1.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
2.
Harry S. Truman
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Harry S. Truman was an American politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States, assuming the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He also used weapons to end World War II, desegregated the U. S. armed forces, supported a newly independent Israel. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his familys 600-acre farm near Independence, in the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party. Truman was first elected to office as a county official in 1922. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri and briefly as Vice President, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12,1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered on Trumans 61st birthday, just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Although this decision and the issues that arose as a result of it remain the subject of debate to this day. Truman presided over a surge in economic prosperity as America sought readjustment after long years of depression. His presidency was a point in foreign affairs, as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy. Truman helped found the United Nations in 1945, issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to contain Communism and his political coalition was based on the white South, labor unions, farmers, ethnic groups, and traditional Democrats across the North. Truman was able to rally groups of supporters during the 1948 presidential election. The Soviet Union became an enemy in the Cold War, Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949, but was unable to stop Communists from taking over China. When communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he sent U. S. troops, after initial successes in Korea, however, the UN forces were thrown back by Chinese intervention, and the conflict was stalemated throughout the final years of Trumans presidency. Scholars, starting in 1962, ranked Trumans presidency as near great, Harry S. Truman was born on May 8,1884, in Lamar, Missouri, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. His parents chose the name Harry after his mothers brother, Harrison Harry Young, while the S did not stand for any one name, it was chosen as his middle initial to honor both of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young. The initial has been written and printed followed by a period
3.
Harlan F. Stone
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Harlan Fiske Stone was an American political figure, lawyer, and jurist. A native of New Hampshire, he served as the dean of Columbia Law School, his alma mater, in the early 20th century. As a member of the Republican Party, he was appointed as the 52nd Attorney General of the United States before becoming an Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court in 1925. In 1941, Stone became the 12th Chief Justice of the United States, Stone was the first Chief Justice not to have served in elected office. His most famous dictum was, Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern, Harlan Fiske Stone was born in Chesterfield, New Hampshire, to Fred Lauson Stone and his wife, Ann Sophia Stone. He prepared at Amherst High School, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Amherst College in 1894, from 1894 to 1895, he was the submaster of Newburyport High School. From 1895 to 1896 he was an instructor in history at Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn, Stone attended Columbia Law School from 1895 to 1898, received an LL. B. and was admitted to the New York bar in 1898. Stone practiced law in New York City, initially as a member of the firm Satterlee, Canfield & Stone, from 1899 to 1902 he lectured on law at Columbia Law School. He was a professor there from 1902 to 1905 and eventually served as the dean from 1910 to 1923. He lived in The Colosseum, an apartment building near campus, the Board was charged with determining the sincerity of each mans principles, but often devoted only a few minutes to interrogation and rendering a decision. Stone was impatient with men who took advantage of the benefits of life in America–using postage stamps was his example–without accepting the burdens of citizenship. In a majority of cases, the Boards subjects either relinquished their claims or were judged insincere. refused to yield to the opinions of others or to force. At the end of the war, he criticized Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer for his attempts to deport aliens based on administrative action without allowing for any review of their cases. During this time Stone also defended free speech claims for professors, Columbia soon became a center of a new school of jurisprudence, legal realism. Legal realists rejected formalism and static legal rules, instead, they searched for the experiential, although Dean Stone encouraged the realists, he was condemned by Columbia President Nicholas Murray Butler as an intellectual conservative who had let legal education at Columbia fall into the ruts. He received a higher salary and headed the firms litigation department. In full‑time private practice for only a time, Stone was considered a hard‑working, solid sort of person, willing on occasion to champion the rights of mankind. These scandals had besmirched Hardings Attorney General, Harry M. Daugherty, in one of his first acts as Attorney General, Stone fired Daughertys cronies in the Department of Justice and replaced them with men of integrity
4.
Earl Warren
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Earl Warren was an American jurist and politician, who served as the 30th Governor of California and later the 14th Chief Justice of the United States. Warren is the person elected to three consecutive terms as Governor of California, and with those three elected terms he is second only to Jerry Brown for total gubernatorial wins in California. Before holding these positions, he was the District Attorney for Alameda County, California, Warren was the nominee of the Republican Party for Vice President in 1948, as the running mate of Thomas E. Dewey. He was appointed to chair what became known as the Warren Commission, which was formed to investigate the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Earl Warren was born in Los Angeles, on March 19,1891, to Mathias H. Warren, a Norwegian immigrant whose family name was Varren, and his wife, Crystal. Mathias Warren was an employee of the Southern Pacific Railroad. After he was blacklisted for joining in a strike, the moved to Bakersfield, California. Matthias worked in a repair yard, and Earl had summer jobs in railroading. Earl Warren grew up in Bakersfield, where he attended Washington Junior High and his father was murdered there by an unknown person during a robbery. In 1912 Warren graduated with a B. A. in political science from the University of California, in 1914 he earned his J. D. at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law. He was a member of The Gun Club secret society, and the Sigma Phi Society, as an undergraduate, Warren also played clarinet in the Cal Band. Warren maintained a friendship with fellow Cal student Robert Gordon Sproul. In 1948, at the Republican National Convention, Sproul would nominate Warren for Vice President, Warren was admitted to the California bar in 1914. Warren worked a year for Associated Oil Company in San Francisco, then joined Robinson & Robinson, in August 1917, Warren enlisted in the U. S. Army for World War I service. Assigned to the 91st Division at Camp Lewis, Washington, 1st Lieutenant Earl Warren was discharged in 1918. After the war, he served as a clerk of the Judicial Committee for the 1919 Session of the California State Assembly, then as the Deputy City Attorney in Oakland, Warren came to the attention of powerful Republican Joseph R. Knowland, publisher of The Oakland Tribune. He was strongly influenced by California Governor Hiram Johnson and other leaders of the Progressive Era to oppose corruption, in 1925, Warren was appointed as the District Attorney of Alameda County. Warren was re-elected to three four-year terms, Warren vigorously investigated allegations that a deputy sheriff was taking bribes in connection with street-paving arrangements
5.
United States Secretary of the Treasury
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This position in the Federal Government of the United States is analogous to the Minister of Finance in many other countries. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the Presidents Cabinet, nominees for The Secretary of the Treasury undergo a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance before being confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the U. S. National Security Council. The Secretary along with the Treasurer must sign Federal Reserve notes before they can become legal tender, the Secretary also manages the United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund. Most of the Departments law enforcement agencies such as the U. S. Customs Service, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, secret Service were reassigned to other Departments in 2003 in conjunction with the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The Secretary of the Treasury salary is $205,700 annually,2 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury M. Peter McPherson served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from August 17,1988, to September 15,1988. 4 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Kenneth W. Dam served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from December 31,2002,5 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Robert M. Kimmitt served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from June 30,2006, to July 9,2006. 7 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Neal Wolin served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from January 25,2013, as of April 2017, there are eleven living former Secretaries of the Treasury, the oldest being George P. Shultz. The most recent Secretary of the Treasury to die was Lloyd M. Bentsen, United States Department of the Treasury
6.
Henry Morgenthau Jr.
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Henry Morgenthau Jr. was the U. S. Secretary of the Treasury during the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. He played a role in designing and financing the New Deal. After 1937, while still in charge of the Treasury, he played the role in financing US participation in World War II. Morgenthau was the father of Robert M. Morgenthau, who was District Attorney of Manhattan for 35 years and Henry Morgenthau III, an American author and television producer. Morgenthau was born into a prominent Jewish family in New York City, the son of Henry Morgenthau, Sr. a real estate mogul and diplomat and he attended the Dwight School, then studied architecture and agriculture at Cornell University. In 1913, he met and became friends with Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt and he operated a farm named Fishkill Farms near the Roosevelt estate in upstate New York, specializing, like FDR, in growing Christmas trees. He was concerned about distress among farmers, who comprised over a fourth of the population, in 1922 he took over the American Agriculturalist magazine, making it a voice for reclamation, conservation, and scientific farming. In 1929, Roosevelt, as Governor of New York, appointed him chair of the New York State Agricultural Advisory Committee, in 1933, Roosevelt became President and appointed Morgenthau governor of the Federal Farm Board. Morgenthau was nonetheless involved in monetary decisions, Roosevelt adopted the idea of raising the price of gold to inflate the currency and reverse the debilitating deflation of prices. The idea came from Professor George Warren of Cornell University, Morgenthau wrote in his diary, Saturday - Went to the White House and met Jones there. I said to the President that we did not buy any gold last night, Harrison called up and spoke to Jesse. I could not make out whether he spoke to the President. Then Harrison urged that inasmuch as Saturday was only half a day that they should not buy any gold, both the President and Jones said that they thought they made a mistake by agreeing with Harrison. I believe it was on Friday that we raised the price 21¢, if anybody ever knew how we really set the gold price through a combination of lucky numbers, etc. I think that really would be frightened. Saturday we increased the price 10¢, I stayed after Jones left and had a good half hour talk in which most of the time Louis Howe was present. In 1934, when William H. Woodin resigned because of health, Roosevelt appointed Morgenthau Secretary of the Treasury. Morgenthau used his position as Treasury chief to investigate organized crime, Treasury Intelligence and other agencies were uncoordinated in their efforts, efforts to create a super-agency were stalled by J. Edgar Hoover, who feared his FBI would be overshadowed
7.
John Wesley Snyder (US Cabinet Secretary)
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John Wesley Snyder was an American businessman and senior federal government official. Thanks to a personal friendship with President Harry S Truman. Snyder was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas, on June 21,1895, to Jesse Hartwell Snyder, in the last office he played a leading part in the transition of the American economy from a wartime to a peacetime basis. Liberals complained that he removed federal controls on the economy too quickly after the war, hurting consumers, delaying the housing program and his biographer says, His handling of the steel crisis in 1946 was an even greater fiasco. Snyder was appointed Secretary of the Treasury in 1946 by his personal friend President Harry S. Truman. Editorials criticized the cronyism and said his narrow range of made him unfit for the job. His task as Secretary was to establish a stable postwar economy. S, a deeply conservative businessman, he had faith that the free economy would work itself out. He reduced the debt while balancing the budget. He was reluctant to spend large sums on the Marshall Plan of aid to Europe, Snyder had little diplomatic experience, and in his negotiations with British leadership regarding Britains need for dollars, he angered his counterparts. At another meeting his British counterpart, Chancellor of the Exchequer Hugh Gaitskell, concluded that Snyder was, a pretty small minded, small town semi-isolationist. ”Happily for the British Snyder was outmaneuvered by Secretary of State Dean Acheson, Snyder funded the Korean War by increasing taxes. He feuded constantly with the Federal Reserve system, until it more independent in 1951. He retired from government in 1953 at the end of Trumans second term, Snyder died in Seabrook Island, South Carolina, on October 8,1985, at the age of 90, and was buried in Washington National Cathedral. American responses to the British financial crisis of 1949, heidenheimer, A. J. John Snyders Hope Chest, The New Republic,15 October,1951 pp 12-13 Kapuria-Foreman, Vibha. John W. Snyder in Bernard S. Katz and C. Daniel Vencill, biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789-1995. Also online Oral History Interview with John W. Snyder, at the Truman Library Snyder, the Treasury and Economic Policy in Francis Howard Heller, ed. Economics and the Truman administration. Pp 24–27 A selection of Snyders papers related to the 1951 Accord, are available on the FRASER Finding aid for Snyders papers held at the Truman Presidential Library
8.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
9.
James F. Byrnes
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James Francis Byrnes was an American politician from the state of South Carolina. During his career, Byrnes served as a U. S. Representative, a U. S. Senator, a Justice of the Supreme Court, Secretary of State, and 104th governor of South Carolina. He is one of few politicians to serve in all three branches of the American federal government while also being active in state government. He was a confidant of U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, historian George E. Mowry called Byrnes the most influential Southern member of Congress between John Calhoun and Lyndon Johnson. James Francis Jimmy Byrnes was born at 538 King St. in Charleston, South Carolina, Byrness father, James Francis Byrnes, died shortly after Byrnes was born. His mother, Elizabeth McSweeney Byrnes, was an Irish-American dressmaker, at the age of fourteen, he left St. Patricks Catholic School to work in a law office, and became a court stenographer. In 1906, he married the former Maude Perkins Busch of Aiken, though they had no children, he was the godparent of James Christopher Connor. Byrnes then converted from the Catholic Church to Episcopalianism, in 1900, when Byrness cousin Governor Miles B. McSweeney appointed him as a clerk for Judge Robert Aldrich of Aiken, Byrnes, his mother, and Governor McSweeney just changed his date of birth to that of his older sister Leonora. He later apprenticed to a lawyer – a not uncommon practice then – read for the law, in 1908, he was appointed solicitor for the second circuit of South Carolina, serving until 1910. Byrnes was a protégé of Benjamin Tillman and often had a influence on the fiery segregationist Senator. In 1910, he won the states Second Congressional District in the Democratic primary. Byrnes proved a brilliant legislator, working behind the scenes to form coalitions and he was a champion of the good roads movement that attracted motorists, and politicians, to large-scale road building programs in the 1920s. He became an ally of President Woodrow Wilson, and Wilson often entrusted important political tasks to the capable young representative rather than to more experienced lawmakers. In 1924, Byrnes declined renomination to the House, and instead sought nomination for the Senate seat held by incumbent Nathaniel B, Dial, though both were former allies of the now-deceased Pitchfork Ben Tillman. Anti-Tillmanite and extreme racist demagogue Coleman Blease, who had challenged Dial in 1918, Blease led the primary with 42 percent, Byrnes was second with 34 percent. Dial finished third with 22 percent, Byrnes was opposed by the Ku Klux Klan, which preferred Blease. Byrnes had been raised as a Roman Catholic, and the Klan spread rumors that he was still a secret Catholic, Byrnes countered by citing his support by Episcopalian clergy
10.
William Hammatt Davis
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William Hammatt Davis was the Chairman of the War Labor Board in the administration of President Franklin Roosevelt, where his job was keeping industrial peace between management and labor. He was also appointed US Economic Stabilizer in the last months of World War II, though Roosevelts successor, Harry S. Truman, Davis also helped draft the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which gave labor unions the right to organize. Born and raised in Bangor, Maine, Davis was the brother of Pulitzer Prize winning playwright Owen Davis and he graduated from Bangor High School and received a law degree from George Washington University in 1901. His first job was in the U. S, patent Office, but he soon left to become a successful New York patent attorney. He returned to government service briefly in World War I, working in the War Department, when Franklin Roosevelt formed the National Recovery Administration early in the New Deal, Davis was tapped as Deputy Administrator. The NRA was declared unconstitutional and disbanded in 1937, and Davis returned to New York to head the states Labor Mediation Board. Davis ran the Board until March 1945, when, seeing the end of the war in sight, Roosevelt named him Director of Economic Stabilization, the NDMB-WLB Chairmanship was an important yet difficult position, Davis having to walk the line between management and organized labor. Though generally trusted by both sides, his job was to strongly discourage strikes for the duration of the war. A frequent figure in news articles of the 1940s, Davis success was ascribed to his personality. The news magazine Time described him variously as rumple-haired, dry-humored, shaggy, humane, tendacious, chunky, and grizzled, but above-all patient and fair-minded. A1941 Time article praised his phenominal record of peacably unraveling the most tangled wrangle, Davis was involved with progressive New York philanthropic and cultural organizations throughout his career. While on the Labor Committee of Edward A. Filenes Twentieth Century Fund in the early 1930s, later he served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the New School for Social Research Davis wife, Grace D. Davis, died in 1972. Index to Speeches of William H. Davis
11.
Charles Henry Robb
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Charles Henry Robb was a United States federal judge. Charles H. Robb was born in Malone, New York and he was raised in Lincoln, Rhode Island, Troy, New York and Guilford, Vermont. He read law with the firm of Kittredge Haskins and Edgar W. Stoddard, attained admission to the bar in 1892, a Republican, from 1897 to 1901 he served as Windham County States Attorney. He then served as an attorney for the Internal Revenue Service, while practicing law in Vermont Robb was also involved in business and banking, and was an incorporator and officer of the Bellows Falls Trust Company. He was also active in both the Vermont and American Bar Associations, from 1903 to 1904 Robb was an Assistant Attorney General in the Post Office Department, where he investigated wrongdoing and prosecuted corrupt officials. Robb served as an Assistant U. S. Attorney General from 1904 to 1906, formally nominated on December 3,1906, Robb was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 11,1906, and received his commission the same day. He served on the bench until he assumed senior status on November 15,1937, while serving on the bench Judge Robb was also a member of the faculty at the National University Law School. Judge Robb died in Washington, D. C. on June 10,1939, in 1897 Robb married Nettie M. George, the daughter of Dr. Ozias M. George of Bellows Falls. His son Roger Robb also served as a Judge for the D. C and his daughter Priscilla was the wife of airline pilot Elliot A. Billings. Charles Henry Robb at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center
12.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
13.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
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Kentucky's 8th congressional district
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United States House of Representatives, Kentucky District 8 was a district of the United States Congress in Kentucky. It was lost to redistricting in 1963 and its last Representative was Eugene Siler. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
15.
Ralph Waldo Emerson Gilbert
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Ralph Waldo Emerson Gilbert was a U. S. Representative from Kentucky, son of George Gilmore Gilbert, born in Taylorsville, Kentucky, Gilbert attended the public schools and the University of Virginia at Charlottesville. He was graduated from the law school of the University of Louisville in 1901 and he was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in Shelbyville, Kentucky. Gilbert was elected judge of the Shelby County Court in 1910 and he was reelected in 1914 and served until his resignation in 1917. Gilbert was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-seventh and to the three succeeding Congresses and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1928 to the Seventy-first Congress. He served as member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1929, Gilbert was elected to the Seventy-second Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1932 and he resumed the practice of law in Shelbyville, Kentucky. He again served in the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1933, Gilbert was elected a member of the Kentucky Senate in 1936 and served until his death in Louisville, Kentucky, July 30,1939. He was interred in Grove Hill Cemetery, Shelbyville, Kentucky, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
16.
Kentucky's 9th congressional district
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United States House of Representatives, Kentucky District 9 was a district of the United States Congress in Kentucky. It was lost to redistricting in 1953 and its last Representative was James S. Golden. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
17.
William J. Fields
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William Jason Fields was a politician from the U. S. state of Kentucky. Known as Honest Bill from Olive Hill, he represented Kentuckys Ninth District in the U. S. House of Representatives from 1911 to 1923, in 1911, he became the first Democrat elected to Congress from the Ninth District in two decades. Elected to seven terms, he rose to become the ranking member of the House Committee on Military Affairs during World War I. When Democratic gubernatorial nominee J. Campbell Cantrill died unexpectedly two months before the election, the Democratic Central Committee chose Fields to replace Cantrill as the nominee. The first legislative session of Fields term was marked by infighting within his own party and his agenda was opposed by a Democratic faction led by former governor J. C. W. Beckham, Louisville Courier-Journal publisher Robert Worth Bingham, and political boss Percy Haly. Fields signature issue, a $75 million bond issue to construct a highway system, passed the legislature in 1924. He never united the factions of his party, however and his political enemies charged him with nepotism and abusing his pardon power, and the Democrats lost the governorship in 1927 to Republican Flem D. Sampson. Following his service as governor, Fields failed in an attempt to return to his congressional seat. He was appointed to the State Workmans Compensation Board by Governor A. B, happy Chandler, and after his retirement from public service, he practiced law and worked as a real estate agent until his death on October 21,1954. William J. Fields was born December 29,1874 in Willard, Carter County and he was the fourth of twelve children born to Christopher C. and Alice Fields. He was educated in the public schools, then matriculated to the University of Kentucky. After graduation, he started a real business in Olive Hill, Kentucky. He also studied law on his own, on October 10,1893, Fields married Dora McDavid, the couple had six children. At age 21, he was elected constable of Carter County, campaigning under the moniker Honest Bill from Olive Hill, Fields won a narrow victory as a Democrat to represent Kentuckys Ninth District in the U. S. House of Representatives in 1910. The first Democrat to hold the seat in twenty years, he was re-elected for another six consecutive terms, in September 1923, Democratic gubernatorial nominee J. Campbell Cantrill died, leaving the party without a candidate. Alben Barkley, who Cantrill had defeated for the nomination, refused to be the Democratic candidate, the Democratic Central Committee chose Fields as a replacement for Cantrill. The general election campaign generated little interest and quickly degenerated into name calling, Fields opponent, Republican Attorney General Charles I. Dawson, mocked Fields traditional election slogan, calling him Dodging Bill from Olive Hill, Fields countered by referring to Dawson as Changing Charlie, a reference to Dawsons one-time affiliation with the Democratic Party prior to becoming a Republican
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Louisa, Kentucky
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Louisa is a home rule-class city located at the merger of the Levisa and Tug Forks into the Big Sandy River. It is located in Lawrence County, Kentucky, in the United States and is the seat of its county, the population was 2,467 at the 2010 census. The origin of the name is unclear. Theories include that it was named for Louisa County, Virginia, or a corruption of the name of the Levisa or that it was named after Louisa Swetnam, the Levisa Fork was originally written and spoken as the Louisa Fork which is the likely origin of the name. It is also possible that the name was connected to the Spanish Era in Kentucky. Spain made land grants in what is now Kentucky, explorer Dr. Thomas Walker named the river after a family member. Others claim that the Levisa Fork is named for Levite connections to the Cherokee, an 1856 map still shows the river under the name Louisa. Virginia and Carolina and other English colonial linked settlement attempts began as early as 1790, Louisa became the county seat in 1822 and a city in 1823. During the Civil War, Union troops under future president James A. Garfield occupied the city from December 1861 until the end of the war, the Confederate Army of East Kentucky merged with Virginia and Tennessee Confederate units. Kentucky had a star on the Confederate Battle Flag, and Jefferson Davis was born in Kentucky, the Chattaroi Railroad connected to Louisa in 1881. The city is served by US23. The first needle dam constructed in the United States was completed just north of town in 1896. The city was home to Fred M. Vinson, the 13th Chief Justice of the United States, and to the York Brothers, Louisa is located at 38°6′43″N 82°36′21″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.4 square miles. The climate in this area is characterized by high temperatures. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Louisa has a Humid subtropical climate, the bridge from Louisa, in eastern Lawrence County, to Fort Gay, West Virginia is something of a geographic and architectural oddity. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,018 people,927 households, the population density was 1,496.2 people per square mile. There were 1,065 housing units at a density of 789.6 per square mile
United States
United States Army
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