1.
Franklin, Virginia
–
Franklin is an independent city in Virginia, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,582, the Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Franklin with Southampton County for statistical purposes. The city of Franklin had its beginnings in the 1830s as a stop along the Blackwater River. During this era, the river was used to transport goods to, in 1862, the Civil War came to Franklin, in what was referred to as the Joint Expedition against Franklin. As several U. S. Navy flag steamships, led by the USS Commodore Perry, tried to pass through Franklin on the Blackwater River, a band of local Confederates opened fire on the ships. As stated by an officer aboard one of the ships, The fighting was the same—Here and there high banks with dense foliage, in all, the battle yielded five naval casualties killed in action and 16 wounded. As the naval vessels retreated, the Confederates tried to block the narrow Blackwater River by felling trees across it. In the end, the Confederate attempts failed, as no soldiers were captured, a total of seven Medals of Honor were awarded to individual seamen for their distinguished service. It was not until 1887 that Franklin began to see significant growth, six brothers from the Camp family, with local roots, took possession of a local sawmill. At the end of period, after a bout with near-bankruptcy, World War I brought the Camp family back to financial success. By 1918, Tiny Franklin had become a booming wartime village, by 1955, the Camp Corporations annual sales reached $28 million, much of which they spread throughout the city of Franklin. The Camp family, with a sense of family and community, gave much back to the city of Franklin through above average wages. On May 29,1956, the residents of Franklin were informed that the Local Camp Manufacturing Corporation had just negotiated a merger with the Union Bag and this merger formed the Union Camp Corporation. The city continued to grow along with Union Camp, and was incorporated as an independent city in 1961, Union Camp thrived in Franklin until 1999 when it was acquired by International Paper. Though Union Camp no longer exists in Franklin, the Camp family name lives on and their legacy is most notable in the community, with Paul D. Camp Community College, the James L Camp Jr. YMCA, the Texie Camp Marks Childrens Center, modern Franklin has two major industrial sectors, agriculture and manufacturing. Franklin is listed as being the 13th-most profitable and 12th-largest farming community in the state, with the high agricultural profile of Franklin and the surrounding areas, it was only with the opening of the Camp Lumber Mill in 1887 that the manufacturing sector began to expand. The Camp Lumber Mill became the Union Camp Corporation, which was bought by International Paper
2.
Virginia
–
Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
3.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Benjamin Franklin
–
Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a polymath and a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman. As a scientist, he was a figure in the American Enlightenment. As an inventor, he is known for the rod, bifocals. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphias fire department and the University of Pennsylvania, Franklin earned the title of The First American for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation, in the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat. To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin the most accomplished American of his age, Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23. He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richards Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, after 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British policies. He pioneered and was first president of The Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and he organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Franklin became a hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France, during the Revolution, he became the first US Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, from 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the 1750s, he argued against slavery from an economic perspective, Franklins father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler, a soap-maker and a candle-maker. Josiah was born at Ecton, Northamptonshire, England on December 23,1657, the son of Thomas Franklin, a blacksmith-farmer, and Jane White. His mother, Abiah Folger, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on August 15,1667, to Peter Folger, a miller and schoolteacher, and his wife, Mary Morrill, Josiah Franklin had seventeen children with his two wives. He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and emigrated with her to Boston in 1683, after her death, Josiah was married to Abiah Folger on July 9,1689 in the Old South Meeting House by Samuel Willard. Benjamin, their child, was Josiah Franklins fifteenth child and tenth
5.
County seat
–
A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
6.
Rocky Mount, Virginia
–
Rocky Mount is a town in and the county seat of Franklin County, Virginia, United States. The town is part of the Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area, and had a population of 4,799 as of the 2010 census and it is located in the Roanoke Region of Virginia. The first English colonists arrived here in 1760, and they named Rocky Mount for a cliff near the town. The area originally consisted of two adjacent villages, Rocky Mount and Mount Pleasant, the first court was held at Rocky Mount in 1786 following the Revolutionary War. The first courthouse, made of logs, was replaced in 1831, by 1836 the town consisted of 30 homes and several businesses. During the Civil War, numerous families from the Tidewater region sought refuge in Rocky Mount. Among these were the immediate past governor, Henry A. Wise, the Confederate General Jubal Anderson Early, born on a farm nearby, practiced law in Rocky Mount before and after the war. In 1873, Rocky Mount absorbed the village of Mount Pleasant, creating the present boundaries of the town. The present Franklin County courthouse was constructed in 1909 at Rocky Mount, Rocky Mount is located at the center of Franklin County at 36°59′59″N 79°53′23″W. U. S. Route 220 passes through the east side of town as a bypass, leading north 23 miles to Roanoke. Virginia State Route 40 passes through the center of Rocky Mount as Pell Avenue and Franklin Street, leading east 32 miles to Gretna and southwest 10 miles to Ferrum. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 6.9 square miles, of which 0.03 square miles. The Pigg River, an tributary of the Roanoke River. The 1, 934-foot summit of Grassy Hill is in the part of town. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Rocky Mount has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,066 people,1,698 households, the population density was 886.5 people per square mile. There were 1,796 housing units at a density of 391.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 74. 50% White,22. 26% African American,0. 27% Native American,1. 11% Asian,0. 10% Pacific Islander,0. 49% from other races, and 1. 28% from two or more races
7.
United States Census Bureau
–
The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
8.
Virginia's 5th congressional district
–
Virginias fifth congressional district is a United States congressional district in the commonwealth of Virginia.03 square miles -193 sq mi, larger than New Jersey and Vermont. The districts first representative in Congress was James Madison, later the 4th President of the United States, the current Congressman is Republican Thomas Garrett, Jr. Virginias congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Rep. Thomas Garretts official House of Representatives website
9.
Time in the United States
–
The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
10.
Eastern Time Zone
–
Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
11.
Coordinated Universal Time
–
Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
12.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
13.
County (United States)
–
In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
14.
Blue Ridge Mountains
–
The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains range. This province consists of northern and southern regions, which divide near the Roanoke River gap. The mountain range is located in the eastern United States, starting at its southernmost portion in Georgia, then ending northward in Pennsylvania. To the west of the Blue Ridge, between it and the bulk of the Appalachians, lies the Great Appalachian Valley, bordered on the west by the Ridge, the Blue Ridge Mountains are noted for having a bluish color when seen from a distance. Trees put the blue in Blue Ridge, from the isoprene released into the atmosphere, thereby contributing to the haze on the mountains. Within the Blue Ridge province are two national parks, the Shenandoah National Park, in the northern section, and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The Blue Ridge also contains the Blue Ridge Parkway, a 469-mile long scenic highway that connects the two parks and is located along the ridge crestlines with the Appalachian Trail, the Blue Ridge extends as far north into Pennsylvania as South Mountain. The Blue Ridge contains the highest mountains in eastern North America south of Baffin Island, about 125 peaks exceed 5,000 feet in elevation. The highest peak in the Blue Ridge is Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet. There are 39 peaks in North Carolina and Tennessee higher than 6,000 feet, by comparison, Southern Sixers is a term used by peak baggers for this group of mountains. The Blue Ridge Parkway runs 469 miles along crests of the Southern Appalachians, in many places along the parkway, there are metamorphic rocks with folded bands of light-and dark-colored minerals, which sometimes look like the folds and swirls in a marble cake. Most of the rocks that form the Blue Ridge Mountains are ancient granitic charnockites, metamorphosed volcanic formations, modern studies have found that the basement geology of the Blue Ridge is made of compositionally unique gneisses and granitoids, including orthopyroxene-bearing charnockites. Analysis of zircon minerals in the completed by John Aleinikoff at the U. S. Geological Survey has provided more detailed emplacement ages. Many of the found in the Blue Ridge and documented by Tollo. The lack of an affinity and zircon ages less than 1,200 Ma suggest that the Blue Ridge is distinct from the Adirondacks, Green Mountains. The petrologic and geochronologic data suggest that the Blue Ridge basement is a composite orogenic crust that was emplaced during several episodes from a magma source. Field relationships further illustrate that rocks emplaced prior to 1, 078-1,064 Ma preserve deformational features and those emplaced post-1,064 Ma generally have a massive texture and missed the main episode of Mesoproterozoic compression. The Blue Ridge Mountains began forming during the Silurian Period over 400 million years ago, approximately 320 Mya, North America and Europe collided, pushing up the Blue Ridge
15.
U.S. state
–
A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
16.
2010 United States Census
–
The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
17.
Roanoke, Virginia
–
Roanoke is an independent city in the southern U. S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 97,032 and it is located in the Roanoke Valley of the Roanoke Region of Virginia. Roanoke is the largest municipality in Southwest Virginia, and is the municipality of the Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is composed of the independent cities of Roanoke and Salem, and Botetourt, Craig, Franklin, bisected by the Roanoke River, Roanoke is the commercial and cultural hub of much of Southwest Virginia and portions of Southern West Virginia. The town first called Big Lick was established in 1852 and chartered in 1874 and it was named for a large outcropping of salt which drew the wildlife to the site near the Roanoke River. In 1882 it became the town of Roanoke, and in 1884 it was chartered as the independent city of Roanoke, the name Roanoke is said to have originated from an Algonquian word for shell money. The name for the river was used by the Algonquian speakers who lived 300 miles away where the river emptied into the sea near Roanoke Island. The native people who lived near where the city was founded did not speak Algonquian and they spoke Siouan languages, Tutelo and Catawban. There were also Cherokee speakers in general area who fought with the Catawba people. The city grew frequently through annexation through the middle of the twentieth century, the last annexation was in 1976. The state legislature has since prohibited cities from annexing land from adjacent counties, during colonial times the site of Roanoke was an important hub of trails and roads. The Roanoke Gap proved a useful route for immigrants to settle the Carolina Piedmont region, at Roanoke Gap, another branch of the Great Wagon Road, the Wilderness Road, continued southwest to Tennessee. In the 1850s, Big Lick became a stop on the Virginia, however, the Financial Panic of 1873 wrecked the AM&Os finances. After several years of operating under receiverships, Mahones role as a railroad builder ended in 1881 when northern financial interests took control, the AM&O was renamed Norfolk and Western Railway. Frederick J. Kimball, an engineer and partner in the Clark firm, headed the new line. For the junction for the Shenandoah Valley and the Norfolk and Western roads, Kimball and his board of directors selected the small Virginia village called Big Lick, on the Roanoke River. Although the grateful citizens offered to rename their town Kimball, at his suggestion, as the N&W brought people and jobs, the Town of Roanoke quickly became an independent city in 1884. In fact, Roanoke became a city so quickly that it earned the nickname Magic City, kimballs interest in geology was instrumental in the development of the Pocahontas coalfields in western Virginia and West Virginia
18.
Roanoke metropolitan area
–
The Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area is a Metropolitan Statistical Area in Virginia as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget. The Roanoke MSA is sometimes referred to as the Roanoke Valley and it is geographically similar to the area known as the Roanoke Region of Virginia, but while the latter includes Alleghany County, the former does not. As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 288,309, figures through 2000 do not include Franklin County and Craig County. The Census Bureau has since added them to the Roanoke MSA, which is the fourth largest in Virginia, and its current rank is 201 among all 363 MSAs. The Roanoke, VA MSA population changed from 288,471 in 2000 to 298,694 in 2008, the population is projected to be 324,882 in 2020, a 12.62 percent change between 2000 and 2020. Note, Since a state change in 1871, all cities in Virginia are independent cities that are not located in any county. The OMB considers these independent cities to be county-equivalents for the purpose of defining MSAs in Virginia, four counties and two independent cities are included in the Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area. The racial makeup of the MSA was 84. 96% White,12. 21% African American,0. 17% Native American,1. 05% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 47% from other races, and 1. 12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 13% of the population, the median income for a household in the MSA was $40,251, and the median income for a family was $47,248. Males had an income of $32,294 versus $23,427 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $20,390, Metropolitan Statistical Areas in Virginia Virginia census statistical areas
19.
Roanoke River
–
The Roanoke River is a river in southern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina in the United States,410 miles long. An important river throughout the history of the United States, it was the site of settlement in the Virginia Colony. An 81-mile section of its course in Virginia between the Leesville Lake and Kerr Lake is known as the Staunton River, pronounced STAN-ten. It is impounded along much of its course to form a chain of reservoirs. The river has its headwaters in the Blue Ridge Mountains in southwestern Virginia at Lafayette in Montgomery County where the North Fork, the North Fork, approximately 30 miles long, rises between two mountain ridges and flows initially southwest, then loops back to the northeast. The river flows generally east-southeast across the Piedmont of southern Virginia and enters northeastern North Carolina, the river is impounded in six locations. The first is the Niagara Dam just south of the City of Roanoke in Roanoke County adjacent to the town of Vinton and it was constructed in 1906 to supply power for the Roanoke Electric Car streetcar system, and is currently owned and operated by Appalachian Power. It is then impounded twice in succession in the Piedmont of southwestern Virginia downstream from Roanoke to form the Smith Mountain Lake, farther downstream in southern along the North Carolina border, the river is impounded by the John H. Kerr Dam to form the expansive Kerr Lake, in northeastern North Carolina, three miles west of Roanoke Rapids, the river is impounded to form the Lake Gaston reservoir, and is impounded a final time to form Roanoke Rapids Lake. The Roanoke River valley was the homeland of various Native Americans, mostly Virginia Siouan, such as the Occaneechi, the name Roanoke is derived from rawrenok, an Algonquian word for wampum. The deadly spring floods earned it the name River of Death, the rivers lower course began to be settled by Virginians about the middle of the 17th century, in what was known as the Albemarle Settlements. The upper reaches of the Roanoke River were explored by fur trading parties sent by Abraham Wood in the late 17th century, but these were not settled by English until the early 18th century. In 1883, the town of Big Lick on the river was selected as a major shops and terminal point for the new Norfolk. Big Lick was renamed Roanoke for the river that bisected it, List of North Carolina rivers List of Virginia rivers South Atlantic-Gulf Water Resource Region Roanoke River Basin Association
20.
Bedford County, Virginia
–
Bedford County is a United States county located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Its county seat is the town of Bedford, which was an independent city from 1968 until rejoining the county in 2013, Bedford County was created in 1753 from parts of Lunenburg County, and several changes in alignment were made until the present borders were established in 1786. The county was named in honor of John Russell, an English statesman, Bedford County is part of the Lynchburg, Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, Bedfords population was 68,676, the county population has nearly doubled since 1980. The Piedmont area had long inhabited by indigenous peoples. At the time of European encounter, mostly Siouan-speaking tribes lived in this area, Bedford County was established by European Americans on December 13,1753 from parts of Lunenburg County. Later in 1756, a portion of Albemarle County lying south of the James River was added, the county is named for John Russell, the fourth Duke of Bedford, who was a Secretary of State of Great Britain. In 1782, Campbell County was formed from eastern Bedford County, also in 1786, the portion of Bedford County south of the Staunton River was taken with part of Henry County to form Franklin County. The town of Bedford became an independent city in 1968, on September 14,2011, the Bedford City Council voted to transition into a town, ending its independent city status. The supervisors of Bedford County also voted to accept the town of Bedford as part of the county when it loses city status, the town of Bedford once more became part of Bedford County on July 1,2013. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 769 square miles. The population density was 80 people per square mile, there were 26,841 housing units at an average density of 36 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 18% White,6. 24% Black or African American,0. 20% Native American,0. 43% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 20% from other races, and 0. 74% from two or more races. 0. 74% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,28. 2% were of American,15. 6% English,11. 0% German and 9. 6% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000. 20. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.89. In the county, the age distribution was,24. 00% under the age of 18,5. 80% from 18 to 24,29. 90% from 25 to 44,27. 50% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 99.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $43,136, and the median income for a family was $49,303
21.
Indigenous peoples
–
Groups are usually described as indigenous when they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early culture that is associated with a given region. Not all indigenous peoples share such characteristics, Indigenous societies are found in every inhabited climate zone and continent of the world. Estimates put the population of indigenous peoples from 220 million to 350 million. The adjective indigenous is derived from the Latin word indigena, which is based on the root gen- to be born with a form of the prefix in in. Any given people, ethnic group or community may be described as indigenous in reference to some particular region or location that they see as their tribal land claim. Other terms used to refer to indigenous populations are aboriginal, native, original, james Anaya, former Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, has defined indigenous peoples as living descendants of pre-invasion inhabitants of lands now dominated by others. They are culturally distinct groups that find themselves engulfed by other settler societies born of forces of empire, throughout history, different states designate the groups within their boundaries that are recognized as indigenous peoples according to international or national legislation by different terms. Their ability to influence and participate in the policies that may exercise jurisdiction over their traditional lands. The presence of external laws, claims and cultural mores either potentially or actually act to constrain the practices and observances of an indigenous society. These constraints can be observed even when the society is regulated largely by its own tradition. They may be imposed, or arise as unintended consequence of trans-cultural interaction. They may have an effect, even where countered by other external influences. This definition has some limitations, because the definition applies mainly to pre-colonial populations, the primary impetus in considering indigenous identity comes from the post-colonial movements and considering the historical impacts on populations by the European imperialism. Greek sources of the Classical period acknowledge the existence of indigenous people. These peoples inhabited lands surrounding the Aegean Sea before the subsequent migrations of the Hellenic ancestors claimed by these authors, the disposition and precise identity of this former group is elusive, and sources such as Homer, Hesiod and Herodotus give varying, partially mythological accounts. However, it is clear that cultures existed whose indigenous characteristics were distinguished by the subsequent Hellenic cultures, greco-Roman society flourished between 250 BC and 480 AD and commanded successive waves of conquests that gripped more than half of the globe. The rapid and extensive spread of the various European powers from the early 15th century onwards had an impact upon many of the indigenous cultures with whom they came into contact. The Canary Islands had an indigenous population called the Guanches whose origin is still the subject of discussion among historians, the United Nations estimates that there are over 370 million indigenous people living in over 70 countries worldwide
22.
Siouan
–
Authors who call the entire family Siouan distinguish the two branches as Western Siouan and Eastern Siouan or as Siouan-proper and Catawban. Others restrict the name Siouan to the branch and use the name Siouan–Catawban for the entire family. Generally, however, the name Siouan is used without distinction, Siouan languages can be grouped into the Western Siouan languages and Catawban languages. The Western Siouan languages can be divided into Missouri River languages, Mandan, Mississippi River languages, the Catawban languages consist only of Catawban and Woccon. There is an amount of comparative work in Siouan–Catawban languages. Wolff is among the first and more works on the subject. Wolff reconstructed the system of proto-Siouan, and this was modified by Matthews, previous analysis posited only a single stop series. Many of the consonant clusters proposed by Wolf can be accounted for due to syncopation of short vowels before stressed syllables, for example, Matthews gives *wróke as the proto-form for male. With added data from a set of Siouan languages since the middle of the twentieth century. Unlike Wolff and Matthews proposals, there are no posited nasal consonants in Proto-Siouan, nasal consonants only arise in daughter languages when followed by a nasal vowel. In addition, there is a set of sounds that represent obstruentized versions of their corresponding sonorants and these sounds have different reflexes in daughter languages, with *w appearing as or in most daughter languages, while *W has a reflex of, or. The actual phonetic value of these obstruents is an issue of some debate, previous work on Proto-Siouan only posited single vowel length. However, phonemic vowel length exists in several Siouan languages such as Hidatsa, Ho-Chunk, Rankin et al. analyze numerous instances of long vowels as present due to common inheritance rather than common innovation. The five oral vowels and three nasal vowels posited by earlier scholars is expanded to include a distinction between short and long vowels, the proposed Proto-Siouan vowel system appears below, The Yuchi isolate may be the closest relative of Sioux–Catawban. In the 19th century, Robert Latham suggested that the Siouan languages are related to the Caddoan and Iroquoian languages, in 1931, Louis Allen presented the first list of systematic correspondences between a set of 25 lexical items in Siouan and Iroquoian. In the 1960s and 1970s, Wallace Chafe further explored the link between Siouan and Caddoan languages, in the 1990s, Marianne Mithun compared the morphology and syntax of all the three families. At present, this Macro-Siouan hypothesis is not considered proved, parks, Douglas R. & Rankin, Robert L. In R. J. DeMallie, Handbook of North American Indians, Plains, rudin, Catherine, Gordon, Bryan James, eds
23.
American Revolutionary War
–
From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
24.
Henry County, Virginia
–
Henry County is a county located in the U. S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 54,151, the county seat is usually identified as Martinsville, however, the administration building and county courthouse are located in Collinsville. Henry County is part of the Martinsville, VA Micropolitan Statistical Area, the county was established in 1777 when it was carved from Pittsylvania County. The new county was initially named Patrick Henry County in honor of Patrick Henry, who was serving as the first Governor of Virginia. Governor Henry also had a 10, 000-acre plantation called Leatherwood plantation in the named county. In 1785 the northern part of Patrick Henry County was combined with part of Bedford County to form Franklin County, in 1790, Patrick Henry County was split again, the western part became Patrick County and the rest remained Henry County. Other notable early settlers included, George Waller, Captain George Hairston and Major John Redd, all of whom were present at the surrender of General Cornwallis at Yorktown, Col. Captain Robert Hairston, a politician in the Colony of Virginia, owned Marrowbone plantation, commanded a militia company. During the War of 1812, the 64th Virginia Militia, under Captain Graves, was formed in 1815 from Henry County, tavner Hailey of Martinsville became an early pioneer in Tennessee and served in the War of 1812. He was 1st Cpl. in Captain Brice Edwards Company, 64th Regiment, during the American Civil War, the 42nd Virginia Infantry was formed in part from Henry County volunteers. Thomas, owned Henrys former Leatherwood plantation and would briefly serve in the U. S. House of Representatives after the war. He was succeeded by George Cabell, a Confederate army veteran born in nearby Danville, in 1902, the Henry County Historical Society was incorporated at Martinsville with its first officers being John W. Carter, J. Harrison Spencer and C. B. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 384 square miles. The county is divided into six districts, Blackberry, Collinsville, Horsepasture, Iriswood, Reed Creek. The population density was 152 people per square mile, there were 25,921 housing units at an average density of 68 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 89. 47% White, 10% Black or African American,0. 16% Native American,0. 41% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 39% from other races, and 0. 92% from two or more races. 3. 46% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,25. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the family size was 2.87
25.
Free people of color
–
The term free people of color, in the context of the history of slavery in the Americas, at first specifically referred to persons of mixed African and European descent who were not enslaved. The term was used in the French colonies, including La Louisiane and settlements on Caribbean islands, such as Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe. Freed African slaves were included in the term affranchis, but historically they were considered as distinct from the people of color. In these territories and major cities, particularly New Orleans, and those held by the Spanish. These colonial societies classified mixed-race people in a variety of ways, generally related to visible features, racial classifications were numerous in Latin America. It included persons of mixed race as well as freed African slaves and they were also important in forming an educated class of people of color in French colonies of the Caribbean islands. When French settlers and traders first arrived in these colonies, the men frequently took Native American women as their concubines or common-law wives, when African slaves were imported to the colony, the colonists took African women as concubines or wives. In the period of French and Spanish rule, men tended to marry later after becoming financially established, the free people of color developed formal arrangements for placées, which the young womens mothers negotiated. Under the system of plaçage, often the mothers negotiated a kind of dowry or property transfer to their daughters, including freedom for them and their children, and education for the children. The French Creole men often paid for education of their natural children from these relationships, especially if they were sons. Over time, free people of developed as a separate class between the colonial French and Spanish and the mass of enslaved black African workers. They often achieved education and some measure of wealth, they spoke French and practiced Catholicism, at one time the center of their residential community in New Orleans was the French Quarter. Many were artisans who owned property and their own businesses and they formed a social category distinct from both whites and slaves, and maintained their own society into the period after United States annexation. Free people of color were also an important part of the history of the Caribbean during the period of slavery, initially descendants of French men and African slaves, and often marrying within their own mixed-race community, some achieved wealth and power. By the late century, most free people of color in Saint-Domingue were native born. Free people of color were leaders in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, in Saint-Domingue, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and other French Caribbean colonies before slavery was abolished, the free people of color were known as gens de couleur libres, and affranchis. Comparable groups became an important part of the populations of British Jamaica, the Spanish Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Claiborne, appointed by Thomas Jefferson as governor of the Territory of Orleans, formally accepted delivery of the French colony on 20 December 1803. Free men of color had been members of the militia for decades during both Spanish and French rule of the colony of Louisiana and they volunteered their services and pledged their loyalty to Claiborne and to their newly adopted country
26.
Prohibition
–
The earliest records of prohibition of alcohol date to the Xia Dynasty in China. Yu the Great, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty and it was legalized again after his death, during the reign of his son Qi. Another record was in the Code of Hammurabi specifically banning the selling of beer for money, in the early twentieth century, much of the impetus for the prohibition movement in the Nordic countries and North America came from moralistic convictions of pietistic Protestants. Rum-running became widespread and organized crime control of the distribution of alcohol. Distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean flourished as their products were consumed by visiting Americans or illegally exported to the United States. Chicago became notorious as a haven for prohibition dodgers during the known as the Roaring Twenties. Prohibition generally came to an end in the late 1920s or early 1930s in most of North America and Europe, in some countries where the dominant religion forbids the use of alcohol, the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited or restricted today. For example, in Saudi Arabia and Libya alcohol is banned, Sale of alcohol is banned in Afghanistan. In Bangladesh, alcohol is prohibited due to its proscription in the Islamic faith. However, the purchase and consumption is allowed in the country, the Garo tribe consume a type of rice beer, and Christians in this country drink and purchase wine for their holy communion. In Brunei, alcohol consumption and sale is banned in public, in India alcohol is a state subject and individual states can legislate prohibition, but currently most states do not have prohibition. Prohibition is in force in the states of Gujarat, Bihar and Nagaland, parts of Manipur, the state of Kerala has placed some limitations on sale of alcohol. All other States and union territories of India permit the sale of alcohol, election days and certain national holidays such as Gandhi Jayanti are meant to be dry days when liquor sale is not permitted. The state of Andhra Pradesh had imposed Prohibition under the Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao, Prohibition was also observed from 1996 to 1998 in Haryana. Some Indian states observe dry days on major religious festivals/occasions depending on the popularity of the festival in that region, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the sale and consumption of alcohol is banned in Iran. Alcohol is banned for people who use small shops and convenience stores, the consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the law. Alcohol is banned for Muslims in Malaysia due to its Islamic faith, the Maldives ban the import of alcohol, x-raying all baggage on arrival. Alcoholic beverages are available only to tourists on resort islands
27.
Moonshine
–
Moonshine, white liquor, white lightning, mountain dew, hooch, homebrew, white whiskey, and corn liquor are terms used to describe high-proof distilled spirits that are usually produced illicitly. Moonshine is typically made with corn mash, as its main ingredient and they are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives of the US Department of Justice, such enforcers of these laws are known by the often derisive nickname of revenooers. The distillation was done at night to avoid discovery, Moonshine was especially important to the Appalachian area. This white whiskey most likely entered the Appalachian region in the late 18th century to early 1800s, scots-Irish immigrants from the province of Ulster in the north of Ireland brought their recipe for their uisce beatha, Gaelic for water of life. The settlers made their whiskey without aging it, and this is the recipe that became traditional in the Appalachian area. As a study of farmers in Cocke County, Tennessee, observes, One horse could haul ten times more value on its back in whiskey than in corn. Moonshiners in Harlan County, Kentucky, like Maggie Bailey, made the whiskey to sell in order to provide for their families, others, like Amos Owens, from Rutherford County, North Carolina and Popcorn Sutton from Maggie Valley, North Carolina sold moonshine to nearby areas. Marvin Popcorn Suttons life was covered in a documentary on the Discovery Channel called Moonshiners, the legendary bootlegger once said that the malt is what makes the basic moonshine recipe work. Poorly produced moonshine can be contaminated, mainly from materials used in the construction of the still, stills employing automotive radiators as condensers are particularly dangerous, in some cases, glycol, products from antifreeze, can appear as well. Radiators used as condensers also may lead at the connections to the plumbing. These methods often resulted in blindness or lead poisoning for those consuming tainted liquor and this was an issue during Prohibition when many died from ingesting unhealthy substances. Moonshine can be both more palatable and less damaging by discarding the foreshot—the first few ounces of alcohol that drip from the condenser. The foreshot contains most of the methanol, if any, from the mash because methanol vaporizes at a lower temperature than ethanol, the foreshot also typically contains small amounts of other undesirable compounds such as acetone and various aldehydes. Alcohol concentrations above about 50% alcohol by volume are flammable and therefore dangerous to handle and this is especially true during the distilling process when vaporized alcohol may accumulate in the air to dangerous concentrations if adequate ventilation has not been provided. A quick estimate of the strength, or proof, of the distillate is often achieved by shaking a clear container of the distillate. Large bubbles with a short duration indicate a higher alcohol content, a common folk test for the quality of moonshine was to pour a small quantity of it into a spoon and set it on fire. The theory was that a safe distillate burns with a blue flame, practitioners of this simple test also held that if a radiator coil had been used as a condenser, then there would be lead in the distillate, which would give a reddish flame. This led to the mnemonic, Lead burns red and makes you dead, although the flame test will show the presence of lead and fusel oils, it will not reveal the presence of methanol, which burns with an invisible flame
28.
Chamber of commerce
–
A chamber of commerce is a form of business network, for example, a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to advocate on behalf of the business community, local businesses are members, and they elect a board of directors or executive council to set policy for the chamber. The board or council then hires a President, CEO or Executive Director, plus staffing appropriate to size, the first chamber of commerce was founded in 1599 in Marseille, France. Another official chamber of commerce would follow 65 years later, probably in Bruges, however, Hull Chamber of Commerce is the UKs oldest, followed by those of Leeds and of Belfast in Northern Ireland. As a non-governmental institution, a chamber of commerce has no role in the writing and passage of laws. It may however, lobby in an attempt to get laws passed that are favorable to businesses, membership in an individual chamber can range from a few dozen to well over 800,000, as is the case with the Paris Île-de-France Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Some chamber organizations in China report even larger membership numbers, Chambers of commerce can range in scope from individual neighborhoods within a city or town up to an international chamber of commerce. In addition, Chambers represent the interests of businesses, while the BBB represents both the interests of businesses and the general public, some Chambers are partially funded by local government, others are non-profit, and some are a combination of the two. Chambers of commerce also can include economic development corporations or groups as well as tourism, some chambers have joined state, national and even international bodies. Currently, there are about 13,000 chambers registered in the official Worldchambers Network registry, and this network is informal, with each local chamber incorporated and operating separately, rather than as a chapter of a national or state chamber. Chambers of commerce in the United States can be considered community, city, regional, state, city Chambers work on the local level to bring the business community together to develop strong local networks, which can result in a business-to-business exchange. In most cases, city Chambers work with their government, such as their mayor, their city council. There are also bilateral chambers of commerce that link the business environments of two countries, community chambers of commerce have started in the UK and later spread to in the US, becoming city chambers of commerce as the communities developed and became larger. Community chambers of commerce are smaller and most have a limits on numbers of members, city chambers of commerce have a long history in the US. The Charleston Chamber of Commerce is one of the oldest, dating back to colonial 1773 and that same year, Bostons Chamber of Commerce organized a seminal tax protest, The Boston Tea Party. In 2005 there were 2,800 chambers of commerce in the United States and 102 chambers representing U. S. businesses overseas. State chambers of commerce are much different from local and regional chambers of commerce, as work on state. State Chambers work with their Governor, state representatives, state senators, US congressional leaders, understanding the National or International need for understanding and information is the key service that these level of chambers of commerce provide
29.
Sherwood Anderson
–
Sherwood Anderson was an American novelist and short story writer, known for subjective and self-revealing works. Self-educated, he rose to become a successful copywriter and business owner in Cleveland and Elyria, in 1912, Anderson had a nervous breakdown that led him to abandon his business and family to become a writer. At the time, he moved to Chicago and was married three more times. His most enduring work is the short-story sequence Winesburg, Ohio, throughout the 1920s, Anderson published several short story collections, novels, memoirs, books of essays, and a book of poetry. Though his books sold well, Dark Laughter, a novel inspired by Andersons time in New Orleans during the 1920s, was the only bestseller of his career. Sherwood Berton Anderson was born on September 13,1876 in Camden, Ohio and he was the third of seven children born to Emma Jane and former Union soldier and harness-maker Irwin McLain Anderson. Considered reasonably well-off financially—Andersons father was seen as an up-and-comer by his Camden contemporaries, reasons for the departure are uncertain, most biographers note rumors of debts incurred by either Irwin or his brother Benjamin. The Andersons headed north to Caledonia by way of a stay in a village of a few hundred called Independence. Four or five years were spent in Caledonia, years which formed Andersons earliest memories and this period later inspired his semi-autobiographical novel Tar, A Midwest Childhood. In Caledonia Andersons father began drinking excessively, which led to financial difficulties, partly as a result of these misfortunes, young Sherwood became adept at finding various odd jobs to help his family, earning the nickname Jobby. Though he was a decent student, Andersons attendance at school declined as he began picking up work, even in his teens, Andersons talent for selling was evident, a talent he would later draw on it in a successful career in advertising. As a newsboy he was said to have convinced a tired farmer in a saloon to buy two copies of the evening paper. With the exception of work, Andersons childhood resembled that of other boys his age, in addition to participating in local events and spending time with his friends, Anderson was a voracious reader. By Andersons 18th year in 1895, his family was on shaky ground and his father had started to disappear for weeks. Two years earlier, in 1893, Karl, Sherwoods elder brother, had left Clyde for Chicago, on May 10,1895, his mother succumbed to tuberculosis. Sherwood, now essentially on his own, boarded at the Harvey & Yetters livery stable where he worked as an experience that would translate into several of his best-known stories. But his mothers death precipitated the young mans leaving Clyde and he settled in Chicago around late 1896 or spring/summer 1897, having worked a few small-town factory jobs along the way. Finding a place to stay in Chicago was not as difficult for Anderson as it was for many others arriving in Chicago around the same time
30.
Lawless (film)
–
Lawless is a 2012 American crime drama film directed by John Hillcoat. The screenplay by Australian singer-screenwriter Nick Cave is based on Matt Bondurants historical novel The Wettest County in the World, the film stars Shia LaBeouf, Tom Hardy, Gary Oldman, Mia Wasikowska, Jessica Chastain, Jason Clarke, and Guy Pearce. The film was in development for three years before being produced. It screened at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival and was released on August 29,2012. In 1931, the Bondurant brothers — Forrest, Howard, the brothers use their gas station and restaurant as a front for their illegal manufacturing business with the assistance of Jacks disabled friend and engineer, Cricket. Jack witnesses infamous mobster Floyd Banner shoot dead a rival in broad daylight, Jack returns to the gas station, where Forrest hires dancer Maggie as a waitress. Shortly afterward, the gas station is visited by newly arrived U. S, marshal Charley Rakes, accompanied by the Virginia states attorney Mason Wardell, the sheriff, and the sheriffs deputy. Rakes demands a cut of profits from all bootleggers within the county, including Forrest, Forrest implores his fellow bootleggers to unite against Rakes, but they refuse. Meanwhile, Jack lusts after Bertha, daughter of the local Brethren preacher and he attends their church service drunk, embarrassing himself but piquing her interest. Jack walks in on a visit from Rakes to Crickets house and that night, Forrest beats and throws out two customers who had been harassing and threatening Maggie. After Maggie resigns and leaves, Forrest is ambushed by the two men, who slit his throat, Maggie returns looking for Forrest but is beaten and raped by the men. She decides to keep the assault from Forrest, while Forrest recovers at a hospital, Jack decides to cross the county line with Cricket to sell their remaining liquor. They too are ambushed by the mobsters, led by Banner, but are spared when Jack reveals he is a Bondurant, Banner reveals to Jack the address of his brothers assailants, who were previous employees of his and currently work for Rakes. Forrest and Howard later find, torture and kill the men, Banner becomes a regular client of the brothers, who have expanded their operation with multiple large stills deep in the woods, increasing its profitability. Maggie decides to return to Chicago, but Forrest convinces her to stay, on a day trip, Jack decides to show Bertha the brothers secret operation, but they are followed and ambushed by Rakes and his men. Howard, Jack, Cricket and Bertha all flee, the police take Bertha home but leave Cricket to Rakes, who murders him. Jack speeds off in Crickets car to confront Rakes, Howard and Forrest quickly follow to provide backup for Jack, to Maggies chagrin. She reveals she had delivered him to hospital after the attack, Jack arrives at the bridge but is wounded by Rakes
31.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
32.
Smith Mountain Lake
–
Smith Mountain Lake is a large reservoir in the Roanoke Region of Virginia, located southeast of the City of Roanoke and southwest of Lynchburg. The lake was created in 1963 by the Smith Mountain Dam impounding the Roanoke River, the majority of the south shore of the lake lies in Franklin County while a small portion, including access to the dam, lies in Pittsylvania County. Bedford County makes up the half of the lake with the Roanoke River as the dividing line. The lake has become a recreation spot and has also experienced significant development in the last decade. It is the largest lake contained entirely within the Commonwealth of Virginia, initial proposals were made in the late 1920s to dam the Roanoke River and the Blackwater River at the Smith Mountain gorge to generate electricity. Construction on the Smith Mountain Dam began in 1960 and was completed in 1963, the lake reached its normal water level in March 1966. The lake covers 20,600 acres and has over 500 miles of shoreline, the north shore of the lake lies entirely in Bedford County. Located along the shore at Wirtz, Virginia is the Gwin Dudley Home Site. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the area around Smith Mountain Lake remained rural and remote with tobacco farms, marinas provided the bulk of public access in the early years of the lake. The limited early residential developments around the lake consisted largely of small trailer parks, however, residential growth has been steady since the mid-1980s and increasingly upscale with large lakefront houses, condominiums, and communities centered on golf courses. The lake has attracted many who commute to Roanoke and Lynchburg and many retirees, by the late 1990s, the number and affluence of the new residents resulted in the construction of new retail and commercial developments near the lake. Recent shoreline development has limited to residential construction. State Route 122 is the primary highway that crosses the lake, though State Route 24, State Route 116. American Electric Power is licensed to operate the Smith Mountain Project by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the initial license term was for fifty years. In 1998, AEP began the process of relicensing, under the requirements of relicensing, AEP was required to perform numerous studies to determine management requirements during the upcoming license term. In December,2009 the U. S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission granted Appalachian Power a new license to operate the hydro-electricity plant, the new 30-year license replaces the original 50-year license and addresses recreational and environmental management. In 1998, the FERC required AEP to devise and implement a management plan. The Shoreline Management Plan limits the development of all property within the project boundary, local zoning regulations have been effectively superseded by the SMP regulations
33.
Lynchburg, Virginia
–
Lynchburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 75,568, the 2016 census estimates an increase to 80,212. Located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River, Lynchburg was the only major city in Virginia that was not captured by the Union before the end of the American Civil War. Lynchburg is the city of the Metropolitan Statistical Area of Lynchburg. It is the fifth largest MSA in Virginia with a population of 260,320, other nearby cities include Roanoke, Charlottesville, and Danville. Monacan people and other Siouan Tutelo-speaking tribes had lived in the area since at least 1270 and they had driven the Virginia Algonquians eastward. Siouans occupied the area until about 1702, when, weakened by illness, beginning in 1718, certain Iroquois ceded control to the Colony of Virginia, as later did others at the Treaty of Albany in 1721 and Treaty of Lancaster in 1744. First settled in 1757, Lynchburg was named for its founder, while about 17 years old, he started a ferry service at a ford across the James River to carry traffic to and from New London, where his parents had settled. The City of Seven Hills quickly developed along the hills surrounding Lynchs Ferry, in 1786, Virginias General Assembly in 1786 recognized Lynchburg, the settlement by Lynchs Ferry on the James River. The James River Company had been incorporated the year in order to improve the river down to Richmond. Shallow-draft James River bateau provided an easy means of transportation through Lynchburg down to Richmond. Lynchburg became a trading, then commercial, and much later an industrial center. Chief Justice John Marshall, who lived in Richmond, reported on the difficulties and construction problems on the canal. The General Assembly recognized the growth by incorporating Lynchburg as a town in 1805. In between, Lynch built Lynchburgs first bridge across the James River, a structure which replaced his ferry in 1812. A toll turnpike to Salem, Virginia was begun in 1817, Lynch died in 1820 and was buried beside his mother in the graveyard of the South River Friends Meetinghouse, although Quakers soon abandoned the town because of their opposition to slaveholding. Presbyterians restored their meetinghouse as a church, and it is now a historic site, to avoid the many visitors at Monticello, Thomas Jefferson in 1806 built a home near Lynchburg, called Poplar Forest. He often visited the town, noting, Nothing would give me greater pleasure than to be useful to the town of Lynchburg, I consider it as the most interesting spot in the state
34.
Martinsville, Virginia
–
Martinsville is an independent city near the southern border of the U. S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,821 and it is the county seat of Henry County, although the two are separate jurisdictions. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Martinsville with Henry County for statistical purposes, Martinsville is the principal city of the Martinsville Micropolitan Statistical Area, with a population of 73,346 as of the 2000 census. Martinsville was founded by American Revolutionary War General, Indian agent and explorer Joseph Martin and he developed his plantation Scuffle Hill on the banks of the Smith River near the present-day southern city limits. General Martin and revolutionary patriot Patrick Henry, who lived briefly in Henry County, the citys chief industry for many early years was the manufacture of plug chewing tobacco. The Henry County area became known as the tobacco capital of the world. In the wake of the collapse of the economy following the American Civil War. Stepping into the breach were several thriving plug firms which sold their merchandise across the nation beginning in the nineteenth century. Local families were involved in these companies, bestowing their names on them and reaping sizeable profits until the early twentieth century. Reynolds and James Buchanan Duke bought out most firms, among the earliest of these firms were D. H. Spencer & Sons and Spencer Bros, other families soon joined in founding other early firms, including the Gravelys, the Comptons, the Ruckers, the Wittens, the Lesters and the Browns. The citys main industry for a century was furniture construction, Martinsville declared itself an independent city in 1928, while retaining its status as county seat. DuPont in 1941 built a manufacturing plant for producing textile nylon filament. During the Cold War, the city was identified as a target for bombing by the Soviet Union. This nylon production jump-started the growth of the industry in the area. For several years Martinsville was known as the Sweatshirt Capital of the World, business leaders in the mid-20th century, like Whitney Shumate, worked to improve sub-standard housing in Martinsville. He helped clear out a portion of Martinsville called Mill Town, new homes were constructed in the neighborhood, built with sound materials and with all city services for the first time. What had originally considered a depressed civic area rapidly became a center of progress as middle class blacks finally began to prosper
35.
Danville, Virginia
–
Danville is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 43,055 and it is bounded by Pittsylvania County, Virginia and Caswell County, North Carolina. It hosts the Danville Braves baseball club of the Appalachian League, Danville is the principal city of the Danville, Virginia Micropolitan Statistical Area. Numerous Native American tribes had lived in part of the Piedmont region since prehistoric times. During the colonial period, the area was inhabited by Siouan language-speaking tribes, in 1728, English colonist William Byrd headed an expedition sent to determine the true boundary between Virginia and North Carolina. The river along which he camped was named the Dan, for Byrd, supposing himself to be in the land of plenty, the first European-American settlement developed in 1792 downstream from Byrds campsite, at a spot along the river shallow enough to allow fording. It was named Wynnes Falls, after the first settler, the village had a social reason for its origin, growing from the meetings of pioneering Revolutionary War veterans, who gathered annually to fish and talk over old times. The village was renamed Danville by act of the Virginia Legislature on November 23,1793, a charter for the town was drawn up February 17,1830, but by the time of its issue, the population had exceeded the pre-arranged boundaries. This necessitated a new charter, which was issued in 1833, in that year, James Lanier was elected the first mayor, assisted by a council of twelve fit and able men. By the mid-19th century, William T. Sutherlin, a planter and entrepreneur, was the first to apply power to run a tobacco press. Several railroads reached Danville including the Richmond and Danville Railroad, the Atlantic and Danville Railway, enabling the export of Danvilles manufacturing, due to the falls on the river, the area was prime for industrial development based on water power. On July 22,1882, six of Danvilles citizens founded the Riverside Cotton Mills, in its day it was known nationally as Dan River Inc. the largest single-unit textile mill in the world. The mill is now closed, since the late 20th century, many of Dan Rivers buildings have been torn down and the bricks sold. The White Mill, considered historically and architecturally significant, is being renovated in the early 21st century as an apartment complex, on September 9,1882, Danville mayor John H. Johnston shot and killed John E. Hatcher, his chief of police. Hatcher had demanded an apology for a statement Johnston had made regarding unaccounted fine money, Johnston was charged with murder, but he was acquitted at trial, as the Southern culture of honor was still strong. A dramatic train wreck occurred in Danville, on September 27,1903, Old 97, the Southern Railways crack express mail train, was running behind schedule. Its engineer gave her full throttle, but the speed of the train caused it to jump the tracks on a trestle crossing the valley of the Dan. The engine and five cars plunged into the ravine below, killing nine, the locomotive and its engineer, Joseph A. Broadey, were memorialized in song
36.
Atlantic Seaboard fall line
–
The Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, or Fall Zone, is a 900-mile escarpment where the Piedmont and Atlantic coastal plain meet in the eastern United States. Much of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line passes through areas where no evidence of faulting is present. Examples of the Fall Zone include the Potomac Rivers Little Falls and the rapids in Richmond, Virginia, before navigation improvements such as locks, the fall line was generally the head of navigation on rivers due to their rapids or waterfalls, and the necessary portage around them. The Little Falls of the Potomac River is one example, because of the commercial traffic, required labor and availability of water power to operate mills, numerous cities were founded at the intersection of rivers and the fall line. U. S. Route 1 links many of the fall line cities, other falls of less magnitude are found at the gaps of the Blue Ridge, through which the rivers have forced their passage. Some cities that lie along the Piedmont—Coastal Plain fall line include the following, Paterson, New Jersey on the Passaic River Trenton, philadelphia, Pennsylvania on the Schuylkill River. Smyrna, Delaware near Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge, perryville, Maryland and Havre de Grace, Maryland on the Susquehanna River/head of Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore, Maryland, on Herring Run, Jones Falls, elkridge, Maryland on the Patapsco River. Laurel, Maryland on the Patuxent River, washington, D. C. on the Potomac River. Occoquan, Virginia on the Occoquan River, fredericksburg, Virginia on the Rappahannock River. Richmond, Virginia on the James River, petersburg, Virginia on the Appomattox River. Weldon, North Carolina, and Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina, on the Roanoke River Raleigh, greenville, North Carolina on the Tar River. Fayetteville, North Carolina on the Cape Fear River, cheraw, South Carolina on the Pee Dee River. Camden, South Carolina on the Wateree River, columbia, South Carolina on the Congaree River. Augusta, Georgia on the Savannah River, milledgeville, Georgia on the Oconee River. Macon, Georgia on the Ocmulgee River, columbus, Georgia on the Chattahoochee River. Tallassee, Alabama, on the Tallapoosa River Wetumpka, Alabama, on the Coosa River Tuscaloosa, Alabama, on the Black Warrior River
37.
Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina
–
Roanoke Rapids is a city in Halifax County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 15,754 at the 2010 census and it is the principal city of the Roanoke Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area, and is also a part of the Golden East metro area. Roanoke Rapids is located at 36°27′16″N 77°39′17″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.9 square miles, of which,7.8 square miles of it is land and 0.04 square miles of it is water. The town is located at the beginning of the North Carolina Piedmont, on the Roanoke River at the line, which marks the area where an upland region. The fall line is typically prominent where a river crosses it, because of these features, river boats typically could not travel any further inland. Because settlements needed a port and a supply of water power. The Roanoke River and its falls inspired the development of Roanoke Rapids, businessmen such as Sam Patterson, the most prominent example of fall line settlement was the establishment of the cities along the eastern coast of the United States where the Appalachian Rise and the coastal plains meet. The seven-mile-long Roanoke Rapids Canal trail starts at the Roanoke dam, the trail is fairly narrow, which limits access to walkers, runners, and bikers. As of the census of 2010, there were 15,754 people,6,437 households, the population density was 2,019.7 people per square mile. There were 7,085 housing units at a density of 908.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 63. 6% White,31. 2% African American,0. 6% Native American,1. 7% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,1. 7% from other races, and 1. 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 2% of the population,30. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the family size was 3.01. In the city, the population was out with 21. 7% under the age of 19,5. 9% from 20 to 24,24. 1% from 25 to 44,26. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37.9 years, for every 100 females there were 84.84 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.51 males, the median income for a household in the city was $35,388, and the median income for a family was $51,548. About 15. 9% of families and 19. 9% of individuals were below the poverty line, the city was first settled as a mill town, being home to multiple textile mills. Crystal Lee Sutton, was a worker and union organizer for the J. P. Stevens & Co. mill in Roanoke Rapids, all the textile mills are now closed and nearly 3,000 employees eventually lost their jobs
38.
Pittsylvania County, Virginia
–
Pittsylvania County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 63,506, Pittsylvania County is included in the Danville, VA Micropolitan Statistical Area. The largest undeveloped uranium deposit in the United States — and the seventh largest in the world — is located in Pittsylvania County, originally Pittsylvania was a name suggested for an unrealized British colony to be located primarily in what is now West Virginia. Pittsylvania County would not have been within this colony, subsequently known as Vandalia. The county was formed in 1767 from Halifax County and it was named for William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1766 to 1768 and opposed harsh colonial policies. In 1777 the western part of Pittsylvania County became Patrick Henry County, plantation settlements along the rivers, particularly at ferrying points, became commercial centers. ” Its economy was tobacco-dominated and reliant on a slave labor force. It was a county without towns or a commercial center, plantation villages on the major River thoroughfares were the only centers of trade, until the Danville emergence. ” The city of Danville’s history up through the antebellum period overall is an expression of the relationship between the town and the planters who influenced its development. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 978 square miles. It is the largest county in Virginia by land area and second-largest by total area, the county is bounded on the north by the Roanoke River, intersected by the Banister River through the middle, and drained by the Dan River on the south. The county is divided into seven districts, Banister, Callands-Gretna, Chatham-Blairs, Dan River, Staunton River, Tunstall, the population density was 64 people per square mile. There were 28,011 housing units at a density of 29 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 75. 00% White,23. 66% Black or African American,0. 14% Native American,0. 19% Asian,0. 37% from other races,1. 23% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 23. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.93. In the county, the population was out with 23. 00% under the age of 18,7. 20% from 18 to 24,28. 80% from 25 to 44,26. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 95.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $35,153, and the median income for a family was $41,175
39.
Patrick County, Virginia
–
Patrick County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,490 and it is located within both the rolling hills and valleys of the Piedmont Region of Virginia and mountainous Southwest Virginia. Patrick County was formed in 1791, when Patrick Henry County was divided into Patrick County, Patrick Henry County was named for Patrick Henry, and was formed in 1777. Prior to the formation of Patrick County, one of the Virginia colonys first frontier forts lay within the boundaries of what was then Halifax County on the banks of the North Mayo River. The location of Fort Mayo, now marked by a Virginia state historic marker, Fort Mayo was the southernmost of the Virginia frontier forts and saw action during the French and Indian War. One of Patrick Countys most prominent early settlers was Col. Abraham Penn, born in 1743 in what is today Amherst County, Virginia. Penn qualified as Lieutenant in the Amherst County militia in June 1768, Penn later moved with his wife Ruth to present-day Henry County, Virginia, where he patented lands at the later site of Beaver Creek Plantation. Penn served on the Committee of Safety for both Henry and Pittsylvania counties, and as a delegate to the Virginia General Assembly from Henry County. Eventually selling those lands to the Hairston family, Penn moved with his family a few miles farther west to what is today Patrick County, during the American Revolution Col. Militia under Penns command were also involved in the Battle of Eutaw Springs. Penn was later present at Yorktown to witness the surrender of the British forces under General Cornwallis, Col. Penn was one of the organizers of Patrick County, which he served many years as a justice. The unincorporated community of Penns Store is named for Col. Penn, the Abram Penn Highway in Patrick County is also named for Col. Penn, who died in 1801. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 486 square miles. Patrick County has two defined physiographic provinces lying within its boundaries, the population density was 40 people per square mile. There were 10,083 housing units at a density of 20 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 91. 10% White,5. 9% Black or African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 20% Asian,0. 00% Pacific Islander,1. 40% from other races, and 1. 10% from two or more races. 2. 40% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,25. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the family size was 2.81. In the county, the population was out with 21. 70% under the age of 18,7. 10% from 18 to 24,28. 00% from 25 to 44,26. 70% from 45 to 64
40.
Floyd County, Virginia
–
Floyd County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 15,279, Floyd County is included in the Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Floyd Countys recorded history begins with the arrival of traders, trappers and hunters in Southwest Virginia in the 18th century, the trail continued westward through the Little River area to the Lead Mines. The first known attempts to settle the area appear to have made during the 1740s. In 1745 the Virginia Council granted James Patton, of Augusta County, among others,100,000 acres on the New River and the westward flowing waters, including the Little River area. In 1749 the Royal Company of Virginia also received a grant on the flowing waters. The first surveying of the land occurred in the late 1740s, on January 15,1831, the General Assembly of Virginia passed an act creating the present county of Floyd out of the county Montgomery. The new county was named for the then Governor of Virginia, the new countys courthouse was completed in 1834. In 1870 a portion of Franklin County was added to Floyd County, the first Commonwealths Attorney was William Ballard Preston, a nephew of John Floyd, who would later serve as Secretary of the United States Navy. Preston was followed in later years by Jubal Early, who would serve as a general for the Confederate Army. The county seat of Floyd County was first called Jacksonville for Andrew Jackson, Jacksonville was first incorporated in 1858 and then re-incorporated on February 19,1892 to expand the town boundaries. On January 23,1896, the General Assembly passed an Act officially changing the name of the Town of Jacksonville to the town of Floyd. The county became a destination for those involved in the counterculture during the 1960s and 1970s, most of the original members of this community have moved on. Floyd County was also a setting for the ministry of Reverend Bob Childress, several bloggers live in the county and frequently post observations about the community and its rural setting. Floyd County also has a music and literary scene. Three establishments in Floyd regularly offer a variety of music during the weekends ranging from traditional styles such as Bluegrass and Old-timey_music to contemporary. Best known is the Friday Night Jamboree held at The Floyd Country Store, both the Country Store and County Records, founded in the 1960s, are featured on the Virginia Heritage Music Trail called The Crooked Road. In the early 21st century, Floyd became the home of a world music festival called FloydFest
41.
Roanoke County, Virginia
–
Roanoke County is a county located in the U. S. state of the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 92,376, Roanoke County is part of the Roanoke, VA Metropolitan Statistical Area and located within the Roanoke Region of Virginia. The independent cities of Roanoke and Salem are located within the boundaries of Roanoke County, the incorporated town of Vinton is the only incorporated municipality within the county. While significant areas of the county are rural and mountainous, most residents live in the suburbs near Roanoke, the county was established by an act of the Virginia Legislature on March 30,1838 from the southern part of Botetourt County. It was named for the Roanoke River, which in turn was derived from a Native American term for money, additional territory was transferred to Roanoke County from Montgomery County in 1845. Salem was originally the county seat, when Salem became an independent city, by agreement with the county the Roanoke County Courthouse remained in Salem and the two localities share a jail. However, the County Administrative Offices were moved to the Cave Spring District. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 251.3 square miles. The county is governed by a Board of Supervisors with one elected from each of the five magisterial districts, Catawba, Cave Spring, Hollins, Vinton. Vinton is an town with an elected town council and town manager. The population density was 342 people per square mile, there were 36,121 housing units at an average density of 144 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 63% White,3. 35% Black or African American,0. 12% Native American,1. 61% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 39% from other races, and 0. 89% from two or more races. 1. 04% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,25. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the family size was 2.88. In the county, the population was out with 22. 70% under the age of 18,6. 60% from 18 to 24,27. 50% from 25 to 44,27. 20% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 89.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $47,689, and the median income for a family was $56,450. Males had an income of $39,126 versus $26,690 for females
42.
Blue Ridge Parkway
–
The Blue Ridge Parkway is a National Parkway and All-American Road in the United States, noted for its scenic beauty. While the two join together end-to-end, they are separate and distinct entities, built as two different projects and managed by two different National Park Service units. The Blue Ridge Parkway was built to connect Shenandoah National Park to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the parkway, while not a National Park, has been the most visited unit of the National Park System every year since 1946 except two. Land on either side of the road is owned and maintained by the National Park Service and, in many places, the parkway is on North Carolinas version of the America the Beautiful quarter in 2015. Begun during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the project was called the Appalachian Scenic Highway. Most construction was carried out by contractors under federal contracts under an authorization by Harold L. Ickes in his role as federal public works administrator. Work began on September 11,1935, near Cumberland Knob in North Carolina, on June 30,1936, Congress formally authorized the project as the Blue Ridge Parkway and placed it under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. Some work was carried out by various New Deal public works agencies, the Works Progress Administration did some roadway construction. Crews from the Emergency Relief Administration carried out work and development of parkway recreation areas. Personnel from four Civilian Conservation Corps camps worked on roadside cleanup, roadside plantings, grading slopes, during World War II, the CCC crews were replaced by conscientious objectors in the Civilian Public Service program. Residents could no longer build on their lands without permission or develop land except for agricultural use and they were not permitted to use the parkway for any commercial travel but were required to transport equipment and materials on side roads. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians were also affected by the parkway, from 1935 to 1940, they resisted giving up the right-of-way through the Qualla Boundary, and they were successful in gaining more favorable terms from the U. S. government. Specifically, the bill specified the parkway route, assured the $40,000 payment for the tribes land. Cherokee leaders participated in the dedications when the Cherokee sections opened in the 1950s, construction of the parkway was complete by the end of 1966 with one notable exception. The 7.7 miles stretch including the Linn Cove Viaduct around Grandfather Mountain did not open until 1987, the project took over 52 years to complete. Flowering shrubs and wildflowers dominate the parkway in the spring, including rhododendrons and dogwoods, smaller annuals and perennials such as the daisy and aster flower through the summer. Brilliant autumn foliage occurs later in September on the mountaintops, descending to the valleys by later in October. Often in early-to-middle October and middle to late April, all three seasons can be simply by looking down from the cold and windy parkway to the green
43.
Booker T. Washington National Monument
–
The Booker T. Washington National Monument is a National Monument near Hardy, Franklin County, Virginia. It preserves portions of the 207-acre tobacco farm on which educator and it provides interpretation of Washingtons life and achievements, as well as interpretation of 1850s slavery and farming through the use of buildings, gardens, crafts and animals. Congress authorized a coin to fund the purchase of the site. This commemorative half dollar was the first US coin to feature an African American,18 varieties of the coin were produced, and more than 1.5 million were sold. Yet, after the production was finished, the BTW Commission owed more money than it had assets. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, media related to Booker T. Washington National Monument at Wikimedia Commons Booker T. Washington National Monument Booker T. Washington Slave Cabin Commemorative Coin
44.
U.S. Route 220 in Virginia
–
In the U. S. state of Virginia, U. S. Route 220 is a major north-south state highway that extends from the North Carolina state line through Roanoke to the West Virginia state line. South of Roanoke, US220 is a highway within the proposed Interstate 73 corridor. US220 narrows to two lanes north of Roanoke, connecting to I-64 near Clifton Forge and then paralleling the Appalachian Mountains north-northeasterly in the direction of Cumberland, Maryland, US220 enters Virginia just north of the community of Price, North Carolina. From the state line to Roanoke, US220 is a mix of freeway bypasses and 55 miles per hour at-grade rural highway. Some high traffic areas and non-divided stretches have speed limits of 45 miles per hour or lower, in particular, the stretch through Boones Mill is not divided, the town is also well known as a speed trap. This segment follows the general alignment as the Norfolk Southern Railways Winston-Salem District, opened in 1892 by the Roanoke. US220 meets the terminus of State Route 87 in Ridgeway. Another bypass takes the highway around the town of Rocky Mount, soon after entering the city of Roanoke, US220 intersects SR419 and again becomes a freeway, this one passing just east of downtown Roanoke and becoming Interstate 581 northwest to Interstate 81. US220 overlaps I-81 northeast to near Daleville, where it exits to the north onto a road through Daleville and Fincastle. Near Eagle Rock, the narrows to two lanes and begins to parallel the James River. US220 is a road for the rest of its route from Covington to West Virginia. It begins by following more of the Jackson River to near Clearwater Park and this is repeated several times until Forks of Waters, where the South Branch Potomac River enters US 220s valley and parallels its final 1 mile to the state line. Part of the Great Wagon Road branched off near what is present day Roanoke, Virginia, the route was improved as a stage road in the early years of the republic. In 1838 it was rebuilt to serve the Pittsylvania, Franklin and Botetourt Turnpike, as a U. S. Highway, US220 was initially part of U. S. Route 311, which split from US11 at Roanoke and ran south to Aberdeen, North Carolina. This was also part of State Route 33, one of Virginias original state highways from 1918, other than the US60 overlap, two other segments date to 1918, part of SR17 from Covington to Warm Springs, and part of SR39 from Vanderpool to Monterey. Otherwise the gaps were filled starting in 1922, with the designation of a spur of SR14 from Clifton Forge south to Eagle Rock. 1924 saw the beginning of the extension of SR142 southwest to US11 at Troutville, in 1926 it became part of a realignment of SR17, with that routes former routing to Covington becoming part of new State Route 338. The first piece of State Route 395, which ended up extending from Warm Springs to West Virginia, was created in 1924 as a spur from SR39 at Monterey
45.
Virginia State Route 40
–
State Route 40 is a primary state highway in the southern part of the U. S. state of Virginia. It runs from State Route 8 at Woolwine east to State Route 10 at Spring Grove and it is the longest state-numbered route in Virginia. SR40 begins at SR8 at the community of Woolwine. It heads northeast along the side of the Blue Ridge, crossing streams. Around Endicott, the starts to turn east, away from the ridge. Between Ferrum and Rocky Mount, SR40 parallels the Norfolk Southern Railways north–south Winston-Salem District. The route intersects U. S. Route 220 Business in downtown Rocky Mount and the newer US220 bypass to the east, soon splitting from SR122, which leads northeast to Bedford, and turning directly east. After it leaves Rocky Mount, SR40 heads east, largely along an alignment that utilizes cuts and fills to provide a straight. Approaching Gretna, it intersects the US29 bypass, and then US29 Business in downtown Gretna and this portion of the highway ends where it meets US501 at North Halifax, turning north and crossing the Roanoke River into Brookneal. US501 and SR40 split in downtown Brookneal, with US501 heading northwest and SR40 leaving to the northeast, the highway passes through Phenix on its way to Charlotte Court House, where it intersects SR47 with a brief overlap. Inside Keysville, SR40 meets the end of SR59 and crosses US 15/360 Business. Just beyond, the short SR385 provides access to Southside Virginia Community College, SR40 joins SR49 at Lunenburg, overlapping that route to downtown Victoria. From Victoria east to downtown Kenbridge, where it meets the west and north ends of SR137 and SR138, the route leaves Kenbridge to the northeast, running past the north end of SR46 to a junction with US460 Business in downtown Blackstone. After a short overlap with US460 Business, SR40 leaves to the east, because SR40 is south of US460 Business on both sides of the overlap, SR40 does not intersect US460 here. Outside the town limits, SR40 crosses through Fort Pickett, the route crosses US1 in McKenney and I-85 at exit 42 just to the east. Between Sussex and a point east of Homeville, a route to the south is the former alignment. Beyond Homeville, the last stretch of the highway heads northeasterly, State Route 646, a secondary highway, continues northeast beyond SR10 to the former end of SR40 in Claremont. Virginia State Truck Route 40 in Victoria, Virginia is Tidewater Avenue from Court Street to West 6th Street, State Route 40 Business is a former segment of VA40 that was converted into a business route that runs through downtown Stony Creek
46.
Virginia State Route 116
–
State Route 116 is a primary state highway in the U. S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 20.66 miles from SR122 at Burnt Chimney north to SR101 in Roanoke, SR116 connects northwestern Franklin County with the southeastern part of Roanoke. The state highway forms a major street through Downtown Roanoke and the north side. SR116 begins at an intersection SR122 at the hamlet of Burnt Chimney, the state highway heads northwest as Jubal Early Highway, a two-lane road that passes through northwestern Franklin County. After passing through the foothills, SR116 has a short but steep, the state highway descends from the summit then has a short climb to Windy Gap, where the highway enters Roanoke County. SR116 descends to Back Creek and continues northwest as Jae Valley Road, SR116 follows Riverland Road to Piedmont Street, onto which the highway turns south for one block to Walnut Street. Immediately after passing under U. S. Route 220, SR116 turns north onto four-lane Jefferson Street to pass through the Old Southwest neighborhood, SR116 reaches the southern edge of Downtown Roanoke at Elm Avenue, which heads west as US221 and east as SR24. SR116 and US221 continue north on Jefferson Street past the Patrick Henry Hotel to Franklin Road, after one block on Franklin Road, the highways turn north onto four-lane Williamson Road, on which they head north along the eastern side of Downtown Roanoke. SR116 and US221 are joined by US11 at Campbell Avenue, the three highways expand to a divided highway and cross over Norfolk Southerns Blue Ridge District rail line between the Roanoke Shops to the east and the O. Winston Link Museum and Hotel Roanoke to the west, the highways pass the Roanoke Civic Center before intersecting Orange Avenue in the middle of the Williamson Road neighborhood. Orange Avenue carries US460 and U. S. Route 220 Alternate through the intersection, US11 continues north on Williamson Road, US221 turns east onto Orange Avenue, and SR116 turns west onto Orange Avenue. The other three highways continue west as an undivided street that passes along the southern edge of the Washington Park neighborhood. At 20th Street, the three highways veer southwest on Salem Turnpike, then west again on Melrose Avenue, the highways expand to a divided highway shortly before SR116 leaves US460 and US11 Alternate by turning north onto two-lane Lafayette Boulevard. At the northern end of Lafayette Boulevard, the highway heads northwest on Cove Road. SR116 reaches its terminus at an oblique intersection with SR101
Franklin County, Virginia
