective/Further Listening, the re-released version was digitally remastered and came with a second disc of B-sides and previously unreleased material from around the time of the albums original release. Yet another re-release followed on 9 February 2009, under the title Introspective and this version contains only the 6 tracks on the original. With the 2009 re-release, the 2001 2CD re-release was discontinued, nevertheless, Introspective remains, according to Tennant, the best-selling Pet Shop Boys album internationally. It peaked at No.2 in the UK Albums Chart, behind U2s Rattle, not the same version featured on Alternative
Introspective
–
One of CD editions
Introspective
–
Introspective
21.
Vinyl record
–
The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
Vinyl record
–
Edison wax cylinder phonograph c. 1899
Vinyl record
–
Emil Berliner with disc record gramophone
Vinyl record
–
Hungarian Pathé record, 90 to 100 rpm
Vinyl record
–
A multinational product: a duet sung in Italian, recorded in the U.S. in 1906 by the
Victor Talking Machine Company, manufactured c. 1908 in Hanover, Germany for
The Gramophone Company, Victor's affiliate in England
22.
Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
–
Reel-to-reel or open-reel audio tape recording is the form of magnetic tape audio recording in which the recording medium is held on a reel, rather than being securely contained within a cassette. Reel-to-reel systems use a tape that is 1⁄4 inches in width and this compares to 0.15 inches wide and 1.875 inches per second for a cassette. By writing out the audio signal across more tape, reel-to-reel systems offer much higher fidelity. In spite of the tapes, less convenient use and generally higher cost media. Studer, Stellavox and Denon still produced reel to reel tape recorders in the 1990s, but as of 2014, only Nagra, Otari, originally, this format had no name, since all forms of magnetic tape recorders used it. The earliest machines produced distortion during the process which German engineers significantly reduced during the Nazi era by applying a bias signal to the tape. In 1939 one machine was found to make consistently better recordings than other ostensibly identical models, and when it was taken apart a minor flaw was noticed. It was introducing an AC signal to the tape, and this was adapted to new models using a high-frequency AC bias that has remained a part of audio tape recording to this day. American audio engineer Jack Mullin was a member of the U. S. Army Signal Corps during World War II and he acquired two Magnetophon recorders and 50 reels of I. G. Farben recording tape and shipped them home, over the next two years, he worked to develop the machines for commercial use, hoping to interest the Hollywood film studios in using magnetic tape for movie soundtrack recording. Crosby invested $50,000 in an electronics company, Ampex. Ampex went on to develop the first practical videotape recorders in the early 1950s to pre-record Crosbys TV shows, inexpensive reel-to-reel tape recorders were widely used for voice recording in the home and in schools before the Philips compact cassette, introduced in 1963, gradually took over. Cassettes eventually displaced reel-to-reel recorders for consumer use, however, the narrow tracks and slow recording speeds used in cassettes compromised fidelity. Columbia House carried pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes from 1960 to 1984, even today, some artists of all genres prefer analog tapes musical, natural and especially warm sound. Due to harmonic distortion, bass can thicken up, creating a fuller-sounding mix, in addition, high end can be slightly compressed, which is more natural to the human ear. It is common for artists to record to digital and re-record the tracks to analog reels for this effect of natural sound. In addition to all of these attributes of tape, tape saturation is a form of distortion that many rock, blues. For the first time, audio could be manipulated as a physical entity, Tape editing is performed simply by cutting the tape at the required point, and rejoining it to another section of tape using adhesive tape, or sometimes glue
Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
–
A reel-to-reel tape recorder (Sony TC-630), typical of those which were once common audiophile objects. Note the distinctive Scotch tape spool at left.
Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
–
Magnetophon from a German radio station in World War II.
Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
–
Unitra ZK-147, a vintage
Polish -made reel-to-reel tape recorder
Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
–
7-inch reel of 1 ⁄ 4 -inch-wide (6.4 mm) recording tape, typical of non-professional use in the 1950s–70s. Studios generally used 10½ inch reels on
PET film backings.
23.
Satoshi Tomiie
–
Satoshi Tomiie 富家哲 is a Japanese DJ, record producer and musician. Since the late 1980s he has been at the forefront of the house music movement. A lifelong student of jazz and classical piano, Satoshi had an impact from his very first record. In the early 1990s, he toured and played keyboard for Japanese composer Ryuichi Sakamoto and his reputation for crafting meticulous club rhythms led to him remixing some of pop’s biggest names including U2, Mariah Carey, Photek, Simply Red and David Bowie. At the turn of the millennium in a move typical of his DJ career. The long-player featured dark twisted electronic rhythms, haunting vocals, the album’s hit single ‘Love In Traffic’ became a worldwide underground hit. Another source of house music renovation, Satoshi and Hector Romero’s record label SAW Recordings has continued to refine the Chicago and New York City house blueprint over the last 10 years. A fine supporter of new producers, SAW most recently has championed a new generation of European-based house talent including Audiofly, Doomwork, Mabaan Soul, Tuccill, and Guti. In 2012, after an absence from music production, Tomiie returned with a new deeper, housier DJ sound
Satoshi Tomiie
–
Satoshi Tomiie
24.
Sound engineer
–
An audio engineer works on the recording, manipulating the record using equalization and electronic effects, mixing, reproduction, and reinforcement of sound. Audio engineers work on the. technical aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, pre-amp knobs, the physical recording of any project is done by an engineer. Many audio engineers creatively use technologies to produce sound for film, radio, television, music, electronic products and computer games. Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using an audio console, research and development audio engineers invent new technologies, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers, audio engineers in research and development usually possess a bachelors degree, masters degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in consultancy, specializing in architectural acoustics. Alternatively they might work in companies, or other industries that need audio expertise. Some positions, such as faculty require a Doctor of Philosophy, in Germany a Toningenieur is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems. The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS coding used by the Acoustical Society of America with some revision, audio engineers develop algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of audio production such as reverberation. Alternatively, the algorithms might carry out echo cancellation on Skype, or identify, architectural acoustics is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room. For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre, architectural Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants. Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems, examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices, sound systems in architectural acoustics, surround sound in movie theater and vehicle audio. Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the science of music, in audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as synthesizers, the human voice, computer analysis of audio, music therapy, and the perception and cognition of music. Psychoacoustics is the study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful. The production, computer processing and perception of speech is an important part of audio engineering, ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality, in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study. Producer, engineer, and mixer Phil Ek has described audio engineering as the aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, the turning of pre-amp knobs
Sound engineer
–
Noted audio engineer
Roger Nichols at a vintage Neve recording console.
Sound engineer
–
An audio engineer at an audio console.
Sound engineer
–
Acoustic diffusing mushrooms hanging from the roof of the
Royal Albert Hall.
Sound engineer
–
The Pyramid Stage
25.
David Morales
–
David Morales is an internationally acclaimed Grammy-winning American house music DJ and producer. In addition to his production and DJ work, Morales is one of the most prolific remixers of all time, born in New York City, he is of Puerto Rican ancestry. Morales work as a music producer began in 1993, with a full 11-track album titled The Program. Gimme Luv was the most successful single to be lifted from the album and was a dance hit that spent two weeks on top of the Billboard dance chart in August 1993. In 1998, under the pseudonym David Morales presents The Face, he released his biggest hit to date, Morales record became an overnight classic and introduced Morales into mainstream airplay. In November 2004, after an interval of 11 years, Morales released his album,2 Worlds Collide. The album is reminiscent of earlier house music mixed with current, the release contained another big hit for Morales titled How Would U Feel, which featured vocals from Lea-Lorien. How Would U Feel would go on to feature in the video game Grand Theft Auto IVs expansions, Episodes from Liberty City, since 1986, Morales has also carved out a career as arguably one of the most in-demand remixers of the post-house era. He is particularly known for his remix work with Mariah Carey. His first reworking of a Carey record was Dreamlover. S, Morales was awarded the 1998 Grammy Award for Remixer of the Year, Non-Classical. Morales is considered by many to be one of the first so-called superstar DJs and his remix and production work helped him expand his DJ career, allowing him to perform at major clubs around the globe including the Ministry of Sound in London. He also became one of Ibizas most renowned DJs, appearing at such as Pacha. In addition to his sets, Morales also contributed to a large number of radio mix shows throughout the 1990s. He also produced various DJ mixes for radio stations around the world, besides his music career, Morales was once an owner of Stereo nightclub located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Serving also as the clubs resident DJ, he was known for his sets including his 16-hour La Vie en Stereo sets. Stereo nightclub closed in July 2008 after a fire but reopened with different owners in September 2009, David Morales returned to Stereo as a DJ in January 2011. In April 2006, he opened a nightclub called Sonic in Toronto, however due to unknown reasons. In addition to his career, he has served as a model for Italian clothing design house Iceberg
David Morales
–
David Morales in
Ambasada Gavioli,
Izola,
Slovenia in the year 2001
26.
Lisa Stansfield
–
Lisa Stansfield is an English singer, songwriter and actress. Her career began in 1980 when she won the singing competition Search for a Star, after appearances in various television shows and releasing her first singles, Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris formed Blue Zone in 1984. The band released singles and one album, but after the success of People Hold On in 1989, on which Stansfield was featured. Stansfields first solo album, Affection, and its worldwide chart-topping lead single and she was nominated for two Grammy Awards and Affection is currently her best-selling album. In the following years, Stansfield released Real Love, So Natural, in 1999, she appeared in her first film, Swing, and also recorded the soundtrack for it. Her next albums included Face Up, Biography, The Greatest Hits, after that, Stansfield took a break from music and focused on her film career. In 2008, she starred in The Edge of Love and in 2014 she appeared in Northern Soul, Stansfield released her most recent album, Seven, on 31 January 2014. Its lead single, Cant Dance, was released on 16 October 2013. She promoted the new album with the European Seven Tour in 2013 and 2014, Stansfield has won numerous awards, including Brit Awards, Ivor Novello Awards, Billboard Music Award, World Music Award, ASCAP Award, Womens World Award, Silver Clef Awards and DMC Awards. She has sold over twenty million albums worldwide, including five million of Affection, in December 2016, Billboard magazine ranked her as the 46th most successful dance artist of all-time. Stansfield was born on 11 April 1966 in Manchester, Lancashire and her parents are Marion and Keith Stansfield and she has two sisters, Karen and Suzanne. Her family moved to Heywood in 1976, then to Rochdale in 1977, Stansfield grew up listening to soul music and admitted that her mothers playing of Diana Ross and the Supremes was her first musical influence, with her idols being Barry White and Marvin Gaye. In 1980, Stansfield won the Search for a Star singing competition at the Talk of the Town nightclub, in 1982, she appeared on the television show Bring Me the Head of Light Entertainment on ITV Granada. At the same time, Stansfield signed her contract with Polydor Records. In 1983, Johnnie Hamp produced for ITV Granada a documentary directed by Pete Walker, Born in the Sixties and it was a monograph of the aspiring singer and it included her comments and those of her mother and sisters and some songs sung by Stansfield. Also in 1983, she co-hosted the childrens television music programme Razzamatazz, between 1982 and 1983, Stansfield released her next three singles, The Only Way, Listen to Your Heart and I Got a Feeling. Her early recordings were released on the album In Session in September 1996, in 1984, Stansfield and former school mates Ian Devaney and Andy Morris formed the band Blue Zone. They wrote some songs, produced a demo, and took it around to record labels, a small indie label, Rockin Horse Records signed them in 1985 and one year later it was bought up by Arista Records
Lisa Stansfield
–
Lisa Stansfield
27.
Change (Lisa Stansfield song)
–
Change is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1991 album, Real Love. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, the song received favorable reviews from music critics. It was released as the single on 7 October 1991. Change was remixed by Frankie Knuckles and Driza Bone, two music videos for the song were released, the European version directed by Steve Lowe and the US version directed by Stefan Würnitzer. Change became a hit reaching top ten in several European countries, in 2003, Change was included on Biography, The Greatest Hits. In 2014, the remixes of Change were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Real Love and on People Hold On
Change (Lisa Stansfield song)
–
"Change"
28.
Where Love Lives
–
Where Love Lives is a 1990 song by the British singer Alison Limerick. It was her first solo-debut and a club hit in the early 1990s in both the United Kingdom and United States. The track is famous for the piano intro and remains Limericks most successful release. It is widely regarded as one of the biggest club anthems, Alison Limerick began her music career in the musical Labelled with Love and as a backing vocalist in the mid-80s after attending the London Contemporary School of Dance. Her first major gig was backing vocals on Style Councils Shout to the Top. in 1984 and she appeared in musicals including Andrew Lloyd Webber’s Starlight Express and Simon Callow’s The Pajama Game. And in 1989 she made an appearance as an African sorceress in Bob Rafelsons film Mountains of the Moon. Swedish producer and songwriter Lati Kronlund picked Alison Limerick to record Where Love Lives and she performed Billie Holiday’s 1941 classic God Bless The Child and Kronlund was in the audience. He told her that Where Love Lives was her song to sing because it required someone with a big two-octave range, the track is written/produced by Lati Kronlund and mixed by David Morales and Frankie Knuckles. The 1990 single was named just as Where Love Lives, and it is the first single from her debut album And Still I Rise, which was released in March 1992. That year Limerick also won the Best Female Artist Award at 1992’s DMC Awards, in 1996 Arista released the Alison Limerick Club Classics, a remix album. From this release Where Love Lives again topped the charts with Make It On My Own following. For the first time Where Love Lives was released in America, in 2003, Where Love Lives appeared on the charts yet again thanks to new remixes, reaching #16 on the Billboard dance charts and #44 on the UK pop chart. When asked about Where Love Lives in an 2015 interview, Limerick said, There was one point a few years ago where I was upset about it, but ‘Where Love Lives’ turned me into a focused artist after years spent as a jobbing singer, dancer and actress. And when I see people reacting to it that’s always genuinely amazing, more so now, when those people are not just of the older club generations but the new ones too…the twenty-somethings. When you’re live they are new ways to sing a classic song like that. A music video was made for Where Love Lives, directed by James Hyman, the 1996 video version used the same video as the original, but was edited in a different way to accompany the remix. It features Limerick sometimes dressed in a suit with a purple caps. Other times she wears a metal dress
Where Love Lives
–
One of UK 7" vinyl singles
29.
Manhattan
–
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
Manhattan
–
View from
Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward
Lower Manhattan
Manhattan
–
Peter Minuit, early 1600s.
Manhattan
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The
Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of
New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
Manhattan
–
J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of
George Washington in front of
Federal Hall (on
Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first
U.S. President in 1789.
30.
Michael Jackson
–
Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and philanthropist. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, the eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. He began his career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music, the popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jacksons 1987 album Bad spawned the U. S and he continued to innovate with videos such as Black or White and Scream throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and his distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres. Thriller is the album of all time, with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide. Jacksons other albums, including Off the Wall, Bad, Dangerous and he is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records. Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music. He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when Love Never Felt So Good reached number nine on May 21,2014. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, aspects of Jacksons personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of child sexual abuse allegations. While preparing for his concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25,2009. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Jacksons death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world. Forbes ranks Jackson as the dead celebrity with earnings of $825 million in 2016. Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29,1958 and his mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovahs Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, michaels father, Joseph Walter Joe Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U. S. Steel
Michael Jackson
–
Jackson performing in 1988, during the Bad World Tour
Michael Jackson
–
Jackson's childhood home in
Gary, Indiana, showing floral tributes after his death.
Michael Jackson
–
Jackson (center) as a member of the Jackson 5 in 1972.
Michael Jackson
–
Jackson wearing his famous
jacket during the Thriller era.
31.
Luther Vandross
–
Luther Ronzoni Vandross, Jr. was an American singer, songwriter and record producer. He later became the singer of the group Change, which released its certified gold debut album, The Glow of Love. After Vandross left the group, he was signed to Epic Records as a solo artist and released his solo album, Never Too Much. His hit songs include Never Too Much, Here and Now, Any Love, Power of Love/Love Power, I Can Make It Better and For You to Love. Many of his songs were covers of music by other artists such as If This World Were Mine, Since I Lost My Baby, Superstar and Always. Duets such as The Closer I Get to You with Beyoncé, Endless Love with Mariah Carey, during his career, Vandross sold over 35 million records worldwide, and received eight Grammy Awards including Best Male R&B Vocal Performance four different times. He won a total of four Grammy Awards in 2004 including the Grammy Award for Song of the Year for a song recorded not long before his death, Luther Ronzoni Vandross, Jr. was born on April 20,1951 at Bellevue Hospital in Manhattan, New York City. He was the child and second son of Mary Ida Vandross and Luther Vandross. His father was an upholsterer and singer, and his mother was a nurse, Vandross was raised on Manhattans Lower East Side in the NYCHA Alfred E. Smith Houses public housing development. At the age of three, having his own phonograph, he himself to play the piano by ear. Vandrosss father died of diabetes when Vandross was eight years old and his family moved to the Bronx when he was nine. His sisters, Patricia Pat and Ann began taking Vandross to the Apollo Theater and to a theater in Brooklyn to see Dionne Warwick, Patricia sang with the vocal group The Crests, and was featured on the songs 16 Candles and Sweetest One. In high school, Vandross performed in a group, Shades of Jade, during his early years in show business he appeared several times at the Apollos infamous amateur night and was booed by the audience. While a member of a workshop, Listen My Brother, he was invoiced in the singles Only Love Can Make a Better World. He appeared in the first series of Sesame Street during 1969, Vandross graduated from William Howard Taft High School in 1969, and attended Western Michigan University for a year before dropping out to continue pursuing a career in music. He added backing vocals to Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway in 1972, Vandross founded the first Patti LaBelle fan club, of which he was president. Vandross sang on Delores Halls Hall-Mark album and he sang with her on the song Whos Gonna Make It Easier for Me, which he wrote, and he contributed another song, In This Lonely Hour. Having co-written Fascination for David Bowies Young Americans, he went on to tour with him as a back-up vocalist in September 1974, Vandross wrote Everybody Rejoice for the 1975 Broadway musical The Wiz
Luther Vandross
–
Vandross performing with
Diana Ross in New York, July 2000
32.
Diana Ross
–
Diane Ernestine Earle Ross, known professionally as Diana Ross, is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and record producer. As part of the Supremes, her success made it possible for future African-American R&B, Dianas high-pitched and bright lyric-soprano voice has been enjoyed and still is by fans around the world. The group released a record-setting twelve number-one hit singles on the US Billboard Hot 100, including the hits Where Did Our Love Go, Baby Love, Come See About Me, Stop. In the Name of Love, You Cant Hurry Love, You Keep Me Hangin On, Love Child and she later released the album Touch Me in the Morning in 1973, its title track reached number 1, as her second solo hit. That same year, her album Lady Sings The Blues, which was the soundtrack of her film based on the life of jazz singer Billie Holiday. By 1975, the Mahogany soundtrack included her third number-one hit and her eponymous 1976 album included her fourth number-one hit, Love Hangover. In 1979, Ross released the album The Boss and her 1980 semi-eponymous album Diana reached number 2 on the US Billboard albums chart, and spawned the number-one hit Upside Down, and the international hit Im Coming Out. After leaving Motown, Ross achieved her sixth and final US number-one hit, Ross has also ventured into acting, with a Golden Globe Award and Academy Award-nominated performance for her performance in the film Lady Sings the Blues. She also starred in two films, Mahogany and The Wiz, later acting in the television films Out of Darkness, for which she also was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. Ross was named the Female Entertainer of the Century by Billboard magazine, Ross has sold more than 100 million records worldwide, when her releases with the Supremes and as a solo artist are tallied. In 1988, Ross was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as member of the Supremes, alongside Mary Wilson and she was the recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2007, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016. She is a 12-time Grammy nominee, never earning a competitive honor, in December 2016, Billboard magazine named her the 50th most successful dance artist of all time. Diane Ross was born at Hutzel Womens Hospital in Detroit on March 26,1944 and she was the second eldest child of Ernestine, a schoolteacher, and Fred Ross, Sr. a former Army soldier. Much has been made of whether her first name ends in an a or an e, according to Ross, her mother actually named her Diane but a clerical error resulted in her name being recorded as Diana on her birth certificate. She was listed as Diane during the first Supremes records, she introduced herself as Diane until early in the groups heyday and her friends and family still call her Diane. Rosss grandfather John E. Ross, a native of Gloucester County, Virginia, was born to Washington Ross, Virginia Baytops mother Francis Frankey Baytop was a former slave who had become a midwife after the Civil War. Ross and her family lived at Belmont Road in the North End section of Detroit, near Highland Park, MI. When Ross was seven, her mother contracted tuberculosis, causing her to seriously ill
Diana Ross
–
Diana Ross performing at the 2008
Nobel Peace Prize concert in
Oslo
Diana Ross
–
The Frederick Douglass housing project in Detroit, where Diana spent her teenage years.
Diana Ross
–
Diana Ross (far right) performing with
the Supremes as lead singer
Diana Ross
–
Ross's debut solo album,
Diana Ross, on Motown Records released in 1970.
33.
Eternal (band)
–
Eternal is an English R&B girl group formed in 1992 with the line-up consisting of sisters Easther and Vernie Bennett, Kéllé Bryan and Louise Nurding. The group became a success, selling around 10 million records worldwide. Nurding left for a solo career in 1995. Bryan was sacked in 1998 by the two members, who gave a breakdown in professional relations as the reason. The remaining duo split in 2000 and they were considered the UKs answer to the American girl group En Vogue. Eternals 1993 debut album Always & Forever peaked at two on the UK Album Chart and went four-times platinum in the UK. In 1997, they reached number one on the UK Singles Chart with I Wanna Be the Only One and they also received seven Brit Award nominations. In total they achieved 15 UK Top 20 hits between 1993 and 1999, with their other Top 10 hits including Stay, Oh Baby I, Power of a Woman, Someday, Secrets and Dont You Love Me. The group reformed as a trio without Louise Redknapp in 2013 for the series of the ITV2 reality show The Big Reunion. Eternal were formed in 1992 by music manager Denis Ingoldsby of First Avenue Records, Eternal were quickly signed to EMI Records and released their debut single, Stay, in September 1993. The song was a success and it reached number four in the UK Singles Chart, the Bennett sisters were scouted in a nightclub in London and eventually found Louise Nurding. The trio began working together and recording until Louise introduced her longtime friend Kéllé Bryan to the management in which Bryan auditioned and joined the group, Eternal released their debut album, Always & Forever in November 1993, and it reached number two. The album sold over 1 million copies in the United Kingdom, and confirmed as 4x Platinum, making it one of 1994s biggest selling albums and they were named Best Group at the Smash Hits Poll Winners Party, and were nominated for four Brit Awards. Nurding decided to leave the group before the recording of Eternals second album, following the departure of Louise Nurding, the group decided not to replace her and carried on as a trio. Power of a Woman was the first album as a trio, another great success for the group, it produced four hit singles, including Power of a Woman, I Am Blessed, and a remixed version of Good Thing, continuing Eternals string of Top 20 Hits. It was taken from their third album Before the Rain, which also included Dont You Love Me, Eternals Greatest Hits package was released in the later part of 1997, and became the highest selling Greatest Hits package of the year. In 2013, Eternals Greatest Hits album was confirmed as being the biggest selling Best Of by a girl group and it featured their last Top 10 single Angel of Mine, which reached number four. Angel of Mine becomes an E. P which featured four different mixes including a remix by veteran party producer Frankie Cutlass on a track title Dreams Feat, Grand Puba and Sadat X
Eternal (band)
–
The original line-up including
Louise Redknapp and
Kéllé Bryan
34.
Toni Braxton
–
Toni Michelle Braxton is an American singer–songwriter, pianist, record producer, actress, television personality, and philanthropist. Her self-titled debut studio album was released in 1993 and it sold over 10 million copies worldwide, spawning such hits as Another Sad Love Song and Breathe Again and earning Braxton three Grammy Awards, including Best New Artist. Released in 1996, her album, Secrets, continued her acclaim and mega success. Braxton won two Grammy Awards for Secrets, in 2000, her third album, The Heat, was released. It sold over 4 million copies and included the hit single He Wasnt Man Enough and she then released three more studio albums – More Than a Woman, Libra and Pulse, experiencing personal and label conflicts in between these releases. In 2014, Braxton and long-time collaborator Babyface released an album entitled Love, Marriage & Divorce. Throughout her career, Braxton has sold over 67 million records, including 41 million albums and she has won seven Grammy Awards, nine Billboard Music Awards, seven American Music Awards and several other awards. Braxton is also an Executive Producer of the show, starring her younger sister. On September 18,2011, Braxton was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame, Toni Michelle Braxton was born in Severn, Maryland. Braxtons maternal grandfather was also a pastor, Braxton is the eldest of six siblings. She has a younger brother Michael, Jr. and four younger sisters Traci, Towanda, Trina and they were raised in a strict religious household, and Braxtons first performing experience was singing in her church choir. On her appearance May 24,2014 broadcast of NPRs Wait Wait, dont Tell Me. she stated that she was not singing to herself at the gas station. Pettaway, working as an attendant at the Annapolis service station where she was refueling, recognized her from local performances and introduced himself, though skeptical, Braxton decided to, in her words, take a chance and accepted. Braxton and her four sisters began performing as The Braxtons in the late 1980s and were signed to Arista Records in 1989 and their first single, Good Life, was released in 1990. Though the song was not successful, it attracted the attention of Antonio L. A. Reid and Kenneth Babyface Edmonds. Reid and Babyface recruited her to record a demo of Love Shoulda Brought You Home, Baker, who was pregnant at the time, did not record the song but suggested, that Braxton record it. Her recording was included on the soundtrack along with Give U My Heart. Braxton, meanwhile, was signed to Reid and Edmonds Arista-distributed imprint, LaFace Records, on July 13,1993, LaFace Records released Braxtons self-titled debut album, Toni Braxton
Toni Braxton
–
Braxton at the 2009 VH1 Divas Red Carpet
Toni Braxton
–
Braxton press photo, 2015
Toni Braxton
–
Soul Beach Music Festival press conference, Toni Braxton with
Gee Money, May 2010
Toni Braxton
–
Braxton performing in
Romania during New Year's Eve 2011.
35.
Videogame
–
A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
Videogame
–
Two girls playing a driving-themed video arcade game in 2007.
Videogame
–
Tennis for Two, an early
analog computer game that used an
oscilloscope for a display
Videogame
–
Nolan Bushnell at the
Game Developers Conference in 2011
36.
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
–
Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas is an open world action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released on 26 October 2004 for the PlayStation 2, a high definition remaster received a physical release on both the Xbox 360 and the PlayStation 3 on 30 June 2015 and 1 December 2015, respectively. It is the title in the Grand Theft Auto series. It was released on the day as the handheld game Grand Theft Auto Advance. Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas is played from a perspective in an open world environment. The game is set within the fictional U. S. state of San Andreas, the state of San Andreas consists of three metropolitan cities, Los Santos, based on Los Angeles, San Fierro, based on San Francisco, and Las Venturas, based on Las Vegas. The single-player story follows Carl CJ Johnson, who returns home to Los Santos from Liberty City after his mothers murder. It became the video game of 2004, and has sold over 27.5 million copies worldwide as of 2011. The game, like its predecessors, is cited as a landmark in video games for its influence within the industry. However, the violence and sexual content of San Andreas has been the source of public concern. In particular, a software patch, dubbed the Hot Coffee mod. The next main entry in the series, Grand Theft Auto IV, was released on 29 April 2008, San Andreas has been ported to various other platforms and services, such as OS X, Xbox Live, PlayStation Network and mobile devices. San Andreas is structured similarly to the two games in the series. The core gameplay consists of elements of a shooter and a driving game, affording the player a large. On foot, the character is capable of walking, running, sprinting, swimming, climbing and jumping as well as using weapons. Players can drive a variety of vehicles, including automobiles, buses, semis, boats, fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, trains, tanks, players may also import vehicles in addition to stealing them. The open, non-linear environment allows players to explore and choose how they wish to play the game, although storyline missions are necessary to progress through the game and unlock certain cities and content, they are not required as players can complete them at their own leisure. When not taking on a mission, players can free-roam and look around the cities of San Andreas, eat in restaurants, or cause havoc by attacking people
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
–
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
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The player driving a car towards the Grove Street
cul-de-sac in Los Santos at dusk.
37.
Radio station
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A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. Generally, it is a receiver or transmitter, an antenna, Radio stations play a vital role in communication technology as they are heavily relied on to transfer data and information across the world. More broadly, the definition of a radio station includes the aforementioned equipment, such a station may include several radio stations defined above. This definition of a station is more often referred to as a transmitter site. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily», transmitter - Takes the electrical output of a microphone and then modulates a higher-frequency carrier signal and transmits it as radio waves. Receiver - The broadcast message is received by the receiver and decodes the radio sine waves, antenna - An antenna is required for transmission, it is also required to receive radio waves. The main use of an antenna is to radio signals. Aerial feeder - system of feeding HF-Energy in the antenna Transmission lines - Transmission lines are used to transfer the radio signals from one location to another. For example, a line was used in Luftwaffe, Germany during WW II to send information from camps back to their base. Connectors Interface panel remote control – This is used to various different types of the equipment used in a radio station. To input broadcast data into a transmitter an interface panel will need to be used, cable – A cable can be used to connect the various devices. Equipment Rack – To hold all equipment in a secure and logical manner, power protection equipment – For holding equipments in a stable, secure and logical manner. UPS – For uninterrupted power supply and these are the most used/important devices and items for most radio stations. A microphone is used to capture the input of sound created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are turned into electrical energy, this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the current move back and forth up the antenna. The waves travel at the speed of light, taking the program with them. A compound of both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver, they are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing, when no circuitry is common between the transmit and receive functions, the device becomes a transmitter-receiver
Radio station
38.
SF-UR
–
Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas is an open-world, action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. The songs featured on the stations originated in the early 1990s. Critical reception to the soundtracks was positive, as reviewers felt that the tracks connected appropriately with the gameplay. Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas Official Soundtrack features selected tracks from the radio stations. It was released as an album on November 23,2004. The first two featured the songs, while the third disc is a DVD featuring The Introduction. Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas Official Soundtrack Box Set comprises highlights from the radio stations. The soundtrack was released on December 7,2004, across eight discs, Official San Andreas website Official San Andreas radio station player
SF-UR
–
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Official Soundtrack
39.
Defected Records
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Defected Records is a British independent record label specialising in house music recordings, events, artist booking and management. 5 in the UK singles chart and this early success was followed up with Roger Sanchezs Another Chance, which hit No.1 in the UK singles chart in 2001. To date, Defected has released more than 300 singles from artists such as Bob Sinclar, Kings of Tomorrow, MURK, Inner City, Dennis Ferrer, Marc Kinchen, Copyright and Yousef. In addition to the 2001 No.1 one from Sanchez, Kings of Tomorrows Finally was voted the 31st best track of 2000–2010 by leading electronic dance music portal Resident Advisor, and is still a regular feature of DJ sets to this day. Bob Sinclars 2005 track Love Generation reached No. The Irish Duo Fish go deep also had success with their hit Cure, more recently, Defected have found success with underground hits like Dennis Ferrers Hey Hey. In addition, they have released a number of hits from both seminal recordings artists and up and coming DJs and producers, including Inner City Future. Jai Amame, Flashmob Need In Me, Pirupa Party Non Stop Candi Staton Hallelujah Anyway, Noir & Haze Around, FCL It’s You, Kings of Tomorrow feat. April Fall For You, Rachel Row Follow The Step and Storm Queen Look Right Through, as Defected Records approached its 15-year anniversary, the new 2013 brand identity marks a significant turning point for the label. Also in 2013, Defected launched their breakout label DFTD, DFTD has a more diverse musical remit than the main Defected label, and releases a broad range of electronic music, focusing on quality, discerning dance music. The first release Hope EP by Guti, was received very favourably, Defected In The House events bring some of the worlds biggest DJs to clubbers around the globe, with regular events at Londons Ministry of Sound, Singapores Zouk and Jakartas Dragon Fly. Defected In The House also held a residency at Pacha in Ibiza throughout the season for 8 years. In 2013, Defected left Pacha and took up residency at the Cipriani-owned Booom. at which it has been the most successful night over the summer season. In Indonesia, Defected In The House is aired as the music program on Hard Rock FM radio networks in Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya and Bali
Defected Records
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Defected Records Logo
40.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
Barack Obama
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Barack Obama
Barack Obama
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Obama with his half-sister
Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother
Ann Dunham and grandfather
Stanley Dunham, in
Honolulu, Hawaii
Barack Obama
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Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after
ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998
Barack Obama
–
Obama in his official portrait as a member of the United States Senate
41.
Documentary film
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A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
Documentary film
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This
16 mm spring-wound
Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in
film schools.
Documentary film
–
Frame from one of
Marinescu's science films (1899).
Documentary film
–
Nanook of the North poster.
Documentary film
–
In this shot from
Man with the Movie Camera,
Mikhail Kaufman acts as a cameraman risking his life in search of the best shot
42.
Sony Music
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Sony Music Entertainment is an American music company owned by Sony. It is incorporated as a partnership of Sony Music Holdings Inc. through Sony Entertainment. The company was first founded in 1929 as American Record Corporation and renamed Columbia Recording Corporation in 1938, in 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. Sony Corporation bought the company in 1987 and renamed it Sony Music Entertainment in 1991, the buyout led to the dissolution of BMG, which relaunched as BMG Rights Management. Sony Music Entertainment is one of the Big Three record companies, being the second largest after Universal Music Group, in 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several record companies. In 1934, in the midst of Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company, ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System, which, in turn, had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company, but then sold off. ARC was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company. The renamed company made Columbia its flagship label and Okeh its subsidiary label and this allowed ARCs leased labels Brunswick Records and Vocalion Records to revert to their former owner Warner Bros. which sold them to Decca Records. Columbia kept the Brunswick catalogue recorded from December 1931 onward on the Columbia label and he was succeeded by James Conkling as head of Columbia Records. In 1951, Columbia severed its ties with the EMI-owned record label of the same name, Okeh Records continued to be distributed by EMI on the Columbia label. Columbia founded Epic Records in 1953 and in 1956, Conkling left Columbia and he would help establish the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences before eventually becoming the first president of the newly launched Warner Bros. His successor, Goddard Lieberson began the first of two stints as head of the record company, and in 1958, Columbia founded another label, Date Records, which initially issued rockabilly music. In 1960, Columbia/CBS began negotiations with its international distributor Philips Records with the goal of starting its own global record company. Philips acquisition of US-based Mercury Records in 1961 paved the way for this, elsewhere, CBSs Mexican record company, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS by 1963. In 1964, Columbia set out acquiring record companies in countries for its CBS Records International Unit. EMI continued to distribute Epic and Okeh label material on the Columbia label in the UK until the deal with EMI expired in 1968 when CBS took over distribution. In late 1965, the Date subsidiary label was revived and this label released the first string of hits for Peaches & Herb and scored a few minor hits from various other artists. Dates biggest success was Time of the Season by the Zombies, the label was discontinued in 1970
Sony Music
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550 Madison Avenue in
New York City, the headquarters of Sony Music
Sony Music
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Sony Music Entertainment
Sony Music
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Primary businesses
43.
Trax Records
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Trax Records is a house-music record label based in Chicago. It played a part in the development of house music with records such as Jamie Principle & Frankie Knuckless Your Love. Larry Sherman began operations in 1983 by purchasing Musical Products, then Larry and Jesse Saunders, the label design and initial artist signings were done by Vince Lawrence. The first release was Wanna Dance/Certainly by Le Noiz (a pseudonym of Jesse Saunders, Trax Records may be best known for inventing the squelchy acid-house sound on tracks like Dream Girl and Acid Tracks. This latter tune gave a massive boost to house music, extending recognition of the genre outside of Chicago, ms. Cain still owns all her interests in Trax Records along with 100% of the legendary Trax trademark. Trax Records is not affiliated with the Chicago house record label Dust Traxx Records founded by Radoslaw Hawryszczuk in 1997, Records, the Chicago record store and industrial-music label that moved from Denver in the late 1970s that was acquired by TVT Records in the 1990s. Lee I Cant Forget TX138 -- Mystery Mystery Girl TX139 -- Eric Bell Your Love TX140 -- Mr. Lee - Acid Fantaslee TX172 -- Farley Keith As Always TX173 -- K. G. B. Respect Rap TX174 -- Kool Rock Steady Power Move TX175 -- Virgo Four Virgo Vol. 4/Do You Know Who You Are TX176 -- M. E, ride TX177 -- Grand and Dezz Youre Too Good TX178 -- Scamara Kisses Never Lie TX179 -- J. R. E. TX308 -- Amber A Matter of Time TX310 -- K. Kool Hot Swing/Hot Summer Swing TX311 -- The Fusion EP TX312 --. 1 TX468 -- David Chong Auto Ed TX476 -- Mr. Lopez TX5018 -- Lost Trax - Previously unreleased tracks by Mr. Fingers TX5019 -- K. TX5035 -- Steve Stoll FM TX5036 --, tX5041 -- Acid Trax IV TX5042 --. TX5044 --. com Web site of the now-revived label Top 5, Trax Records Releases
Trax Records
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Trax Records' current logo, redesigned by Jorge Cruz.
44.
Ministry of Sound
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Ministry of Sound Group is a multimedia entertainment business based in London with a nightclub, worldwide events operation, music publishing business and fitness studio. James Palumbo is the co-founder and former Chairman and CEO of the Group, in 2008, he handed over the day-to-day running of the business to Lohan Presencer. 2016 saw Presencer become Chairman, handing over running of the group to former Clear Channel Executive. Ministry of Sound began as the idea of Justin Berkmann, inspired by New York’s Paradise Garage, Berkmann set out to create London’s first club devoted to the American house music scenes of 1980s New York City, Chicago and Detroit. As opposed to striking a balance between the typical hallmarks of a music venue, Ministry of Sound was conceived as an arena purely dedicated to sound. Berkmann stated, My concept for Ministry was purely this, 100% sound system first, lights second, design third, Berkmann was introduced to James Palumbo, who was working in property finance at the time, by Humphrey Waterhouse to realise the concept. The site, a bus garage, is located in Elephant & Castle in Southwark. The club opened on 21 September 1991 and has remained in this location since, with opening sets from American house DJs Larry Levan, David Morales, Roger Sanchez and Tony Humphries, Ministry of Sound grew as a clubbing venue. It now attracts around 300,000 clubbers per year and has hosted sets from popular DJs including, Adam Beyer, DJ Harvey, Dixon, Marshmello and it has won the IDMA ‘World’s Best Sound System’ award four years in a row - every year they ran the category. As a venue, Ministry of Sound in London operates 3 weekly club nights, fridays feature Lock n Load brand The Gallery which are primarily trance music, whilst Saturdays host a number of club nights which are primarily house music. In 2016, these included Defected, Glitterbox, Rinse FM, Hospitality, on Tuesday the club hosts a student session called Milkshake, established in 2002. Ministry of Sound’s existence has been threatened on a number of occasions by nearby redevelopment in Elephant & Castle, the most notable concerned the redevelopment of Eileen House, a tower block opposite the nightclub’s entrance. From 2009 to 2014, Ministry of Sound fought various campaigns to save the club from the threat of closure. These culminated in a hearing before then Mayor of London Boris Johnson at City Hall in November 2013, on 19 December 2013, a landmark legal deal was agreed between Ministry of Sound and the developer Oakmayne to enable Eileen House to be redeveloped without jeopardizing the club’s future. In 2016 Ministry of Sound partnered with Dolby Laboratories to bring surround sound Dolby Atmos to the nightclub, the Box, Ministry of Sound’s main room, now boasts a 64-speaker, 22-channel sound system, allowing the artists to control where certain sounds are sent across the space. Under its Ministry of Sound and Hed Kandi brands, the business hosts approximately 500 international events annually across the world, in 2017 the brand will feature as part of the stage line-up at festivals including, The Ark, Adria Summer Festival and Ultra Europe. Ministry does Fitness is the name of Ministry of Sound’s new high intensity interval training experience. Previously the club’s back-of-house vault where the alcohol was stored, The Arches studio opened in February 2017, the concept takes a club-style sound system and lighting rig and pairs it with a bespoke, instructor-led workout
Ministry of Sound
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Ministry of Sound lights
Ministry of Sound
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Ministry of Sound
Ministry of Sound
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Bar in Ministry of Sound
45.
Never, Never Gonna Give You Up
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Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up is a song written, produced and recorded by Barry White for his second album, Stone Gon. In June 1973, it was released as the first single in the United States, in Europe, it was issued in early 1974 and peaked at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart. It received favorable reviews from critics who called it excellent and strong. The song was released as the single from Lisa Stansfield in Europe, Australia and Japan on 9 June 1997. An accompanying music video, directed by Rocky Schenck, was also released, the song was remixed by prominent US producers, Frankie Knuckles, Mark Picchiotti, Hani, Steven Nikolas and Brendon Sibley. In February 1998, Knuckles won the Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Never, Never Gonna Give You Up reached number twenty-five on the UK Singles Chart and seventy-four on the Billboard Hot 100. It also peaked at one the Hot Dance Club Songs in October 1997. The song was included on The Remix Album and Biography. In 2014, remixes of Never, Never Gonna Give You Up were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Lisa Stanssfield, additional remixes were featured on People Hold On. The Remix Anthology, including three previously unreleased, Frankies Classic Club Mix, Franktified Off the Hook Dub and After Hours Mix, all was included on The Collection 1989–2003. In late 1997, American alternative rock band Cake recorded the song for An American Werewolf in Paris soundtrack, in 2007, it was also included on Cakes album, B-Sides and Rarities. Smooth jazz bassist Wayman Tisdale covered the song for his album Rebound and it features vocals by country musician Toby Keith. In the 1996 crime-drama film Bullet it is heard when Butch, the song is also heard during a romantic scene between Jim Carrey and Jennifer Aniston in 2003 Bruce Almighty film. On an episode of The Steve Harvey Show, Steve shows up at Reginas doorstep to serenade her with Never Never Gonna Give You Up to get back into her good graces, list of number-one dance singles of 1997
Never, Never Gonna Give You Up
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Side-A label of one of the U.S. vinyl releases
Never, Never Gonna Give You Up
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UK/European studio CD release
46.
Patti Labelle
–
Patricia Louise Holt-Edwards better known under the stage name Patti LaBelle, is an American singer, author, actress, and entrepreneur. LaBelle began her career in the early 1960s as lead singer and front woman of the group, Patti LaBelle. After the group split in 1976, LaBelle began a solo career, starting with her critically acclaimed debut album. Less than two years later, in 1986, LaBelle scored with the album, Winner in You. LaBelle eventually won a 1992 Grammy for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for her 1991 album, Burnin, followed by a second Grammy win for the live album and her 1990s albums, Burnin, Gems and Flame, continued her popularity with young R&B audiences throughout the decade. LaBelles success has extended as an actress with a role in the film, A Soldiers Story. In 1992, LaBelle starred in her own TV sitcom, Out All Night, a decade later, LaBelle hosted her own lifestyle TV show, Living It Up with Patti LaBelle on TV One. In 2015, LaBelle took part in the competition, Dancing with the Stars. In a career that has spanned fifty years, she has more than 50 million records worldwide. LaBelle has been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, the Hollywood Walk of Fame, the Apollo Theater Hall of Fame, in 2005, the World Music Awards recognized her years in the music business by awarding her the Legend Award. Possessing the voice of a soprano, LaBelle was included in Rolling Stone on their list of 100 Greatest Singers, LaBelle is commonly identified as the Godmother of Soul. LaBelle was born Patricia Louise Holte on May 24,1944 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and her father was a railroad worker and her mother was a domestic. Despite enjoying her childhood, LaBelle would later write in her memoirs, Dont Block the Blessings, when Patti was seven, she was sexually molested by a family friend. At twelve, her parents came to an end though Patti remained close to her father. When she was fifteen, she won a talent competition at her high school and this success led to Patti forming her first singing group, the Ordettes, in 1960, with schoolmates Jean Brown, Yvonne Hogen and Johnnie Dawson. The group, with Patti as front woman, became an attraction until two of its members left to marry. In 1962, the Ordettes included three new members, Cindy Birdsong, Sarah Dash and Nona Hendryx, the two girls having sung for another defunct vocal group. That year, they auditioned for record label owner Harold Robinson
Patti Labelle
–
LaBelle in 2008.
Patti Labelle
–
LaBelle (c) with her Labelle band mates
Nona Hendryx and
Sarah Dash in a 1974 promotional photo.
Patti Labelle
–
LaBelle promoting AIDS awareness in the 1980s.
47.
Power of Love/Love Power
–
Power of Love/Love Power is a single by American singer Luther Vandross. It was released on April 9,1991 as the single from his 1991 album of the same name. The hit song spent two weeks at number-one on the US R&B chart, and peaked at four on the US pop chart. The song is a medley of two songs titled Power of Love and Love Power, Love Power had been a minor hit in 1968 for the one-hit wonder R&B group The Sandpebbles. The Sandpebbles version of Love Power had made it number twenty-two on the Billboard Hot 100, donna Summer recorded a version of the song for the 2005 album So Amazing, An All-Star Tribute to Luther Vandross
Power of Love/Love Power
–
"Power of Love/Love Power"
48.
Chaka Khan
–
Chaka Khan is an American recording artist whose career has spanned five decades, beginning in the 1970s as the frontwoman and focal point of the funk band Rufus. Widely known as the Queen of Funk, Khan has won ten Grammys and has sold an estimated 70 million records worldwide, Khan was ranked at number 17 in VH1s original list of the 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll. In 2015, she was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for the second time, Khan was the first R&B artist to have a crossover hit featuring a rapper, with I Feel for You in 1984. In the course of her career, Khan has achieved three gold singles, three gold albums and one platinum album with I Feel for You. With Rufus, she achieved four gold singles, four gold albums, in December 2016, Billboard magazine ranked her as the 65th most successful dance artist of all-time. Chaka Khan was born Yvette Marie Stevens on March 23,1953 into an artistic, bohemian household in Chicago, Illinois. She is the eldest of five born to Charles Stevens and Sandra Coleman. She was raised in the Hyde Park area, an island in the middle of the madness of Chicagos rough South Side housing projects and her sister Yvonne later became a successful musician in her own right under the name Taka Boom. Her only brother, Mark, who formed the funk group Aurra and she has two other sisters, Zaheva Stevens and Tammy McCrary. Chaka Khan was raised as a Catholic and she attributed her love of music to her grandmother, who introduced her to jazz as a child. Khan became a fan of rhythm and blues music as a pre-teen and at eleven formed a group, the Crystalettes. Though many think that she was given the name Chaka while in the Panthers she has made it clear that her name Chaka Adunne Aduffe Hodarhi Karifi was given to her at age 13 by a Yoruba Baba. In 1969, she left the Panthers and dropped out of school, having attended Calumet High School. She began to perform in groups around the Chicago area, first performing with Cash McCalls group Lyfe, which included her then boyfriend Hassan Khan. She was asked to replace Baby Huey of Baby Huey & the Babysitters after Hueys death in 1970, the group disbanded a year later. While performing in bands in 1972, she was spotted by two members of a new group called Rufus and soon won her position in the group. They later signed with ABC Records in 1973, prior to signing with the label, she married on-and-off boyfriend Hassan Khan, changing her stage name to Chaka Khan. In 1973, Rufus released their eponymous debut album and that changed when Wonder himself collaborated with the group on a song he had written for Khan
Chaka Khan
–
Chaka Khan
Chaka Khan
–
Chaka was Khan's first album and it was given Gold Certification by the US.
49.
Swing Out Sister
–
Swing Out Sister are an English pop group best known worldwide for the 1986 song Breakout. Other hits include Surrender, Twilight World, Waiting Game and a remake of the Eugene Record soul composition Am I the Same Girl, although Swing Out Sister are currently a duo, they began as a trio in the UK. The group was formed by Andy Connell and Martin Jackson, they were joined by Corinne Drewery. Both Connell and Jackson had been playing in other bands prior to forming SOS, while Drewery was a fashion designer, 52nd Street’s Diane Charlemagne was influential in the period just prior the band signing to Phonogram Records. This activity triggered interest from a few major labels including Phonogram/Mercury Records, vocalised songs were asked for, so Connell who knew Charlemagne through Factory Records, approached her to sing on the Phonogram demos. These demos helped secure Connell and Jackson’s major label contract and this was the period in which 52nd Street moved from Factory Records to Virgin Records and as a result, Diane Charlemagne’s Swing Out Sister involvement ended. Together with their producer, Paul Staveley ODuffy, they signed with Mercury Records, prior to their first album, they released the single Blue Mood in the UK in November 1985. In late 1986, the single Breakout was released and it reached the number four position on the UK Singles Chart in November 1986, and number six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States in November 1987. Consequently when they released their album, Its Better to Travel. The album registered with listeners for its mix of jazz and electropop, with a blend of horns, synths, drums. The follow-up single to the effervescent Breakout was the brooding Surrender and it rose to number seven on the UK charts in January 1987. The next single was the serious and jazzy Twilight World. This song was the subject of many remixes and was a club favourite worldwide. The final single Fooled By a Smile returned to the upbeat pop orientation characteristic of Breakout, the group were subsequently nominated for two American Grammy Awards in 1988, Best New Artist and Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Group or Duo. Original member Jackson left the group during the making of the second album, Drewery and Connell have been the core group on all subsequent albums. After leaving Swing Out Sister, Jackson later worked for Frank Zappa, Kaleidoscope World was released in May 1989, achieving critical acclaim and UK Top 10 success. Their turn away from contemporary styles towards retro musical sources on this album would establish the musical path that they would continue to follow with their subsequent albums. The duo found inspiration in Easy Listening music, such as Burt Bacharach, as well as songwriter Jimmy Webb, the incorporation of an orchestra in their recordings realised their sound in a richer, fuller way than their previous effort which relied more heavily on synthesisers
Swing Out Sister
–
Corinne Drewery and Andy Connell
50.
Because of Love
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Girls. is the sixteenth album by American singer and musician Elvis Presley, released on RCA Victor Records in mono and stereo, LPM/LSP2426, in November 1962. It is the soundtrack to the 1962 film of the same name starring Presley, Recording sessions took place at Radio Recorders in Hollywood on March 26,27, and 28,1962. It peaked at three on the Top LPs chart. It was certified Gold on August 13,1963 by the Recording Industry Association of America, as soundtrack album sales far outstripped his regular album sales Presley found himself firmly entrenched in songs designed for a light-entertainment formula of beautiful scenery and girls galore. With this discrepancy in sales, the formula of the music became the focus. Sixteen songs were recorded at the sessions in March, of thirteen were used for the soundtrack album. This song and two others, Return to Sender and Because of Love, appear on the 1995 soundtrack compilation Command Performances, The Essential 60s Masters II. The tracks Return to Sender and Where Do You Come From were issued as sides of a single in October 1962, one month before the release of the soundtrack LP. Return to Sender became a hit for Presley, peaking at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. The Presley fan-club label Follow That Dream released a version of the album in 2007, including alternate takes and songs recorded. The outtake Plantation Rock saw a performance by actor Rob Schneider on Late Night with Conan OBrien in 1996. J, fontana – drums Hal Blaine – drums Bernie Mattinson – drums LPM-2621 Girls. Guide part of the The Elvis Presley Record Research Database LSP-2621 Girls, guide part of the The Elvis Presley Record Research Database
Because of Love
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Girls! Girls! Girls!
Because of Love
