1.
Fritz Lang (artist)
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Fritz Lang, was a German painter, noted for his woodcuts, linocuts, lithographs and book illustrations. Between 1892 and 1894 he was a decorative painter, after which he attended the Königlich-Württembergische Kunstschule in Stuttgart. In 1899 he returned to Stuttgart, finding freelance work to generate an income, during this period he produced numerous woodcuts, some of which were purchased by the British Museum, the Königliche Kupferstichkabinett of Stuttgart, and the Hofbibliothek in Vienna. Between 1915 and 1918 during World War I he was conscripted and served with the armed forces, the post-war conditions in Germany were not conducive to artistic expression, and Langs output was minimal during this period. By 1924 some of his work had been bought by the Victoria and Albert Museum, a trip to the former colony of German East Africa in 1928 inspired Lang, and he produced a large number of woodcuts and paintings with an African theme. During World War II the Allied bombing of Stuttgart destroyed Langs studio, as a result his works became rare and valuable. Some 330 of his woodblocks survived the war and his animal and bird studies were outstanding, and clearly inspired other German and Austrian artists in their technique and composition. The influence of Japanese woodcut masters on Langs work is evident, Fritz Lang Maler und Holzschneider, Monografie und Werkverzeichnis - Ingobert Schmid und Stefan Sandkühler - Published 1992 by K. Theiss in Stuttgart ISBN 3-8062-1045-4 Fritz Lang
Fritz Lang (artist)
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Self portrait
2.
Woman in the Moon
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Woman in the Moon is a science fiction silent film that premiered 15 October 1929 at the UFA-Palast am Zoo cinema in Berlin to an audience of 2,000. It is often considered to be one of the first serious science fiction films and it was written and directed by Fritz Lang, based on the novel The Rocket to the Moon by his collaborator Thea von Harbou, his wife at the time. It was released in the USA as By Rocket to the Moon, the basics of rocket travel were presented to a mass audience for the first time by this film, including the use of a multi-stage rocket. The film was shot between October 1928 and June 1929 at the UFA studios in Neubabelsberg near Berlin The film is a melodrama with scientific speculation, Helius is an entrepreneur with an interest in space travel. He seeks out Professor Mannfeldt, a visionary who has written a treatise on the likelihood of finding gold on the moon, Helius recognizes the value of Mannfeldts work, but a gang of evil businessmen have also taken an interest in Mannfeldts theories. Meanwhile, Heliuss assistant Windegger has announced his engagement to Heliuss other assistant and this is disconcerting to Helius, who secretly loves Friede, so he avoids their engagement party. He is mugged on the way home from his meeting with Mannfeldt by henchmen of the businessmen, commanded by an American, The man who calls himself Walter Turner. They steal the research that Professor Mannfeldt had entrusted to him and also burgle Heliuss home, reluctantly, Helius agrees to their terms. The rocket team is assembled, Helius, Mannfeldt, Windegger, Friede and Turner, after Friede blasts off, they discover that Gustav, a young boy who has befriended Helius, is aboard as a stowaway with his collection of science fiction pulp magazines. During the journey, Windegger emerges as a coward, and the feelings of Helius toward Friede become known to her, once they get to the far side of the Moon, Mannfeldt and Turner prove Mannfeldts theory that there is gold on the moon. They struggle in a cave, and Mannfeldt falls to his death in a crevasse, Turner attempts to hijack the rocket, and in the struggle, he is shot and killed. Gunfire damages the oxygen tanks, and they come to the realization that there is not enough oxygen for all to make the return trip. One person must remain on the moon, Helius and Windegger draw straws to see who must stay and Windegger loses. Seeing Windeggers anguish, Helius decides to drug Windegger and Friede with a last drink together and take Windeggers place, Friede senses that something is in the wine. She pretends to drink and then retires to the compartment where her cot is located, closes, Windegger drinks the wine, becoming sedated. Helius makes Gustav his confidant and the new pilot for the ship, Helius counts down the time for the ships liftoff from a distance away. He watches it depart and a stricken look crosses his face as he realizes that he is alone on the moon. As he lowers his head and resignedly starts to move towards the camp originally prepared for Windegger
Woman in the Moon
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Theatrical release poster
Woman in the Moon
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Director
Fritz Lang (on the right), on the set of his film Woman in the Moon, 1929.
3.
Vienna
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Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
Vienna
Vienna
Vienna
Vienna
4.
Austria-Hungary
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The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867. Austria-Hungary consisted of two monarchies, and one region, the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia under the Hungarian crown. It was ruled by the House of Habsburg, and constituted the last phase in the evolution of the Habsburg Monarchy. Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and the Hungarian states were co-equal, Foreign affairs and the military came under joint oversight, but all other governmental faculties were divided between respective states. Austria-Hungary was a state and one of the worlds great powers at the time. Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire, at 621,538 km2, the Empire built up the fourth-largest machine building industry of the world, after the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. After 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina was under Austro-Hungarian military and civilian rule until it was annexed in 1908. The annexation of Bosnia also led to Islam being recognized as a state religion due to Bosnias Muslim population. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I and it was already effectively dissolved by the time the military authorities signed the armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918. The realms full, official name was The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, each enjoyed considerable sovereignty with only a few joint affairs. Certain regions, such as Polish Galicia within Cisleithania and Croatia within Transleithania, enjoyed autonomous status, the division between Austria and Hungary was so marked that there was no common citizenship, one was either an Austrian citizen or a Hungarian citizen, never both. This also meant that there were always separate Austrian and Hungarian passports, however, neither Austrian nor Hungarian passports were used in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia-Dalmatia. Instead, the Kingdom issued its own passports which were written in Croatian and French and it is not known what kind of passports were used in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was under the control of both Austria and Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had always maintained a separate parliament, the Diet of Hungary, the administration and government of the Kingdom of Hungary remained largely untouched by the government structure of the overarching Austrian Empire. Hungarys central government structures remained well separated from the Austrian imperial government, the country was governed by the Council of Lieutenancy of Hungary – located in Pressburg and later in Pest – and by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna. The Hungarian government and Hungarian parliament were suspended after the Hungarian revolution of 1848, despite Austria and Hungary sharing a common currency, they were fiscally sovereign and independent entities. Since the beginnings of the union, the government of the Kingdom of Hungary could preserve its separated. After the revolution of 1848–1849, the Hungarian budget was amalgamated with the Austrian, from 1527 to 1851, the Kingdom of Hungary maintained its own customs controls, which separated her from the other parts of the Habsburg-ruled territories
Austria-Hungary
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Franz Joseph I. (1885)
Austria-Hungary
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Civil Ensign
Austria-Hungary
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Austrian Parliament Building
Austria-Hungary
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Hungarian Parliament Building
5.
Beverly Hills, California
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Beverly Hills is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, surrounded by the cities of Los Angeles and West Hollywood. By 2013, its population had grown to 34,658, sometimes referred to as 90210, one of its primary ZIP codes, it was home to many actors and celebrities throughout the 20th century. The city includes the Rodeo Drive shopping district and the Beverly Hills Oil Field, gaspar de Portolá arrived in the area that would later become Beverly Hills on August 3,1769, travelling along native trails which followed the present-day route of Wilshire Boulevard. The area was settled by Maria Rita Quinteros de Valdez and her husband in 1828 and they called their 4,500 acres of property the Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas. in 1854, she sold the ranch to Benjamin Davis Wilson and Henry Hancock. By the 1880s, the ranch had been subdivided into parcels of 75 acres and was being bought up by anglos from Los Angeles. Henry Hammel and Andrew H. Denker acquired most of it, at this point, the area was known as the Hammel and Denker Ranch. By 1888, Denker and Hammel were planning to build a town called Morocco on their holdings and they did not find enough to exploit commercially by the standards of the time, though. In 1906, therefore, they reorganized as the Rodeo Land and Water Company, renamed the property Beverly Hills, subdivided it, the development was named Beverly Hills after Beverly Farms in Beverly, Massachusetts and because of the hills in the area. The first house in the subdivision was built in 1907, although sales remained slow, Beverly Hills was one of many all-white planned communities started in the Los Angeles area around this time. Restrictive covenants prohibited non-whites from owning or renting property unless they were employed as servants by white residents and it was also forbidden to sell or rent property to Jews in Beverly Hills. Burton Green began construction on The Beverly Hills Hotel in 1911, the hotel was finished in 1912. The visitors drawn by the hotel were inclined to purchase land in Beverly Hills and that same year, the Rodeo Land and Water Company decided to separate its water business from its real estate business. The Beverly Hills Utility Commission was split off from the company and incorporated in September 1914, buying all of the utilities-related assets from the Rodeo Land. In 1919, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford bought land on Summit Drive and built a mansion, finished in 1921, the glamor associated with Fairbanks and Pickford as well as other movie stars who built mansions in the city contributed to its growing appeal. By the early 1920s the population of Beverly Hills had grown enough to make the water supply a political issue, in 1923 the usual solution, annexation to the city of Los Angeles, was proposed. There was considerable opposition to annexation among such famous residents as Pickford, Fairbanks, Will Rogers, the Beverly Hills Utility Commission, opposed to annexation as well, managed to force the city into a special election and the plan was defeated 337 to 507. In 1925, Beverly Hills approved an issue to buy 385 acres for a new campus for UCLA. The cities of Los Angeles, Santa Monica and Venice also issued bonds to pay for the new campus
Beverly Hills, California
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Beverly Hills at the corner of Rodeo Drive & Via Rodeo
Beverly Hills, California
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Seal
Beverly Hills, California
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Aerial view, 3D computer generated image
Beverly Hills, California
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Hammel and Denker ranch, c. 1905
6.
Thea von Harbou
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Thea Gabriele von Harbou was a German screenwriter, novelist, film director, and actress. She is especially known as the screenwriter of the fiction film classic Metropolis. Harbou collaborated as a screenwriter with film director Fritz Lang, her husband, Thea von Harbou was born in Tauperlitz, Bavaria, in 1888, into a family of minor nobility and government officials, which gave her a level of sophisticated comfort. As a child she was educated in a convent by private tutors who taught her several languages as well as piano and violin. Her first works, a story published in a magazine. Despite her privileged childhood, Harbou wanted to earn a living on her own, after her debut in 1906, Harbou met Rudolf Klein-Rogge and married him during World War I. By 1917, she and Klein-Rogge had moved to Berlin where Harbou devoted herself to building her career as a writer and she was drawn to writing epic myths and legends with an overtly nationalistic tone. In one historians estimation, Her novels became patriotic and morale-boosting, urging women to sacrifice and her first close interaction with cinema came when German director Joe May decided to adapt a piece of her fiction, Die heilige Simplizia. From that moment forward, Her fiction output slowed down and her brother, Horst von Harbou, went to work for UFA as a photographer and began to work closely with Thea and Fritz Lang on many of their most famous productions. Thea von Harbous first collaboration with Fritz Lang was marked by a common interest in exotic India, as Harbou worked on an adaptation of her 1918 novel Das indische Grabmal, Joe May assigned Lang to help her write the screenplay and work out production details. Praising Theas skills, Erich Kettelhut recalled, She was not only well-liked by her colleagues and her loving personality was crucial to the professional teamwork. Harbous ability to out to people and find compromise in the worst situations was a vital resource. Harbou and Lang began an affair during this time, and she divorced Klein-Rogge in 1920, following the success of Dr. Mabuse der Spieler and the death of Langs first wife, they were married in 1922. They went to work on a script that would reflect their pride in their German heritage, Die Nibelungen and she became known for her unique habit of wearing the same dress throughout filming, even as she cooked hot meals for the crew during late nights. She stood there on the floor of that drafty shed for hours. Such was the spirit of sacrifice, Harbou was a central player in producing Metropolis, and this epic film became not only one of Fritz Langs best known films, but one of significance to German cinema. Besides writing the novel and the screenplay, and developing the distinct moral ending of Metropolis, she discovered Gustav Fröhlich and her next big production with Lang was M, a film about a child murderer. It was written with attention to accuracy
Thea von Harbou
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Von Harbou in 1935
Thea von Harbou
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Fritz Lang and Thea von Harbou in their Berlin flat, 1923 or 1924
Thea von Harbou
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A monument in her hometown of
Tauperlitz.
7.
German Expressionism
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German Expressionism refers to a number of related creative movements beginning in Germany before the First World War that reached a peak in Berlin during the 1920s. These developments in Germany were part of a larger Expressionist movement in north and central European culture in such as architecture, dance, painting, sculpture. This article deals primarily with developments in German Expressionist cinema before, the German Expressionist movement was initially confined to Germany due to the isolation the country experienced during World War I. In 1916, the government had banned foreign films, the demand from theaters to generate films led to an increase in domestic film production from 24 films in 1914 to 130 films in 1918. With inflation also on the rise, Germans were attending films more freely because they knew that their moneys value was constantly diminishing, by the time the 1916 ban on imports was lifted, Germany had become a part of the international film industry. Various European cultures of the 1920s embraced an ethic of change, the plots and stories of the Expressionist films often dealt with madness, insanity, betrayal and other intellectual topics triggered by the experiences of World War I. Later films often categorized as part of the history of German Expressionism include Metropolis and M. This trend was a reaction against realism. Its practitioners used extreme distortions in expression to show an inner emotional reality rather than what is on the surface, the extreme anti-realism of Expressionism was short-lived, fading away after only a few years. However, the themes of Expressionism were integrated into films of the 1920s and 1930s, resulting in an artistic control over the placement of scenery, light. This dark, moody school of film making was brought to the United States when the Nazis gained power, Nazi film theorist Fritz Hippler though was a supporter of expressionism. Two further films produced in Nazi Germany using the expressionist style were “Das Stahltier” in 1935 by Willy Zielke, das Leben eines Titanen” in 1940 by Curt Oertel. Two genres that were influenced by Expressionism are horror film and film noir. Carl Laemmle and Universal Studios had made a name for themselves by producing such famous films of the silent era as Lon Chaneys The Phantom of the Opera. The German silent cinema was arguably far ahead of Hollywood during the same period, the cinema outside Germany benefited both from the emigration of German film makers and from German expressionist developments in style and technique that were apparent on the screen. The new look and techniques impressed other contemporary film makers, artists and cinematographers, in 1924, Alfred Hitchcock was sent by Gainsborough Pictures to work as an assistant director and art director at the UFA Babelsberg Studios in Berlin on the film The Blackguard. The immediate effect of the environment in Germany can be seen in his expressionistic set designs for that film. Hitchcock later said, I. acquired a strong German influence by working at the UFA studios Berlin, German expressionism would continue to influence Hitchcock throughout his career
German Expressionism
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Mary Wigman, pioneer of Expressionist dance (left)
German Expressionism
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Still from the 1920 film
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
8.
British Film Institute
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The British Film Institute is a film and charitable organisation which promotes and preserves filmmaking and television in the United Kingdom. The BFI maintains the worlds largest film archive, the BFI National Archive, previously called National Film Library, National Film Archive and National Film, the archive contains more than 50,000 fiction films, over 100,000 non-fiction titles and around 625,000 television programmes. The majority of the collection is British material but it also features internationally significant holdings from around the world, the Archive also collects films which feature key British actors and the work of British directors. The BFI runs the BFI Southbank and London IMAX cinema, both located on the bank of the River Thames in London. The IMAX has the largest cinema screen in the UK, and shows popular recent releases and short films showcasing its technology, BFI Southbank shows films from all over the world particularly critically acclaimed historical & specialised films that may not otherwise get a cinema showing. The BFI also distributes archival and cultural cinema to other venues – each year to more than 800 venues all across the UK, the BFI offers a range of education initiatives, in particular to support the teaching of film and media studies in schools. In late 2012, the BFI received money from the Department For Education to create the BFI Film Academy Network, the BFI runs the annual London Film Festival along with BFI Flare, London LGBT Film Festival and the youth-orientated Future Film Festival. The BFI publishes the monthly Sight & Sound magazine as well as films on Blu-ray, DVD, SIFT has a collection of about 7 million still frames from film and television. The institute was founded in 1933, the institute was restructured following the Radcliffe Report of 1948 which recommended that it should concentrate on developing the appreciation of filmic art, rather than creating film itself. Thus control of film production passed to the National Committee for Visual Aids in Education. From 1952-2000, the BFI provided funding for new and experimental filmmakers via the BFI Production Board, the institute received a Royal Charter in 1983. This was updated in 2000, and in the year the newly established UK Film Council took responsibility for providing the BFIs annual grant-in-aid. As an independent registered charity, the BFI is regulated by the Charity Commission, in 1988, the BFI opened the London Museum of the Moving Image on the South Bank. The Museum was temporarily closed in 1999 when the BFI stated that it would be re-sited and this did not happen, and MOMIs closure became permanent in 2002 when it was decided to redevelop the South Bank site. This redevelopment was itself then further delayed, the BFI is currently managed on a day-to-day basis by its chief executive, Amanda Nevill. Supreme decision-making authority rests with a chair and a board of up to 14 governors, the current chair is Josh Berger, who took up the post in February 2016. He succeeded Greg Dyke, who took office on 1 March 2008, Dyke succeeded the late Anthony Minghella, who was chair from 2003 until 31 December 2007. The chair of the board is appointed by the BFIs own Board of Governors but requires the consent of the Secretary of State for Culture, Media, other Governors are co-opted by existing board members when required
British Film Institute
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London IMAX cinema
British Film Institute
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British Film Institute
British Film Institute
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National Film Theatre
9.
Metropolis (1927 film)
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Metropolis is a 1927 German expressionist epic science-fiction drama film directed by Fritz Lang. He and his wife, Thea von Harbou, wrote the silent film, erich Pommer produced it in the Babelsberg Studios for Universum Film A. G. It is regarded as a work of the science-fiction genre in movies. Filming took place in 1925 at a cost of five million Reichsmarks. The art direction draws influence from Bauhaus, Cubist and Futurist design, Metropolis was met with a mixed reception upon release. Critics found it pictorially beautiful and lauded its complex special effects, the films extensive running time also came in for criticism, as well as its alleged Communist message. Metropolis was cut substantially after its German premiere, removing a portion of Langs original footage. Numerous attempts have been made to restore the film since the 1970s, Music producer Giorgio Moroder released a truncated version with a soundtrack by rock artists such as Freddie Mercury, Loverboy and Adam Ant in 1984. In 2008 a damaged print of Langs original cut of the film was found in a museum in Argentina, after a long restoration process, the film was 95% restored and shown on large screens in Berlin and Frankfurt simultaneously on 12 February 2010. Joh Fredersen is the citys master, Maria and the children are ushered away, but Freder, fascinated, goes to the machine rooms to find her. Witnessing the explosion of a machine that kills and injures several workers. Grot, foreman of the Heart Machine, brings to Fredersen secret maps found on the dead workers, Freder secretly rebels against Fredersen by deciding to help the workers, after seeing his fathers cold indifference towards the harsh conditions they face. Fredersen takes the maps to the inventor Rotwang to learn their meaning, Rotwang had been in love with a woman named Hel, who left him to marry Fredersen and later died giving birth to Freder. Rotwang shows Fredersen a robot he has built to resurrect Hel, the maps show a network of catacombs beneath Metropolis, and the two men go to investigate. They eavesdrop on a gathering of workers, including Freder, Maria addresses them, prophesying the arrival of a mediator who can bring the working and ruling classes together. Freder believes that he could fill the role and declares his love for Maria, Rotwang kidnaps Maria, transfers her likeness to the robot and sends her to Fredersen. Freder finds the two embracing and, believing it is the real Maria, falls into a prolonged delirium, intercut with his hallucinations, the false Maria unleashes chaos throughout Metropolis, driving men to murder and stirring dissent amongst the workers. Freder recovers and returns to the catacombs, finding the false Maria urging the workers to rise up and destroy the machines, Freder accuses her of not being the real Maria
Metropolis (1927 film)
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original 1927 theatrical release poster
Metropolis (1927 film)
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Statue of Maria in
Babelsberg, Germany
Metropolis (1927 film)
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The Tower of Babel in Maria's recounting of the fable was modeled after
this 1563 painting by
Pieter Brueghel.
Metropolis (1927 film)
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Poster for the 2002 restored version, featuring the
Maschinenmensch
10.
M (1931 film)
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M is a 1931 German drama-thriller film directed by Fritz Lang and starring Peter Lorre. The film was written by Lang and his wife, Thea von Harbou, the film concerns both the actions of a serial killer of children, and the manhunt for him, conducted by both the police and the criminal underworld. Now considered a classic, the film was deemed by Fritz Lang to be his finest work, a group of children are playing an elimination game in the courtyard of an apartment building in Berlin using a chant about a murderer of children. A woman sets the table for dinner, waiting for her daughter to come home from school, a wanted poster warns of a serial killer preying on children, as anxious parents wait outside a school. Little Elsie Beckmann leaves school, bouncing a ball on her way home and she is approached by Hans Beckert, who is whistling In the Hall of the Mountain King by Edvard Grieg. He offers to buy her a balloon from a blind street-vendor, Elsies place at the dinner table remains empty, her ball is shown rolling away across a patch of grass and her balloon is lost in the telephone lines overhead. In the wake of Elsies disappearance, anxiety runs high among the public, under mounting pressure from city leaders, the police work around the clock. Inspector Karl Lohmann instructs his men to intensify their search and to check the records of recently released psychiatric patients and they stage frequent raids to question known criminals, disrupting underworld business so badly that Der Schränker calls a meeting of the citys crime lords. They decide to organize their own manhunt, using beggars to watch the children, meanwhile, the police search Beckerts rented rooms, find evidence that he wrote the letter there, and lie in wait to arrest him. Beckert sees a girl in the reflection of a shop window and begins to follow her. He encounters another girl and befriends her, but the blind vendor recognizes his whistling, the blind man tells one of his friends, who tails the killer with assistance from other beggars he alerts along the way. Afraid that Beckert will get away, one man chalks a large M on his palm, pretends to trip, once Beckert realizes that the beggars are following him, he hides inside a large office building just before the workers leave for the evening. The beggars call Der Schränker, who arrives at the building with a team of other criminals and they capture and torture one of the watchmen for information and, after capturing the other two, search the building and catch Beckert in the attic. When one of the trips the silent alarm, the criminals narrowly escape with their prisoner before the police arrive. The criminals drag Beckert to a distillery to face a kangaroo court. He finds a large, silent crowd awaiting him, Beckert is given a lawyer, who gamely argues in his defense but fails to win any sympathy from the improvised jury. Perhaps youre even proud of yourselves, proud of being able to crack into safes, or climb into buildings or cheat at cards. All of which, it seems to me, you could just as easily give up if youd learned something useful, or if you had jobs, I have no control over this evil thing thats inside me - the fire, the voices, the torment
M (1931 film)
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Theatrical release poster
M (1931 film)
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Peter Lorre as Hans Beckert, gazing into a shop window. Fritz Lang uses glass and reflections throughout the film for expressive purposes.
11.
Film noir
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Film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly such that emphasize cynical attitudes and sexual motivations. Hollywoods classical film noir period is regarded as extending from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. Film noir of this era is associated with a low-key black-and-white visual style that has roots in German Expressionist cinematography. Many of the stories and much of the attitude of classic noir derive from the hardboiled school of crime fiction that emerged in the United States during the Great Depression. Cinema historians and critics defined the category retrospectively, before the notion was widely adopted in the 1970s, many of the classic films noir were referred to as melodramas. Whether film noir qualifies as a genre is a matter of ongoing debate among scholars. Although film noir was originally associated with American productions, films now so described have been made around the world, many pictures released from the 1960s onward share attributes with film noir of the classical period, and often treat its conventions self-referentially. Some refer to such works as neo-noir. The clichés of film noir have inspired parody since the mid-1940s, the questions of what defines film noir, and what sort of category it is, provoke continuing debate. They emphasize that not every film noir embodies all five attributes in equal measure—one might be more dreamlike, another, while many critics refer to film noir as a genre itself, others argue that it can be no such thing. Because of the diversity of noir, certain scholars in the field, such as film historian Thomas Schatz, treat it as not a genre but a style. Other critics treat film noir as a mood, characterize it as a series, there is no consensus on the matter. By 1931, Curtiz had already been in Hollywood for half a decade, the Universal horror that comes closest to noir, in story and sensibility is The Invisible Man, directed by Englishman James Whale and photographed by American Arthur Edeson. Edeson later photographed The Maltese Falcon, widely regarded as the first major film noir of the classic era, josef von Sternberg was directing in Hollywood at the same time. Films of his such as Shanghai Express and The Devil Is a Woman, with their hothouse eroticism and baroque visual style, the commercial and critical success of Sternbergs silent Underworld was largely responsible for spurring a trend of Hollywood gangster films. Successful films in that such as Little Caesar, The Public Enemy. An important, possibly influential, cinematic antecedent to classic noir was 1930s French poetic realism, with its romantic, fatalistic attitude, the movements sensibility is mirrored in the Warner Bros. drama I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang, a forerunner of noir. Among films not considered films noir, perhaps none had an effect on the development of the genre than Citizen Kane
Film noir
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Two silhouetted figures in
The Big Combo (1955). The film's
cinematographer was
John Alton, the creator of many of film noir's stylized images.
Film noir
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It was not until February 1973 that
The New York Times first used the term, describing how the "moods and tensions" in the British private-eye parody
Pulp came "out of the collective depths of the film noir ".
Film noir
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Marlene Dietrich, an actress frequently called upon to play a
femme fatale, in a publicity shot for
Josef von Sternberg 's melodrama
Morocco (1930)
Film noir
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The October 1934 issue of
Black Mask featured the first appearance of the detective character whom
Raymond Chandler would develop into the famous
Philip Marlowe.
12.
Given name
–
A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
Given name
–
Most popular US baby names in 1880–2012
13.
Schottenstift, Vienna
–
The monks did not come directly from Ireland, but came instead from Scots Monastery in Regensburg, Germany. Since 1625, the abbey has been a member of the Austrian Congregation, in the early Middle Ages, Irish monks were actively involved in missionary work. Ireland was known in Latin as Scotia Major, therefore, in German, the monasteries that they founded were called Schottenklöster. In the foundation documents of the Schottenstift, Henry II specified that it was to be occupied exclusively by these Iroschotten, Henry II was elevated from the rank of Margrave to that of Duke in 1156. He moved his residence from Klosterneuburg to Vienna and required a monastery for his new city, in the Middle Ages, monasteries were not only places for prayer, but also and above all, repositories of knowledge. The foundation of a monastery gave the support for his administration. It also provided a library, a hospice and old age home, architects, educated men, the Schotten were also involved with the University of Vienna, which was founded in 1365. Henry granted the new monastery extensive privileges, construction of the first monastery started in 1160, and the structure was consecrated in 1200. The monastery was outside the city walls of Vienna, the monks also built a hospice for pilgrims and crusaders, who often passed through Vienna on their way to Jerusalem. The first church was a three-aisled Romanesque pillar church with a single apse, Henry II was buried there upon his death in 1177. A fire in the year 1276 destroyed the cloister and many buildings in Vienna. In 1418, Duke Albert V seized the cloister during the Melker Reform, an attempt to revive the original ideals of Benedictine monasticism and these new residents, however, continued to be known as the Schotten. In the middle of the 15th century, the monastery was distinguished through the activities of its schoolmaster, Wolfgang Schmeltzl. The church was shortened, and the tower no longer stood directly beside the basilica. Joachim von Sandrart provided the church with a new altar piece, after the Turkish siege, the church was restored. As the Baroque west tower was higher than the façade itself, its extension has often been proposed. Around 1700 the great Baroque musician Johann Fux was the organist at the Schottenstift, in 1773 and 1774, a new priory, with school, was built by Andreas Zach in the grounds of an open air cemetery. As it resembled a piece of furniture, it became known as the Schubladkastenhaus
Schottenstift, Vienna
–
Schottenstift monastery in Vienna
Schottenstift, Vienna
–
Monument of
Henry II of Austria, called Jasomirgott
Schottenstift, Vienna
–
Schottenstift copper engraving, 1672
14.
Moravia
–
Moravia is a historical country in the Czech Republic and one of the historical Czech lands, together with Bohemia and Czech Silesia. Moravia has an area of over 22,348.87 km2 and about 3 million inhabitants, the statistics from 1921 states, that the whole area of Moravia including the enclaves in Silesia covers 22,623.41 km2. The people are historically named Moravians, a subgroup of Czechs, the land takes its name from the Morava river, which rises in the northern tip of the region and flows southward to the opposite end, being its major stream. Moravias largest city and historical capital is Brno, however before being sacked by the Swedish army during the Thirty Years War, though officially abolished by an administrative reform in 1949, Moravia is still commonly acknowledged as a specific land in the Czech Republic. Moravian people are aware of their Moravian identity and there is some rivalry between them and the Czechs from Bohemia. Moravia occupies most of the part of the Czech Republic. Moravian territory is naturally strongly determined, in fact, as the Morava river basin, with effect of mountains in the west and partly in the east. Moravia occupies a position in Central Europe. All the highlands in the west and east of part of Europe run west-east. Moravia borders Bohemia in the west, Lower Austria in the south, Slovakia in the southeast, Poland very shortly in the north and its natural boundary is formed by the Sudetes mountains in the north, the Carpathians in the east and the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands in the west. The Thaya river meanders along the border with Austria and the tripoint of Moravia, Austria and Slovakia is at the confluence of the Thaya, the northeast border with Silesia runs partly along the Moravice, Oder and Ostravice rivers. Between 1782–1850, Moravia also included a portion of the former province of Silesia – the Austrian Silesia. Geologically, Moravia covers an area between the Bohemian Massif and the Carpathians, and between the Danube basin and the North European Plain. Its core geomorphological features are three wide vales, namely the Dyje-Svratka Vale, the Upper Morava Vale and the Lower Morava Vale, the former two form the westernmost part of the Subcarpathia, the latter one is the northernmost part of the Vienna Basin. The vales surround the low range of Central Moravian Carpathians, the highest mountains of Moravia are situated on its northern border in Hrubý Jeseník, the highest peak is Praděd. Second highest are the Moravian-Silesian Beskids at the very east, with Smrk, the White Carpathians along the southeastern border rise up to 970 m at Velká Javořina. The spacious, but moderate Bohemian-Moravian Highlands on the west reach 837 m at Devět skal. The fluvial system of Moravia is very cohesive, as the border is similar to the watershed of the Morava river
Moravia
–
Mikulov, a town in Moravia
Moravia
Moravia
–
The historical Flag of Moravia
Moravia
–
Šance, part of the
Moravian-Silesian Beskids
15.
Jewish
–
The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
Jewish
–
Baruch Spinoza
Jewish
–
David Ben-Gurion
Jewish
–
George Gershwin
Jewish
–
Map of
Canaan
16.
Technical University of Vienna
–
The TU Wien is one of the major universities in Vienna, the capital of Austria. The university finds high international and domestic recognition in teaching as well as in research and is a highly esteemed partner of innovation oriented enterprises and it currently has about 26,200 students, eight facilities and about 4,000 staff members. The universitys teaching and research is focused on engineering and natural sciences, the education offered by TU Wien is rewarded by high international and domestic recognition. The chances of securing an attractive employment are very prosperous. The high demand for TU Wien graduates, from economic and industrial, governmental as well as research institutions are manifest evidence of this, TU Wien is one of the most prestigious universities of technology in the world by presenting a top level of research and education. TU Wien is among the most successful universities in Europe and is Austria’s largest scientific-technical research. For 200 years, TU Wien has been a place of research, by the QS World Rankings, the TU Wien is ranked 183th and 93th in the 2016 QS World University Ranking and QS World University Ranking by faculty of Engineering and Technology respectively. TU Wien is ranked 91th in the area of Engineering. In 2014, U. S. News ranked Computer Science at TU Wien as number 14 in Europe, the University is led by the Rector and four Vice Rectors. The University Council, consisting of seven members, acts as a supervisory board, development work in almost all areas of technology is encouraged by the interaction between basic research and the different fields of engineering sciences at the TU Wien. Also, the framework of cooperative projects with universities, research institutes. The TU Wien has sharpened its research profile by defining competence fields and setting up interdisciplinary collaboration centres, the EU Research Support provides services at the TU Wien and informs both researchers and administrative staff in preparing and carrying out EU research projects. The Main Library building was designed by the architects Justus Dahinden, Reinhard Gieselmann, Alexander Marchart, completed in 1987, it features owl sculptures by the Swiss artist Bruno Weber. The Main Library has six floors of open areas and reading rooms. The University hosted the IFIUS World Interuniversity Games in October 2007, austrian Universities of Technology Official website TU Wien on Youtube TISS Information System Curricula Continuing Education Center – TU Wien
Technical University of Vienna
–
Imperial-Royal Polytechnic Institute (TU Wien) in 1823
Technical University of Vienna
–
Vienna University of Technology
Technical University of Vienna
–
The main building of TU Wien at the Karlsplatz in 1825
Technical University of Vienna
–
The main building of the Vienna University of Technology
17.
Pacific
–
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the Earths oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, the Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres. Both the center of the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean, the oceans current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521, as he encountered favourable winds on reaching the ocean. He called it Mar Pacífico, which in both Portuguese and Spanish means peaceful sea, important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times. Long-distance trade developed all along the coast from Mozambique to Japan, trade, and therefore knowledge, extended to the Indonesian islands but apparently not Australia. By at least 878 when there was a significant Islamic settlement in Canton much of trade was controlled by Arabs or Muslims. In 219 BC Xu Fu sailed out into the Pacific searching for the elixir of immortality, from 1404 to 1433 Zheng He led expeditions into the Indian Ocean. The east side of the ocean was discovered by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 after his expedition crossed the Isthmus of Panama and he named it Mar del Sur because the ocean was to the south of the coast of the isthmus where he first observed the Pacific. Later, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed the Pacific East to West on a Castilian expedition of world circumnavigation starting in 1519, Magellan called the ocean Pacífico because, after sailing through the stormy seas off Cape Horn, the expedition found calm waters. The ocean was often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century, sailing around and east of the Moluccas, between 1525 and 1527, Portuguese expeditions discovered the Caroline Islands, the Aru Islands, and Papua New Guinea. In 1542–43 the Portuguese also reached Japan, in 1564, five Spanish ships consisting of 379 explorers crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi and sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands. The Manila galleons operated for two and a half centuries linking Manila and Acapulco, in one of the longest trade routes in history, Spanish expeditions also discovered Tuvalu, the Marquesas, the Cook Islands, the Solomon Islands, and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific. In the 16th and 17th century Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a Mare clausum—a sea closed to other naval powers, as the only known entrance from the Atlantic the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships. On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines, Spain also sent expeditions to the Pacific Northwest reaching Vancouver Island in southern Canada, and Alaska. The French explored and settled Polynesia, and the British made three voyages with James Cook to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii, and the North American Pacific Northwest, one of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the Malaspina Expedition of 1789–1794. It sailed vast areas of the Pacific, from Cape Horn to Alaska, Guam and the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Pacific. Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by other European powers, and later, Japan, in Oceania, France got a leading position as imperial power after making Tahiti and New Caledonia protectorates in 1842 and 1853 respectively. After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888, by occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations
Pacific
–
Maris Pacifici by
Ortelius (1589). One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean; see also
Waldseemüller map (1507).
Pacific
–
The Pacific Ocean
Pacific
–
USS
Lexington under air attack on 8 May 1942 during the
Battle of the Coral Sea
Pacific
–
Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1702–1707.
18.
World War I
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
World War I
–
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
World War I
–
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
World War I
–
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
World War I
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
19.
Romania
–
Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and it has an area of 238,391 square kilometres and a temperate-continental climate. With over 19 million inhabitants, the country is the member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city, Bucharest, is the sixth-largest city in the EU, the River Danube, Europes second-longest river, rises in Germany and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km, coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romanias Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest are marked by one of their tallest peaks, Moldoveanu, modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. Romania lost several territories, of which Northern Transylvania was regained after the war, following the war, Romania became a socialist republic and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition towards democracy and it has been a member of NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are speakers of Romanian. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with artists, musicians, inventors. For similar reasons, Romania has been the subject of notable tourist attractions, Romania derives from the Latin romanus, meaning citizen of Rome. The first known use of the appellation was attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, after the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the word rumân gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român. Tudor Vladimirescu, a leader of the early 19th century. The use of the name Romania to refer to the homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century. The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861, in English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania. Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975, Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government. The Neolithic-Age Cucuteni area in northeastern Romania was the region of the earliest European civilization. Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage
Romania
–
Neacșu's letter from 1521, the oldest surviving document written in
Romanian.
Romania
–
Flag
Romania
–
Writ issued on 14 October 1465 by
Radu cel Frumos, from his residence in
Bucharest, indicating
Ottoman victory.
Romania
–
A 1917 British map showing territories with majority Romanian populations.
20.
Universum Film AG
–
UFA GmbH is German film and television production company that unites all production activities of Bertelsmann in Germany. Its history comes from Universum Film AG that was a major German film company headquartered in Babelsberg, the name UFA was revived for an otherwise new film and television outfit. UFA was established as Universum-Film on December 18,1917, as a response to foreign competition in film. UFA was founded by a consortium headed by Emil Georg von Stauß, in 1925, financial pressures compelled UFA to enter into distribution agreements with American studios Paramount and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to form Parufamet. UFAs weekly newsreels continued to reference to the Paramount deal until 1940. Köhnlechner bought UFA, which was strongly in debt, on behalf of Reinhard Mohn for roughly five million Deutschmarks, only a few months later, Köhnlechner also acquired the Ufa-Filmtheaterkette, a movie theater chain, for almost eleven million Deutschmarks. Today, UFA GmbH is the parent company uniting all production activities of Bertelsmann/FremantleMedia in Germany, in August 2013, UFA underwent an organizational restructuring that simplified the company down to three production divisions. Today, UFA Fiction, UFA Serial Drama and UFA Show & Factual are the three units responsible for production, an early step towards the founding of UFA was taken on January 13,1917 with the creation of the Bild- und Filmamt by Germanys Supreme Army Command. Formed as a reaction to the advantage of Germanys enemies in the realm of film propaganda. However, the plans envisaged by the German General Staff – especially those of Erich Ludendorff – went far beyond the creation of Bufa, Ludendorff foresaw a large-scale, state-controlled film corporation that would serve national interests. In this spirit, Universum-Film AG was founded as a consolidation of private companies on December 18,1917 in Berlin. The companys starting capital amounted to 25 million Reichsmark, among the contributors were the German government, the Board Chairman of the new company was Deutsche Bank director Emil Georg von Stauß. Prior to establishing the company, the General Staff had initially considered taking over the Deutsche Lichtbild-Gesellschaft e. V. which had founded in 1916. This agency, however, was far too much under the influence of industry and, in particular, of Alfred Hugenberg. Hugenberg would later take over UFA in 1927, the studios were previously owned by Continental-Kunstfilm, whose production had slowed since 1915 and didnt join UFA. Greenbaum-Film joined in 1919, but the deal was disastrous for Jules Greenbaum who died in an institution in 1924. Deutsche Bioscope, merged in March 1920 with Erich Pommers German branch of Éclair to form Decla-Bioscop, instead of propaganda films, UFA now produced elaborate entertainment films such as Sumurun. In 1921, UFA was already producing the lions share of German feature films, starting in 1922, large ateliers in Neubabelsberg and on Oberlandstraße in Berlin-Tempelhof were made available for film production
Universum Film AG
–
UFA
Universum Film AG
–
Altes UFA Logo
Universum Film AG
–
Raute UFA Logo, Replaced in 2013
Universum Film AG
–
Hitler and
Goebbels visit UFA in 1935
21.
Die Spinnen
–
The Spiders is a German silent serial adventure film written and directed by Fritz Lang. It was released in two parts in 1919 and 1920, two more parts were originally planned but never made. It was believed to be a lost film, but has been rediscovered and restored, the message tells of a lost Incan civilization that possesses an immense treasure. Hoog starts an expedition to find the treasure, while the crime syndicate Die Spinnen sends out an expedition led by the beautiful. At the Golden Lake, Hoog saves the Inca priestess Naela and he takes her home with him after discovering a mysterious clue about a diamond ship. Back in San Francisco, Lio Sha declares her love for Hoog, Lio Sha has Naela murdered and Kay Hoog swears revenge. Das Brillantenschiff, The search is on for a Buddha-head shaped diamond that has special powers, carried in the hands of a princess it will bestow the power to rule Asia. In San Francisco, Hoog discovers a city underneath Chinatown but he is found out. Eventually the hunt brings Kay Hoog to England, where the Spiders kidnap Ellen, when Kay Hoog arrives on the scene, he and Terry discover that Terrys pirate ancestor concealed a map in a painting. Hoog follows the map to the Falkland Islands to find the diamond, but Fourfinger-John, Lio Sha and her henchmen catch up with Hoog in the cave where the pirate treasure is hidden and take him prisoner. However, poisonous fumes from a volcano enter the cave and all the criminals die, only Kay Hoog manages to escape with the stone. Back in England, he works with the police and Terry to free Ellen from the clutches of the Spiders hypnotist master, Fritz Lang was early in his directorial career when he accepted an assignment to direct what was to be a mystery-action serial comprising four feature-length episodes. Lang was forced by this assignment to relinquish the directorial duties of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, filming took place from June to August 1919 in Hamburg at Tierpark Hagenbeck for part 1. Part 2 was shot October to December 1919 in Hamburg and at the Lixie-Atelier in Berlin-Weissensee, Lang completed two episodes before the project was cut short by the films’ producer. Part 1 was released as The Golden Lake and part two as The Diamond Ship, Part 1 premiered on 3 October 1919 at the Richard-Oswald-Lichtspiele in Berlin, Max Josef Bojakowski was the conductor. Part 2 premiered on 6 February 1920 at Theater am Moritzplatz, planned, but not produced, Part 3. Im Spinnennetz The Spiders was considered a lost film for years before an original print was discovered in the 1970s. This surviving print was used for a restoration of the film completed in 1978, the restored version appears to be missing a small amount of the original footage
Die Spinnen
–
Poster for part 1 showing the priestess Naela and Lio Sha about to be sacrificed.
Die Spinnen
–
Carl de Vogt and Lil Dagover in a scene from part 1
22.
Art film
–
An art film is typically a serious, independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience. Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as a film genre, art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres and film festivals. The term art film is more widely used in the United States, the UK and Australia than in Europe. A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to understand or appreciate such films. One mid-1990s art film was called largely a cerebral experience that one enjoys because of what you know about film and this contrasts sharply with mainstream blockbuster films, which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment. Since art films have small initial investment costs, they only need to appeal to a portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable. An art film may also be called an art movie, specialty film, art-house film, or, in the collective sense, there is overlap between the categories of art film, independent film and experimental film. The antecedents of art films included D. W. Griffiths Intolerance, the critics of the outside world praised these films. Art films were influenced by films by Spanish avant-garde creators, such as Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí. Cinéma Pur, a 1920s and 1930s French avant-garde film movement also influenced the development of the idea of art film, the cinema pur film movement included Dada artists, such as Man Ray, René Clair, and Marcel Duchamp. The Dadaists used film to transcend narrative conventions, bourgeois traditions, pure Cinema was influenced by such German absolute filmmakers as Hans Richter, Walter Ruttmann, and Viking Eggeling. Richter claimed that his 1921 film, Rhythmus 21, was the first abstract film ever created, nevertheless, Richters film Rhythmus 21 is considered an important early abstract film. William Siska argues that Italian neorealist films from the mid- to late-1940s, such as Open City, Paisa, Films shown in these art cinemas included. British, foreign-language, and independent American films, as well as documentaries, Films such as Rossellinis Open City and Mackendricks Tight Little Island, Bicycle Thieves and The Red Shoes were shown to substantial U. S. audiences. In the late 1950s, French filmmakers began to produce films that were influenced by Italian Neorealism and classical Hollywood cinema, auteur theory holds that the director is the author of his films, with a personal signature visible from film to film. The French New Wave movement continued into the 1960s, during the 1960s, the term art film began to be much more widely used in the United States than in Europe. In the U. S. the term is defined very broadly, to include foreign-language auteur films, independent films, experimental films, documentaries. In the 1960s art film became a euphemism in the U. S. for racy Italian, by the 1970s, the term was used to describe sexually explicit European films with artistic structure such as the Swedish film I Am Curious
Art film
–
Carl Theodor Dreyer, pictured here in 1965, directed the 1928 film
The Passion of Joan of Arc, which is widely regarded as a landmark of cinema.
Art film
–
A poster for Eisenstein's film The Battleship Potemkin
Art film
–
U.S. photographer and filmmaker
Man Ray (pictured here in 1934) was part of the
Dadaist "Cinéma Pur" film movement, which influenced the development of art film.
Art film
–
Screen shot of Apu and his mother in
Satyajit Ray 's
Indian film,
Apu Trilogy, 1955-59
23.
Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler
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Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler is the first film in the Dr. Mabuse series, about the character Doctor Mabuse who featured in the novels of Norbert Jacques. It was directed by Fritz Lang and released in 1922, the film is silent and would be followed by the sound sequels The Testament of Dr. Mabuse and The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse. It is four and a half long and divided into two parts, originally released a month apart, Der große Spieler, Ein Bild der Zeit and Inferno. The title, Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler, makes use of three meanings of the German Der Spieler which can mean gambler, puppeteer, or actor. The character Dr. Mabuse, who himself, manipulates people. Therefore, the Player might be an appropriate translation of the title. The film is included in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die, part I — The Great Gambler, A Picture of the Time Dr. He visits gambling dens by night under various guises and aliases, using the power of suggestion to win at cards and finance his plans. As the film opens, Mabuse orchestrates the theft of a contract in order to create a temporary panic in the stock market. Edgar Hull, the son of a millionaire industrialist, becomes Mabuses next victim, as Hugo Balling, Mabuse gains access to Hulls gentlemens club and wins a small fortune at cards from the hypnotized Hull, who is made to play badly and recklessly. Afterwards, Hull is unable to account for his behavior, state prosecutor Norbert von Wenk takes an interest in Hull, believing he is the latest in a string of victims similarly tricked by the elusive Great Unknown. Von Wenk goes undercover at a den, where he encounters a disguised Dr. Mabuse. Mabuse attempts to hypnotize von Wenk, but he effectively resists, Von Wenk, quickly regaining his faculties, gives chase through the city, but the doctor escapes. Boarding a taxicab driven by Georg, von Wenk is gassed, robbed, Dr. Mabuse realizes that Hull is assisting the state prosecutor, and resolves to eliminate both men. He kills Hull, but Carozza is caught and jailed, Von Wenk questions her for information about the Great Unknown, but she refuses to speak. Von Wenk enlists the aid of Countess Told, an aristocrat bored by her husband and seeking thrills wherever she can find them. The countess is placed in the cell, an apparent victim of another raid. Carozza reveals only her love for Mabuse, ensuring her silence
Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler
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Dr. Mabuse the Gambler
24.
Die Nibelungen: Siegfried
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Die Nibelungen is a series of two silent fantasy films created by Austrian director Fritz Lang in 1924, Die Nibelungen, Siegfried and Die Nibelungen, Kriemhilds Revenge. The screenplays for films were co-written by Langs then-wife Thea von Harbou, based upon the epic poem Nibelungenlied written around AD1200. The Nibelungs received its UK Premiere at the Royal Albert Hall in London, Siegfried was released in the U. S. on 23 August 1925, premiering at the Century Theatre in New York City in the short-lived Phonofilm sound-on-film process. Kriemhilds Revenge was released in the U. S. in 1928, the title character Siegfried, son of King Siegmund of Xanten, masters the art of forging a sword at the shop of Mime. Siegfried hears the tales of the kingdom of Burgundy, the kings who rule there, as well as of Kriemhild, Siegfried announces he wants to win her hand in marriage, much to the amusement of the smiths. Siegfried demands to be told the way, Mime, who is envious of Siegfrieds skill as a swordsmith, claims there is a shortcut to Burgundy through the Wood of Woden, wherein dwell all kinds of dangerous creatures. Siegfried encounters a dragon, and deviates from his path to slay it, soon after, the powerful Siegfried trespasses on the land of the Nibelungs and is attacked by Alberich, King of the Dwarves, who has turned himself invisible. Siegfried defeats Alberich, who offers Siegfried a net of invisibility and transformation if he spares his life, while Siegfried is mesmerized by the treasure and the sword Balmung, Alberich tries to defeat him, but dies in the attempt. Dying, Alberich curses all inheritors of the treasure and he, Siegfried finally arrives in Burgundy in his new guise as King of twelve kingdoms. A fight breaks out between Siegfried and King Gunther and his adviser Hagen of Tronje, which is interrupted by the appearance of beautiful princess Kriemhild, Hagen asks Siegfried to aid Kriemhilds brother, King Gunther, to win the hand of Brunhild, the Queen of Iceland. The men return to Burgundy where Gunther marries Brunhild and Siegfried weds Kriemhild, Brunhild is not, however, completely defeated. She suspects deceit and refuses to consummate the marriage, Hagen again convinces Siegfried to help. Siegfried transforms himself into Gunther and battles Brunhild and removes her arm-ring during battle, Siegfried leaves the real Gunther to consummate the marriage. Kriemhild discovers Brunhilds armlet and asks Siegfried about it, Siegfried discloses the truth to Kriemhild about his role in Brunhilds defeat. Brunhild dons the Queen Mothers jewellery and proceeds to the cathedral to enter as the first person, Kriemhild tries to take Brunhilds right of way and an argument erupts between the two Queens. Kriemhild betrays her husbands and brothers secret to Brunhild, who then confronts Gunther, Brunhild demands that Siegfried must be killed, which she justifies by claiming that Siegfried stole her maidenhood when he struggled with her on her wedding night. Hagen von Tronje and King Gunther conspire to murder Siegfried during a hunt in the Odenwald, Hagen deceives Kriemhild into divulging Siegfrieds weak spot by sewing a cross on the spot in Siegfrieds tunic. After the hunt, Hagen challenges Siegfried to a race to a nearby spring, when Siegfried is on his knees drinking, Hagen pierces him from behind with a spear
Die Nibelungen: Siegfried
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Original 1924 film poster
Die Nibelungen: Siegfried
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Siegfried with Alberich the dwarf.
25.
Alfred Hugenberg
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Alfred Ernst Christian Alexander Hugenberg was an influential German businessman and politician. A leading figure in nationalist politics in Germany for the first few decades of the twentieth century and those plans backfired, and by the end of 1933 Hugenberg had been pushed to the sidelines. Although Hugenberg continued to serve as a guest member of the Reichstag until 1945, in 1891, Hugenberg was awarded a PhD at Strassburg for his dissertation Internal Colonization in Northwest Germany. Later in 1891, Hugenberg co-founded, along with Karl Peters, from 1894 to 1899, Hugenberg worked as a Prussian civil servant in Posen. In 1900 Hugenberg married his cousin, Gertrud Adickes. At the same time he was involved in a scheme in the Province of Posen where the Prussian Settlement Commission bought up land from Poles in order to settle ethnic Germans there. In 1899 Hugenberg had called for annihilation of Polish population, Hugenberg was strongly anti-Polish, and criticized the Prussian government for its inadequate Polish policies, favoring a more vigorous policy of Germanization. Hugenberg initially took a role organising agricultural societies before entering the service in the Prussian Ministry of Finance in 1903. Krupp had been in search of a man of superior intelligence to run the finance department of Krupp AG and found that man in form of Hugenberg with his extraordinary intelligence. In 1902, Friedrich Alfred Krupp was outed and committed suicide after the Social Democratic newspaper Vorwarts published love letters he written to his Italian lovers, after his death, the entire firm of Krupp AG was left to his daughter Bertha Krupp. To solve this problem, the Kaiser had Bertha marry a career diplomat Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach. Gustav Krupp as he was renamed by Wilhelm did not know much running a business, at the time, Krupp AG was Germanys biggest corporation and Hugenbergs success in raising annual dividends from 8% in 1908 to 14% in 1913 won him much admiration in the world of German business. A more unwelcome appearance in the limelight occurred in the Kornwalzer affair where the Social Democrat MDR Karl Liebknecht exposed industrial espionage by Hugenberg. In 1912, the Kaiser Wilhelm II personally awarded Hugenberg the Order of the Red Eagle for his success at Krupp AG, saying that Germany needed more businessmen like Hugenberg. During the war, Hugenberg was an annexationist, who wanted the war to end with Germany annexing much of Europe, Africa and Asia to make the Reich into the worlds greatest power. Finally, the Hugenberg-Class memo called for a policy of colonization in Eastern Europe where the German state would settle thousands of German farmers in the land annexed from the Russian Empire. The Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg was actually an annexationist himself, under the constitution of 1871, the Reichstag had limited powers, but one of those powers was the right to pass budgets. In 1912 elections, the Social Democrats won a majority of the seats to the Reichstag, however, the Majority Social Democrats were opposed to the annexationists and to secure their co-operation in passing budgets, Bethmann Hollweg refused to support the annexationists in public
Alfred Hugenberg
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As Reich Minister, 1933
Alfred Hugenberg
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Hugenberg Papen poster.
Alfred Hugenberg
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Hugenberg in Bad Harzburg, 1931, with
Prince Eitel Friedrich
26.
Spione
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Spione is a German silent espionage thriller written and directed by Fritz Lang in 1928. Langs wife, Thea von Harbou, worked as a co-writer, the film was Langs penultimate silent film and the first for his own production company, Fritz Lang-film GmbH. As in Langs Mabuse films, such as Dr. Mabuse, The Gambler and The Testament of Dr. Mabuse, spione was restored to its original length by the Friedrich-Wilhelm-Murnau-Stiftung during 2003 and 2004. No original negatives survive but a high quality nitrate copy is held at the Národní Filmový Archiv at Prague, Jason, head of the Secret Service, gives the task of bringing the mysterious Haghi down to a handsome young agent known only as Number 326. 326 believes his identity is a secret but Haghi is well aware of him and he assigns Sonja to worm her way into 326s confidence. She convinces 326 that she has just shot a man who tried to force himself on her, what Haghi does not anticipate is that the couple will fall in love. Unwilling to betray 326, she slips away after they spend the afternoon. He trails her to Colonel Jellusic, whom he mistakes for her lover, Haghi suspects Sonyas feelings for 326 and when she refuses to act against 326, he confines her to a room in his secret headquarters. Haghi is after a crucial, secret Japanese treaty and he blackmails Lady Leslane, an opium addict, into betraying what her husband knows of the negotiations. Akira Masimoto, the Japanese head of security responsible for the treatys safekeeping, when 326 seeks out Sonya, he finds her apartment stripped bare. Masimoto finds him drowning his sorrows in a bar and informs him that he would have arrested the woman as a spy had she not disappeared. Masimoto gives each of three couriers a sealed packet to deliver to Tokyo, he informs them that a copy of the treaty is one of them. Haghi obtains all three packages but finds only newspapers but Haghi has one card up his sleeve. Masimoto pities Kitty, a woman he finds huddling in a doorway during a rainstorm. When he prepares to leave for Japan with the treaty, she begs him to spend a few hours with her and he gives in, attracted by her beauty but when he wakes up later, she is gone with the treaty, disgraced, he commits ritual suicide. 326 tracks Jellusic down but too late, to tie up loose ends, Haghi has already betrayed the colonel. When confronted by his superiors, Jellusic shoots himself to avoid a scandal,326 wires the serial numbers of the bank notes used to pay Jellusic, which Jason passes on to agent 719, working undercover as a circus clown, to trace. On the train back,326 is nearly killed in a trap set by Haghi
Spione
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Spione
27.
Talkie
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A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound-on-disc systems, innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology, which took place in 1923. The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid- to late 1920s, at first, the sound films which included synchronized dialogue, known as talking pictures, or talkies, were exclusively shorts. The earliest feature-length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects, the first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer, released in October 1927. A major hit, it was made with Vitaphone, which was at the time the brand of sound-on-disc technology. Sound-on-film, however, would become the standard for talking pictures. By the early 1930s, the talkies were a global phenomenon, in the United States, they helped secure Hollywoods position as one of the worlds most powerful cultural/commercial centers of influence. In Europe, the new development was treated with suspicion by many filmmakers and critics, in Japan, where the popular film tradition integrated silent movie and live vocal performance, talking pictures were slow to take root. In India, sound was the element that led to the rapid expansion of the nations film industry. The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as the concept of cinema itself. On February 27,1888, a couple of days after photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge gave a lecture not far from the laboratory of Thomas Edison, the two inventors privately met. No agreement was reached, but within a year Edison commissioned the development of the Kinetoscope, essentially a peep-show system, as a visual complement to his cylinder phonograph. The two devices were brought together as the Kinetophone in 1895, but individual, cabinet viewing of motion pictures was soon to be outmoded by successes in film projection and these appear to be the first publicly exhibited films with projection of both image and recorded sound. Phonorama and yet another sound-film system—Théâtroscope—were also presented at the Exposition, three major problems persisted, leading to motion pictures and sound recording largely taking separate paths for a generation. The primary issue was synchronization, pictures and sound were recorded and played back by separate devices, sufficient playback volume was also hard to achieve. Finally, there was the challenge of recording fidelity, cinematic innovators attempted to cope with the fundamental synchronization problem in a variety of ways. In 1902, Léon Gaumont demonstrated his sound-on-disc Chronophone, involving an electrical connection he had recently patented, four years later, Gaumont introduced the Elgéphone, a compressed-air amplification system based on the Auxetophone, developed by British inventors Horace Short and Charles Parsons
Talkie
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1908 poster advertising
Gaumontu 's sound films. The
Chronomégaphone, designed for large halls, employed compressed air to amplify the recorded sound.
Talkie
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Image from the
Dickson Experimental Sound Film (1894 or 1895), produced by
W.K.L. Dickson as a test of the early version of the
Edison Kinetophone, combining the
Kinetoscope and
phonograph.
Talkie
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Poster featuring
Sarah Bernhardt and giving the names of eighteen other "famous artists" shown in "living visions" at the
1900 Paris Exposition using the Gratioulet-Lioret system.
Talkie
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Newspaper ad for a 1925 presentation of
De Forest Phonofilms shorts, touting their technological distinction: no phonograph.
28.
Peter Lorre
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Peter Lorre was an Austro-Hungarian-American actor. In Austria, he began his career in Vienna before moving to Germany where he had his breakthrough, first on the stage, then in film in Berlin in the late 1920s. Lorre caused a sensation in the German film M, in which he portrayed a serial killer who preys on little girls. Because he was Jewish, he left Germany after 1933 and his first English-language film was Alfred Hitchcocks The Man Who Knew Too Much made in Great Britain. Eventually settling in Hollywood, he became a featured player in many Hollywood crime. In his initial American films, Mad Love and Crime and Punishment, he continued to play murderers, but he was then cast playing Mr. Moto, from 1941 to 1946 he mainly worked for Warner Bros. The first of these films at Warners was The Maltese Falcon and this was followed by Casablanca, the second of the nine films in which Lorre and Greenstreet appeared. Lorres other films include Frank Capras Arsenic and Old Lace and Disneys 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, frequently typecast as a sinister foreigner, his later career was erratic. Lorre was the first actor to play a James Bond villain as Le Chiffre in a TV version of Casino Royale, some of his last roles were in horror films directed by Roger Corman. Lorre was born László Löwenstein on 26 June 1904, the first child of Jewish couple Alajos Löwenstein and his parents had recently moved there following his fathers appointment as chief bookkeeper at a local textile mill. Alajos Löwenstein also served as a lieutenant in the Austrian army reserve, lászlós mother died when he was only four years old, leaving Alajos with three very young sons, the youngest only a couple of months old. He soon married his wifes best friend Melanie Klein, with whom he had two more children, however, Lorre and his stepmother never got along, and this colored his childhood memories. At the outbreak of the Second Balkan War in 1913, anticipating that this would lead to a larger conflict and he was serving on the Eastern Front during the winter of 1914–1915 before being put in charge of a prison camp due to heart trouble. Lorre began acting on stage in Vienna aged 17, where he worked with Viennese Art Nouveau artist and he then moved to the German town of Breslau, and later to Zürich. In the late 1920s, the moved to Berlin, where he worked with German playwright Bertolt Brecht, including a role in Brechts Mann ist Mann. The actor became much better known after director Fritz Lang cast him as child killer Hans Beckert in M, a film reputedly derived from the Peter Kürten case. Lang said that he had Lorre in mind while working on the script, the director believed that the actor gave his best performance in M and that it was among the most distinguished in film history. Sharon Packer observed that Lorre played the loner, schizotypal murderer with raspy voice, bulging eyes, in 1932, Lorre appeared alongside Hans Albers in the science fiction film F. P.1 antwortet nicht about an artificial island in the mid-Atlantic
Peter Lorre
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(1946)
Peter Lorre
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Left to right:
Sydney Greenstreet and Lorre in
The Maltese Falcon (1941), the first of their nine films together
Peter Lorre
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Niche of Peter Lorre at Hollywood Forever
29.
M (1951 film)
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M is a 1951 American film noir and a remake, directed by Joseph Losey, of Fritz Langs 1931 German film of the same name. This version shifts the action from Berlin to Los Angeles and changes the name from Hans Beckert to Martin W. Harrow. Both versions of M were produced by Seymour Nebenzal, whose son, Martin W. Harrow is a compulsive child-murderer who is tracked down and then placed on trial by the criminal underworld in Los Angeles. Syndicate chieftain Marshall organizes his fellow crooks in order to bring M to justice, found guilty by his peers and sentenced to death, M makes an impassioned plea for his life, explaining that he is unable to stop himself from committing his unspeakable crimes. David Wayne as Martin W. Harrow Howard Da Silva as Inspector Carney Martin Gabel as Charlie Marshall Luther Adler as Dan Langley Steve Brodie as Lt, some scenes were shot on and around the funicular Angels Flight on Third Street. But the most spectacular location footage takes place within a sequence shot inside the famous Bradbury Building on the southeast corner of Broadway. Director Losey used the basement, the stairways and balconies. The Bradbury, which has used in many films, including Blade Runner, because of its unique wrought-iron and brick beauty, remains a popular. When the film was released, a reviewer at Variety wrote, David Wayne, as the killer of small children, is effective. Luther Adler, as a drunken member of a gangster mob, turns in an outstanding performance, as do Martin Gabel, the gang-leader. Joseph Losey’s direction has captured the gruesome theme skilfully
M (1951 film)
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Theatrical release poster
30.
Joseph Losey
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Joseph Walton Losey III was an American theatre and film director, born in Wisconsin. After studying in Germany with Bertolt Brecht, Losey returned to the United States, in the 1950s Losey was blacklisted in the United States and moved to Europe where he made the remainder of his films, mostly in the United Kingdom. Among the most critically and commercially successful were three films with screenplays by Harold Pinter, The Servant, Accident and The Go-Between, Joseph Walton Losey III was born on January 14,1909 in La Crosse, Wisconsin, where he and Nicholas Ray were high-school classmates. He attended Dartmouth College and Harvard University, beginning as a student of medicine, Losey became a major figure in New York political theatre, first directing the controversial failure Little Old Boy in 1933. He declined to direct a version of Dodsworth by Sinclair Lewis. Losey directed the show, which had a brief run, bosley Crowther in The New York Times noted that The play, being increasingly wordy, presents staging problems that Joe Loseys direction does not always solve. It is hard to tell who is responsible for the parts in the story. In 1935 he visited the Soviet Union for several months to study the Russian stage, in Moscow he participated in a seminar on film taught by Sergei Eisenstein. He also met Bertolt Brecht and the composer Hanns Eisler who were visiting Moscow at the time, in 1936 he directed Triple-A Plowed Under on Broadway, a production of the WPAs Federal Theatre Project. He then directed the second Living Newspaper presentation, Injunction Granted, the play premiered on July 30,1947, at the Coronet Theatre in Beverly Hills. On October 30,1947 Losey accompanied Brecht to Washington DC for Brechts appearance before the House Un-American Activities Committee, Brecht left the US the following day. Losey went on to stage Galileo, again with Laughton in the title role, more than 25 years later Losey, in exile in England, would direct a film version of Brechts play Galileo. Seymour Nebenzal, the producer of Fritz Langs classic M, hired Losey to direct a remake set in Los Angeles rather than Berlin, in the new version, released in 1951, the killers name was changed from Hans Beckert to Martin W. Harrow. Nebenzals son Harold was associate producer of this version, the HUACs longstanding interest in Losey was based on extensive - and error riddled - FBI files. In the 1930s and 40s he had had contacts with people on the political left, including radicals. He had collaborated with Brecht and had an association with Hanns Eisler. Losey had written to the Immigration and Naturalization Service in support of a visa for the composer. They had collaborated on a political cabaret from 1937 to 1939, Losey had invited Eisler to compose music for a short public relations film he had been commissioned to produce for presentation at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, Pete Roleum and His Cousins
Joseph Losey
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Losey in 1965
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