1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
3.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
4.
Franklin County, Virginia
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Franklin County is a county located in the Blue Ridge foothills of the U. S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 56,159 and its county seat is Rocky Mount. Franklin County is part of the Roanoke, VA Metropolitan Statistical Area and is located in the Roanoke Region of Virginia, the Roanoke River forms its northeast boundary with Bedford County. The Blue Ridge Foothills had long inhabited by indigenous peoples. At the time of European encounter, mostly Siouan-speaking tribes lived in this area, a few colonists moved into the area before the American Revolutionary War, but most settlement happened afterward, as people moved west seeking new lands. Cultivation of tobacco had exhausted soils in the part of the state. The county was formed in 1785 from parts of Bedford and Henry counties and it was named for Benjamin Franklin. The Piedmont and backcountry areas were settled by Scots-Irish, who were the last major immigrant group from the British Isles to enter the colonies before the Revolutionary War. There were also migrants from coastal areas, including people of color. In the 20th century during Prohibition, local wits named Franklin County the Moonshine Capital of the World, as moonshine production, as of 2000, the local chamber of commerce had adopted the title as a heritage identification for the area. Moonshine is still being made in the area, historians estimate that in the 1920s,99 of every 100 Franklin County residents were in some way involved in the illegal liquor trade. The bootleggers became involved with gangsters from Chicago and other major cities, between 1930 and 1935 local still operators and their business partners sold a volume of whiskey that would have generated $5,500,000 in excise taxes at the old 1920 tax rate. A lengthy federal investigation resulted in indictments and trials for 34 suspects in 1935 for what was called the Great Moonshine Conspiracy, the writer Sherwood Anderson was among the many outsiders who came to cover the trial. At what was then the longest trial in history,31 people were convicted. Thirteen conspirators were sentenced only to probation and this period has recently received new attention by writers. T. Keister Greers history The Great Moonshine Conspiracy Trial of 1935 covered the trial, the writer Matt Bondurant had ancestors in the area, whose exploits during this period inspired his historical novel, The Wettest County in the World. The book was adapted as a film, Lawless, in 2012. In 2014 an historical novel with lots of history about the county and town came out, Moonshine Corner, Keys to Rocky Mount, ISBN9781500980115, by the widow of T. Keister Greer, since the 1980s, much residential development has occurred around Smith Mountain Lake
5.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
6.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
7.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
8.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
9.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
10.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
11.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
12.
Roanoke, Virginia
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Roanoke is an independent city in the southern U. S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 97,032 and it is located in the Roanoke Valley of the Roanoke Region of Virginia. Roanoke is the largest municipality in Southwest Virginia, and is the municipality of the Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is composed of the independent cities of Roanoke and Salem, and Botetourt, Craig, Franklin, bisected by the Roanoke River, Roanoke is the commercial and cultural hub of much of Southwest Virginia and portions of Southern West Virginia. The town first called Big Lick was established in 1852 and chartered in 1874 and it was named for a large outcropping of salt which drew the wildlife to the site near the Roanoke River. In 1882 it became the town of Roanoke, and in 1884 it was chartered as the independent city of Roanoke, the name Roanoke is said to have originated from an Algonquian word for shell money. The name for the river was used by the Algonquian speakers who lived 300 miles away where the river emptied into the sea near Roanoke Island. The native people who lived near where the city was founded did not speak Algonquian and they spoke Siouan languages, Tutelo and Catawban. There were also Cherokee speakers in general area who fought with the Catawba people. The city grew frequently through annexation through the middle of the twentieth century, the last annexation was in 1976. The state legislature has since prohibited cities from annexing land from adjacent counties, during colonial times the site of Roanoke was an important hub of trails and roads. The Roanoke Gap proved a useful route for immigrants to settle the Carolina Piedmont region, at Roanoke Gap, another branch of the Great Wagon Road, the Wilderness Road, continued southwest to Tennessee. In the 1850s, Big Lick became a stop on the Virginia, however, the Financial Panic of 1873 wrecked the AM&Os finances. After several years of operating under receiverships, Mahones role as a railroad builder ended in 1881 when northern financial interests took control, the AM&O was renamed Norfolk and Western Railway. Frederick J. Kimball, an engineer and partner in the Clark firm, headed the new line. For the junction for the Shenandoah Valley and the Norfolk and Western roads, Kimball and his board of directors selected the small Virginia village called Big Lick, on the Roanoke River. Although the grateful citizens offered to rename their town Kimball, at his suggestion, as the N&W brought people and jobs, the Town of Roanoke quickly became an independent city in 1884. In fact, Roanoke became a city so quickly that it earned the nickname Magic City, kimballs interest in geology was instrumental in the development of the Pocahontas coalfields in western Virginia and West Virginia
13.
Roanoke metropolitan area
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The Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area is a Metropolitan Statistical Area in Virginia as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget. The Roanoke MSA is sometimes referred to as the Roanoke Valley and it is geographically similar to the area known as the Roanoke Region of Virginia, but while the latter includes Alleghany County, the former does not. As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 288,309, figures through 2000 do not include Franklin County and Craig County. The Census Bureau has since added them to the Roanoke MSA, which is the fourth largest in Virginia, and its current rank is 201 among all 363 MSAs. The Roanoke, VA MSA population changed from 288,471 in 2000 to 298,694 in 2008, the population is projected to be 324,882 in 2020, a 12.62 percent change between 2000 and 2020. Note, Since a state change in 1871, all cities in Virginia are independent cities that are not located in any county. The OMB considers these independent cities to be county-equivalents for the purpose of defining MSAs in Virginia, four counties and two independent cities are included in the Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area. The racial makeup of the MSA was 84. 96% White,12. 21% African American,0. 17% Native American,1. 05% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 47% from other races, and 1. 12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 13% of the population, the median income for a household in the MSA was $40,251, and the median income for a family was $47,248. Males had an income of $32,294 versus $23,427 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $20,390, Metropolitan Statistical Areas in Virginia Virginia census statistical areas
14.
Washington Iron Furnace
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Washington Iron Furnace is an historic iron furnace, located in Rocky Mount, Franklin County, Virginia. The furnace was built around 1770 and measures 30 feet on its face and is constructed of granite. From 1770 to 1779, it was operated by John Donelson, the father of Rachel Donelson, who married Andrew Jackson, the house, known as The Farm, was the ironmasters house, for the Washington Iron Furnace. According to the Statement of Significance filed with the National Park Service, a later owner was a friend of George Washington, and applied the current name. Washington Iron Furnace was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, media related to Washington Iron Works at Wikimedia Commons
15.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
16.
American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
17.
Plantations in the American South
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A plantation is an area of land or water where one crop is specifically planted for widespread commercial sale. The crops grown include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, sisal, oil seeds, oil palms, rubber trees, protectionist policies and natural comparative advantage have sometimes contributed to determining where plantations were located. Among the earliest examples of plantations were the latifundia of the Roman Empire, Plantation agriculture grew rapidly with the increase in international trade and the development of a worldwide economy that followed the expansion of European colonial empires. Like every economic activity, it has changed over time, Industrial plantations are established to produce a high volume of wood in a short period of time. Plantations are grown by state forestry authorities and/or the paper and wood industries, christmas trees are often grown on plantations as well. In southern and southeastern Asia, teak plantations have replaced the natural forest. Industrial plantations are managed for the commercial production of forest products. Individual blocks are usually even-aged and often consist of just one or two species and these species can be exotic or indigenous. Forest genetic resources are the basis for genetic alteration, selected individuals grown in seed orchards are a good source for seeds to develop adequate planting material. Wood production on a plantation is generally higher than that of natural forests. In 2000, while plantations accounted for 5% of global forest, in the first year, the ground is prepared usually by the combination of burning, herbicide spraying, and/or cultivation and then saplings are planted by human crew or by machine. The saplings are usually obtained in bulk from industrial nurseries, which may specialize in breeding in order to produce fast growing disease-. In the first few years until the canopy closes, the saplings are looked after, after the canopy closes, with the tree crowns touching each other, the plantation is becoming dense and crowded, and tree growth is slowing due to competition. This stage is termed pole stage, when competition becomes too intense, it is time to thin out the section. There are several methods for thinning, but where topography permits, the most popular is row-thinning, many trees are removed, leaving regular clear lanes through the section so that the remaining trees have room to expand again. The removed trees are delimbed, forwarded to the forest road, loaded onto trucks, a typical pole stage plantation tree is 7–30 cm in diameter at breast height. Such trees are not suitable for timber, but are used as pulp for paper and particleboard. As the trees grow and become dense and crowded again, the process is repeated
18.
Tidewater region
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The Tidewater region is a geographic area of southeast Virginia and northeastern North Carolina, part of the Atlantic coastal plain in the United States of America. Portions of Maryland facing the Chesapeake Bay are also given this designation, the area gains its name because of the effects of the changing tides on local rivers, sounds, and the ocean. The area is flat and low and composed of tidal marsh. Much of the area is covered with poquoson and the areas are used for agricultural farmlands. Geographically, in North Carolina and Virginia the tidewater area is the land between the Suffolk Scarp and the Atlantic Ocean, the Hampton Roads area of Virginia is considered to be in the tidewater. Extreme Southern Maryland and parts of the lower Eastern Shore round out the fringe of the region on the Chesapeake Bay. The term tidewater may be applied to all portions of any area, including Virginia. In the case of Virginia, the region includes the land east of the Fall Line. It includes Hampton Roads, the rest of the Virginia Peninsula, the Middle Peninsula, the Northern Neck, Tidewater is host to flora commonly associated with the South Atlantic pine forests and lower Southeast Coastal Plain maritime flora, the latter found primarily in southeastern Virginia
19.
Slavery in the United States
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Slavery had been practiced in British North America from early colonial days, and was legal in all Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. By the time of the American Revolution, the status of slave had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry, when the United States Constitution was ratified, a relatively small number of free people of color were among the voting citizens. During and immediately following the Revolutionary War, abolitionist laws were passed in most Northern states, most of these states had a higher proportion of free labor than in the South and economies based on different industries. They abolished slavery by the end of the 18th century, some with gradual systems that kept adults as slaves for two decades. But the rapid expansion of the industry in the Deep South after the invention of the cotton gin greatly increased demand for slave labor. Congress during the Jefferson administration prohibited the importation of slaves, effective in 1808, domestic slave trading, however, continued at a rapid pace, driven by labor demands from the development of cotton plantations in the Deep South. More than one million slaves were sold from the Upper South, which had a surplus of labor, New communities of African-American culture were developed in the Deep South, and the total slave population in the South eventually reached 4 million before liberation. As the West was developed for settlement, the Southern state governments wanted to keep a balance between the number of slave and free states to maintain a balance of power in Congress. The new territories acquired from Britain, France, and Mexico were the subject of major political compromises, by 1850, the newly rich cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the Union, and tensions continued to rise. When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery, the first six states to secede held the greatest number of slaves in the South. Shortly after, the Civil War began when Confederate forces attacked the US Armys Fort Sumter, four additional slave states then seceded. In the early years of the Chesapeake Bay settlements, colonial officials found it difficult to attract and retain laborers under the frontier conditions. Most laborers came from Britain as indentured servants, having signed contracts of indenture to pay with work for their passage, their upkeep and training and these indentured servants were young people who intended to become permanent residents. In some cases, convicted criminals were transported to the colonies as indentured servants, the indentured servants were not slaves, but were required to work for four to seven years in Virginia to pay the cost of their passage and maintenance. Historians estimate that more than half of all immigrants to the English colonies of North America during the 17th and 18th centuries came as indentured servants. The number of indentured servants among immigrants was particularly high in the South, many Germans, Scots-Irish, and Irish came to the colonies in the 18th century, settling in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and further south. The planters in the South found that the problem with indentured servants was that many left after several years, just when they had become skilled. In addition, an economy in England in the late 17th
20.
Henry A. Wise
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Henry Alexander Wise was an American lawyer and politician from Virginia. Representative and Governor of Virginia, and US Minister to Brazil, during the American Civil War, he was a general in the Confederate States Army. He was the father of U. S, representatives Richard Alsop Wise and John Sergeant Wise. Wise was born in Drummondtown, Accomack County, Virginia, to Major John Wise and his second wife Sarah Corbin Cropper, Wise was of English and Scottish descent. He was privately tutored until his year, when he entered Margaret Academy. He graduated from Washington College in 1825 and he was a member of the Union Literary Society at Washington College. After attending Henry St. George Tuckers Winchester Law School, Wise was admitted to the bar in 1828 and he settled in Nashville, Tennessee, in the same year to start a practice but returned to Accomack County in 1830. He was first married in 1828 to Anne Jennings, the daughter of Rev. Obadiah Jennings and Ann Wilson of Washington, in 1837, Anne and one of their children died in a fire, leaving Henry with four children, two sons and two daughters. Wise married a second time in November 1840, to Sarah Sergeant, Representative John Sergeant and Margaretta Watmough of Philadelphia. Sarah gave birth to at least five children and she died of complications, along with her last child, soon after its birth on October 14,1850. Sarahs sister Margaretta was married to future Union Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, in nineteen years of marriage to his first two wives, Wise fathered fourteen children, seven survived to adulthood. Henry married a third time, to Mary Elizabeth Lyons in 1853 and it was located on the Eastern Branch Elizabeth River near Norfolk, Virginia. It had first been developed by William and Susannah Moseley, English immigrants who settled there in 1649, after Wise entered Confederate service, he and his family abandoned Rolleston in 1862 as Union troops were taking over Norfolk. Wise arranged for residence for his family in Rocky Mount, Franklin County, after the Civil War, Henry and Mary Wise lived in Richmond, where he resumed his law career. Henry A. Wise served as a U. S and he was elected Representative in 1832 as a Jackson Democrat. After this election, Wise fought a duel with his defeated opponent, Wise was re-elected in 1834, but then broke with the Jackson administration over the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. He became a Whig, but was sustained by his constituents, Wise was re-elected as a Whig in 1836,1838, and 1840. In 1840 Wise was active in securing the nomination and election of John Tyler as Vice President on the Whig ticket, Tyler succeeded to the presidency and then broke with the Whigs
21.
Jubal Early
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Jubal Anderson Early was a lawyer and Confederate general in the American Civil War. He served in the Eastern Theater of the war for the conflict, as a division commander under Stonewall Jackson and Richard Stoddert Ewell. He was the Confederate commander in key battles of the Valley Campaigns of 1864, including a raid to the outskirts of Washington. The articles written by him for the Southern Historical Society in the 1870s established the Lost Cause point of view as a long-lasting literary, Early was born in the Red Valley section of Franklin County, Virginia, third of ten children of Ruth and Joab Early. The Early family was a well-connected old Virginia family, Earlys father operated an extensive tobacco plantation of more than 4,000 acres at the foot of the Blue Ridge. Early attended local schools as well as academies in Lynchburg. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1837, ranked 18th of 50, during his tenure at the Academy he was engaged in a dispute with a fellow cadet named Lewis Addison Armistead. Armistead broke a plate over Earlys head, an incident that prompted Armisteads resignation from the Academy. After graduating from the Academy, Early fought against the Seminole in Florida as a lieutenant in the 3rd U. S. Artillery regiment before resigning from the Army for the first time in 1838 and he practiced law in the 1840s as a prosecutor for both Franklin and Floyd Counties in Virginia. He was noted for a case in Mississippi, where he beat the top lawyers in the state and his law practice was interrupted by the Mexican-American War, in which he served as a Major with the 1st Virginia Volunteers from 1847 to 1848. He served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1841 to 1843, Early was a Whig and strongly opposed secession at the April 1861 Virginia convention. However, he was roused by the actions of the Federal government when President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion. He accepted a commission as a general in the Virginia Militia. He was sent to Lynchburg, Virginia, to three regiments and then commanded one of them, the 24th Virginia Infantry, as a colonel in the Confederate army. Early was promoted to general after the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861. In that battle, he displayed valor at Blackburns Ford and impressed General P. G. T, during the Gettysburg Campaign, Earlys Division occupied York, Pennsylvania, the largest Northern town to fall to the Rebels during the war. Early was trusted and supported by Robert E. Lee, the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, Lee affectionately called Early his Bad Old Man, because of his short temper
22.
Lynchburg, Virginia
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Lynchburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 75,568, the 2016 census estimates an increase to 80,212. Located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River, Lynchburg was the only major city in Virginia that was not captured by the Union before the end of the American Civil War. Lynchburg is the city of the Metropolitan Statistical Area of Lynchburg. It is the fifth largest MSA in Virginia with a population of 260,320, other nearby cities include Roanoke, Charlottesville, and Danville. Monacan people and other Siouan Tutelo-speaking tribes had lived in the area since at least 1270 and they had driven the Virginia Algonquians eastward. Siouans occupied the area until about 1702, when, weakened by illness, beginning in 1718, certain Iroquois ceded control to the Colony of Virginia, as later did others at the Treaty of Albany in 1721 and Treaty of Lancaster in 1744. First settled in 1757, Lynchburg was named for its founder, while about 17 years old, he started a ferry service at a ford across the James River to carry traffic to and from New London, where his parents had settled. The City of Seven Hills quickly developed along the hills surrounding Lynchs Ferry, in 1786, Virginias General Assembly in 1786 recognized Lynchburg, the settlement by Lynchs Ferry on the James River. The James River Company had been incorporated the year in order to improve the river down to Richmond. Shallow-draft James River bateau provided an easy means of transportation through Lynchburg down to Richmond. Lynchburg became a trading, then commercial, and much later an industrial center. Chief Justice John Marshall, who lived in Richmond, reported on the difficulties and construction problems on the canal. The General Assembly recognized the growth by incorporating Lynchburg as a town in 1805. In between, Lynch built Lynchburgs first bridge across the James River, a structure which replaced his ferry in 1812. A toll turnpike to Salem, Virginia was begun in 1817, Lynch died in 1820 and was buried beside his mother in the graveyard of the South River Friends Meetinghouse, although Quakers soon abandoned the town because of their opposition to slaveholding. Presbyterians restored their meetinghouse as a church, and it is now a historic site, to avoid the many visitors at Monticello, Thomas Jefferson in 1806 built a home near Lynchburg, called Poplar Forest. He often visited the town, noting, Nothing would give me greater pleasure than to be useful to the town of Lynchburg, I consider it as the most interesting spot in the state
23.
George Stoneman
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George Stoneman, Jr. was a United States Army cavalry officer, trained at West Point, where his roommate was Stonewall Jackson. In the Civil War, he became Adjutant to George B, McClellan, who did not appreciate the use of centralized cavalry, and was therefore outperformed by the Confederates, who did. At Chancellorsville, under Joseph Hooker, Stoneman failed in an attempt to penetrate behind enemy lines. Hookers sharp criticism of Stoneman may have been aimed at deflecting the heavy blame being directed at himself for the loss of this major battle that most generals believed to be winnable. While commanding cavalry under William Tecumseh Sherman in Georgia, Stoneman was captured, in the last weeks of the war, he led raids into North Carolina and Virginia that inspired the song The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down. During the early years after the American Civil War, Stoneman commanded occupying troops at Memphis, Tennessee and he had turned over control of law enforcement to the civilian government by May 1866, when the [Memphis riots broke out and the major black neighborhoods were destroyed. When the city asked for help, he suppressed the white rioting with use of federal troops and he was subsequently posted to Yuma, Arizona Territory, where he played a role in the Camp Grant massacre, which occurred in 1871. According to historian Abraham Ruddell Byrd, M. D and they attacked without warning and murdered 106 people, almost all women and children. Officials in Washington were outraged and demanded that the ringleaders be tried for murder, only the Anglo ‘ringleader’ – William Oury - was tried and he was acquitted by a jury in Tucson. One more of the sad story of centuries of oppression and near genocide by the Europeans. The real story is more complex, In 1868,9,70, and 71, the whole fledgling population of Tucson. The Apaches lived mostly by raiding, but some had been persuaded by a policy of placating them to stop raiding in exchange for food and supplies. One group, headed by Eskiminzin, had made a truce and was located close to the Army post at Camp Grant. The people looked to the Army for protection, and were outraged when local trackers traced some of the back to Camp Grant. Essentially, the way they saw it, the Army was protecting –, – the Indians that were killing them. Florence then was a journey away. The delegation looked at other and realized they were on their own. They went back to Tucson and decided that – rather than wait until they were all killed – they would take the fight to the enemy, so 8 Anglo’s, about 80 Mexicans and 100 Papago Indians gathered and went on their own warpath
24.
Booker T. Washington
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Booker Taliaferro Washington was an American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the African-American community, Washington was from the last generation of black American leaders born into slavery and became the leading voice of the former slaves and their descendants. They were newly oppressed in the South by disenfranchisement and the Jim Crow discriminatory laws enacted in the post-Reconstruction Southern states in the late 19th, Washington was a key proponent of African-American businesses and one of the founders of the National Negro Business League. His base was the Tuskegee Institute, a black college in Alabama. As lynchings in the South reached a peak in 1895, Washington gave a speech, known as the Atlanta compromise and he called for black progress through education and entrepreneurship, rather than trying to challenge directly the Jim Crow segregation and the disenfranchisement of black voters in the South. But, secretly, he also supported court challenges to segregation and restrictions on voter registration, black militants in the North, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, at first supported the Atlanta compromise but after 1909 and they tried with limited success to challenge Washingtons political machine for leadership in the black community but also built wider networks among white allies in the North. His long-term goal was to end the disenfranchisement of the vast majority of African Americans, in 1856, Washington was born into slavery in Virginia as the son of Jane, an African-American slave. After emancipation, she moved the family to West Virginia to join her husband Washington Ferguson, as a young man, Washington worked his way through Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute and attended college at Wayland Seminary. In 1881, Washington was named as the first leader of the new Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, Washington attained national prominence for his Atlanta Address of 1895, which attracted the attention of politicians and the public. He became a spokesperson for African-American citizens. He built a network of supporters in many black communities, with black ministers, educators. Washington played a dominant role in politics, winning wide support in the black community of the South. He gained access to top leaders in politics, philanthropy. Washingtons efforts included cooperating with people and enlisting the support of wealthy philanthropists. This work continued for years after his death. Washington argued that the surest way for blacks to gain equal rights was to demonstrate industry, thrift, intelligence. Northern critics called Washingtons widespread organization the Tuskegee Machine, after 1909, Washington was criticized by the leaders of the new NAACP, especially W. E. B
25.
Hampton University
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Hampton University is a private historically black university located in Hampton, Virginia, United States. It was founded in 1868 by black and white leaders of the American Missionary Association after the American Civil War to provide education to freedmen, in 1878, it established a program for teaching Native Americans, which lasted until 1923. These facilities represented freedom to slaves, who sought refuge with Union forces during the first year of the war. She first taught for the AMA on September 17,1861 and was said to gather her pupils under a large oak, after the tree was the site of the first reading in the former Confederate states of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, it was called the Emancipation Oak. The tree, now a symbol of the university and of the city, is part of the National Historic Landmark District at Hampton University and it was first led by former Union General Samuel Chapman Armstrong. Among the schools famous alumni is Dr. Booker T. Washington, during the American Civil War, Union-held Fortress Monroe in southeastern Virginia at the mouth of Hampton Roads became a gathering point and safe haven of sorts for fugitive slaves. The commander, General Benjamin F. Butler, determined they were contraband of war, to them from being returned to slaveholders. This area was later called Slabtown, the newly issued Emancipation Proclamation was first read to a gathering under the historic tree there in 1863. After the War, a school was formalized in 1868. The new school was established on the grounds of a plantation named Little Scotland. The original school buildings fronted the Hampton River, legally chartered in 1870 as a land grant school, it was first known as Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute. One of the many Civil War veterans who gave substantial sums to the school was General William Jackson Palmer and he later built the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, and founded Colorado Springs, Colorado. As the Civil War began in 1861, although his Quaker upbringing made Palmer abhor violence and he was awarded the Medal of Honor for bravery in 1894. Unlike the wealthy Palmer, Sam Armstrong was the son of a missionary to the Sandwich Islands and he also had dreams for the betterment of the freedmen. He patterned his new school after the model of his father and he wanted to teach the skills necessary for blacks to be self-supporting in the impoverished South. Under his guidance, a Hampton-style education became well known as an education that combined cultural uplift with moral and manual training, Armstrong said it was an education that encompassed the head, the heart, and the hands. At the close of its first decade, the school reported a total admission in the ten years of 927 students, with 277 graduates, many of them had bought land and established themselves in homes, many were farming as well as teaching, some had gone into business. Only a very small proportion failed to do well, by another 10 years, there had been over 600 graduates
26.
Danville, Virginia
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Danville is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 43,055 and it is bounded by Pittsylvania County, Virginia and Caswell County, North Carolina. It hosts the Danville Braves baseball club of the Appalachian League, Danville is the principal city of the Danville, Virginia Micropolitan Statistical Area. Numerous Native American tribes had lived in part of the Piedmont region since prehistoric times. During the colonial period, the area was inhabited by Siouan language-speaking tribes, in 1728, English colonist William Byrd headed an expedition sent to determine the true boundary between Virginia and North Carolina. The river along which he camped was named the Dan, for Byrd, supposing himself to be in the land of plenty, the first European-American settlement developed in 1792 downstream from Byrds campsite, at a spot along the river shallow enough to allow fording. It was named Wynnes Falls, after the first settler, the village had a social reason for its origin, growing from the meetings of pioneering Revolutionary War veterans, who gathered annually to fish and talk over old times. The village was renamed Danville by act of the Virginia Legislature on November 23,1793, a charter for the town was drawn up February 17,1830, but by the time of its issue, the population had exceeded the pre-arranged boundaries. This necessitated a new charter, which was issued in 1833, in that year, James Lanier was elected the first mayor, assisted by a council of twelve fit and able men. By the mid-19th century, William T. Sutherlin, a planter and entrepreneur, was the first to apply power to run a tobacco press. Several railroads reached Danville including the Richmond and Danville Railroad, the Atlantic and Danville Railway, enabling the export of Danvilles manufacturing, due to the falls on the river, the area was prime for industrial development based on water power. On July 22,1882, six of Danvilles citizens founded the Riverside Cotton Mills, in its day it was known nationally as Dan River Inc. the largest single-unit textile mill in the world. The mill is now closed, since the late 20th century, many of Dan Rivers buildings have been torn down and the bricks sold. The White Mill, considered historically and architecturally significant, is being renovated in the early 21st century as an apartment complex, on September 9,1882, Danville mayor John H. Johnston shot and killed John E. Hatcher, his chief of police. Hatcher had demanded an apology for a statement Johnston had made regarding unaccounted fine money, Johnston was charged with murder, but he was acquitted at trial, as the Southern culture of honor was still strong. A dramatic train wreck occurred in Danville, on September 27,1903, Old 97, the Southern Railways crack express mail train, was running behind schedule. Its engineer gave her full throttle, but the speed of the train caused it to jump the tracks on a trestle crossing the valley of the Dan. The engine and five cars plunged into the ravine below, killing nine, the locomotive and its engineer, Joseph A. Broadey, were memorialized in song
27.
Pittsylvania County, Virginia
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Pittsylvania County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 63,506, Pittsylvania County is included in the Danville, VA Micropolitan Statistical Area. The largest undeveloped uranium deposit in the United States — and the seventh largest in the world — is located in Pittsylvania County, originally Pittsylvania was a name suggested for an unrealized British colony to be located primarily in what is now West Virginia. Pittsylvania County would not have been within this colony, subsequently known as Vandalia. The county was formed in 1767 from Halifax County and it was named for William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1766 to 1768 and opposed harsh colonial policies. In 1777 the western part of Pittsylvania County became Patrick Henry County, plantation settlements along the rivers, particularly at ferrying points, became commercial centers. ” Its economy was tobacco-dominated and reliant on a slave labor force. It was a county without towns or a commercial center, plantation villages on the major River thoroughfares were the only centers of trade, until the Danville emergence. ” The city of Danville’s history up through the antebellum period overall is an expression of the relationship between the town and the planters who influenced its development. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 978 square miles. It is the largest county in Virginia by land area and second-largest by total area, the county is bounded on the north by the Roanoke River, intersected by the Banister River through the middle, and drained by the Dan River on the south. The county is divided into seven districts, Banister, Callands-Gretna, Chatham-Blairs, Dan River, Staunton River, Tunstall, the population density was 64 people per square mile. There were 28,011 housing units at a density of 29 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 75. 00% White,23. 66% Black or African American,0. 14% Native American,0. 19% Asian,0. 37% from other races,1. 23% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 23. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.93. In the county, the population was out with 23. 00% under the age of 18,7. 20% from 18 to 24,28. 80% from 25 to 44,26. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 95.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $35,153, and the median income for a family was $41,175
28.
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Winston-Salem is a city in and the county seat of Forsyth County, North Carolina, United States. With a 2015 estimated population of 241,218, it is the second largest municipality in the Piedmont Triad region and the fifth largest city in the state. Winston-Salem is home to the tallest office building in the region,100 North Main Street, formerly the Wachovia Building, Winston-Salem is called the Twin City for its dual heritage and City of the Arts and Innovation for its dedication to fine arts and theater and technological research. Camel City is a reference to the citys involvement in the tobacco industry related to locally based R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Companys Camel cigarettes. Winston-Salem is also known for its traditional furniture company, many locals refer to the city as Winston in informal speech. The Dash is referenced from the hyphen between Winston and Salem and was popularized by the nickname of the minor league baseball team. In 2012, the city was listed among the 10 best places to retire in the U. S. by CBS MoneyWatch, the city of Winston-Salem is a product of the merging of the two neighboring towns of Winston and Salem in 1913. The origin of the town of Salem dates to January 1753 and he called this area die Wachau named after the ancestral estate of Count Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf. The land, just short of 99,000 acres, was purchased from John Carteret. On November 17,1753, the first settlers arrived at what would become the town of Bethabara. This town, despite its growth, was not designed to be the primary settlement on the tract. Some residents expanded to a settlement called Bethania in 1759. Finally, lots were drawn to select suitable sites for the location of a new town. The town established on the site was given the name of Salem chosen for it by the Moravians late patron. On January 6,1766, the first tree was felled for the building of Salem, Salem was a typical Moravian settlement congregation with the public buildings of the congregation grouped around a central square, today Salem Square. These included the church, a Brethrens House and a Sisters House for the members of the Congregation. For many years members of the Moravian Church were permitted to live in the settlement. This practice had ended by the American Civil War, many of the original buildings in the settlement have been restored or rebuilt and are now part of Old Salem Museums & Gardens
29.
Norfolk and Western Railway
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The Norfolk and Western Railway, was a US class I railroad, formed by more than 200 railroad mergers between 1838 and 1982. It was headquartered in Roanoke, Virginia, for most of its 150-year existence and its motto was Precision Transportation, it had a variety of nicknames, including King Coal and British Railway of America even though the N&W had mostly articulated steam on its roster. During the Civil War, the N&W was the biggest railroad in the south, NW was famous for manufacturing its own steam locomotives, which were produced at the Roanoke Shops, as well as its own hopper cars. Around 1960, NW became the last major American railroad to convert from steam locomotives to diesel motive power but did not retire its last remaining Y class locomotives until 1964 and 1965. By 1983, steam in America on class I, II, III, in December 1959, NW merged with the Virginian Railway, a longtime rival in the Pocahontas coal region. By 1970, other mergers with the Nickel Plate Road and Wabash formed a system that operated 7,595 miles of road on 14,881 miles of track from North Carolina to New York and from Virginia to Iowa. The NW and the Southern Railway continued as separate railroads now under one holding company, construction of N&P began in 1853. Mahones innovative corduroy roadbed through the Great Dismal Swamp near Norfolk, Virginia and it is still in use 150 years later and it withstands immense tonnages of coal traffic. Mahone married Otelia Butler, from Smithfield in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, a daughter of Robert Butler, from Scotts historical Scottish novels, Otelia chose the place names of Windsor, Waverly and Wakefield. She tapped the Scottish Clan McIvor for the name of Ivor, when they could not agree, it is said that the young couple invented a new word in honor of their dispute, which is how the tiny community of Disputanta was named. The N&P was completed in 1858, of small stature, dynamic Little Billy Mahone became a major general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He was widely regarded as the hero of the Battle of the Crater during the Siege of Petersburg in 1864–65, Otelia Mahone served as a nurse in the Confederate capital of Richmond. The N&P was severed by the war, the portion east of the Blackwater River at Zuni, Virginia, was held by the Union for most of the war. The eastern portion of the City Point Railroad played a role for Union General Ulysses S. Grant during the Siege of Petersburg. The South Side Railroad was also heavily damaged, William and Otelia Mahone were illustrious characters in post-bellum Virginia. Mahone got quickly to work restoring his N&P, and resumed his dream of linking the three trunk lines across the southern tier of Virginia to reach points to the west. He became president of all three, and drove the 1870 merger of N&P, South Side Railroad and the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad to form the Atlantic, Mississippi, the AM&O extended 408 miles from Norfolk to Bristol, Virginia. The Mahones moved to the city of Lynchburg, the midpoint of the AM&O
30.
Martinsville, Virginia
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Martinsville is an independent city near the southern border of the U. S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,821 and it is the county seat of Henry County, although the two are separate jurisdictions. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Martinsville with Henry County for statistical purposes, Martinsville is the principal city of the Martinsville Micropolitan Statistical Area, with a population of 73,346 as of the 2000 census. Martinsville was founded by American Revolutionary War General, Indian agent and explorer Joseph Martin and he developed his plantation Scuffle Hill on the banks of the Smith River near the present-day southern city limits. General Martin and revolutionary patriot Patrick Henry, who lived briefly in Henry County, the citys chief industry for many early years was the manufacture of plug chewing tobacco. The Henry County area became known as the tobacco capital of the world. In the wake of the collapse of the economy following the American Civil War. Stepping into the breach were several thriving plug firms which sold their merchandise across the nation beginning in the nineteenth century. Local families were involved in these companies, bestowing their names on them and reaping sizeable profits until the early twentieth century. Reynolds and James Buchanan Duke bought out most firms, among the earliest of these firms were D. H. Spencer & Sons and Spencer Bros, other families soon joined in founding other early firms, including the Gravelys, the Comptons, the Ruckers, the Wittens, the Lesters and the Browns. The citys main industry for a century was furniture construction, Martinsville declared itself an independent city in 1928, while retaining its status as county seat. DuPont in 1941 built a manufacturing plant for producing textile nylon filament. During the Cold War, the city was identified as a target for bombing by the Soviet Union. This nylon production jump-started the growth of the industry in the area. For several years Martinsville was known as the Sweatshirt Capital of the World, business leaders in the mid-20th century, like Whitney Shumate, worked to improve sub-standard housing in Martinsville. He helped clear out a portion of Martinsville called Mill Town, new homes were constructed in the neighborhood, built with sound materials and with all city services for the first time. What had originally considered a depressed civic area rapidly became a center of progress as middle class blacks finally began to prosper
31.
Salem, Virginia
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Salem is an independent city in the U. S. commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,802 and it is the county seat of Roanoke County, although the two are separate jurisdictions. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Salem with Roanoke County for statistical purposes, Salem is bordered by the city of Roanoke and is included in the same Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is located approximately 120 miles from Charlottesville,104 miles from Greensboro, North Carolina, Roanoke College is located in the city. The NCAA Division III National Football Championship, also known as the Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl, Salem is also the home to a minor league baseball team, the Salem Red Sox, formerly the Salem Avalanche. The earliest history of Salem exists as archaeological evidence of Native American tribes from as far back as 8000 B. C. until the middle of the 18th century, europeans first explored the area of Salem in 1671, when the Siouan-speaking Totero people had a village nearby. Explorers Thomas Batts and Robert Fallam gave the area its first recorded name, Totero Town, after this tribe, fort Lewis, named for General Andrew Lewis, of what is now Roanoke County, was built west of the town in 1752. Salems Andrew Lewis Middle School was named after General Lewis, Salem became a small settlement serving travelers on the Great Road and was officially founded in 1802, receiving its charter in 1806. It is not known why the town was named Salem, the most widely accepted explanation is that it was named to honor William Bryan, a prominent citizen, one of the citys four elementary schools is named after African American scientist G. W. Carver. Before integration, this was the school for African Americans in Salem. Salem annexed South Salem in 1953 and also an eastern tract in 1960, Salem officially became a city on December 31,1967, to avoid the possibility of annexation into the city of Roanoke. Salem has been the home of two colleges, in 1847, the Virginia Institute, a boys preparatory school, moved to Salem from Staunton. It received a charter in 1853 and was renamed Roanoke College for the Roanoke Valley. The college is located in central Salem, one north of Main Street. Roanoke Womens College, later named Elizabeth College, operated between 1912 and 1922, the college burned in late 1921 and did not reopen. Like Roanoke College, it was affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Elizabeth College campus is now the site of residence halls and athletic fields that belong to Roanoke College. Salem has a large interest in athletics and it is home to the Salem Red Sox, a High Class-A affiliate to the Boston Red Sox. The Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl, the NCAA Division III Football Championship game is held at Salem Football Stadium, in August 2007, the Salem Football Stadium also hosted the Southwestern Virginia Educational Classic
32.
African Methodist Episcopal Church
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The African Methodist Episcopal Church, usually called the A. M. E. Church, is a predominantly African-American Methodist denomination based in the United States and it is the oldest independent Protestant denomination founded by black people in the world. It was founded by the Rt, Rev. Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1816 from several black Methodist congregations in the mid-Atlantic area that wanted independence from white Methodists. Allen was consecrated its first bishop in 1816 and it began with 8 clergy and 5 churches, and by 1846 had grown to 176 clergy,296 churches, and 17,375 members. The 20,000 members in 1856 were located primarily in the North, AME national membership jumped from 70,000 in 1866 to 207,000 in 1876. The church was not founded in Africa, nor is it exclusively for people of African descent and it is open and welcoming to people of all ethnic groups, origins, nationalities, and colors, although its congregations are predominantly made of up Black Americans. Methodist The churchs roots are in the Methodist church, members of St. Georges Methodist Church left the congregation when faced with racial discrimination, but continued with the Methodist doctrine and the order of worship. Episcopal The AME Church operates under a form of church government. The denomination leaders are bishops of the church, the AME Church grew out of the Free African Society, which Richard Allen, Absalom Jones, and other free blacks established in Philadelphia in 1787. They left St. Georges Methodist Episcopal Church because of discrimination, although Allen and Jones were both accepted as preachers, they were limited to black congregations. In addition, the blacks were made to sit in a gallery built in the church when their portion of the congregation increased. These former members of St. Georges made plans to transform their mutual aid society into an African congregation, although the group was originally non-denominational, eventually members wanted to affiliate with existing denominations. Allen led a group who resolved to remain Methodist. They formed the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1793, in general, they adopted the doctrines and form of government of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1794 Bethel AME was dedicated with Allen as pastor and it began with 8 clergy and 5 churches, and by 1846 had grown to 176 clergy,296 churches, and 17,375 members The 20,000 members in 1856 were located primarily in the North. AME national membership jumped from 70,000 in 1866 to 207,000 in 1876 AME put a premium on education. By 1880, AME operated over 2,000 schools, chiefly in the South, with 155,000 students, after the Civil War Bishop Henry McNeal Turner was a major leader of the AME and played a role in Republican Party politics. In 1863 during the Civil War, Turner was appointed as the first black chaplain in the United States Colored Troops, afterward, he was appointed to the Freedmens Bureau in Georgia
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National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
34.
Works Progress Administration
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In a much smaller but more famous project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Almost every community in the United States had a new park, the WPAs initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion. Headed by Harry Hopkins, the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. At its peak in 1938, it provided jobs for three million unemployed men and women, as well as youth in a separate division, the National Youth Administration. Between 1935 and 1943, when the agency was disbanded, the WPA employed 8.5 million people, most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity. Hourly wages were set to the prevailing wages in each area. The stated goal of building programs was to end the depression or, at least, alleviate its worst effects. Millions of people needed subsistence incomes, Work relief was preferred over public assistance because it maintained self-respect, reinforced the work ethic, and kept skills sharp. The WPA was a program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments. Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies, WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs. It was liquidated on June 30,1943, as a result of low unemployment due to the shortage of World War II. The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years, on May 6,1935, FDR issued Executive Order 7034, establishing the Works Progress Administration. The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program—a major public works program directed by the WPA. The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins, supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA. The Division of Professional and Service Projects, which was responsible for projects including education programs, recreation programs. It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division, the Division of Investigation, which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud, misappropriation of funds and disloyalty. The Division of Statistics, also known as the Division of Social Research, the Project Control Division, which processed project applications. Other divisions including the Employment, Management, Safety, Supply, the goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered
35.
New Deal
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The New Deal was a series of programs, including, most notably, Social Security, that were enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as executive orders during the first term of the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Republicans were split, with opposing the entire New Deal as an enemy of business and growth. By 1936 the term liberal typically was used for supporters of the New Deal, from 1934 to 1938, Roosevelt was assisted in his endeavours by a pro-spender majority in Congress. In the 1938 midterm elections, however, Roosevelt and his supporters lost control of Congress to the bipartisan conservative coalition. Many historians distinguish between a First New Deal and a Second New Deal, with the one more liberal. The First New Deal dealt with the banking crises through the Emergency Banking Act. The Securities Act of 1933 was enacted to prevent a repeated stock market crash, the controversial work of the National Recovery Administration was also part of the First New Deal. The economic downturn of 1937–38, and the split between the AFL and CIO labor unions led to major Republican gains in Congress in 1938. Conservative Republicans and Democrats in Congress joined in the informal Conservative Coalition, by 1942–43 they shut down relief programs such as the WPA and Civilian Conservation Corps and blocked major liberal proposals. Roosevelt himself turned his attention to the war effort, and won reelection in 1940 and 1944, the Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration and the first version of the Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional, however the AAA was rewritten and then upheld. As the first Republican president elected after Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower left the New Deal largely intact, Johnsons Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs, which Republican Richard M. Nixon generally retained. After 1974, however, the call for deregulation of the economy gained bipartisan support, the New Deal regulation of banking was suspended in the 1990s. The largest programs still in existence today are the Social Security System, the phrase New Deal was coined by an adviser to Roosevelt, Stuart Chase. Although the term was used by Mark Twain in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court. From 1929 to 1933 manufacturing output decreased by one third, prices fell by 20%, causing deflation that made repaying debts much harder. Unemployment in the U. S. increased from 4% to 25%, additionally, one-third of all employed persons were downgraded to working part-time on much smaller paychecks. In the aggregate, almost 50% of the nations human work-power was going unused, before the New Deal, there was no insurance on deposits at banks
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U.S. Route 220
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U. S. Route 220 is a north–south U. S. Route in the eastern United States. Some sections of the route are part of the Appalachian Development Highway Systems Corridor O as well as I-73 in North Carolina, US220 is a spur route of US20, however, the two routes do not intersect nor do they connect via other spurs of US20. US220 was assigned in 1926 as part of the establishment of the U. S. Highway System, at the time, it extended from Cumberland, Maryland, to the New York–Pennsylvania border at Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania. One year later, US220 was realigned north of Williamsport, Pennsylvania, to connect to the New York state line at South Waverly, US220 was extended south through Virginia by 1935 and to its current southern terminus by 1941. US220 begins at an interchange with US1 southwest of Rockingham. Most of US220 in North Carolina is a divided highway. From Rockingham, US220 travels north through Richmond County to Ellerbe and this section of the route is co-designated as I-74 and I-73. The old US220 alignment, signed as US220 Alternate, passes through the towns of Ellerbe, the two highways continue in close proximity through Montgomery and Randolph counties, serving the towns of Candor, Biscoe, Star, and Seagrove. US220 Alternate rejoins its parent near the North Carolina Zoo, at point the old path of US220 continues into Asheboro. The US220 freeway, meanwhile, skirts the west side of both cities and proceeds to Level Cross, a community south of the Guilford County line. The business route merges back into the mainline here, and US220 travels alone into Guilford County, outside Greensboro, US220 intersects I-85 and US421 before intersecting I-85 Business and eventually merging with I-40 in the city. US220 exits I-403 miles later, following US29, the three routes separate northeast of the city center, with US220 continuing west on Wendover Avenue along the northern edge of downtown Greensboro. It eventually exits onto Battleground Avenue, which takes the north out of Greensboro and into Summerfield. Another business route splits off US220 near Madison to serve both Madison and Mayodan, which US220 itself bypasses to the east and it returns to US220 north of Stoneville, the last major community along the route before it crosses into Virginia. US220 enters the state from the south just south of Martinsville and it uses freeway spurs to bypass Martinsville and Rocky Mount. US220 in Virginia is a divided highway with a 55 miles per hour speed limit for most of the distance between Martinsville and Roanoke. US220 is a road in several stretches, and there have been many accidents. It is co-signed with I-581 from downtown Roanoke to I-81 north of the city, the route continues along I-81 northbound until Daleville, at an interchange with US220 Alternate
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Virginia State Route 40
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State Route 40 is a primary state highway in the southern part of the U. S. state of Virginia. It runs from State Route 8 at Woolwine east to State Route 10 at Spring Grove and it is the longest state-numbered route in Virginia. SR40 begins at SR8 at the community of Woolwine. It heads northeast along the side of the Blue Ridge, crossing streams. Around Endicott, the starts to turn east, away from the ridge. Between Ferrum and Rocky Mount, SR40 parallels the Norfolk Southern Railways north–south Winston-Salem District. The route intersects U. S. Route 220 Business in downtown Rocky Mount and the newer US220 bypass to the east, soon splitting from SR122, which leads northeast to Bedford, and turning directly east. After it leaves Rocky Mount, SR40 heads east, largely along an alignment that utilizes cuts and fills to provide a straight. Approaching Gretna, it intersects the US29 bypass, and then US29 Business in downtown Gretna and this portion of the highway ends where it meets US501 at North Halifax, turning north and crossing the Roanoke River into Brookneal. US501 and SR40 split in downtown Brookneal, with US501 heading northwest and SR40 leaving to the northeast, the highway passes through Phenix on its way to Charlotte Court House, where it intersects SR47 with a brief overlap. Inside Keysville, SR40 meets the end of SR59 and crosses US 15/360 Business. Just beyond, the short SR385 provides access to Southside Virginia Community College, SR40 joins SR49 at Lunenburg, overlapping that route to downtown Victoria. From Victoria east to downtown Kenbridge, where it meets the west and north ends of SR137 and SR138, the route leaves Kenbridge to the northeast, running past the north end of SR46 to a junction with US460 Business in downtown Blackstone. After a short overlap with US460 Business, SR40 leaves to the east, because SR40 is south of US460 Business on both sides of the overlap, SR40 does not intersect US460 here. Outside the town limits, SR40 crosses through Fort Pickett, the route crosses US1 in McKenney and I-85 at exit 42 just to the east. Between Sussex and a point east of Homeville, a route to the south is the former alignment. Beyond Homeville, the last stretch of the highway heads northeasterly, State Route 646, a secondary highway, continues northeast beyond SR10 to the former end of SR40 in Claremont. Virginia State Truck Route 40 in Victoria, Virginia is Tidewater Avenue from Court Street to West 6th Street, State Route 40 Business is a former segment of VA40 that was converted into a business route that runs through downtown Stony Creek
38.
Booker T. Washington National Monument
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The Booker T. Washington National Monument is a National Monument near Hardy, Franklin County, Virginia. It preserves portions of the 207-acre tobacco farm on which educator and it provides interpretation of Washingtons life and achievements, as well as interpretation of 1850s slavery and farming through the use of buildings, gardens, crafts and animals. Congress authorized a coin to fund the purchase of the site. This commemorative half dollar was the first US coin to feature an African American,18 varieties of the coin were produced, and more than 1.5 million were sold. Yet, after the production was finished, the BTW Commission owed more money than it had assets. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, media related to Booker T. Washington National Monument at Wikimedia Commons Booker T. Washington National Monument Booker T. Washington Slave Cabin Commemorative Coin
39.
Evergreen (Rocky Mount, Virginia)
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Evergreen, also known as the Callaway-Deyerle House, is an historic home located near Rocky Mount, Franklin County, Virginia. The original section, now the ell, was built about 1840, is a two-story. A two-story front section in the Italianate style was added about 1861, a side gable and wing addition was built at the same time. Also on the property are a contributing silo, barn, the silo on site is one of the earliest all brick grain silos in this part of the country. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999
40.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
41.
Gretna, Virginia
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Gretna is a town in Pittsylvania County, Virginia, United States. The population was 1,257 at the 2000 census and it is part of the Danville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Gretna Commercial Historic District and Yates Tavern are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Gretna is located at 36°57′11″N 79°21′46″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 1.1 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,257 people,569 households, the population density was 1,172.8 people per square mile. There were 635 housing units at a density of 592.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 60. 54% White,38. 90% African American,0. 08% Native American,0. 08% Asian,0. 16% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 40% of the population. 40. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 22. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.75. In the town, the population was out with 18. 4% under the age of 18,4. 7% from 18 to 24,21. 7% from 25 to 44,23. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 50 years, for every 100 females there were 74.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 67.9 males, the median income for a household in the town was $23,710, and the median income for a family was $33,611. Males had an income of $28,158 versus $20,598 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,397, about 14. 4% of families and 19. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27. 7% of those under age 18 and 20. 7% of those age 65 or over
