1.
Bakersfield, California
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Bakersfield is a city in California, United States, and the county seat of Kern County. It covers about 142 square miles near the end of the San Joaquin Valley. Bakersfields population is approximately 365,000, making it the ninth-most populous city in California, the Bakersfield–Delano Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Kern County, had a 2010 census population of 839,631, making it the 62nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. The more built-up urban area that includes Bakersfield and areas immediately around the city, such as East Bakersfield, the city is a significant hub for both agriculture and oil production. Kern County is the most productive oil producing county, and the fourth most productive county in the United States. Industries include natural gas and other energy extraction, aerospace, mining, petroleum refining, manufacturing, distribution, food processing, the city is also the birthplace of the country music genre known as the Bakersfield sound. Archaeological evidence indicates the presence of Native American settlements dating back thousands of years, the Yokuts lived in lodges along the branches of the Kern River Delta and hunted antelope, tule elk, deer, bear, fish, and game birds. In 1776, Spanish missionary Father Francisco Garcés became the first European to explore the area, following the discovery of gold in California in 1848, settlers flooded into the San Joaquin Valley. In 1851, gold was discovered along the Kern River in the southern Sierra Nevada, the Bakersfield area, once a tule-reed-covered marshland, was first known as Kern Island to the handful of pioneers who built log cabins there in 1860. The area was subject to flooding from the Kern River, which occupied what is now the downtown area. In 1862, disastrous floods swept away the original settlement founded in 1860 by the German-born Christian Bohna, among those attracted to the area by the California gold rush was Thomas Baker, a lawyer and former colonel in the militia of Ohio, his home state. Baker moved to the banks of the Kern River in 1863, at what became known as Bakers Field, by 1870, with a population of 600, what is now known as Bakersfield was becoming the principal town in Kern County. In 1873, Bakersfield was officially incorporated as a city, alexander Mills was hired as the city marshal, a man one historian would describe as. An old man by the time he became Marshal of Bakersfield, but he was a Kentuckian, a handy man with a gun, and not lacking in initiative and resource when the mood moved him. Businessmen and others began to resent Mills, who was cantankerous, wanting to fire him but fearing reprisals, they came up with a scheme to disincorporate, effectively leaving him without an employer. According to local historian Gilbert Gia, the city was also failing to collect the taxes it needed for services, in 1876, the city voted to disincorporate. For the next 22 years, a citizens council managed the community, by 1880, the town had a population of 801, and by 1890, it had a population of 2,626. Migration from Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Southern California brought new residents, the city reincorporated on January 11,1898
2.
National Youth Administration
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It operated from June 26,1935 to 1939 as part of the Works Progress Administration. Following the passage of the Reorganization Act of 1939, the NYA was transferred from the WPA to the Federal Security Agency, in 1942, the NYA was transferred to the War Manpower Commission. The NYA was dissolved in 1943, by 1938, college youth were paid from $6 to $40 a month for work study projects at their schools. Another 155,000 boys and girls from families were paid $10 to $25 a month for part-time work that included job training. Unlike the Civilian Conservation Corps, it included young women, the youth normally lived at home, and worked on construction or repair projects. Its annual budget was approximately $58,000,000, the NYA was headed by Aubrey Willis Williams, a prominent liberal from Alabama who was close to Harry Hopkins and Eleanor Roosevelt. The head of the Texas division at one point was Lyndon B, johnson, who was later to become president of the United States. The NYA operated several programs for out of school youth, as the Great Depression continued to grip the American economy and inhibit the harnessing of American potential, unemployment and poverty spiraled to record lows. These debilitating years saw youth unemployment dip to 30% and the younger cohorts of the United States increasingly faced the devastation of not being able to afford education, serving as the main catalyst for change and accelerator for government intervention, Eleanor Roosevelt recognized the need for government involvement. In 1934 she notably declared that she frequently experienced moments of terror when we might be losing this generation. To combat the forces that entangled the youth and their families. The NYAs first mission embodied the goal to prevent already-enrolled high school and university students from dropping out before earning their degree and these efforts stemmed from a twofold mission to develop the youths talent, while simultaneously keeping them from flooding the already-suffering and compromised labor markets. Secondly, the NYA was committed to providing training and employment for long-term value, by 1937, more than 400,000 youth were employed or participating in occupational training under the NYA. Interestingly, these programs and occupational placements were put to the ultimate test with the onset of World War II. The 1939 outbreak of war in Europe provided the testing grounds to observe the effectiveness of NYAs training. The war effort increased the reach and saw a substantial surge in young. On a more level, the NYA was also fundamental in bringing race considerations into the dialogue surrounding aid to workers. This platform was strongly pushed by Aubrey Williams leadership in the agency and he was a forerunner in addressing unemployment and access to education among African Americans, creating the Office of Minority Affairs
3.
Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
4.
Railroad car
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A railroad car or railcar, railway wagon or railway carriage, also called a train car or train wagon, is a vehicle used for the carrying of cargo or passengers on a rail transport system. Such cars, when coupled together and hauled by one or more locomotives, alternatively, some passenger cars are self-propelled in which case they may be either single railcars or make up multiple units. The term car is used by itself in American English when a rail context is implicit. Indian English sometimes uses bogie in the manner, though the term has other meanings in other variants of English. In American English, railcar is a term for a railway vehicle, in other countries railcar refers specifically to a self-propelled, powered. Tables may be provided between seats facing one another, alternatively, seats facing in the same direction may have access to a fold-down ledge on the back of the seat in front. If the aisle is located between seats, seat rows may face the direction, or be grouped, with twin rows facing each other. In some vehicles intended for services, seats are positioned with their backs to the side walls. This gives a wide accessway and allows room for standing passengers at peak times, if the aisle is at the side, the car is usually divided into small compartments. These usually contain six seats, although sometimes in second class they contain eight, modern cars usually have either air-conditioning or windows that can be opened, or sometimes both. Various types of onboard train toilet facilities may also be provided, other types of passenger car exist, especially for long journeys, such as the dining car, parlor car, disco car, and in rare cases theater and movie theater car. In some cases another type of car is converted to one of these for an event. Observation cars were built for the rear of many trains to allow the passengers to view the scenery. Sleeping cars outfitted with small bedrooms allow passengers to sleep through their night-time trips, long-distance trains often require baggage cars for the passengers luggage. In European practice it used to be common for day coaches to be formed of compartments seating 6 or 8 passengers, in the UK, Corridor coaches fell into disfavor in the 1960s and 1970s partially because open coaches are considered more secure by women traveling alone. Another distinction is between single- and double deck train cars, an example of a double decker is the Amtrak superliner. A trainset is a semi-permanently arranged formation of cars, rather than one created ad hoc out of cars are available. These are only broken up and reshuffled on shed, trains are then built of one or more of these sets coupled together as needed for the capacity of that train
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Transport
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Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, the field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is important because it enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations, terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be public or private, depending on the country. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution. While it is subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow. A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a type of vehicle, infrastructure. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode or several of the modes, each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip on the basis of cost, capability, and route. Human powered transport, a form of transportation, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power, human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing, even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people, humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish this from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift, a gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners, two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow
7.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
8.
Migrant worker
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The term migrant worker has different official meanings and connotations in different parts of the world. The United Nations definition is broad, many people were working outside of their home country, some of these are called expatriates. Several countries have millions of foreign workers, some have millions of illegal immigrants, most of them being workers also. According to the Panos Network, it is never appropriate to refer to asylum-seekers or refugees as “illegal migrants”, the term can also be used to describe someone who migrates with in a country, possibly their own, in order to pursue work such as seasonal work. The program is run jointly with the governments of Mexico and the participating Caribbean states, in Canada, non-agricultural companies are beginning to recruit temporary foreign workers under Service Canadas 2002 expansion of an immigration program for migrant workers. As of 2002, the government introduced the Low Skill Pilot Project. This project allows companies to apply to bring in foreign workers to fill low skill jobs. The classification of low skill means that workers require no more high school or two years of job-specific training to qualify. In 2006, the federal Conservatives expanded the list of occupations that qualified for the Low Skill Pilot Project, some inland cities have started providing migrants with social security, including pensions and other insurance. In 2012, there were a reported 167 million migrant workers in China, with trends of working closer to home (within their own or a neighbouring province but with a wage drop of 21%. Because so many migrant works are moving to the city from rural areas, Migrant workers in China are notoriously marginalized, especially due to the hukou system of residency permits, which tie one stated residence to all social welfare benefits. The recent expansions of the European Union have provided opportunities for people to migrate to other EU countries for work. For both the 2004 and 2007 enlargements, existing states were given the rights to impose various transitional arrangements to limit access to their labour markets, the 1st of March has become a symbolic day for transnational migrants strike. This day unites all migrants to them a common voice to speak up against racism. The transnational protests on 1 March were originally initiated in the US in 2006 and have encouraged migrants in other countries to organise and take action on that day. In Austria the first transnational migrants strike took place in March 2011, in the form of actions, e. g. a manifestation. Bulgarians, Kosovars and Estonians were the most likely victimised in the building trade, there has been a substantial flow of people from Bangladesh and Nepal to India over recent decades in search of better work. Bangladeshi women appear to be particularly vulnerable and these findings highlight the need to promote migrants rights with, amongst others, health staff, police and employers at destination
9.
Hobo
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A hobo is a migratory worker or homeless vagabond, especially one who is impoverished. The term originated in the Western—probably Northwestern—United States around 1890, unlike a tramp, who works only when forced to, and a bum, who does not work at all, a hobo is a traveling worker. The origin of the term is unknown, according to etymologist Anatoly Liberman, the only certain detail about its origin is the word was first noticed in American English circa 1890. Liberman points out that many folk etymologies fail to answer the question, author Todd DePastino has suggested it may be derived from the term hoe-boy meaning farmhand, or a greeting such as Ho, boy. Bill Bryson suggests in Made in America that it could come from the railroad greeting, Ho. It could also come from the homeless boy. H. L. Mencken, in his The American Language, wrote, Tramps and hobos are commonly lumped together, a hobo or bo is simply a migratory laborer, he may take some longish holidays, but sooner or later he returns to work. Lower than either is the bum, who neither works nor travels and it is unclear exactly when hobos first appeared on the American railroading scene. With the end of the American Civil War in the 1860s, others looking for work on the American frontier followed the railways west aboard freight trains in the late 19th century. In 1906, Professor Layal Shafee, after an exhaustive study and his article What Tramps Cost Nation was published by The New York Telegraph in 1911, when he estimated the number had surged to 700,000. The number of hobos increased greatly during the Great Depression era of the 1930s, with no work and no prospects at home, many decided to travel for free by freight train and try their luck elsewhere. Life as a hobo was dangerous, moreover, riding on a freight train is dangerous in itself. British poet W. H. Davies, author of The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp and it was easy to be trapped between cars, and one could freeze to death in bad weather. When freezer cars were loaded at an ice factory, any hobo inside was likely to be killed, according to Ted Conover in Rolling Nowhere, at some unknown point in time, as many as 20,000 people were living a hobo life in North America. Modern freight trains are faster and thus harder to ride than in the 1930s. Many hobo terms have become part of language, such as big House, glad rags, main drag. To cope with the uncertainties of life, hobos developed a system of symbols. Hobos would write code with chalk or coal to provide directions, information
10.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
11.
Gondola (rail)
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In US railroad terminology, a gondola is an open-topped rail vehicle used for transporting loose bulk materials. Because of their low side walls gondolas are also suitable for the carriage of such high-density cargos as steel plates or coils, or of bulky items such as prefabricated sections of rail track. Before the opening of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, since timber was an abundant resource, flat boats, called gondolas, were constructed to navigate the black diamonds down river to markets around Washington, DC. There, both the boat and cargo were sold and the boatmen returned home by foot, the railroad cars first employed in the haulage of coal were thus named after these shallow-draft boats called gondola cars. Early gondola cars typically had low sides and their contents had to be shoveled out by hand, and they took a long time to unload. In 1905, the Ralston Steel Car Company patented a flat bottom gondola with lever operated chutes that allowed the gondola to be unloaded automatically from the bottom, the chutes would direct the contents of the gondola to the sides. This coincided with the switch from wood to steel freight cars, an open railroad car with a tipping trough, often found in mines. Known in the UK as a tippler or chaldron wagon and in the US as a mine car, the first railway bulk-cargo gondolas, indeed the first freight wagons, were the chaldron cars of the early coal-carrying plateways. These were relatively short in length and tall in proportion, with a body that widened upwards. Once locomotive haulage began, the unstable and top-heavy nature of design became a problem with increasing speeds. The chaldron shape survived in a few cases, such as low-speed working around a large factory sites including steelworks, in the second half of the 20th century, coal haulage shifted from open hopper cars to high-sided gondolas. Using a gondola, the railroads are able to haul a larger amount of coal per car since gondolas do not include the equipment needed for unloading. However, since cars do not have hatches for unloading the products shipped in them. The term bathtub refers to the shape of the car, double Stack Intermodal Cars-Freight Origins of name in railroad use In Australia these wagons are called open wagons. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway #72312 — photos and short history of an example of a steel, four-axle, solid bottom, fixed end. Guide to Railcarsdead link] Rail car manufacturing Flexiwaggon
12.
Kiev
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Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population in July 2015 was 2,887,974, Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many industries, higher education institutions. The city has an infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport. The citys name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, during its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until seized by the Varangians in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus, completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours, first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland. The city prospered again during the Russian Empires Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century, in 1917, after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from the Russian Empire, Kiev became its capital. From 1919 Kiev was an important center of the Armed Forces of South Russia and was controlled by the White Army. From 1921 onwards Kiev was a city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was proclaimed by the Red Army, during World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, but quickly recovered in the post-war years, remaining the third largest city of the Soviet Union. During the countrys transformation to an economy and electoral democracy. Kievs armament-dependent industrial output fell after the Soviet collapse, adversely affecting science, Kiev emerged as the most pro-Western region of Ukraine where parties advocating tighter integration with the European Union dominate during elections. As a prominent city with a history, its English name was subject to gradual evolution. The early English spelling was derived from Old East Slavic form Kyjev, the name is associated with that of Kyi, the legendary eponymous founder of the city. Early English sources use various names, including Kiou, Kiow, Kiew, on one of the oldest English maps of the region, Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae published by Ortelius the name of the city is spelled Kiou. On the 1650 map by Guillaume de Beauplan, the name of the city is Kiiow, in the book Travels, by Joseph Marshall, the city is referred to as Kiovia
13.
Fastiv
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Fastiv is a city located in the Kiev Oblast in central Ukraine. Administratively, it is incorporated as a town of oblast significance and it also serves as the administrative center of the Fastiv Raion, which it does not belong to. Lying on conjunction of railway lines, Fastiv is an important node station on the route from central Europe to Russia and Asia. Brewing and machinery industry are present, although the majority of inhabitants are employed by the Ukrzaliznytsias 12 railway installations in the city. Fastiv is a city that survived through Cossack uprisings and the Great Turkish War with the period of total devastation. Landmarks of those times include Pokrovska Tserkva - a 17th-century Orthodox church, there is also an early 20th-century Catholic church. In 1941 the German Einsatzgruppe C under Paul Blobel murdered all Fastiv Jews between the ages of 12 and 60. Chekhov, Moscow Oblast, Russia Jan_Koum, CEO and co-founder of WhatsApp, elektrichka Transportation in Ukraine Nikolay Benardos Official website of the Fastiv City Council Місто Фастів - City overview page Історія міста City history page
14.
Ernest Hemingway
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Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 and he published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature, Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star, in 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms, in 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers. He published his novel, The Sun Also Rises, in 1926. Martha Gellhorn became his wife in 1940, they separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris, Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba, and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where he killed himself in mid-1961. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21,1899, in Oak Park, Illinois and his father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a musician. Both were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park, a community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said. For a short period after their marriage, Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived at first with Graces father, Ernest Hall, their first sons namesake. Later, Ernest Hemingway would say that he disliked his name, the family eventually moved into a seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence. Hemingways mother frequently performed in concerts around the village, as an adult, Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. The family spent summers at Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, from 1913 until 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School. He took part in a number of sports—boxing, track and field, water polo and he excelled in English classes, and with his sister Marcelline, performed in the school orchestra for two years
15.
Walloon Lake
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Walloon Lake is a glacier-formed lake located in Charlevoix and Emmet counties, just southwestward from the northern tip of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. It is now home to vacation homes and cottages. Though the end of the west arm of the lake is less than 1 mile from Lake Michigan, Walloon Lakes surface elevation is over 100 feet higher. The Bear River drains from the east end of the lake in Walloon Lake village, Walloon Lake was originally named Talcott. As the story goes, a butcher, J. R. Haas, saw the name Walloon Lake on an old railroad map. It is thought that a group of Walloons from Belgium settled the land at the end of the lake. No trace of settlement has ever been found. Locals refer to their cottages as being on the west arm, or the foot, the lake covers 4,270 acres and is primarily fed from groundwater. Its maximum depth is just over 100 feet, recently, the introduction of zebra mussels has made the clear waters even clearer. For a few months after the ice melts, it is possible to see to the bottom of the lake at depths up to 30 feet, real-estate value has increased rapidly since the 1970s, and many large houses have been built around the lake. There are two camps on the lake, Camp Daggett and Camp Michigania, the University of Michigans Alumni Association camp, starting around 2010, the area on the foot of the lake began redevelopment. In the next few years, a restaurant was built, in 2014 developers broke ground on a new hotel to sit in between the marina and condominiums. Indian Trails provides daily intercity bus service between St. Ignace and East Lansing, Michigan, located on the north shore of Walloon Lake, Windemere was the childhood summer home of Ernest Hemingway. The house is owned by the Hemingway family and is home to one of Hemingways nephews. The inn has been renovated over the last thirty years and now serves the community as a bed, the inn also houses a French-style restaurant and a culinary school. List of lakes in Michigan Michigan DNR map of Walloon Lake Walloon Lake Association, Trust, tip of the Mitt Watershed Council
16.
Rail yard
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A rail yard, railway yard or railroad yard is the US term for a complex series of railroad tracks for storing, sorting, or loading/unloading, railroad cars and/or locomotives. Railroad yards have many tracks in parallel for keeping rolling stock stored off the mainline, railroad cars are moved around by specially designed yard switchers, a type of locomotive. Cars in a railroad yard may be sorted by categories, including railroad company, loaded or unloaded, destination, car type. Railroad yards are built where there is a need to store cars while they are not being loaded or unloaded. Large yards may have a tower to control operations, many railway yards are located at strategic points on a main line. Main line yards are often composed of an Up yard and a Down yard, there are different types of yards, and different parts within a yard, depending on how they are built. They are decoupled and let to accelerate into the classification equipment lower down, a flat yard has no hump, and relies on locomotives for all car movements. A large sub-group of such yards are known as Staging yards, the long haul carrier makes the round trip with a minimal turn around time, and the local switch engine transfers empties to the loading yard when the industries output is ready to be shipped. In the staging yard, the locomotive is most likely operated by industry, since overall throughput speed matters, many have small pneumatic, hydraulic or spring driven braking retarders to adjust and slow speed both before and after yard switch points. Along with car tracking and load tracking to destination technologies such as RFID long trains can be broken down and reconfigured in transfer yards or operations in remarkable time. Transfer yard is a yard where consists are dropped off or picked up as a group by through service such as a Unit Train, but managed locally by local switching service locomotives. Unit tracks may be reserved for Unit trains, which carry a block of all of the same origin and destination. Such consists often stop in a yard for other purposes, inspection. Freight yards may have multiple industries adjacent to them where railroad cars are loaded or unloaded and then stored before they move on to their new destination. Major freight yards in the U. S. Major U. K. goods yards include those in Crewe, Reading and Bescot, near Walsall, coach yards are used for sorting, storing and repairing passenger cars. These yards are located in areas near large stations or terminals. An example of a major U. S. coach yard is Sunnyside Yard in New York City and those that are principally used for storage, such as the West Side Yard in New York, are called layup yards or stabling yards. Major U. K. coach stabling yards include those in Crewe and Longsight, Manchester, which are operated by various regional train companies
17.
Intermodal container
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These containers are known under a number of names, such as simply container, cargo or freight container, ISO container, shipping, sea or ocean container, container van or box, sea or c can. The common heights are 8 feet 6 inches and 9 feet 6 inches – the latter are known as High Cube or Hi-Cube containers, in 2012 there were about 20.5 million intermodal containers in the world of varying types to suit different cargoes. Containers have largely supplanted the traditional break bulk cargo – in 2010 containers accounted for 60% of the seaborne trade. The predominant alternative methods of transport carry bulk cargo – whether gaseous, liquid or solid – e. g. by bulk carrier or tank ship, for air freight, the more light-weight IATA-defined unit load device is used. By the 1830s, railways on several continents were carrying containers that could be transferred to other modes of transport, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in the United Kingdom was one of these. Simple rectangular timber boxes, four to a truck, they were used to convey coal from the Lancashire collieries to Liverpool, early versions of standardized containers were used in Europe before World War II. Construction of these containers had a frame with wooden walls, floor, roof. American containers at this time were not standardized, and these early containers were not yet stackable – neither in the U. S. nor Europe, in November 1932, the first container terminal in the world was opened by the Pennsylvania Rail Road Company in Enola, PA. A system was selected for Western Europe, based on the Netherlands system for goods and waste transportation called Laadkisten. This system used roller containers for transport by rail, truck and ship, in various configurations up to 5,500 kg capacity and this became the first post World War II European railway standard of the International Union of Railways – UIC-590, known as pa-Behälter. It was implemented in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, West Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, the use of standardized steel shipping containers began during the late 1940s and early 1950s, when commercial shipping operators and the US military started developing such units. In 1948 the U. S. Army Transportation Corps developed the Transporter, a rigid, corrugated steel container, able to carry 9,000 pounds. It was 8 ft 6 in long,6 ft 3 in wide, and 6 ft 10 in high, with doors on one end, was mounted on skids. After proving successful in Korea, the Transporter was developed into the Container Express box system in late 1952, cONEXes could be stacked three high, and protected their contents from the elements. By 1965 the US military used some 100,000 Conex boxes, making this the first worldwide application of intermodal containers. From 1949 onwards, engineer Keith Tantlinger repeatedly contributed to the development of containers, as well as their handling, steel castings on the top corners provided lifting and securing points. In 1955 trucking magnate Malcom McLean bought Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company, to form a container shipping enterprise, the first containers were supplied by Brown, where McLean met Keith Tantlinger, and hired him as vice-president of engineering and research. Under the supervision of Tantlinger, a new 35 ft x 8 ft x 8 ft 6 in Sea-Land container was developed, each container had a frame with eight corner castings that could withstand stacking loads
18.
Boxcar
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A boxcar is a North American railroad car that is enclosed and generally used to carry freight. The boxcar, while not the simplest freight car design, is probably the most versatile, boxcars have side doors of varying size and operation, and some include end doors and adjustable bulkheads to load very large items. Similar covered freight cars outside North America are covered wagons and, depending on the region, are called goods van, louvre van. Boxcars can carry most kinds of freight, originally they were hand-loaded, but in more recent years mechanical assistance such as forklifts have been used to load and empty them faster. Their generalized design is still slower to load and unload than specialized designs of car, the other cause for this decline is the dramatic shift of waterborne cargo transport to container shipping. Even loose loads such as coal, grain and ore can be carried in a boxcar with boards over the door openings. Later grain transport would use metal reinforced cardboard which was nailed over the door and this was more common in earlier days, it was susceptible to losing much loading during the journey, and damaged the boxcar. It was also impossible to load and unload. Grain can also be transported in boxcars designed specifically for purpose, specialized equipment. However grain is transported in covered hopper cars. Livestock can be transported in a boxcar, but there is insufficient ventilation in warm weather, specially-built stock cars or converted boxcars are preferable. Insulated boxcars are used for types of perishable loads that do not require the precise temperature control provided by a refrigerator car. Circuses used boxcars to transport their workers, supplies, and animals to get from town to town, box cars were used for bulk commodities such as coal, particularly in the Midwestern United States in the early 20th century. This use was widespread that several companies developed competing box-car loaders to automate coal loading. By 1905,350 to 400 such machines were in use, historically automobiles were carried in boxcars, but during the 1960s specially built autoracks took over, these carried more cars in the same space and were easier to load and unload. The automotive parts business, however, has always been a big user of the boxcar, special boxcars carry newsprint paper and other damage-sensitive cargo. While not holding the dominant position in the world of rail borne freight that they had before World War II, the most common boxcars are 50-6 to 60-9 in length, 9-4 to 9-6 wide, and 10-10 to 11 high. A hi-roof boxcar is 13 in height, corresponding exterior dimensions would be 55-5 to 67-11 in length, and 10-6 to 10-8 in width
19.
Distributed power
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In rail transport, distributed power refers to the physical distribution—at intermediate points throughout the length of a train—of separate motive power groups. Such groups may be single units or multiple consists, and are controlled from the leading locomotive. Another benefit is quicker application of air brakes. With all braking control at the front on a conventional train, the main disadvantage is the operational time needed, and track configuration required, to add and remove additional locomotive consists. Secondary disadvantages are the associated with equipping locomotives with the extra control apparatus. This latter is known as Communication Interrupt and is coped-with by fail-safe software controls, the first production Locotrol was installed on the Southern Railway in 1965. In the early years of this technology, Wabco also had—for a relatively brief period—a competing system called RMU which was installed on a few North American railroads, however this system did not prevail and soon went out of production. Prior to the advent by North Electric of the proprietary LOCOTROL name, the product was referred to as RCE or RCS, the colloquial master and slave terms, though, were not formally used by the manufacturer. In some U. S. railroad parlance, Locotrol trains are referred to as radio trains, a locomotive that has been fitted with Locotrol DP equipment may be set up as either a Lead or Remote active unit, the Lead unit being the controlling locomotive. Only one distributed power-equipped locomotive in any Lead or Remote consist is active, other locomotives MU-coupled to this active unit operate conventionally as multiple units. There are two modes for over-the-road distributed power operation. The front group always includes the Lead locomotive, and all Remote locomotives in the front group follow the commands made by the using the Lead locomotive controls. Which Remote locomotives are in the front or back groups are selectable by the engineer in real time, Distributed power was originally able to be provided at only one intermediate location within a train. Later, Locotrol II evolved into the Universal system in which the equipment was installed on the locomotives themselves. The latest incarnation of this equipment is Locotrol Electronic Brake, which integrates the GE Locotrol technology with K-B/NYABs CCBII brake, Distributed power is used in the United States and Canada, China, Australia, Brazil, Germany, and South Africa. It is also in regular operation in India, Mauritania, and Mexico. In the south of Western Australia, Locotrol is used in the top-and-tail configuration rather than specifically for long-train operation, a recent DP system from Wabtec, called PowerLink is in use in Queensland on narrow-gauge coal trains and in the North of Western Australia on standard-gauge iron ore trains. The description should not be confused with push-pull, which refers specifically to a configuration in which the motive power is located at one end of the train only
20.
Tank car
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A tank car is a type of railroad car or rolling stock designed to transport liquid and gaseous commodities. 1869, Wrought iron tanks, with an capacity of 3,500 US gal per car. 1888, Tank-car manufacturers sell units directly to the oil companies,1903, Tank-car companies develop construction safety standards. More than 10,000 tank cars are in operation,1915, A classification system is developed by the tank-car industry to ensure the correct match of car type to product being shipped. Some 50,000 tank cars are in use,1920, Welding replaces riveting in tank-car construction, enhancing the safety of cars. 1930,140,000 tank cars transport some 103 commodities, 1940s, Virtually every tank car is engaged in oil transport in support of the war effort. 1950, Pipelines and tank trucks begin to compete for liquid transport business,1963, The Union Tank Car Company introduces the Whale Belly tank car. Many variants exist due to the variety of liquids and gases transported. Tank cars can be pressurized or non-pressurized, insulated or non-insulated, non-pressurized cars have various fittings on the top and may have fittings on the bottom. Some of the top fittings are covered by a protective housing, pressurized cars have a pressure plate, with all fittings, and a cylindrical protective housing at the top. Loading and unloading are done through the protective housing, Tank cars are specialized pieces of equipment. As an example, the interior of the car may be lined with a material, such as glass, care is taken to ensure that tank contents are compatible with tank construction. As a result of this specialization, tank cars have generally been one-way cars, other cars, like boxcars, can easily be reloaded with other goods for the return trip. Combinations of the two types were attempted, such as boxcars with fluid tanks slung beneath the floors, while the car could certainly carry a load in both directions, the limited tank size made this unsuccessful. A large percentage of cars are owned by companies serviced by railroads instead of the railroads themselves. This can be verified by examining the marks on the cars. These marks invariably end in X, meaning that the owner is not a common carrier, within the rail industry, tank cars are grouped by their type and not by the cargo carried. Food-service tank cars may be lined with steel, glass
21.
Well car
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A well car, also known as a double-stack car or stack car, is a type of railroad car specially designed to carry intermodal containers used in intermodal freight transport. The well is a section which sits close to the rails between the wheel trucks of the car, allowing a container to be carried lower than on a traditional flatcar. This makes it possible to carry a stack of two containers per unit on railway lines wherever the loading gauge assures sufficient clearance, the top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car, or through the use of inter-box connectors. Four IBCs are needed per wellcar, advantages to using well cars include increased stability due to the lower center of gravity of the load, lower tare weight, and in the case of articulated units, reduced slack action. Double-stack cars are most common in North America where intermodal traffic is heavy and electrification is less widespread, southern Pacific Railroad, along with Malcom McLean, came up with the idea of the first double-stack intermodal car in 1977. SP then designed the first car with ACF Industries that same year and that same year, the first all double stack train left Los Angeles for South Kearny, New Jersey, under the name of Stacktrain rail service. Along the way the train transferred from the UP to CNW, each unit of a double-stack car is constructed with a single well, but are often constructed with multiple units of three to five units, connected by articulated connectors. Articulated connectors are supported by the centerplate of a single truck, also, in a number of cases, multiple single-well cars are connected by drawbars and share a single reporting mark. On both types of cars, the units are typically distinguished by letters, with the unit on one end being the A unit. Middle units are labeled starting with C, and going up to E for five-unit cars starting from the A unit, double-stack cars come in a number of sizes, related to the standard sizes of the containers they are designed to carry. Well lengths of 40 ft,48 ft and 53 ft are most common, a number of 45 ft wells and 56 ft wells also exist. On 40,45,48, or 53 cars, larger containers are placed on top of smaller containers that fit in the available wells to efficiently use all available space. All wells are also capable of carrying two 20 ft ISO containers in the bottom position, some double-stack cars have been also equipped with hitches which allow them to carry semi-trailers as well as containers. These are known as all-purpose well cars, foreign intermodal trains carry 20s, 40s, 45s and 53 foot containers to and from coastal container ports to import or export intercontinentally. Domestic intermodal trains carry 53 foot containers plus trailer-on-flatcar and they travel throughout North America, econo Stack well cars are a variation of conventional well cars and their main purpose is to give the double stacked containers more support. The down side to them is they do not allow 53 containers to be stacked on top, australia - double stack trains operate between Perth, Adelaide, Darwin and Parkes, NSW6.5 m clearances. China - using double stacked container trains under 25 kV AC overhead lines, india - Mundra Port operates double stack diesel trains on 1,676 mm gauge using flat wagons. Experiments for double stacking under 25 kV AC overhead lines have begun because of given by Japan
22.
Ted Conover
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Ted Conover is an American author and journalist. A graduate of Denvers Manual High School and Amherst College and a Marshall Scholar and he teaches graduate courses in the Literary Reportage concentration and an undergraduate courses on journalism and empathy and undercover reporting. Conovers books of narrative nonfiction have typically been researches of little-known social groups and he will often become an active participant with the subculture he is writing about. This experience, initially rendered as an ethnography for a thesis, became the basis of his first-person book, Rolling Nowhere. The 1987 book was published in a new edition during 2006 with a new preface and subtitle, the result was the book Whiteout, Lost in Aspen. A few years later, Conover trained as a corrections officer, the resulting book, Newjack, Guarding Sing Sing, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and won the 2000 National Book Critics Circle Award in General Nonfiction, among other honors. Conover discussed his work, The Routes of Man, Travels in the Paved World in the Paper Cuts weblog of the New York Times Book Review. He discussed the book with journalist Kevin Deutsch in a Q&A for the ], in addition to books, much of Conovers work has been published in magazines. He contributes frequently to The New York Times Magazine, The New Yorker, The Atlantic Monthly, Vanity Fair, T Magazine, National Geographic Magazine, Travel + Leisure, and others. He is on the board of the literary magazine The Common, based at Amherst College
23.
Convict
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A convict is a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court or a person serving a sentence in prison. Convicts are often known as prisoners or inmates or by the slang term con, while a common label for former convicts. Persons convicted and sentenced to non-custodial sentences tend not to be described as convicts, the legal label of ex-convict usually has lifelong implications, such as social stigma and/or reduced opportunities for employment. The particular use of the convict in the English-speaking world was to describe the huge numbers of criminals. Their crimes would today be regarded as petty misdemeanours, or are no longer in the criminal code, most of the punishments at this time were severe, with the death penalty applied for fairly minor crimes. However, this sentence was often commuted to a lesser one. Thus, in the British context, the convict has come to refer in particular to those criminals transported overseas. Initially many British convicts were sent to the American colonies, such as the Maryland, Virginia, the transportation of convicts from the United Kingdom began around 1615 and became increasingly common in the following years. Initially most people were transported to North America or the West Indies, from 1718 onwards transportation was entirely to North America. The arrangements ceased when the American Revolutionary War meant it was no longer possible for the United Kingdom to send convicts to North America, the British Government then looked to the newly discovered east coast of Australia to use as a penal colony. Convicts were transported to Australia in 1787, arriving in Botany Bay, then Sydney Cove, from the very start of European settlement convicts were used as indentured labourers in five out of the six colonies. Many were used on works, but a significant number were assigned to private individuals as domestic servants, rural workers. Transportation was progressively abolished from 1853, eventually ceasing altogether in 1868, in Australia, convicts have come to be key figures of cultural mythology and historiography. British convicts were sent to Canada, West Africa. France also sent convicts to French Guiana and New Caledonia, russian criminals who were shipped to Siberia can arguably be regarded as convicts. Convicted felon Convict lease Convict assignment Convicts in Australia Older prisoners Penal transportation Convict life - State Library of NSW Convict Transportation Registers database
24.
Emperor of the North Pole
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Emperor of the North Pole is a 1973 American film directed by Robert Aldrich and starring Lee Marvin, Ernest Borgnine, and Keith Carradine. It was re-released under the shorter title Emperor of the North, the film is about hobos during the 1930s and is set in the U. S. state of Oregon. It is based, in part, on the books The Road by Jack London and From Coast to Coast with Jack London by A-No. -1, Shack has an arsenal of makeshift weapons, a hammer, a steel rod, and a chain. A hobo who is a hero to his peers, A-No.1, manages to hop the train with the younger, at the next stop, A-No.1 evades Shack and escapes into the hobo jungle, but Cigaret is caught. Shack threatens to kill Cigaret for riding his train for free, Shack is distracted when he learns that A-No.1 has posted a notice on the yard water tower, announcing that he will become the first hobo to ride Shacks train all the way to Portland. The other hobos agree that the first who can successfully ride Shacks train will have earned the title Emperor of the North Pole. Railroad workers place bets whether A-No. -1 can do it, spreading the news far and wide over the telegraph, Shack being widely known and he tries to rid himself of the company of Cigaret, who tags along and makes a general pest of himself. Shack succeeds in ejecting the two, but they board a fast passenger train which overtakes Shacks train and ride it to Salem, Oregon. There, they have several encounters, including one with a policeman who chases the two into the Salem hobo jungle, accusing them of stealing a turkey. They also encounter a Holiness minister holding an outdoor baptism service, the two hobos reboard Shacks train after it arrives in Salem. The story ends with a fight, involving heavy chains, planks of wood. A-No.1 ultimately has the bloodied Shack at his mercy and he then tosses Cigaret off for bragging about how they defeated Shack, telling the kid he could have become a good bum but hes got no class. Oregon, Pacific and Easterns rolling stock, including two steam locomotives, appear in the film and this was the location used by Buster Keaton for his 1927 railroad feature The General. Also featured in the film is the Dorena Reservoir, located about 10 miles east of Cottage Grove, filming finished on October 5,1972. The film was released in North America on DVD on June 5,2006 under the title Emperor of the North, the Region 2 version was available under general release in the UK from September 3,2007 under the same title. On June 16,2008, Intrada Records released the only commercial CD version of composer Frank De Vols soundtrack to the public,35 years after the films release, the CD, limited to 1,200 copies, immediately sold out. List of American films of 1973 Emperor of the North Pole at the Internet Movie Database Emperor of the North Pole at the TCM Movie Database
25.
W. H. Davies
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William Henry Davies or W. H. Davies was a Welsh poet and writer. Davies spent a significant part of his life as a tramp or hobo, in the United Kingdom and United States, but became one of the most popular poets of his time. The principal themes in his work are observations about lifes hardships, the ways in which the condition is reflected in nature, his own tramping adventures. Davies is usually considered one of the Georgian Poets, although much of his work is not typical of the group, the son of an iron moulder, Davies was born at 6, Portland Street in the Pillgwenlly district of Newport, Monmouthshire, Wales, a busy port. He had a brother, Francis Gomer Boase and in 1874 his younger sister Matilda was born. In November 1874, when William was aged three, his father died, the following year his mother Mary Anne Davies remarried and became Mrs Joseph Hill. She agreed that care of the three children should pass to their grandparents, Francis and Lydia Davies, who ran the nearby Church House Inn at 14. His grandfather Francis Boase Davies, originally from Cornwall, had been a sea captain, Davies was related to the famous British actor Sir Henry Irving, he later recalled that his grandmother referred to Irving as the cousin who brought disgrace on us. Davies grandmother was described, by a neighbour who remembered her, pretty little caps, with bebe ribbon, tiny roses and puce trimmings. A maidservant, a dog, a cat, a parrot, a dove, Sitwell also recounts that Davies grandmother, a Baptist by denomination, was of a more austere and religious turn of mind than her husband. In 1879 the family moved to Raglan Street, then later to Upper Lewis Street, in 1883 he moved to Alexandra Road School and the following year was arrested, as one of a gang of five schoolmates, and charged with stealing handbags. He was given twelve strokes of the birch, in 1885 Davies wrote his first poem entitled Death. In his Poets Pilgrimage Davies recounts the time when, at the age of 14 and he missed the final moments of his grandfathers death as he was too engrossed in reading a very interesting book of wild adventure. Having finished school under the cloud of his theft he worked first for an ironmonger, in November 1886, his grandmother signed the papers for Davies to begin a five-year apprenticeship to a local picture-frame maker. Davies never enjoyed the craft, however, and never settled into any regular work and he was a difficult and somewhat delinquent young man, and made repeated requests to his grandmother to lend him the money to sail to America. When these were all refused, he eventually left Newport, took casual work, the Autobiography of a Super-Tramp, published in 1908, covers his life in the USA between 1893 and 1899, including many adventures and characters from his travels as a drifter. During this period he crossed the Atlantic at least seven times and he travelled through many of the states, sometimes begging, sometimes taking seasonal work, but often ending up spending any savings on a drinking spree with a fellow traveller. He took advantage of the system of boodle, in order to pass the winter in Michigan
26.
Renfrew, Ontario
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Renfrew, Ontario, Canada, is a town on the Bonnechere River in Renfrew County. Located one hour west of Ottawa in Eastern Ontario, Renfrew is the third largest town in the county after Petawawa, the town is a small transportation hub connecting Highway 60 and Highway 132 with the Trans-Canada Highway. Renfrew is also historically for its role in the formation of the National Hockey League. It lies about 5 kilometres from the Quebec border, about 10 kilometres by road and this heritage was until recently celebrated every July with the Lumber Baron Festival. Renfrew and the surrounding Township of Horton are at the intersection of the Bonnechere River, Renfrew is at the intersection of provincial Highway 17, Highway 60, and Highway 132. However, the areas largest single employers are the Renfrew Victoria Hospital, times Fibre Canada and Madawaska Hardwood Flooring also have manufacturing facilities in town. Renfrew is also home to many small businesses. One of the four teams in the National Hockey Association. The Renfrew Creamery Kings sought to be allowed to play in the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association, the teams owner, M. J. OBrien, eventually financed and put together his own league, the NHA. The Creamery Kings played two seasons of hockey in the NHA,1911 and 1912, until M. J. OBrien pulled out to pursue his interests in the railroad, Renfrew Mercury My FM TVCogeco CJHR-FM98. Renfrew was the annual host and sponsor of the Ottawa Valley Lumber Baron Festival, the Lumber Baron Festival is now known as Valleyfest, dropping its historical roots. The Renfrew Fair has been drawing mixed crowds for decades with its mid-way rides, exhibits, demolition derby, musical acts, the fair takes place on the second weekend of every September and lasts from Wednesday afternoon through Sunday afternoon. The rides are supplied by the company Conklin Shows, there is a nearby Blue Grass music festival that takes place every year in the middle of July. In recent years, local farm-owner Andy Taylor has hosted FarmJam, in 2008, Renfrew celebrated its sesquicentennial throughout the calendar year. His family had moved to the town from Thamesville, Ontario, W. H. Davies, famous Welsh tramp-poet, who lost his foot trying to jump a freight train at Renfrew on the evening of March 20,1899. He was subsequently cared for at the hospital, to which he was forever indebted. Also father of musician Alexander Lee Spence, professionally known as Skip Spence and it has been converted into a museum, sometimes referred to as Renfrew Museum, not to be confused with museums of that name in Pennsylvania and Scotland. The McDougall Mill Museum houses pioneer tools and machinery, a military section, michael John OBrien Renfrew Millionaires List of townships in Ontario The Story of Renfrew
27.
The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp
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The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp is an autobiography published in 1908 by the Welsh poet and writer W. H. Davies. A large part of the subject matter describes the way of life of the tramp in the United Kingdom, Canada. George Bernard Shaw had become interested in Davies, an unknown at the time. Davies was also to be given a say on the style of all illustrations, advertisement layouts, the original publisher, Duckworth and Sons, refused to accept these demands and so the book was placed instead with Fifield. Shaw was also instrumental in keeping the title of the book, of which Davies himself was unsure. The book was the published by Davies, having been preceded by The Souls Destroyer. The 1920 edition of the book concludes with five poems selected by Davies from The Souls Destroyer, the book was written in the space of six weeks, a great achievement for a first book by a man with the minimum of education. Following a delinquent childhood and youth, Davies renounced his home, at the age of twenty-two, having borrowed money from the executor of his grandmother’s estate, he sailed to America. This was the first of more than a dozen Atlantic crossings, between 1893 and 1899 Davies travelled the highways and railroads, tutored by hardened men of the road. He took advantage of the system of boodle jails in order to pass the winter in Michigan. These were jails in which a tramp could make an arrangement with a law enforcement officer to stay in the jail without being an actual prisoner. Here, with his fellow tramps, Davies would enjoy the comfort of card-playing, singing, smoking, reading, relating experiences. Regular work was never an option and Davies subsisted largely by begging, after crossing the Atlantic one last time, from Britain to Canada, at the time of the Klondike Gold Rush, Davies fell while hopping a train. His foot was crushed and his leg had to be amputated below the knee and he later wrote of the effect the accident had on his life, All the wildness had been taken out of me and my adventures after this were not of my own seeking. In 1948 the BBC Home Service recorded a version of the book over fifteen consecutive Sundays. It was narrated by Welsh poet, Dylan Thomas, on the official website of the British progressive rock band Supertramp, reviewer P. Robichaud credits Davies book for the origin of the bands name. Christopher McCandless renamed himself Alexander Supertramp when he began his journey in the US, after his death, his life inspired the 1996 biography Into The Wild and the 2007 film Into the Wild. The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp at Internet Archive and Google Books The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp at MobileRead. com - well-formatted free versions for download, the Autobiography of a Super-Tramp The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp public domain audiobook at LibriVox
28.
Hopper car
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A hopper car is a type of railroad freight car used to transport loose bulk commodities such as coal, ore, grain, and track ballast. Two main types of hopper car exist, covered hopper cars, which are equipped with a roof, and open hopper cars and this type of car is distinguished from a gondola car in that it has opening doors on the underside or on the sides to discharge its cargo. The development of the car went along with the development of automated handling of such commodities. Covered hopper cars are used for cargo such as grain, sugar. Open hopper cars are used for such as coal, which can suffer exposure with less detrimental effect. Hopper cars have used by railways worldwide whenever automated cargo handling has been desired. Ore jennies is predominantly a term for shorter open hopper cars hauling taconite by the Duluth, Missabe, a rotary car dumper permits the use of simpler and more compact gondola cars instead of hoppers. Covered hoppers, though, are still in widespread use, the Coke Express, a unit train of hopper cars loaded with coke, with the words Coke Express painted on the sides of the hoppers. Increase in wheel loads has important implications for the infrastructure needed to accommodate future grain hopper car shipments. The weight of the car is transmitted to the rails and the track structure through these wheel loads. As wheel loads increase, track maintenance expenses increase and the ability of a rail weight, ballast depth. Moreover, the ability of a bridge to handle prolonged rail traffic also decreases as wheel loads increase. Gondola Victorian Railways hopper wagons Union Pacific #7801 – Photos and short history of an example of a typical self-clearing, open-top triple hopper Rail car manufacturing
29.
Little Ring of the Moscow Railway
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The Little Ring of the Moscow Railways, is a 54. 4-kilometre-long orbital railway in Moscow. Built between 1902 and 1908 as MOZD for mixed use railway traffic, after 1934 the railway was used for cargo traffic. The line is operated by Russian Railways Moscow subsidiary, in 1800, the Kamer-Kollezhsky Val became the legal outer border of Moscow. In 1879, some areas, including Sokolniki, were appended to the city, however. Transport connections between these suburbs were poor, a number of proposals to build a ring railroad around the center to solve this were made in the 1860s and the 1870s. One such project was rejected in 1877 by the Moscow City Duma which cited inefficiency, the project by Pyotr Rashevsky, who proposed to build a ring of the total length of 54.4 kilometres, won the competition. Construction started in 1902, and the railway was completed with the first train running in July 1907, in 1908, the railroad was declared to be completed, and it became part of the Nikolayevskaya Railway, the main line of which ran between Moscow and Saint Petersburg. A Passenger service was organized of four trains per day, the trains first stopped in Nikolayevsky Railway Station before joining the ring at the Presnya Station. Here trains were divided into two, with one train running clockwise, and the one running counterclockwise. The Directorate of the Nikolayevskaya Railway was located in Saint Petersburg, in 1916 control of the ring railway was transferred to the Moscow-Kursk Railway. In 1934 it became a railway before in 1956 being included in the Moscow Railway. The Circle Railway became known as Little Ring of the Moscow Railway after the 584 km Greater Ring of the Moscow Railway, between 1917 and 1960, the Moscow Little Ring Railway served as the border of the city of Moscow. In 1960, the Moscow Ring Road, a new beltway far outside of the Moscow Little Ring Railway, then just about to be completed, became the new official boundary of the city. On November 18,1994, Andrey Shchelenkov died from the explosion of his own bomb targeting the river bridge between Vladykino and Rostokino stations, the explosion was not strong, and the bridge survived. Shchelenkov had ties to an organized criminal but the motive remains unknown. There by 2012 were twelve freight stations operating on the railway, the line was reconstructed during the period of 2013–2016 for joint passenger and freight use. The electrification of the line will allow mainline diesel locomotives to be banned from running in Moscow later, the Moscow Central Circle is a passenger commuter rail service on the Little Ring Railway line, operated by Russian Railways as subcontractor for Moscow Metro. It was opened for passengers on September 10,2016, after a four-year construction, the passenger service is operated by 33 Siemens ES2G Lastochka trains
30.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
31.
Flat wagon
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Flat wagons, as classified by the International Union of Railways, are railway goods wagons that have a flat, usually full-length, deck and little or no superstructure. By contrast, open wagons have high side and end walls and covered goods wagons have a fixed roof, flat wagons are often designed for the transportation of goods that are not weather-sensitive. Some flat wagons are able to be covered completely by tarpaulins or hoods and are suitable for the transport of weather-sensitive goods. Unlike a goods wagon with opening roof, the area of a flat is entirely open. Gravel, sand and other goods are transported on flat wagons with side panels. Flat wagons are classified by the UIC into, Ordinary goods wagons with category letters K, O and R, within both types of flat wagon, there are variants with separate axles as well as bogie wagons. In addition numerous other terms are used to classify flat wagons according to their purpose, attempts by the International Union of Railways to standardise flat wagons go back to the 1950s. These efforts led to the establishment of characteristics for so-called standard wagons, since the end of 1977, flat wagons that partially conform to these guidelines are identified by the designation UIC. Flat beds that comply fully with the leaflets, and are therefore true UIC standard wagons, are given the designation UIS St. The Class K flats were originally one of the largest families of goods wagons, not least in Germany, the bulk of their work has since been taken over by special flat wagons. By 1998, DB only had 10,000 of this type left. The majority of ordinary two-axle flat beds built since the 1950s were those with folding sides and short swivelling stanchions of UIC type 1 with, at least in Germany, in recent years new K wagons have been developed. These have fixed ends and a cover and are therefore also suitable for hygroscopic goods. Their designation is Kils, based on the UIC classification of goods wagons, as a rule, L wagons do not have stanchions. The UIC has standardised three types of L wagon, the Class Lgss being based heavily on the Class Ks, The standard mixed open flat wagon group has folding sides, stanchions, most types have short, removable, swivelling stanchions. They are especially suited to the transport of long steel elements, building materials, machines, in the 1990s, the DB purchased Class R wagons with long, sturdy, light metal stanchions and high end walls for the increasing amount of log transport required. In 1998, the DB had about 17,000 R wagons in service, the UIC has specified two standard R wagons, both of which are very common e. g. in Germany. In the mid-1970s there was a switchover to newly built wagons with foldable sides and this is the largest group of flat wagons both in terms of variety and numbers
32.
The Journey of Natty Gann
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The Journey of Natty Gann is a 1985 American film directed by Jeremy Paul Kagan, produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released by Buena Vista Distribution. The film introduced Meredith Salenger and also starred John Cusack, Lainie Kazan, set in 1935, the movie tells the story of a 15-year-old tomboy girl, Natty Gann. Out of work because of Depression-era unemployment, Nattys widowed father Sol parlays his surefootedness into getting a job as a lumberjack, to take the job he must leave on almost no notice on a company bus from Chicago to the state of Washington. Unable to find Natty before the bus leaves, he leaves her a letter promising to send her the fare to join him as soon as he has earned it. Meanwhile he makes arrangements with Connie, the shallow and insensitive innkeeper of their roominghouse, along the way she saves a wolfdog from a dog fighting ring. In return the dog, whom she calls Wolf, becomes her friend, Natty escapes the detention center and confronts the blacksmith who has been given control of the captured Wolf. The smith turns out to be kind and fair-minded, releases Wolf to Natty, and gives her food, when Nattys father calls Connie, she tells him Natty is gone. In a later phone call he is grieved to learn that Nattys wallet was found underneath a freight train - unbeknownst to him. He is given a leave from the lumber company to search through the wreckage for her. He returns to the camp and requests the most dangerous jobs, known as widows work. Arriving on the west coast, Nattys journey takes several more challenging turns, harry finds work through the federal Works Progress Administration in San Francisco, but she declines his invitation to go with him, in order to find her father. Wolf is entranced by wolf calls from the woods and she urges him to go, it is a painful parting. The clerk has located him and Natty is on her way on foot to the camp where he is working when the camp bus whirls past her going down carrying injured loggers including her father. Glimpsing him, she calls to him but sees no sign he has heard her and they are, however, reunited in a heartwarming embrace further down on the mountain road. Jed later appeared as the animal in the 1991 Disney film White Fang. He also appeared as the first form taken by the creature in The Thing. The film has released in the United States on VHS as well as DVD. The DVD version was released using the pan and scan format, the title was also made available for streaming and download in SD and HD versions
33.
Mr. Bean
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Mr. Bean is a British sitcom created by Rowan Atkinson and Richard Curtis, and starring Atkinson as the title character. Atkinson co-wrote all 15 episodes with either Curtis, Robin Driscoll,13 of the episodes were broadcast on ITV, from the pilot on 1 January 1990, until Goodnight Mr. Bean on 31 October 1995. A clip show, The Best Bits of Mr. Bean, was broadcast on 15 December 1995, Bean rarely speaks, and the largely physical humour of the series is derived from his interactions with other people and his unusual solutions to situations. The series was influenced by performers such as Jacques Tati. The series has received a number of awards, including the Rose dOr. The show has sold in 245 territories worldwide and has inspired an animated cartoon spin-off. The character of Mr. Bean was developed while Rowan Atkinson was studying for his masters degree in engineering at Queens College. A sketch featuring Bean was performed at the Edinburgh Fringe in the early 1980s, a similar character called Robert Box, played by Atkinson himself, appeared in the one-off 1979 ITV sitcom Canned Laughter, which also featured routines used in the film Bean. One of Beans earliest appearances occurred at the Just for Laughs comedy festival in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, when programme co-ordinators were scheduling him into the festival programme, Atkinson insisted that he perform on the French-speaking bill rather than the English-speaking programme. Having no French dialogue in his act at all, programme co-ordinators could not understand why Atkinson wanted to perform on the French bill instead. The characters name was not decided until after the first programme had been produced, Atkinson cited the earlier comedy character Monsieur Hulot, created by French comedian and director Jacques Tati, as an influence on the character. Stylistically, Mr. Bean is also similar to early silent films, relying purely upon physical comedy. This has allowed the series to be sold worldwide without any significant changes to dialogue, in November 2012, Atkinson told The Daily Telegraph of his intentions to retire the character, stating that someone in their 50s being childlike becomes a little sad. The title character, played by Rowan Atkinson, is a buffoon who brings various unusual schemes and contrivances to everyday tasks. He lives alone at the address of Flat 2,12 Arbour Road, Highbury, and is almost always seen in his tweed jacket. He also usually wears a digital calculator watch, Mr. Bean rarely speaks, and when he does, it is generally only a few mumbled words which are in a comically low-pitched voice. His first name and profession, if any, are never mentioned, in the first film adaptation, Mr. appears on his passport in the first name field, and he is shown employed as a guard at Londons National Gallery. The humour largely comes from his original solutions to problems and his disregard for others when solving them, his pettiness
34.
Runaway Train (film)
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Runaway Train is a 1985 American thriller drama film directed by Andrei Konchalovsky and starring Jon Voight, Eric Roberts, Rebecca De Mornay and John P. Ryan. The film was also the feature debuts of Danny Trejo and Tommy Tiny Lister, the story concerns two escaped convicts and a female railroad worker who are stuck on a runaway train as it barrels through snowy desolate Alaska. Voight and Roberts were both nominated for Academy Awards for their respective roles, oscar Manny Manheim is a ruthless bank robber and hero to the convicts of Stonehaven Maximum Security Prison. After two previous attempts, the doors to Mannys cell were welded shut for three years. A court order compels Mannys nemesis, the vindictive and sadistic Associate Warden Ranken, to release him back into the general prison population. Manny intends to break out a time with his older brother Jonah. Jonah stabs his attacker to death in retaliation and in turn is severely beaten by a prison guard, Manny has to leave his brother behind. He recruits Buck McGeehy, who was convicted of statutory rape, Buck decides to join Manny in the escape, even though Manny wants to go it alone. After a freezing cross-country hike the two hop on board a train consisting of four locomotives at a remote Alaskan rail yard, both men enter the fourth unit and stow away in the toilet compartment. Just as the train starts to move, the elderly engineer suffers a heart attack, in attempting to stop the train and get off, he does not set the throttle to idle, instead engaging the brakes, before collapsing off the still-moving train. This overrides the engines automatic train stop, consequently, the locomotives overpower the brakes, burning their shoes off and making it impossible to stop the train. Neither of the two convicts is aware of what has happened, as the driverless train accelerates, dispatchers Dave Prince and Frank Barstow are alerted to the situation. After the last of the brake shoes burn off and the dispatchers realize the severity of their situation, the runaway subsequently smashes through the caboose of a freight train that was in the act of moving out of its path. The collision badly damages the cab of the locomotive and jams the front door of the second engine. The convicts on board are now aware something is seriously wrong, Barstow realizes that the locomotives over-speed control must have been disabled in the crash. At this point the horn blows, alerting the signal maintainer. Barstow orders a reversal of the switch, the train continues towards the old Seneca trestle, where emergency workers are gathering in expectation of a disaster. Ranken concludes that his two escaped convicts are fleeing by rail and makes his way to the dispatchers office and they realize that the train is out of control and that she had sounded the horn from the second locomotive
35.
Bill Daniel (filmmaker)
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Bill Daniel is an American experimental documentary film artist, photographer, film editor, and cinematographer. He is also an installation artist, curator and former zine publisher and his full-length film, Who is Bozo Texino. About the tradition of hobo and railworker boxcar graffiti was completed in 2005 and has screened extensively throughout the United States, film/video artist Vanessa Renwick of the Oregon Department of Kick Ass has been a frequent touring partner, collaborator and co-curator. In 2006, Bill Daniel was a judge for the Iowa City International Documentary Film Festival, Bill Daniel was born in Houston, Texas and has lived and worked in Austin, New York, San Francisco, Pittsburgh, Portland and Shreveport. He attended college at the University of Texas at Austin where he majored in Marketing and his brother Lee Daniel is also a cinematographer and is best known for his work with director Richard Linklater. This 55 min. experimental documentary film was primarily in black & white 8mm & 16mm film and was subsequently digitally edited. Souls Harbor Installed at San Franciscos Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, the video segments were shown framed by pictures and windows on a mock living room wall at Tacomas Tollbooth Gallery. The Girl on the Train in the Moon Hobo campfire installation with film projections at Deitch Projects gallery in New York for Widely Unknown group show. Also shown on the nationwide Lucky Bum Film Tour with Vanessa Renwick, archived from the original on 2007-02-20. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30, Bill Daniel on the Internet Movie Database. Bill Daniel interview in Cinemad Magazine, archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Archived from the original on February 4,2007, unCut Video Coastside Film Society trailer for Who is Bozo Texino. Vienna International Film Festival Interview with Bill Daniel, archived from the original on 2006-10-21. Brief video interview in Braddock, PA by Sam Gould, www. billdaniel. net Craig Baldwins Other Cinema Oregon Department of Kick Ass Bozo Texino Stock Exchange
36.
Into the Wild (film)
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Into the Wild is a 2007 American biographical drama survival film written, co-produced, and directed by Sean Penn. The film stars Emile Hirsch as McCandless, and Marcia Gay Harden and William Hurt as his parents, and features Jena Malone, Catherine Keener, Vince Vaughn, Kristen Stewart, and Hal Holbrook. The film premiered during the 2007 Rome Film Fest and later opened outside of Fairbanks, Alaska and it was later nominated for two Golden Globes and won the award for Best Original Song, Guaranteed by Eddie Vedder. It was also nominated for two Academy Awards, namely Best Editing and Hal Holbrook for Best Supporting Actor. The film is presented in a narrative, cutting back. The plot summary here is told in a chronological order. In April 1992, Christopher McCandless arrives in an area just north of the Denali National Park. Noting Chris unpreparedness, the stranger who drops him off lends him a pair of boots, Chris travels into the wildness and sets up a campsite in an abandoned city bus, which he calls The Magic Bus. At first, McCandless is content with the isolation, the beauty of nature around him, and he hunts with a.22 caliber rifle, reads books, and keeps a diary of his thoughts as he prepares himself for a new life in the wild. Two years earlier, in May 1990, McCandless graduates with honors from Emory University. Shortly afterwards, McCandless rejects his conventional life by destroying all of his credit cards and he donates nearly all of his savings to Oxfam and sets out on a cross-country drive in his Datsun B210 to experience life in the wilderness. McCandless does not tell his parents, Walt and Billie McCandless and he refuses to keep in touch with them after his departure, causing his parents to become increasingly anxious and eventually desperate. At Lake Mead, McCandless car is caught in a flood, causing him to abandon it. He burns what remains of his cash and assumes a new name, in Northern California, McCandless encounters a hippie couple named Jan Burres and Rainey. Rainey tells McCandless about his relationship with Jan, which McCandless helps rekindle. In September, McCandless arrives in Carthage, South Dakota and works for a contract harvesting company owned by Wayne Westerberg and he is forced to leave after Westerberg is arrested for satellite piracy. There, his kayak is lost in a dust storm, unable to hitch a ride, he starts traveling on freight trains to Los Angeles. Not long after arriving, however, he starts feeling corrupted by modern civilization, later, McCandless is forced to resume hitchhiking, after he is beaten by the railroad police
37.
The East (film)
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The East is a 2013 English-language thriller film directed by Zal Batmanglij and starring Brit Marling, Alexander Skarsgård, and Ellen Page. Writers Batmanglij and Marling spent two months in 2009 practicing freeganism and co-wrote a screenplay inspired by their experiences and drawing on thrillers from the 1970s. The American studio Fox Searchlight Pictures had bought rights to distribute Batmanglijs previous film Sound of My Voice, with Ridley Scott as producer and Tony Scott as executive producer, Fox Searchlight contracted Scott Free Productions, headquartered in London, to produce the film. The East was filmed in two months in Shreveport, Louisiana at the end of 2011, the film premiered to strong reviews at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival on January 20,2013. It was released in theaters on May 31,2013, Sarah self-inflicts an arm injury that she tells Luca was caused in the escape so he can get medical attention for her. He takes her to a house in the woods where members of The East live and one of the members, Doc. Sarah is given two nights to recover before she must leave the squat, at an elaborate dinner involving straitjackets, Sarah is tested and fails. Exposing how selfishly she and many others live their lives, Sarah is caught one night when spying by the deaf Eve and has a conversation in sign language with her. Sarah tells Eve that she is an agent and threatens Eve with jail if she stays with the group. Sarah is recruited to fill the missing members role on a jam, after seeing the effectiveness of the pharmaceutical jam, compounded by her growing attraction to charismatic Benji, Sarah gradually questions the moral underpinnings of her undercover duty. Sarah reluctantly participates in The Easts next jam and comes to learn that each member of The East has been damaged by corporate activities. For example, Doc has been poisoned by a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, the East infiltrates a fancy party for the senior executives of the pharmaceutical company responsible for Docs poisoning and puts a strong dose of the risky antibiotic into everyones champagne. The East announce this action via YouTube and over time one executives mind and body begins to degenerate as an effect of the antibiotic. Another East member, Izzy is the daughter of a petrochemical CEO, the group uses the father/daughter connection to gain intimate access to the CEO and forces him to bathe in the waterway he has been using as a toxic dumping ground. This jam goes wrong when security guards arrive and shoot Izzy in the back as she, back at the squat, because of his poisoning, Docs hands tremble too much for him to perform surgery on Izzy. Sarah offers to do it for him and he tells her what to do and she manages to remove the bullet from Izzys abdomen, but Izzy dies and is buried near The Easts house. Even though Sarah and Benji have grown closer and Sarah implores him to just disappear, Sarah refuses at first but finally gives in and the two begin a long drive, during which Sarah falls asleep. When she awakens, she realizes that Benji is driving her to the Hiller Brood headquarters outside Washington and he reveals that he has always suspected her of being a Hiller Brood operative, and that Luca also thought this, but brought her in as a test
38.
Divergent (film)
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Divergent is a 2014 American science fiction action film directed by Neil Burger, based on the novel of the same name by Veronica Roth. The film is the first installment in The Divergent Series and was produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian, and Douglas Wick, with a screenplay by Evan Daugherty and Vanessa Taylor. It stars Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Ashley Judd, Jai Courtney, Ray Stevenson, Zoë Kravitz, Miles Teller, Tony Goldwyn, Ansel Elgort, Maggie Q and Kate Winslet. The story takes place in a dystopian and post-apocalyptic Chicago where people are divided into factions based on human virtues. Beatrice Prior is warned that she is Divergent and thus will never fit any one of the factions. She soon learns that a plot is brewing in the seemingly perfect society. Development of Divergent began in March 2011 when Summit Entertainment picked up the rights to the novel with Douglas Wick. Principal photography began April 16,2013, and concluded on July 16,2013, production mostly took place in Chicago. Divergent was released on March 21,2014, in the United States, the film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise going towards its concepts and action, and criticism focused on its execution. Reviewers found the film to be generic and unoriginal, comparing it unfavorably to other young adult fiction adaptations, despite this, the film was a financial success as it reached the #1 spot at the box office during its opening weekend. After its release, the film earned over US$288 million worldwide against its budget of US$85 million and it was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 5,2014. A sequel, The Divergent Series, Insurgent, was released on March 20,2015 in the United States, in a futuristic dystopian Chicago, society is divided into five factions, Abnegation, Amity, Candor, Dauntless and Erudite. The remaining population are the Factionless, who have no status or privilege in this society, Beatrice Prior was born into Abnegation, which runs the government. Her father, Andrew Prior, serves on the council along with the head of Abnegation. Beatrice takes her test with a Dauntless woman named Tori Wu as her proctor and her results show equal attributes of multiple factions, meaning she is Divergent. Her divergence includes Abnegation, Erudite, and Dauntless, the next day at the Choosing Ceremony, Beatrices brother Caleb Prior chooses Erudite. After some indecision, Beatrice defects to Dauntless, after the ceremony, Beatrice meets Christina, Al, and Will, three other initiates from other factions who also chose Dauntless. Christina and Al are from Candor, and Will is from Erudite, Beatrice is the first to volunteer for a leap of faith from a tall building into a dark hole, landing in a net
39.
Jackie & Ryan
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Jackie & Ryan is a 2014 American romantic drama film written and directed by Ami Canaan Mann, starring Katherine Heigl and Ben Barnes. The film was released on July 3,2015 in a limited release, Katherine Heigl as Jackie Ben Barnes as Ryan Clea DuVall as Virginia Sheryl Lee as Miriam Emily Alyn Lind as Lia Ryan Bingham as Cowboys Brother Filming took place in Utah in 2014. The film was shot in 20 days, Jackie & Ryan screened in the Horizons section at the 71st Venice International Film Festival on August 30,2014. The film then screened at the Newport Beach International Film Festival on April 25,2015, the films distribution rights were later acquired by Entertainment One, and was released in the United States on July 3,2015 in a limited release and through video on demand. Jackie & Ryan received mixed reviews, on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, critics gave the film a rating of 62%, based on 21 reviews, with a weighted average of 5. 4/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 55%, based on 15 reviews. Jackie & Ryan at the Internet Movie Database Jackie & Ryan at Box Office Mojo Jackie & Ryan at Rotten Tomatoes Jackie & Ryan at Metacritic Jackie & Ryan at AllMovie, review by Daniel Gelb
40.
Jack London
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John Griffith Jack London was an American novelist, journalist, and social activist. Some of his most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories To Build a Fire, An Odyssey of the North, and Love of Life. He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as The Pearls of Parlay and The Heathen, London was part of the radical literary group The Crowd in San Francisco and a passionate advocate of unionization, socialism, and the rights of workers. He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss. Jack Londons mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest child of Pennsylvania Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife, Marshall Wellman was descended from Thomas Wellman, an early Puritan settler in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died, in San Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist, claiming to channel the spirit of a Sauk chief, Black Hawk. Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe Londons father was astrologer William Chaney, Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown, most San Francisco civil records were destroyed by the extensive fires that followed the 1906 earthquake, nobody knows what name appeared on her sons birth certificate. Stasz notes that in his memoirs, Chaney refers to Londons mother Flora Wellman as having been his wife, according to Flora Wellmans account, as recorded in the San Francisco Chronicle of June 4,1875, Chaney demanded that she have an abortion. When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child and she was not seriously wounded, but she was temporarily deranged. After giving birth, Flora turned the baby over for care to Virginia Prentiss and she was a major maternal figure throughout Londons life. Late in 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, a partially disabled Civil War veteran, the family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school. He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago, Chaney concluded by saying that he was more to be pitied than London. London was devastated by his fathers letter, in the following, he quit school at Berkeley. London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in San Francisco, the house burned down in the fire after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the California Historical Society placed a plaque at the site in 1953. Although the family was working class, it was not as impoverished as Londons later accounts claimed, in 1885, London found and read Ouidas long Victorian novel Signa. He credited this as the seed of his literary success, in 1886, he went to the Oakland Public Library and found a sympathetic librarian, Ina Coolbrith, who encouraged his learning. In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmotts Cannery, seeking a way out, he borrowed money from his foster mother Virginia Prentiss, bought the sloop Razzle-Dazzle from an oyster pirate named French Frank, and became an oyster pirate
41.
The Dharma Bums
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The Dharma Bums is a 1958 novel by Beat Generation author Jack Kerouac. The basis for the novels semi-fictional accounts are events occurring years after the events of On the Road, the protagonists search for a Buddhist context to his experiences recurrs throughout the story. The book had a significant influence on the Hippie counterculture of the 1960s, the character Japhy drives Ray Smiths story, whose penchant for simplicity and Zen Buddhism influenced Kerouac on the eve of the sudden and unpredicted success of On the Road. The novel concludes with a change in style, with Kerouac working alone as a fire lookout on Desolation Peak. These elements place The Dharma Bums at a critical junction foreshadowing the consciousness-probing works of authors in the 1960s such as Timothy Leary. One episode in the book features Smith, Ryder, and Henry Morley climbing Matterhorn Peak in California and it relates Kerouacs introduction to this type of mountaineering and inspired him to spend the following summer as a fire lookout for the United States Forest Service on Desolation Peak in Washington. The novel also gives an account of the legendary 1955 Six Gallery reading, at the event, other authors including Snyder, Kenneth Rexroth, Michael McClure, and Philip Whalen also performed. Kerouac often based his characters on friends and family. Because of the objections of my early publishers I was not allowed to use the same names in each work. As John Suiter stated in a review, Dont read Kerouac when youre too young, read him as you join that long death march called steady employment. Look back to all the people you knew, those people who went here and there and they doped and boozed in desperate self medication. He knows people with Odd Knowledge and they have plumbed the breadth and depth of human existence. They get laid in the era before The Pill, and then it occurs to you. None of your old pals will ever be quite what he once was in your memory, and youll know Kerouac for what he was. And you know that amidst all the lies, he told the truth, the truth with a little t. He wanted to fool you, but he couldnt and it wasnt in him, he hadnt the talent for it. He had only enough to tell you the way he had wanted it to be, how he wanted it to be when he looked back on it. But confided to Philip Whalen, I do wish Jack had taken more trouble to smooth out dialogues, later, Snyder chided Kerouac for the books misogynistic interpretation of Buddhism
42.
Into the Wild (book)
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Into the Wild is a 1996 non-fiction book written by Jon Krakauer. It is an expansion of a 9, 000-word article by Krakauer on Christopher McCandless titled Death of an Innocent, the book was adapted to film in 2007, directed by Sean Penn with Emile Hirsch starring as McCandless. Into the Wild is a bestseller which has been printed in 14 languages and 173 editions. The book is used as high school and college reading curriculum. Into the Wild has been lauded by reviewers but has also been described by Alaskan reporter, Craig Medred. Christopher Johnson McCandless grew up in suburban Annandale, Virginia, on April 28,1992, McCandless hitchhiked to the Stampede Trail in Alaska. He declined an offer to buy him sturdier clothing and better supplies. McCandless perished sometime around the week of August 18,1992, on September 6,1992, Christopher McCandless body was found inside an abandoned bus in Alaska. One year later, author Jon Krakauer retraced McCandless steps during the two years between graduation and his demise in Alaska. McCandless shed his name early in his journey, adopting the moniker Alexander Supertramp. He spent time in Carthage, South Dakota, laboring for months in a grain elevator owned by Wayne Westerberg before hitchhiking to Alaska, Krakauer interprets McCandless intensely ascetic personality as possibly influenced by the writings of Henry David Thoreau and McCandless favorite writer, Jack London. He explores the similarities between McCandless experiences and motivations, and his own as a man, recounting in detail Krakauers own attempt to climb Devils Thumb in Alaska. Krakauer also relates the stories of other young men who vanished into the wilderness, such as Everett Ruess. In addition, he describes at length the grief and puzzlement of McCandless parents, sister Carine. McCandless survived for approximately 113 days in the Alaskan wilderness, foraging for roots and berries. Although he planned to hike to the coast, the terrain of summer proved too difficult. In July, he tried to leave, only to find the route blocked by a swollen river. On July 30, McCandless wrote an entry which reads
43.
Enrique's Journey
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It was first published in 2006 by Random House. The non-fiction book has published in eight languages, and is sold both in English and Spanish in the United States. A young adult version was published in 2014 aimed at children 10 to 14 years old. It is based on a Pulitzer Prize-winning series of articles in the Los Angeles Times published in 2002, nazario spent nearly 5 years reporting and writing Enrique’s Journey. After doing months of research, she met the books 17-year-old protagonist, Enrique and she spent time shadowing him there and hearing about his remarkable trip north. Nazario reconstructed Enriques dangerous trek from Honduras to the U. S. by making the same 1, 600-mile journey, much of it on top of 7 freight trains and she then retraced his journey a second time. When Enrique was five years old his mother, Lourdes, leaves Honduras to find a job in the United States, the move allows her to send money back home to Enrique so he can go to school past the third grade. Lourdes promises Enrique she will return quickly and he begs for his mother to come back. Without her, he becomes lonely and troubled, when she calls, Lourdes tells him to be patient. Enrique despairs of ever seeing her again, after eleven years apart, he decides he will go find her. Enrique sets off alone from Tegucigalpa, with more than a slip of paper bearing his mother’s North Carolina telephone number. Without money, he make the dangerous and illegal trek up the length of Mexico the only way he can–clinging to the sides. With gritty determination and a longing to be by his mother’s side, Enrique travels through hostile. Each step of the way through Mexico, he and other migrants, gangsters control the tops of the trains. Bandits rob and kill migrants up and down the tracks, corrupt cops all along the route are out to rob and deport them. To evade Mexican police and immigration authorities, they must jump onto, Enrique pushes forward using his wit, courage, and hope–and the kindness of strangers. It is a journey, one thousands of immigrant children make each year to find their mothers in the United States. Lourdes, Enriques mother decided to move to the United States from Honduras in order to support her two children financially
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Woody Guthrie
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He frequently performed with the slogan This machine kills fascists displayed on his guitar. His best-known song is This Land Is Your Land, many of his recorded songs are archived in the Library of Congress. Throughout his life Guthrie was associated with United States Communist groups, Guthrie was married three times and fathered eight children, including American folk musician Arlo Guthrie. Guthrie died from complications of Huntingtons disease, a genetic neurological disorder. Guthrie was born in Okemah, a town in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma. His parents named him after Woodrow Wilson, then Governor of New Jersey, Charles Guthrie was an industrious businessman, owning at one time up to 30 plots of land in Okfuskee County. He was actively involved in Oklahoma politics and was a conservative Democratic candidate for office in the county, when Charles was making stump speeches, he would often be accompanied by his son. Charles Guthrie was involved in the 1911 lynching of Laura and Lawrence Nelson, Woody Guthrie wrote three songs about the event and said that his father, Charles, was later a member of the revived Ku Klux Klan. Guthries early family life was affected by fires, including one that caused the loss of his familys home in Okemah. His sister Clara later died in a fire when Guthrie was seven. Guthries mother, Nora, was afflicted with Huntingtons disease, although the family did not know this at the time and it leads to dementia as well as muscular degeneration. She was eventually committed to the Oklahoma Hospital for the Insane, judging from the circumstances of her fathers death by drowning, researchers suspect that George Sherman suffered from the same hereditary disease. When Nora Guthrie was institutionalized, Woody Guthrie was 14 and his father Charley was living and working in Pampa, Texas, to repay his debts from unsuccessful real estate deals. Woody and his siblings were on their own in Oklahoma, they relied on their eldest brother Roy for support, the 14-year-old Woody Guthrie worked odd jobs around Okemah, begging meals and sometimes sleeping at the homes of family friends. According to one story, Guthrie befriended an African-American blues harmonica player named George, before long, Guthrie bought his own harmonica and began playing along with him. In another interview 14 years later, Guthrie claimed he learned how to play harmonica from a friend, John Woods. He seemed to have an affinity for music and easily learned to play by ear. He began to use his musical skills around town, playing a song for a sandwich or coins, Guthrie easily learned old ballads and traditional English & Scots songs from the parents of friends
