1.
University of Pennsylvania
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The University of Pennsylvania is a private Ivy League research university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Incorporated as The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, Penn is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, the university coat of arms features a dolphin on the red chief, adopted directly from the Franklin familys own coat of arms. Penn was one of the first academic institutions to follow a multidisciplinary model pioneered by several European universities and it was also home to many other educational innovations. The first school of medicine in North America, the first collegiate school. With an endowment of $10.72 billion, Penn had the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States, all of Penns schools exhibit very high research activity. In fiscal year 2015, Penns academic research budget was $851 million, over its history, the university has also produced many distinguished alumni. S. House of Representatives,8 signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, in addition, some 30 Nobel laureates,169 Guggenheim Fellows, and 80 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, have been affiliated with Penn. In addition, Penn has produced a significant number of Fortune 500 CEOs, in 1740, a group of Philadelphians joined together to erect a great preaching hall for the traveling evangelist George Whitefield, who toured the American colonies delivering open air sermons. The building was designed and built by Edmund Woolley and was the largest building in the city at the time and it was initially planned to serve as a charity school as well, however, a lack of funds forced plans for the chapel and school to be suspended. According to Franklins autobiography, it was in 1743 when he first had the idea to establish an academy, however, Peters declined a casual inquiry from Franklin and nothing further was done for another six years. Unlike the other Colonial colleges that existed in 1749—Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Franklin assembled a board of trustees from among the leading citizens of Philadelphia, the first such non-sectarian board in America. At the first meeting of the 24 members of the Board of Trustees the issue of where to locate the school was a prime concern. The original sponsors of the dormant building still owed considerable construction debts and asked Franklins group to assume their debts and, accordingly, on February 1,1750 the new board took over the building and trusts of the old board. On August 13,1751, the Academy of Philadelphia, using the hall at 4th and Arch Streets. A charity school also was chartered July 13,1753 in accordance with the intentions of the original New Building donors, June 16,1755, the College of Philadelphia was chartered, paving the way for the addition of undergraduate instruction. All three schools shared the same Board of Trustees and were considered to be part of the same institution, the institution of higher learning was known as the College of Philadelphia from 1755 to 1779. In 1779, not trusting then-provost the Rev. William Smiths Loyalist tendencies, the result was a schism, with Smith continuing to operate an attenuated version of the College of Philadelphia. In 1791 the Legislature issued a new charter, merging the two institutions into a new University of Pennsylvania with twelve men from each institution on the new Board of Trustees
2.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
3.
AstroTurf
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AstroTurf is a brand of artificial turf playing surface. The original AstroTurf product was a synthetic turf. The prime reason to incorporate AstroTurf on game fields was to avoid the cost of laying natural turf, the name AstroTurf has evolved into a generic trademark and is sometimes used to refer to all brands of artificial turf. The original AstroTurf brand product was co-invented in 1965 by Donald L. Elbert, James M. Faria and it was patented in 1965 and originally sold under the name ChemGrass. It was re-branded as AstroTurf by an employee named John A. Wortmann after its first well-publicized use at the Houston Astrodome stadium in 1966. Early iterations of the short pile turf swept the major stadia, concerns over directionality and traction led Monsantos R&D department to implement a texturized nylon system. By imparting a crimped texture to the nylon after it was extruded, in 1987, Monsanto consolidated its AstroTurf management, marketing, and technical activities in Dalton, Georgia, as AstroTurf Industries, Inc. In 1988, Balsam AG purchased all the stock of AstroTurf Industries. In 1994, Southwest Recreational Industries, Inc. acquired the AstroTurf brand, in 1996, SRI was acquired by American Sports Products Group Inc. While AstroTurf was the leader throughout the late 20th century. FieldTurf, AstroTurfs chief competitor in the early 2000s and today and this third generation turf, as it became known, changed the landscape of the marketplace. Although SRI successfully marketed AstroPlay, a third generation turf product, increased competition, despite their legal victory, increased competition took its toll. Out of the proceedings, Textile Management Associates, Inc. of Dalton, Georgia, acquired the AstroTurf brand. TMA began marketing the AstroTurf brand under the company AstroTurf, LLC, in 2006, General Sports Venue became TMAs marketing partner for the AstroTurf brand for the American market. AstroTurf, LLC handled the marketing of AstroTurf in the rest of the world, in 2009, TMA acquired GSV in order to enter the marketplace as a direct seller. AstroTurf, LLC focused its efforts on research and development, which has promoted rapid growth, AstroTurf introduced new product features and installation methods, including AstroFlect and field prefabrication. AstroTurf also introduced a product called RootZone consisting of crimped fibers designed to encapsulate infill and this product has been adopted by many professional organizations and colleges in the United States. In 2016, SportGroup Holding announced that it would purchase AstroTurf,1964 The Moses Brown School in Providence, Rhode Island, installs ChemGrass
4.
Frank Miles Day
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Frank Miles Day was a Philadelphia-based architect who specialized in residences and academic buildings. In 1883, he graduated from the Towne School of the University of Pennsylvania, in England, he apprenticed under two architects, and won the 1885 prize from the Architectural Association of London. He returned to Philadelphia, and worked in the offices of George T. Pearson and Addison Hutton, Days first major commission was the Art Club of Philadelphia, on South Broad Street in Center City, Philadelphia. His brother Henry joined the firm in 1893, and Charles Zeller Klauder, from 1912 to 1927, even after Days 1918 death, the firm was known as Day & Klauder. Day was a lecturer in architecture at the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University, Day made major additions to the campuses of the University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University and Wellesley College. Day & Klauder designed 18 buildings for Princeton University, although half were Klauders work, Days 1917 master plan for the University of Delaware was inspired by Thomas Jeffersons plan for the University of Virginia. Following the firms 1917 master plan for the Boulder campus, Klauder went on to much of the University of Colorado. Day was national president of the American Institute of Architects, 1906–07, an editor of House & Garden Magazine. In 1910, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician, edward Wood houses, 245-47 S. 17th St. Art Club of Philadelphia,220 S, Broad St. Alterations to Tenth Presbyterian Church, 1700–08 Spruce St. Broad St. American Baptist Publication Society, 1420-22 Chestnut St. C. B, newbold residence,1313 Locust St. Cogslea,615 St. Georges Rd. Mount Airy. Moved from 9th & Chestnut Sts, University of Pennsylvania Museum,3260 South St. University of Pennsylvania, designed with Wilson Eyre and Cope & Stewardson Franklin Field, the current Franklin Field is the 3rd stadium on the site, designed in 1922 by Days partner, Charles Zeller Klauder, with the upper deck added in 1925. Weightman Hall, 233-35 S. 33rd St. Madison, Wisconsin, tuberculosis Hospital,4600 Arkansas Ave. NW, Washington, D. C. L
5.
Charles Klauder
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Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Klauder was the son of Louis and Anna Koehler Klauder, who had immigrated to Philadelphia from Germany. He studied architecture at the School of Industrial Art at the Pennsylvania Museum, at age 15, he entered the office of Theophilus Parsons Chandler, Jr. Beginning in 1893 he worked for prominent Philadelphia architectural firms, including Wilson Brothers & Company, Cope & Stewardson, and Horace Trumbauer. In 1900, Klauder became chief draughtsman at Day & Brother, which led to the 1911 partnership with Frank Miles Day, Klauder continued the firm after Days 1918 death, but did not rename it until 1927. At Penn he designed the third Franklin Field, Hutchinson Gymnasium, the Coxe and Sharpe Wings of the University Museum, alterations to Weightman Hall, several of his landmark Neo-Gothic buildings at Pitt are the Cathedral of Learning, Heinz Memorial Chapel and the Stephen Foster Memorial. The Cathedral of Learning, upon its completion, was the tallest educational building in the world and it is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Marks Scout Resource Center at 22nd and Winter Streets in Philadelphia was built in 1929, Klauder designed the building in the Beaux Arts style. For his lifelong architectural work, Klauder has received the Gold Medal, Architectural League,1921, Grand Prix Pan American Congress of Architects,1927, Architectural Medal, Olympic Games,1928. Klauder was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, in 1938 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician. Klauder died aged 66 on October 30,1938, Klauder, Charles Z. Wise, Herbert C. Pitt, The Story of the University of Pittsburgh 1787-1987, Charles Z. Klauder Collection at the Carnegie Mellon University Architecture Archives
6.
Turner Construction
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Turner Construction Company is an American construction company. It is one of the largest construction management companies in the United States of America and it is a subsidiary of the German company Hochtief. Henry Chandlee Turner founded Turner Construction Company in 1902, with $25,000 in start-up capital, at 11 Broadway, Turners first job was a $687 project to build a concrete vault for Thrift Bank in the borough of Brooklyn. In 1903, a Scottish industrialist named Robert Gair, involved with the manufacture of paper products, the facility, finished in 1904, measured 180,000 sq ft, making it, at the time, the largest reinforced concrete building in the United States. At the same time the company was developing plans for the Gair building, the original design showed the stairs were to be made of steel, but Turner thought concrete was a less expensive alternative. After examining public bidding records, Henry Turner undercut competing offers and was awarded the chance to build several staircases in concrete and his alternative worked, leading to contracts for more than 50 staircases and platforms for the Interborough Rapid Transit. The company established branch offices to maintain its geographic scope. The Buffalo office followed in 1908, as did the office in Boston, when the United States entered World War I, Turner was among the countrys most successful builders. From World War I to the Great Depression, the companys billings grew from under $12 million to nearly $44 million, like most industries, construction suffered during the economic collapse and Turners volume fell to $2.5 million by 1933. The company recovered and revenues increased to $12 million by 1937, the company suspended commercial construction during the war years, focusing instead on construction of military camps, factories, and government buildings. Henry Turner stepped down as president in 1941, to serve as chairman and make room for his brother, Archie Turner, Archie Turner led the company through the war, but poor health limited his tenure. In October 1946, Henry Turner retired as chairman, handing the post to his ailing brother, for his replacement, Archie Turner selected Admiral Ben Moreell, the individual responsible for forming the Seabees. One month after Moreells appointment, Archie Turner died of a heart attack, four months later, Moreell resigned, and the void was filled by Henry Turners son, Henry Chandlee Turner, Jr. Under Chan Turner, as a result of numerous construction projects. After surpassing $100 million in revenues in 1951, Turner built the United Nations Secretariat building in New York in 1952, during the 1960s, notable projects included the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in the early part of the decade and Madison Square Garden in 1967. The company opened a office in Cincinnati in 1954, followed by offices in Los Angeles in 1964, Cleveland and Columbus in 1966. In 1969, Turner issued over-the-counter stock, in 1972, the companys stock began trading on the American Stock Exchange. The company added offices in Detroit and Denver in 1973, Pittsburgh and Atlanta in 1976, Seattle in 1977, notable projects included the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Hospital in 1974 and the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library in 1977, the year Turner eclipsed $1 billion in sales
7.
Penn Quakers
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The Penn Quakers are the athletic teams of the University of Pennsylvania. The school sponsors 27 varsity sports, the school has won three NCAA national championships in mens fencing and one in womens fencing. The football team has competed since 1876 and it has won eighteen national championships when the school competed in what is now known as the FBS. Since the formation of the Ivy League in 1956, Penn has won 17 Ivy League Football Championships, Penn has been outright Ivy Football Champion 13 times and been undefeated 8 times. Eighteen former players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, in addition to the varsity squad, the Penn Quakers are a charter member of the Collegiate Sprint Football League, having played the sport since 1934. From 1911 to 1958, Penn won ten national championships, the Penn mens swimming team was founded in 1894. They have won the Ivy League championships five times, in 1940, 1964–65, 1967–68, 1969–70, penns swim team practices and competes at Sheerr Pool in the Pottruck fitness facility. Penn Quaker Wrestling dates back to 1905, where the first intercollegiate wrestling championship was held in Weightman Hall Gym located on University of Penn campus, princeton, Yale and Columbia joined Penn in founding the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association, which the team currently competes in. Coached by Illinois all time win record holder Alex Tirapelle with a 128 career wins with the University, the Penn Quaker Wrestling team currently competes in the historic Palestra Arena. 2016 Ivy League Champions As of July 2,2016, Penn has 4 NCAA team national championships
8.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
9.
Philadelphia Eagles
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The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference East division. The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets, when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia. Bell, Chuck Bednarik, Bob Brown, Reggie White, Steve Van Buren, Tommy McDonald, Greasy Neale, Pete Pihos, Sonny Jurgensen, the team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants. This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL and they also have a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins, as well as their bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys, which has become more high-profile in the last three decades. The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season, in a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players, Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL. Midway through the 1931 season, the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt, the Bell-Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises. Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same, citing the period of dormancy. Furthermore, almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles first roster, the Eagles, along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now-defunct Cincinnati Reds, joined the NFL as expansion teams. To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter, management set up stands in right field, some 20 feet high, these east stands had 22 rows of seats. The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field, the uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000, but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000. The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade, enduring repeated losing seasons, soon after, Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh, while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia. By the late 1940s, head coach Earle Greasy Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games, winning two of them in 1948 and 1949. After the 1957 season, the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania, Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles, whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000. The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 and it was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf. In 1960, the Eagles won their third NFL championship, under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik, the head coach was Buck Shaw. The 1960 Eagles, by a score of 17–13, became the team to defeat Vince Lombardi. The Eagles had a good 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962
10.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
11.
World Football League
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The World Football League was a short-lived American football league that played in 1974 and part of 1975. Although the leagues proclaimed ambition was to bring American football onto a worldwide stage, the league folded midway through its second season, in 1975. A new minor football league began play as the World Football League in 2008 after acquiring the rights to its trademarks, gary Davidson was the driving force behind the WFL. His World Football League did not bring any surviving teams into the National Football League, to get the league off the ground, Davidson knew he needed investors. At a press conference held in Chicago, Davidson announced his core of investors, perhaps one of the biggest of the founding fathers was a Canadian movie producer, John F. Bassett. A former tennis prodigy and owner of the WHAs Toronto Toros, the family owned the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League, two Toronto newspapers and interests in television stations. The younger Bassett himself had been mulling over starting his own football league when he happened to meet Davidson and was given a franchise for Toronto. Several prospective owners were forced to drop out, Davidson was willing to sell his Philadelphia team to investor Harry Jay Katz. Alas, Davidson would learn that Katz didnt have the resources that he claimed. Davidson pulled back his offer to sell the rights to Philadelphia and he nearly sold the Detroit franchise to a man named Bud Huchul, but it was later discovered Huchul had been arrested 30 times and faced 27 lawsuits related to his previous business dealings. Davidson had initially planned for his league to play in 1975. However, the league came under pressure to accelerate its timetable, one team went through several identities. The team slated to play in Maryland was to be called the Washington Capitals, a contest held to name the team came up with the name Ambassadors. The team then became the Baltimore-Washington Ambassadors, and then the Baltimore name was dropped, in order to boost ticket sales, Washington owner Joe Wheeler offered former Baltimore Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas a contract as head coach and general manager of the team. Unitas declined, stating that he was already under contract to the San Diego Chargers, spurned by Unitas, Wheeler reached out to Redskins linebacker Jack Pardee with the same offer. Pardee jumped at the chance, and quickly signed with the new league, Wheeler in the meantime had engaged in a war for territory with Pardees old boss, Redskins owner Edward Bennett Williams. Wheeler wanted the Ambassadors to play at RFK Stadium, but Williams refused to allow it, Williams won the war, and the Ambassadors were on the move. The fledgling WFL did succeed in raising stagnant salaries in the NFL, with the uncertain labor situation, the WFL had the opportunity to provide players with a better deal than the established leagues would give them, along with the promise of employment
12.
Philadelphia Atoms
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The Philadelphia Atoms were an American soccer team based out of Philadelphia that played in the North American Soccer League. They played from 1973 to 1976, at Veterans Stadium and Franklin Field, the clubs colors were blue and white. The club was succeeded by the Philadelphia Fury in 1978, the Atoms were founded by Philadelphia construction mogul Thomas McCloskey in 1973 at the urging of Kansas City Chiefs and Dallas Tornado owner Lamar Hunt. Playing a largely American line-up, they won the NASL title in their first year of existence by defeating Hunt’s Dallas club 2–0, after this championship match, Philadelphia goalkeeper and Delaware Valley native Bob Rigby became the first soccer player to be featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated. The Atoms could not sustain the success of their first season as the missed the playoffs in each of their remaining three NASL campaigns. Attendance began to flag and, after the 1975 season, the team was sold to a group of Mexican clubs, fielding a primarily Mexican side, attendance continued to wane and the club folded after the 1976 season. This plan never came to fruition, and the Philadelphia franchise was placed into receivership by the NASL, the franchise was removed from receivership two years later when the Philadelphia Fury began their three-year run in Philadelphia in 1978. Al Miller Philadelphia Fury Philadelphia Spartans Philadelphia Union NASL Jerseys, Philadelphia Atoms
13.
Philadelphia Spinners
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The Philadelphia Spinners were a professional ultimate team based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They were founded in 2012 as a team in the American Ultimate Disc League and they played in the MLU until the league was suspended in 2016. Their home stadium is Carey Stadium at Germantown Academy, Darryl Stanley is the current Head Coach and Rusty May is the current Head of Operations. The Spinners were established in 2012 as one of the eight teams of the American Ultimate Disc League. Spinners owner Jeff Snader took control as head coach and general manager, the 2012 season officially began on April 14,2012 with the teams home opener at Franklin Field versus the Buffalo Hunters. The start time for the game was slated to begin at 8,05 p. m. however a large crowd of fans still entering the stadium caused the opening pull to be delayed. The game concluded with the Spinners defeating Buffalo 26-14 in front of 1,800 fans, the season continued with a 13-2 record and about 900 fans attending each home game. The Spinners clinched the first seed for the Eastern conference and home advantage for the conference championship match. The Spinners were originally to play the second place Connecticut Constitution in the conference championship. The Spinners instead played the third place Rhode Island Rampage, who they defeated 35-21 and this advanced the Spinners to the AUDL championship in Detroit at the Silverdome on August 11,2012. The Spinners defeated the western conference champions Indianapolis AlleyCats 29-21, jake Rainwater represented the Spinners on the 2012 All AUDL team. On August 2,2012, the Spinners played the NexGen ultimate team in an exhibition match and this move was made after Snader made it aware that he had a dislike in how the AUDL was being run. Snader would become the commissioner of the league and Spinners organization worker Nic Darling would become Vice President of Marketing. An agreement was made with the AUDL so that Snader could keep ownership of the Spinners name and logo, however, several players from the 2012 season did not come over to the new league with the team. The Spinners 2013 season began away versus the DC Current, New head coach and general manager Bill Maroon led the team to an 18-16 victory. A victory the week at the New York Rumble gave the Spinners a 2-0 record to start the season. The home opener took place on May 4,2013 at Colonial Stadium at Plymouth Whitemarsh High School in Plymouth Meeting, the Spinners lost to the DC Current 18-15. The loss sparked a 7 game losing streak, the streak ended on June 22, when the Spinners defeated the DC Current 19-18 in their final game of the season
14.
Major League Ultimate
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Major League Ultimate was previously one of two semi-professional Ultimate Frisbee leagues in North America, the other being the American Ultimate Disc League. However, league operations are currently suspended and it was composed of 8 member teams,7 in the United States and 1 in Canada. It was formed in 2012, and began its season in April,2013. The season concluded with games for the Western and Eastern divisions. The most recent champions were the Philadelphia Spinners in 2016, the Philadelphia Spinners left the AUDL at the end of the 2012 season after disagreements on how it was run. With the help of their staff, including former GM Jeff Snader, and a group of individuals now referred to as the Founders. On December 21,2016, the announced that its investors has pulled funding. The MLU used most of the rules of Ultimate, with multiple adaptations. Most of the adaptations are like those of the AUDL, from which the MLU originated and they play on slightly expanded fields, and double-teaming of an offensive player is allowed. Also unusual for Ultimate, although common in sports and the AUDL. The eight teams in the MLU were split into two conferences, during the regular season, each team played 10 matches. The top two teams from each advanced to a conference final. The winners from these matches then advanced to compete in the MLU Championship match, highlights of the 2013 championship game were broadcast on Fox Sports 1 as part of an anthology show co-hosted by former NFL player Dhani Jones and Olympic gold medalist Jonny Moseley. ESPNs SportsCenter Top 10 and SportsNation have also featured clips from the MLU. In 2016, all games were livestreamed on YouTube and through the MLU website, in 2013, Five Ultimate was the official uniform manufacturer for all eight teams. For the 2014 season, Puma became the jersey sponsor. Since 2015, Canterbury has been the official jersey sponsor, source, Wins by team American Ultimate Disc League
15.
Penn Relays
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In 2012, there were 116 events run at the meet and more athletes run in the Penn Relays than do any other track and field meet in the world. Historically, the event has been credited with popularizing the running of relay races and it is held during the last full week in April, ending on the last Saturday in April. Attendance typically tops 100,000 over the three days, and has been known to surpass 50,000 on Saturday. The Penn Relays also holds a Catholic Youth Organization night for Catholic Middle Schools in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia, preliminaries are run on the Tuesday during Carnival Week, and the Finals are run on Friday. The team would consist of four men all running a quarter of a mile one after the other, today this relay race is known as the 4 ×400 m relay. The sport of running was still fairly new at the time of the first Penn Relays. The Penn Relays impacted the history of the sport of relay racing, so during the 1893 spring handicapped track meet the University of Pennsylvania and Princeton University men ran a relay race against each other. The Princeton men won with a time of 3,34 beating the University of Pennsylvania men by 8 yards, the first ever Penn Relay Carnival was held on April 21,1895 at Franklin Field and was a huge success. Approximately 5,000 people attended the meet, nine relay races were run and only two teams were in each race. Four of which were school and prep school races. Another four were college races and one championship college race, the only relay run at that time was the 4x440 yard relay or the mile relay. The first team to win a Penn Relays championship was Harvard University after they defeated University of Pennsylvania with a time of 3,34. Other colleges that competed in the meet were Cornell University, Columbia University, Lafayette, Lehigh, Rutgers, Swarthmore, College of the City of New York, the number of entries from the first Penn Relay Carnival to the second Penn Relay Carnival quadrupled. Because of this, a schedule of events had to be made to keep the meet organized. A rule was established that if a team was not on time to their race, in that same year a 5-mile relay was added to the meet which would later become the 4-mile relay. The next year, in 1897, the 2-mile relay or the 4 ×800 m relay was added to the meet, in 1898, The University of Chicago became the first midwestern team to attend the carnival. In the two years after that, the events were added to the meet,100 yard dash,220 yard dash,120 yard hurdles. The Term Carnival was put into the name of the meet in 1910 because of the atmosphere created by the carnival-like tent camp at the meet
16.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
17.
Track and field
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Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sports venue, a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running. The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, the jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also combined events or multi events, such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, in these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a victor, the most prominent team events are relay races. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the mens and womens competitions are held at the same venue. It is one of the oldest sports, in ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won the stadium race. According to some traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals. In modern times, the two most prestigious track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The International Association of Athletics Federations is the governing body. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, however, if athletes are deemed to have violated the events rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In North America, the track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events, such as the marathon. The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory, Track and field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested, Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC
18.
Lacrosse
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Lacrosse is a contact team sport played between two teams using a small rubber ball and a long-handled stick called a crosse or lacrosse stick. The mens version is considered as a sport, with slashes and intense checks to the stick. The head of the stick is strung with loose mesh designed to catch. There are many different ways to put mesh on the head of the stick, also known as stringing the stick. Offensively, the objective of the game is to score by shooting the ball into a goal past the goalie, using the lacrosse stick to catch, cradle. Defensively, the objective is to keep the team from scoring and to gain the ball through the use of stick checking. The sport has four types, mens field lacrosse, womens lacrosse. The sport consists of four positions, midfield, attack, defense, long stick middies only play defense and come off of the field on offense. As a result of its origins, it is traditionally a Northeastern US, or east coast sport, but in recent years has grown into the South, Midwest. Lacrosse may have developed as early as 1100 AD among indigenous peoples on the North American continent. By the seventeenth century, it was well-established and it was documented by Jesuit missionary priests in the territory of present-day Canada. The game has many modifications since that time. In the traditional aboriginal Canadian version, each consisted of about 100 to 1,000 men on a field that stretched from about 500 m to 3 km long. These games lasted from sunup to sundown for two to three days straight and these games were played as part of ceremonial ritual, a kind of symbolic warfare, to give thanks to the Creator or Master. Lacrosse played a significant role in the community and religious life of tribes across the continent for many years, early lacrosse was characterized by deep spiritual involvement, befitting the spirit of combat in which it was undertaken. Those who took part did so in the role of warriors, with the goal of bringing glory and honor to themselves, the game was said to be played for the Creator or was referred to as The Creators Game. The French Jesuit missionary Jean de Brébeuf saw Iroquois tribesmen play the game during 1637 in present-day New York and he was one of the first Europeans to write about the game. The name seems to be originated from the French term for field hockey, a crosse in French is any stick curved at its end In 1855, William George Beers, a Canadian dentist, founded the Montreal Lacrosse Club
19.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
20.
Field hockey
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Field hockey is a team sport of the hockey family. The earliest origins of the date back to the Middle Ages in England, Scotland, France. The game can be played on a field or a turf field as well as an indoor board surface. Each team plays with eleven players, including the goalie, players use sticks made out of wood, carbon fibre, fibre glass or a combination of carbon fibre and fibre glass in different quantities to hit a round, hard, plastic ball. The length of the stick depends on the players individual height, only one end of the stick is allowed to be used. Goalies often have a different kind of stick, however they can use an ordinary field hockey stick. The specific goal-keeping sticks have another curve at the end of the stick, the uniform consists of shin guards, shoes, shorts, a mouth guard and a jersey. Today, the game is played globally, with particular popularity throughout Western Europe, the Indian subcontinent, Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Field Hockey is the national game of India and Pakistan. The term field hockey is used primarily in Canada and the United States where ice hockey is more popular, in Sweden the term landhockey is used. To some degree also in Norway and it is a section of Norways Bandy Association. Until recently they called it hockey, when it was changed to landhockey, during play, goal keepers are the only players who are allowed to touch the ball with any part of their body, while field players play the ball with the flat side of their stick. Goal keepers also cannot play the ball with the back of their stick, whoever scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time or a penalty shootout, there are many variations to overtime play that depend on the league and tournament play. In college play, an overtime period consists of a 10-minute golden goal period with seven players for each team. If a tie remains, the game enters a one-on-one competition where each team chooses 5 players to dribble from the 25 yard line down to the circle against the opposing goalie. The player has 8 seconds to score on the goalie keeping it in bounds, the play ends after a goal is scored, the ball goes out of bounds, a foul is committed or time expires. If the tie still persists extra rounds thereafter until one team has scored, the FIH is also responsible for organising the Hockey Rules Board and developing the rules for the game. A popular variant of field hockey is indoor field hockey, which differs in a number of respects while embodying the principles of hockey
21.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
22.
Intramural sports
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Intramural sports or intramurals are recreational sports organized within a particular institution, usually an educational institution, or a set geographic area. The term dates to the 1840s and it is contrasted with extramural, varsity or intercollegiate sports, which are played between teams from different educational institutions. The word intermural, which also correctly means between institutions, is an error for intramural. The first intramural sports departments were established at Ohio State University, mitchell later authored Intramural Athletics, and Intramural Sports. He co-authored Intramural Sports with Pat Mueller, today, intramural tournaments are still organized within a specific community or municipal area, between teams of equivalent age or athletic ability. For example, intramural programs are often organized on college campuses to promote competition and fun among the students. For most schools and campuses, intramural sports are used to promote wellness, the Canadian Intramural Recreation Association organized intramurals within Canada from 1976-2002. CIRA Ontario has been the major organization in the Canadian province of Ontario since 1969. They fulfill their mandate through resources, workshops, conferences, newsletters, awards, and other means
23.
Touch football (American)
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The game is usually played by amateurs on a recreational basis. Major variants of football include one-hand or two-hand touch, each of which dictates the number of hands a defensive player must touch the ball carrier with in order to end a down. Touch football can be played by teams as few as two or as many as eleven on each side, usually, games consist of teams of four to seven, positions in touch football are far less formal than its more organized counterpart. While some games roughly follow conventions, more often, all players will be considered eligible receivers, and there are usually no running backs. There may or may not be a snapper, if there is not, generally, in touch football, nearly every play is a passing play, whereas run plays and pass plays tend to be well balanced in organized football. Some games will also implement a blitz count, or a period of time that must elapse after the snap before the defense may cross the line of scrimmage in order to attempt to tackle the quarterback. The count thus gives the time to complete a pass in the absence of effective blocking. Other games will not use a count and thus blocking becomes important, because of these rules, passing plays are far more common than running plays in touch football. Along with the size of the teams, the size of the field can vary considerably, in most of these situations, there are no yard lines, requiring some change in the definition of a first down. Instead of requiring that an advance the ball ten yards. Another option is to eliminate first downs entirely, so that a team gets four chances to score and this is often better known as a Steady Quarterback or Steady Q. When this occurs, there is usually no blitz count and the quarterback is usually never allowed to cross the line of scrimmage. Scoring and game timing are much different in touch football than its more organized counterpart, for simplicity, touchdowns are usually worth 1 point and no other scoring is counted. The former scoring method does not allow for other scoring types such as safeties, there is usually no game clock and the game ends when one opponent has reached 10 touchdowns or 100 points. This rule controls the action of the teams current quarterback. When teams are even, a shift between two offensive players begins the play and it takes a touch from a defender assigned to the quarterback to stop his initial forward progress and determine where the ball will be thrown from. The assigned defender is stuck to the quarterback, unable to act as a defender or hinder the quarterback in his search of a receiver. Depending on the group, first touch can refer to the ability to run or walk after the shift
24.
Cricket
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Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a cricket field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard-long pitch with a wicket at each end. One team bats, attempting to score as many runs as possible, each phase of play is called an innings. After either ten batsmen have been dismissed or a number of overs have been completed, the innings ends. The winning team is the one that scores the most runs, including any extras gained, at the start of each game, two batsmen and eleven fielders enter the field of play. The striker takes guard on a crease drawn on the four feet in front of the wicket. His role is to prevent the ball hitting the stumps by use of his bat. The other batsman, known as the non-striker, waits at the end of the pitch near the bowler. A dismissed batsman must leave the field, and a teammate replaces him, the bowlers objectives are to prevent the scoring of runs and to dismiss the batsman. An over is a set of six deliveries bowled by the same bowler, the next over is bowled from the other end of the pitch by a different bowler. If a fielder retrieves the ball enough to put down the wicket with a batsman not having reached the crease at that end of the pitch. Adjudication is performed on the field by two umpires, the laws of cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council and the Marylebone Cricket Club. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours. In addition to the kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball. Although crickets origins are uncertain, it is first recorded in south-east England in the 16th century and it spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire, leading to the first international matches in the mid-19th century. ICC, the governing body, has over 100 members. The sport is followed primarily in Australasia, Britain, the Indian subcontinent, southern Africa, womens cricket, which is organised and played separately, has also achieved international standard. A number of words have been suggested as sources for the term cricket, in the earliest definite reference to the sport in 1598 it is called creckett. One possible source for the name is the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff, in Samuel Johnsons Dictionary, he derived cricket from cryce, Saxon, a stick
25.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
26.
Schuylkill River
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The Schuylkill River is an important river running west to east in eastern Pennsylvania, which was improved by navigations into the Schuylkill Canal. Several of its tributaries drain parts of the center-southern and easternmost Coal Regions in the state. It flows for 135 miles before joining the Delaware River as one of its largest tributaries in Philadelphia, in 1682 William Penn chose the left bank of the confluence upon which he founded the planned city of Philadelphia on lands purchased from the native Delaware nation. It is a designated Pennsylvania Scenic River, and its length was once part of the Delaware peoples southern territories. The waters of its upper end rise in what are called the richest anthracite coal fields in the world. The West Branch starts near Minersville and joins the branch at the town of Schuylkill Haven. It then combines with the Little Schuylkill River downstream in the town of Port Clinton, the Tulpehocken Creek joins it at the western edge of Reading. Wissahickon Creek joins it in northwest Philadelphia, other major tributaries include, Maiden Creek, Manatawny Creek, French Creek, and Perkiomen Creek. The Schuylkill joins the Delaware at the site of the former Philadelphia Navy Yard, now the Philadelphia Naval Business Center, the Lenape or Delaware Indians were the original inhabitants of the area around this river, which they called Tool-pay Hanna or Tool-pay Hok Ing. The river was discovered by European explorers from the Netherlands, Sweden and it was through historical documents called various names, including Manayunk, Manajungh, Manaiunk, and Lenni Bikbi. The Swedish explorer called it Menejackse kill or alternately Skiar kill or the Linde River, the headwaters of the river, up near Reading, was later called Tulpehocken by the English. The river was given the Dutch name Schuylkill. Another explanation is that the name translates to hideout creek in one of the Algonquian languages spoken by a Delaware tribe in their confederation. The two then backed the flagging effort to improve navigation on the Schuylkill, which efforts date back to legislation measures as early as 1762. The success, along with the opening of the first operable sections of New Yorks Erie Canal spurred stockholders of the Schuylkill Canal to finally fund the works. In the 1830s railway technology and new railroads grew in leaps and bounds, from 1820 to the 1860s Iron works, foundries, manufacturing mills, blast furnaces, rolling mills, rail yards, rail roads, warehouses and train stations sprang up throughout the valley. Tiny farm villages grew into vibrant company towns then transitioned into small cities as an industry and supporting businesses transformed local economics. Restoration of the river has been funded by money left for that purpose in Benjamin Franklins will, silt and coal dust from upstream industries, particularly coal mining and washing operations in the headwaters, led to extensive silting of the river through the early 20th century
27.
Center City, Philadelphia
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Center City includes the central business district and central neighborhoods of Philadelphia, in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. It is the former City of Philadelphia prior to the Act of Consolidation,1854 which extended the city borders to be coterminous with Philadelphia County. Greater Center City has grown into the second-most populated downtown area in the United States, after Midtown Manhattan in New York City, with an estimated 183,240 residents in 2015. Center City is bounded by South Street to the south, the Delaware River to the east, the Schuylkill River to the west and this means that Center City occupies the boundaries of the city before it was made coterminous with Philadelphia County in 1854. The Center City District, which has special powers of taxation, uses a complicated, irregularly shaped boundary that includes much but not all of this area, the Philadelphia Police Department patrols three districts located within Center City. The three patrol districts serving Center City are the 6th, 9th, and 17th districts, in March 1987, One Liberty Place broke the gentlemens agreement not to exceed the height of the statue of William Penn atop City Hall. Since the completion of One Liberty Place, no Philadelphia major-league sports team had won a championship for the next two decades, a phenomenon known as the Curse of Billy Penn. In an effort to reverse the curse, a 3-foot statue of Penn was affixed to the top of the Comcast Center upon its completion as the new tallest building in 2007. The Comcast Center, which was completed in 2007, is now the tallest building in Pennsylvania,30 feet taller than One Liberty Place, Two buildings now under construction —1441 Chestnut and the Comcast Technology Center — are also slated to be taller than City Hall. The latter would be the eighth-tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, the first publicly accessible vantage point higher than City Hall opened at One Liberty Observation Deck on the 57th floor of One Liberty Place in 2015. While Philadelphias population declined, Center Citys rose 10% between 1990 and 2000, in 2007, the city designated the area bound by 11th Street, Broad Street, Chestnut Street and Pine Street as the Gayborhood. Chinatown Fitler Square French Quarter Logan Square Market East Old City Rittenhouse Square Society Hill Washington Square West Sunoco has its headquarters in the BNY Mellon Center, cigna has its corporate headquarters in Two Liberty Place. Aramark is headquartered in Center City, Comcast is headquartered in the Comcast Center. The law firm Cozen OConnor has its headquarters in Center City, kogan Page has its United States offices in Center City. Lincoln National Corporation moved its headquarters from Indiana to Philadelphia in 1999, in Philadelphia Lincoln was headquartered in the West Tower of Centre Square in Center City. In 2007 the company moved 400 employees, including its top executives, the Philadelphia Fire Department operates 5 Fire Stations in the Center City area, Ladder 5, Medic 35, Battalion 1 -711 S. Broad St. Snorkel 2, Medic 44B, Battalion 4, Field Comm. Unit 1 -101 N. 4th St. Engine 11, Medic 21 -601 South St. Pipeline 20, Ladder 23, Medic 1 -133 N. 10th St. Squirt 43, Ladder 9, Medic 7 -2108 Market St
28.
WTEL (AM)
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WTEL is a Philadelphia radio station with an all-sports format. Located at 610 AM, the station adopted its current all-sports format in 1988 after making a 2-year transition to the format, WTEL broadcasts in the HD Radio format on 610 AM. The station was known for its influence on the Philadelphia sports fanbase. The station was known for hosting the annual eating contest. WIP was formerly owned by CBS Radio, and at time was considered to be a sister station to another CBS Radio station, WFAN. Both stations serve New Jersey in addition to their licensed cities, WIP was the flagship radio station for the Philadelphia Eagles and Philadelphia Phillies. When both teams were playing at the time, WPHT and/or WYSP usually carried one of the games. WIP was the radio station for the Eagles until 1992, when Eagles broadcasts moved to WYSP. The advent of television signals was putting television and radio signals too far out of sync. The station also carried Philadelphia Phillies games on Friday nights during the 2005 season, in 2008, WIP broadcast the Phillies March 31 season opener against Washington along with WPHT. In fact, WIP was a call sign issued by the federal government. In the 1940s and 1950s, the station was an affiliate of the Mutual Broadcasting System, from the 1950s until the early 1960s, the station was owned by Metropolitan Broadcasting and had a rock and roll format. In the early 60s the parent company name was changed from Metropolitan to Metromedia, with this format, the station played pop hits of the 1960s, along with some 50s pop mixed in. Announcers during this period included Joe McCauley, Ned Powers, Tom Brown. During this time WIP called themselves The Big W after a phrase in the 60s comedy, Its A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, WIP was number one in the market ratings through the 60s and for most of the 70s. In the late 60s they began including more soft-rock until the format evolved into an Adult Contemporary format which survived through the 70s. The music mix continued to include pop from the two decades. In addition, the station was full service in approach, as they had an emphasis on news as well
29.
KYW-TV
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KYW-TV, channel 3, is a CBS owned-and-operated television station located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The station is owned by the CBS Television Stations subsidiary of CBS Corporation, along with CW owned-and-operated station WPSG and several radio stations, including KYW. The KYW stations and WPSG share studios and office located just north of Center City Philadelphia. The channel 3 facility in Philadelphia is one of the worlds oldest television stations, Philco engineers created much of the stations equipment, including cameras. When the station began operations as W3XE, it was based within Philcos production plant, at C and East Tioga streets in North Philadelphia, complete with a small studio and transmitter. In 1941, it began sharing programs with W2XBS in New York City, becoming NBCs second television affiliate, on July 1,1941, W3XE received a commercial license – the third in the United States, and the first outside of New York City – as WPTZ. The station signed on for the first time on September 1, Philco then moved WPTZs studios to the penthouse suite of the Architects Building, at 17th and Sansom streets in downtown Philadelphia, while retaining master control facilities at the Philco plant. The station originally broadcast from a tower in the Philadelphia suburb of Wyndmoor and it significantly cut back operations after the U. S. entered World War II, but returned to a full schedule in 1945. Channel 3 relocated its operation to the Wyndmoor transmitter facility during World War II. It then became one of three stations that premiered NBCs regular television service in 1946, when full broadcasting was resumed, the station reactivated its studio in the Architects Building, remaining there until 1947. WPTZ then moved into unused space at 1619 Walnut Street in Center City, what is now KYW-TV has been based in Center City ever since. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation, owner of Philadelphias longtime NBC Radio affiliate KYW, the WPTZ call letters are now used for the NBC affiliate in Plattsburgh, New York. In May 1955, Westinghouse agreed to trade WPTZ and KYW radio to NBC in exchange for WNBK television and WTAM-AM-FM in Cleveland, NBC had long sought an owned-and-operated television station in Philadelphia, the largest market where it did not own a station. It had made offers over the years for the Philadelphia stations. NBC took over operation of WPTZ and KYW in late January 1956, on February 13,1956, shortly after NBC took control of channel 3, the Federal Communications Commission collapsed the Lehigh Valley, most of northern Delaware and southern New Jersey into the Philadelphia market. NBC realized WRCV-TVs existing tower was inadequate for this enlarged market, in 1957, channel 3 moved to a new 1, 100-foot tower in Roxborough. The tower was co-owned with WFIL-TV and added much of Delaware, the new transmitter enabled channel 3 to broadcast in color for the first time. However, almost immediately after the trade was finalized, Westinghouse complained to the FCC and the United States Department of Justice about NBCs coercion and a lengthy investigation was launched
30.
The Woodlands (Philadelphia)
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The Woodlands is a National Historic Landmark District on the west bank of the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia. It includes a Federal-style mansion, a carriage house and stable. More than 30,000 people are buried at the cemetery, the land that would become The Woodlands was originally a 250-acre tract in Blockley Township on the west bank of the Schuylkill River. It was purchased in 1735 by the famous Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hamilton, when Hamilton died in 1741, he willed his lands to his son, also named Andrew. The son survived his father by six years, but in that time built up his landholdings enough to leave a 300-acre estate to his own son, William Hamilton. William built a Georgian-style mansion with a grand, two-storied portico overlooking the river above Grays Ferry, following a trip to England after the American Revolution, Hamilton doubled the size of the dwelling, creating a 16-room manor with kitchens and service rooms in a windowed ground floor. Hamilton also collected and exchanged numerous native plants with his friends and neighbors, at one time, the estate covered 600 acres and stretched from the Schuylkill River to what is now Market Street on the north and 42nd Street on the west and incorporated Hamilton Village. After Hamilton died in 1813, his heirs sold off much of the Woodlands estate for institutional and residential development, by the first quarter of the 19th century, the West Philadelphia district was becoming a fashionable suburb. The founders concluded that The Woodlands isolated location, its array of exotic trees, john McArthur, Jr. designed the entrance architecture, which was demolished in 1936. As with its rival to the north, Laurel Hill Cemetery, trustees of the Woodlands spurred the early growth by interring the remains of a celebrity. His remains, originally buried at the Philadelphia Naval Asylum cemetery, were reburied at Woodlands in 1845, by mid-century, The Woodlands was thriving and attracted many of Philadelphias renowned industrialists, medical professionals, artists, writers, and veterans. In 1853, the land along the river was sold to the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad, over the next century, other railroads, particularly the Pennsylvania Railroad, added tracks. The Woodlands estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1967, in 2006, the cemetery and other structures on the site were added to form a National Historic Landmark District. The pathways and avenues of the cemetery and mansion make up the Woodlands Heritage National Recreation Trail, the cemetery includes a looped road system emanating from a central paved circle with infrequent motor vehicle traffic, making the grounds a safe and quiet place for biking, running and walking. There is also a path that encircles the perimeter of the grounds that is a popular circuit for University City dog-walkers and runners. Leashed dogs are permitted on the grounds, which are free, the cemetery also hosts a community garden and apiary. PA-1125, The Woodlands Historic American Buildings Survey No, pA-1125-A, The Woodlands, Stable-Carriage House Historic American Landscapes Survey No
31.
Pennsylvania Railroad
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The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Class I railroad, founded in 1846. Commonly referred to as the Pennsy, the PRR was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the PRR was the largest railroad by traffic and revenue in the U. S. for the first half of the 20th century. Over the years, it acquired, merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies and its only formidable rival was the New York Central, which carried around three-quarters of PRRs ton-miles. At one time, the PRR was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world, with a larger than that of the U. S. government. The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history, in 1968, PRR merged with rival NYC to form the Penn Central Transportation Company, which filed for bankruptcy within two years. The viable parts were transferred in 1976 to Conrail, which was broken up in 1999, with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway. Amtrak received the electrified segment east of Harrisburg, with the opening of the Erie Canal and the beginnings of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Philadelphia business interests became concerned that the port of Philadelphia would lose traffic. The state legislature was pressed to build a canal across Pennsylvania and it soon became evident that a single canal would not be practical and a series of railroads, inclined planes, and canals was proposed. Because freight and passengers had to change several times along the route and canals froze in winter, it soon became apparent that the system was cumbersome. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania granted a charter to the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1846 to build a rail line that would connect Harrisburg to Pittsburgh. The Directors chose John Edgar Thomson, an engineer from the Georgia Railroad, to survey, the crest of the mountain was penetrated by the 3, 612-foot Gallitzin Tunnels and then descended by a more moderate grade to Johnstown. The western end of the line was built from Pittsburgh east along the banks of the Allegheny. In 1857, the PRR purchased the Main Line of Public Works from the state of Pennsylvania, the line was double track from its inception, and by the end of the century a third and fourth track were added. Over the next 50 years, PRR expanded by gaining control of railroads by stock purchases. This line is still an important cross-state corridor, carrying Amtraks Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line and he served as PRRs first Chief Engineer and third President. Track connection in Philadelphia was made via the PRRs Connecting Railway, the PRRs Baltimore and Potomac Rail Road opened on July 2,1872, between Baltimore and Washington, D. C. This route required transfer via horse car in Baltimore to the lines heading north from the city. On June 29,1873, the Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel through Baltimore was completed, the PRR started the misleadingly named Pennsylvania Air Line service via the Northern Central Railway and Columbia, Pennsylvania
32.
1936 Democratic National Convention
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The 1936 Democratic National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from June 23 to 27,1936. The convention resulted in the nomination of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, prior to 1936, the rule for nominating candidates for President and Vice President required a two-thirds vote of the delegates. However, this rule was abolished at the 1936 Democratic Convention and this would allow for candidates to more easily be nominated and would thus produce less balloting. It also began to diminish the Souths clout at the convention, making it easier for Democrats to begin adopting civil rights and other liberal ideas into their platforms. The two thirds rule had given the South a de facto veto on presidential nominees, but Roosevelt pushed for the removal of the policy. With the rules abolition, Missouri Senator Bennett Champ Clark noted that the Democratic Party is no longer a sectional party, Southern Democrats would continue to decline in power, ultimately leading to the Dixiecrat movement and Nixons 1968 Southern strategy. South Carolina Senator Ellison D. Smith walked out of the hall once he saw that a black minister. Smith recalled, He started praying and I started walking, and from his great plantation in the sky, John C. Calhoun bent down and whispered in my ear – You done good, Ed. The Balloting, President Roosevelt and Vice President Garner were renominated by acclamation without need for a roll-call vote, in his acceptance speech on June 27 at the adjacent Franklin Field, Roosevelt remarked, This generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny
33.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
34.
Benjamin Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a polymath and a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman. As a scientist, he was a figure in the American Enlightenment. As an inventor, he is known for the rod, bifocals. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphias fire department and the University of Pennsylvania, Franklin earned the title of The First American for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation, in the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat. To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin the most accomplished American of his age, Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23. He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richards Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, after 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British policies. He pioneered and was first president of The Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and he organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Franklin became a hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France, during the Revolution, he became the first US Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, from 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the 1750s, he argued against slavery from an economic perspective, Franklins father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler, a soap-maker and a candle-maker. Josiah was born at Ecton, Northamptonshire, England on December 23,1657, the son of Thomas Franklin, a blacksmith-farmer, and Jane White. His mother, Abiah Folger, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on August 15,1667, to Peter Folger, a miller and schoolteacher, and his wife, Mary Morrill, Josiah Franklin had seventeen children with his two wives. He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and emigrated with her to Boston in 1683, after her death, Josiah was married to Abiah Folger on July 9,1689 in the Old South Meeting House by Samuel Willard. Benjamin, their child, was Josiah Franklins fifteenth child and tenth
35.
1994 FIFA World Cup
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The 1994 FIFA World Cup was the 15th FIFA World Cup, held in nine cities across the United States from 17 June to 17 July 1994. The United States was chosen as the host by FIFA on 4 July 1988. The total attendance of nearly 3.6 million for the tournament remains the highest in World Cup history. Brazil beat Italy 3–2 in a penalty shootout after the game ended 0–0 after extra time and this made Brazil the first nation to win four World Cup titles. Greece, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia made their appearances in the finals, Norway made its first appearance since 1938. Bulgaria, Morocco and Mexico returned after missing the 1990 tournament, Greece, Nigeria, and Saudi Arabia qualified for the World Cup finals for the first time. Russia, competing independently for the first time after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the defending champions West Germany were united with their East German counterparts, representing the unified Germany for the first time since the 1938 World Cup. As a result of the performances by African teams in 1990. Norway qualified for the first time since 1938, Bolivia for the first time since 1950, the qualification campaigns of both Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were affected by political events. The nation of Czechoslovakia dissolved in 1992, and the team completed its qualifying group under the name Representation of Czechs and Slovaks, Yugoslavia was suspended from international competition in 1992 as part of United Nations sanctions against the country as a result of the Yugoslav Wars. The sanctions were not lifted until 1994, by time it was no longer possible for the team to qualify. Chiles suspension from the 1990 FIFA World Cup, following the interruption of their qualification game against Brazil. Japan failed to qualify after the Agony of Doha against Iraq, losing out to Saudi Arabia, among other teams who failed to qualify were Uruguay and England- the latter being semi-finalists, and finishing in fourth place in 1990. Denmark, Portugal, Hungary, and France failed to qualify for the second successive tournament and this was the only World Cup finals since 1938, for which neither England nor Scotland qualified. The Republic of Ireland qualified for a second successive World Cup finals tournament, as of 2016, this was the last time that Bolivia qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals. Three nations bid for host duties, United States, Brazil, the vote was held in Zurich on 4 July 1988, and only took one round with the United States bid receiving a little over half of the votes by the Exco members. FIFA hoped that by staging the worlds most prestigious tournament there, one condition FIFA imposed was the creation of a professional soccer league, Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 and began operating in 1996. Germany, Brazil, Argentina, Belgium, Italy and the United States were seeded for the draw that took place in Las Vegas, Nevada
36.
FIFA
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The Fédération Internationale de Football Association is the international governing body of association football, futsal, and beach soccer. FIFA is responsible for the organisation of major international tournaments, notably the World Cup which commenced in 1930. FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee international competition among the associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden. Headquartered in Zürich, its membership now comprises 211 national associations, although FIFA does not control the rules of football, it is responsible for both the organization of a number of tournaments and their promotion, which generate revenue from sponsorship. In 2013, FIFA had revenues of over 1.3 billion U. S. dollars, for a net profit of 72 million and those among these officials who were also indicted in the U. S. are expected to be extradited to face charges there as well. Many officials were suspended by FIFAs ethics committee including Sepp Blatter, in early 2017 reports became public about FIFA president Gianni Infantino attempting to prevent the re-elections of both chairmen of the ethics committee during the FIFA congress in May 2017. The need for a body to oversee association football became apparent at the beginning of the 20th century with the increasing popularity of international fixtures. The French name and acronym are used even outside French-speaking countries, the founding members were the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Also, that day, the German Association declared its intention of affiliating through a telegram. The first president of FIFA was Robert Guérin, Guérin was replaced in 1906 by Daniel Burley Woolfall from England, by then a member of the association. Membership of FIFA expanded beyond Europe with the application of South Africa in 1909, Argentina in 1912, Canada and Chile in 1913, and the United States in 1914. During World War I, with players sent off to war and the possibility of travel for international fixtures severely limited. Post-war, following the death of Woolfall, the organisation was run by Dutchman Carl Hirschmann and it was saved from extinction, but at the cost of the withdrawal of the Home Nations, who cited an unwillingness to participate in international competitions with their recent World War enemies. The Home Nations later resumed their membership, the FIFA collection is held by the National Football Museum at Urbis in Manchester, England. The first World Cup in the world was in 1930 in Montevideo, FIFA is headquartered in Zürich, and is an association established under the Law of Switzerland. FIFAs supreme body is the FIFA Congress, a made up of representatives from each affiliated member association. Each national football association has one vote, regardless of its size or footballing strength, the Congress assembles in ordinary session once every year, and extraordinary sessions have been held once a year since 1998. The congress makes decisions relating to FIFAs governing statutes and their method of implementation and application, only the Congress can pass changes to FIFAs statutes
37.
Giants Stadium
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Giants Stadium was a stadium located in East Rutherford, New Jersey, in the Meadowlands Sports Complex. The venue was open from 1976 to 2010, and primarily hosted sporting events and concerts in its history, the maximum seating capacity was 80,242. The structure itself was 756 feet long,592 feet wide and 144 feet high from service level to the top of the bowl and 178 feet high to the top of the south tower. The volume of the stadium was 64,500,000 cubic feet,13,500 tons of structural steel were used in the building process and 29,200 tons of concrete were poured. It was owned and operated by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority, in the early 1970s the New York Giants, who at the time were sharing Yankee Stadium with the New York Yankees baseball team, began looking for a home of their own. The Giants struck a deal with the fledgling New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority in 1971, the 1972 season was the Giants last full season in Yankee Stadium, as the ballpark was closed for a massive reconstruction following the end of the Yankees season. After spending two years in New Haven, the Giants would return to New York for one season in 1975 and shared Shea Stadium in Flushing, Queens with the Yankees, New York Mets. The Giants finally moved into their new home on October 10,1976, eight years after Giants Stadium opened, it gained a second major tenant. The Jets lease at Shea Stadium had expired at the end of the 1983 season, the city of New York was unwilling to agree to his terms and Hess decided to move the Jets to the Meadowlands permanently. Their first game in Giants Stadium was on September 6,1984, the sharing of the stadium by both the Giants and Jets enabled it to break a record that had long been held by Chicagos Wrigley Field. Entering the 2003 season, its 28th, Giants Stadium had played host to 364 NFL games, the Giants season opening game with the St. Louis Rams tied the record, and the following week the Jets home opener against the Miami Dolphins broke it. Giants Stadium was closed following the 2009 NFL season following the construction of what is now MetLife Stadium in the parking lot. The stadiums final event was the January 3,2010 game featuring the Jets hosting the Cincinnati Bengals on Sunday Night Football, a month after the game, demolition of the structure began and was completed on August 10,2010. Giants Stadium opened on October 10,1976, as 76,042 fans witnessed a loss by the Giants to the Dallas Cowboys, the Giants had played their first four games on the road that season. College football made its debut at Giants Stadium on October 23,1976, with Rutgers University defeating Columbia 47–0, the New York Giants played their season-opening home game in the stadium on September 18 of the 1977 season. The 1985 USFL championship game which turned out to be the last USFL game played was held at Giants Stadium. In the second week of the 2005 season, the New Orleans Saints used the stadium for a game against the Giants because of extensive damage to the Louisiana Superdome after Hurricane Katrina. One end zone was painted in Saints colors, Saints banners were hung on the walls around the sidelines, the game was rescheduled to a Monday night with a special start time of 7,30 PM EDT, preceding the other scheduled game on Monday Night Football
38.
East Rutherford, New Jersey
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East Rutherford is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It is an suburb of New York City, located 7 miles west of Midtown Manhattan. Under the terms of an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 17,1889, the new township took its name from a spring in the community. On March 28,1894, the Borough of East Rutherford was created, based on the results of a referendum held the previous day, while there was no change in its borders, the name and form of government were changed. The borough was the second formed during the Boroughitis phenomenon then sweeping through Bergen County, East Rutherford is the home of the Meadowlands Sports Complex, which includes Meadowlands Arena and MetLife Stadium, and was previously the location of Giants Stadium. MetLife Stadium is home of the New York Giants and New York Jets of the National Football League and hosted Super Bowl XLVIII, Giants Stadium, which hosted the Giants and Jets until 2009, was also the original home of the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer. East Rutherford is the municipality with fewer than 10,000 residents to have been home to five professional sports teams simultaneously. The borough is the site of the American Dream Meadowlands project, if it were to be completed it would be the second largest mall in the state behind the Westfield Garden State Plaza. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had an area of 4.052 square miles. The Passaic River is the boundary, and the Hackensack River is the eastern boundary. The area in which East Rutherford is located is the valley of the Passaic, carlton Hill is an unincorporated community located within the township. As of the census of 2010, there were 8,913 people,3,792 households, the population density was 2,403.2 per square mile. There were 4,018 housing units at a density of 1,083.4 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17. 54% of the population,33. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the family size was 3.06. In the borough, the population was out with 18. 1% under the age of 18,8. 6% from 18 to 24,33. 2% from 25 to 44,26. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37.8 years, for every 100 females there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 92.5 males, the Census Bureaus 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $62,471 and the median family income was $71,357
39.
Pontiac Silverdome
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The Pontiac Silverdome, formerly known as the Silverdome, is a stadium in Pontiac, Michigan, United States. It opened in 1975 and sits on 127 acres of land, when the stadium opened, it featured a fiberglass fabric roof held up by air pressure, the first use of the technique in a major athletic facility. The roof has since been removed, with a seating capacity of 82,000, it was the largest stadium in the National Football League until FedEx Field in suburban Washington, D. C. opened in 1997. It was primarily the home of the Detroit Lions of the NFL from 1975 to 2001 and was home to the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association from 1978 to 1988. In 2012 the Silverdome served as the venue of the Detroit Mechanix of the American Ultimate Disc League. After the opening of Ford Field in 2002, the stadium was left without a permanent tenant and it first closed in 2006, but after multiple attempts to solicit redevelopment plans, the city sold the stadium at auction in 2009. It reopened in 2010 and hosted events, but closed again by 2013. The roof was deflated in 2013 and has since been removed, owners auctioned the stadiums contents in 2014 with no future development through June 2015, and plans for demolition failed after February of 2016. As of March 2017, an agreement has been made, for the World Cup matches, a natural grass surface capable of growing inside the dome was developed and installed by a team from Michigan State University. This grass surface was laid upon wooden pallets atop the artificial turf that is usually used and it was the first time that World Cup games were played indoors. On March 29,1987, the World Wrestling Federations WrestleMania III established the record for attendance of 93,173, the largest recorded attendance for a live indoor sporting event in North America. The record stood until February 14,2010 when the 2010 NBA All-Star Game broke the indoor sporting event record with an attendance of 108,713 at Cowboys Stadium, the Silverdome hosted an AMA Supercross Championship round from 1976 to 2005. In 2012, the Silverdome became the stadium of the citys professional Ultimate Frisbee team. That year, the Silverdome hosted the AUDL championship game, as on August 11, after the roof had been collapsed and the stadium abandoned, Red Bull produced a video of BMX rider Tyler Fernengel riding inside the Silverdome in 2015. That same year, a racing event at the former parking lot marked the beginning of Woodward Dream Cruise. The idea of a sports complex was part of a dream of C. Don Davidson, a Pontiac, Michigan native and star high school athlete, Davidson, upon graduating from Pontiac Central High School in 1947 and completing active duty with the U. S. Marine Corps, attended North Carolina State University on a football scholarship. He returned to Pontiac in 1965 and was shocked to see the deterioration of the city of Pontiac, Davidson embarked upon what would eventually become an obsession for him to see his beloved city succeed
40.
Pontiac, Michigan
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Pontiac /ˈpɒntiæk, ˈpɒni-/ is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan, located in Metro Detroit. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 59,515. It is the county seat of Oakland County, and about 12 miles north and slightly west of the Detroit city limits. Pontiac is notably the first organized settlement of a town in 1818 within the interior of Michigan and they were named after the city. The city of Pontiac also was home to Oakland Motor Car Company, also of note is the Pontiac Silverdome, the stadium that hosted the Detroit Lions of the National Football League from 1975 until 2002, when the team returned to downtown Detroit. Super Bowl XVI was played at the Silverdome in 1982, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.28 square miles, of which 19.97 square miles is land and 0.31 square miles is water. Pontiac is bounded by the city of Auburn Hills to the east and north, the city of Lake Angelus to the north, Waterford Township to the west, the former Pontiac Township included what are now the cities of Pontiac, Lake Angelus, and Auburn Hills. The township incorporated as the city of Auburn Hills in 1983, although the township no longer exists as a civil entity, it is still used as a survey township for land use purposes. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $31,207, males had a median income of $31,961 versus $24,765 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,842, about 18. 0% of families and 22. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29. 3% of those under age 18 and 15. 7% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 59,515 people,22,220 households, the population density was 2,980.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 27,084 housing units at a density of 1,356.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 34. 4% White,52. 1% African American,0. 6% Native American,2. 3% Asian,6. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 16. 5% of the population. 33. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.28. The median age in the city was 33.4 years. 27. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,11. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,28. 2% were from 25 to 44,24. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 1% male and 50. 9% female, residents are zoned to the School District of the City of Pontiac. The district runs one main school, Pontiac High School
41.
Princeton University
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Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States. The university has graduated many notable alumni, two U. S. Presidents,12 U. S. Supreme Court Justices, and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princetons alumni body. New Light Presbyterians founded the College of New Jersey in 1746 in order to train ministers, the college was the educational and religious capital of Scots-Irish America. In 1754, trustees of the College of New Jersey suggested that, in recognition of Governors interest, gov. Jonathan Belcher replied, What a name that would be. In 1756, the moved to Princeton, New Jersey. Its home in Princeton was Nassau Hall, named for the royal House of Orange-Nassau of William III of England, following the untimely deaths of Princetons first five presidents, John Witherspoon became president in 1768 and remained in that office until his death in 1794. During his presidency, Witherspoon shifted the focus from training ministers to preparing a new generation for leadership in the new American nation. To this end, he tightened academic standards and solicited investment in the college, in 1812, the eighth president the College of New Jersey, Ashbel Green, helped establish the Princeton Theological Seminary next door. The plan to extend the theological curriculum met with approval on the part of the authorities at the College of New Jersey. Today, Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary maintain separate institutions with ties that include such as cross-registration. Before the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, Nassau Hall was the sole building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on September 17,1754, during the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the countrys capital for four months. The class of 1879 donated twin lion sculptures that flanked the entrance until 1911, Nassau Halls bell rang after the halls construction, however, the fire of 1802 melted it. The bell was then recast and melted again in the fire of 1855, James McCosh took office as the colleges president in 1868 and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the American Civil War. McCosh Hall is named in his honor, in 1879, the first thesis for a Doctor of Philosophy Ph. D. was submitted by James F. Williamson, Class of 1877. In 1896, the officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resides
42.
ESPN on ABC
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ESPN on ABC is the brand used for sports event and documentary programming televised on the American Broadcasting Company in the United States. ABC broadcasts use ESPNs production and announcing staff, and incorporate elements such as ESPN-branded on-screen graphics, SportsCenter in-game updates, the broadcast networks sports event coverage carried the ABC Sports brand prior to September 2,2006. When ABC acquired a controlling interest in ESPN in 1984, it operated the cable network separately from its sports division. The integration of ABC Sports with ESPN began after The Walt Disney Company bought ABC in 1996, the branding change to ESPN on ABC was made to better orient ESPN viewers with event telecasts on ABC and provide consistent branding for all sports broadcasts on Disney-owned channels. Like its longtime competitors CBS Sports and NBC Sports, ABC Sports was originally part of the division of the ABC network. When Roone Arledge came to ABC Sports as a producer of NCAA football games in 1960, the International Olympic Committee even wanted a bank to guarantee ABCs contract to broadcast the 1960 Olympics. At the time, Edward Scherick served as the de facto head of ABC Sports, Scherick had joined the fledgling ABC television network when he persuaded it to purchase Sports Programs, Inc. in exchange for the network acquiring shares in the company. Scherick had formed the company after he left CBS, when the network would not make him the head of its sports programming unit. Before ABC Sports even became a division of the network, Scherick. While Scherick was not interested in For Men Only, he recognized the talent that Arledge had, Arledge realized ABC was the organization he was looking to become part of. The lack of an organization would offer him the opportunity to claim real power when the network matured. With this, he signed on with Scherick as an assistant producer, network broadcasts of sporting events had previously consisted of simple set-ups and focused on the game itself. In his memo, Arledge not only offered another way to broadcast the game to the sports fan, in addition, he had the forethought to realize that the broadcasts needed to attract, and hold the attention of female viewers, as well as males. Despite the production values he brought to NCAA college football, Scherick wanted low-budget sports programming that could attract and he hit upon the idea of broadcasting track and field events sponsored by the Amateur Athletic Union. While Americans were not exactly fans of track and field events, in January 1961, Scherick called Arledge into his office, and asked him to attend the annual AAU board of governors meeting. While he was shaking hands, Scherick said, if the mood seemed right, might he cut a deal to broadcast AAU events on ABC and it seemed like a tall assignment, however as Scherick said years later, Roone was a gentile and I was not. Arledge came back with a deal for ABC to broadcast all AAU events for $50,000 per year, next, Scherick and Arledge divided up their NCAA college football sponsor list. They then telephoned their sponsors and said in so many words, Advertise on our new sports show coming up in April, or forget about buying commercials on NCAA college football this fall
43.
Wide World of Sports (U.S. TV series)
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ABCs Wide World of Sports is an American sports anthology television program that aired on the American Broadcasting Company from April 29,1961 to January 3,1998, primarily on Saturday afternoons. Hosted by Jim McKay, with a succession of co-hosts beginning in 1987, in 2007, Wide World of Sports was named by Time Magazine on its list of the 100 best television programs of all-time. Weekend sports news updates on radio network ABC Sports Radio, operated by Cumulus Media Networks. Wide World of Sports was the creation of Edgar Scherick through his company, Sports Programs, after selling his company to ABC, he hired a young Roone Arledge to produce the show. The series April 29,1961 debut telecast featured both the Penn and Drake Relays, Jim McKay and Jesse Abramson, the track and field writer for the New York Herald Tribune, broadcast from Franklin Field with Bob Richards as the field reporter. Jim Simpson called the action from Drake Stadium with Bill Flemming working the field. During its initial season in the spring and summer of 1961, Wide World of Sports was initially broadcast from 5,00 p. m. to 7,00 p. m. Eastern Time on Saturdays. Beginning in 1962, it was pushed to 5,00 to 6,30 p. m. and later to 4,30 to 6,00 p. m. Eastern Time to allow ABC affiliates in the Eastern and Central Time Zones to carry local early-evening newscasts. In 1961, Wide World of Sports covered a bowling event in which Roy Lown beat Pat Patterson, the broadcast was so successful that in 1962, ABC Sports began covering the Professional Bowlers Tour. In 1973, the Superstars was first televised as a segment on Wide World of Sports, the following year, in 1963, ABC Sports producers began selecting the Athlete of the Year. Its first winner was track and field star Jim Beatty for being the first to run a sub-4-minute mile indoors. Through the years, this award was won by such now legendary athletes of Muhammad Ali, Jim Ryun, Lance Armstrong, Mario Andretti, Dennis Conner, Wayne Gretzky, Carl Lewis, the award was discontinued in 2001. In later years, with the rise of cable television offering more outlets for sports programming, ultimately, on January 3,1998, Jim McKay announced that Wide World of Sports, in its traditional anthology series, had been cancelled after a 37-year run. The Wide World of Sports name remained in use afterward as a title for ABCs weekend sports programming. In August 2006, ABC Sports came under the oversight of ESPN, Wide World of Sports was intended to be a fill-in show for a single summer season, until the start of fall sports seasons, but became unexpectedly popular. The goal of the program was to showcase sports from around the globe that were seldom, if ever and it originally ran for two hours on Saturday afternoons, but was later reduced to 90 minutes. Usually, Wide World featured two or three events per show, NASCAR Grand National/Winston Cup racing was a Wide World of Sports staple until the late 1980s, when it became a regularly scheduled sporting event on the network. Traditional Olympic sports such as skating, skiing, gymnastics and track
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Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
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