1.
Fan convention
–
Fan conventions are traditionally organized by fans on a not-for-profit basis, though some events catering to fans are run by commercial interests for profit. Many conventions have award presentations relating to their genre, commercial conventions are usually quite expensive and are hosted in hotels. There is often tight security for the celebrities to protect against potentially fanatic fans, anime conventions, gaming conventions, filk-music conventions, and furry conventions may all be considered derivatives of science-fiction conventions, which began in the late 1930s. Fan conventions for various genres of entertainment extends to the first conventions held in the 1930s, the growth of computerized communication, including the Internet and Internet-dependent applications in the 1980s and 1990s
Fan convention
–
Harlan Ellison speaking at
Minicon 41, April 13, 2006.
Fan convention
–
In fan conventions, the audience is sometimes invited to line up and ask questions using a dedicated microphone.
2.
Furry fandom
–
The furry fandom is a subculture interested in fictional anthropomorphic animal characters with human personalities and characteristics. Examples of anthropomorphic attributes include exhibiting human intelligence and facial expressions, Furry fandom is also used to refer to the community of people who gather on the Internet and at furry conventions. This led to the formation of a group that met at science fiction conventions. Internet newsgroup discussion in the 1990s created some separation between fans of animal characters and furry characters, meant to avoid the baggage that is associated with the term furry. During the 1980s, furry fans began to publish fanzines, developing a social group that eventually began to schedule social gatherings. By 1989, there was sufficient interest to stage the first furry convention, throughout the next decade, the Internet became accessible to the general population and became the most popular means for furry fans to socialize. The newsgroup alt. fan. furry was created in November 1990, the furry fandom is male-dominated, with surveys reporting around 80% male respondents. Allegorical novels, including works of science fiction and fantasy, and cartoons featuring anthropomorphic animals are often cited as the earliest inspiration for the fandom. According to a survey from 2008, most furries believe that art, conventions, literature. Fursuits range in price from $500, for designs, to an upwards of $10,000 for models incorporating animatronics. Some fans may also wear partial suits consisting simply of ears and a tail, or a head, paws, Furry fans also pursue puppetry, recording videos and performing live shows such as Rapid T. Rabbit and Friends and the Funday PawPet Show, and create furry accessories, Anthropomorphic animal characters created by furry fans, known as fursonas, are used for role-playing in MUDs, on internet forums, or on electronic mailing lists. A variety of species are employed as the basis of these personas, the longest-running online furry role-playing environment is FurryMUCK, which was established in 1990. Many furry fans had their first exposure to the fandom came from multiplayer online role-playing games, another popular online furry social game is called Furcadia, created by Dragons Eye Productions. There are also several furry-themed areas and communities in the virtual world Second Life, role-playing also takes place offline, with petting, hugging and scritching common between friends at social gatherings. Fursuits or furry accessories are used to enhance the experience. Sufficient interest and membership has enabled the creation of many furry conventions in North America, a furry convention is for the fans get together to buy and sell artwork, participate in workshops, wear costumes, and socialize. Another convention, Further Confusion, held in San Jose each January, closely follows Anthrocon in scale, uS$470,000 was raised in conventions for charity from 2000–9
Furry fandom
–
Some furry fans create and wear costumes of their characters...
Furry fandom
–
...commonly known as "fursuits".
Furry fandom
–
An anthropomorphic vixen (female
fox), a typical furry character
Furry fandom
–
Sculpture by Wicked Sairah at
Further Confusion
3.
Fiction
–
Fiction is the classification for any story or similar work derived from imagination—in other words, not based strictly on history or fact. Fiction does not refer to a mode or genre, unless used in its narrowest sense to mean a literary narrative. Instead, the context of fiction is generally open to interpretation, characters and events within a fictional work may even be openly set in their own context entirely separate from the known universe, a fictional universe. Science fiction, for example, predicts or supposes technologies that are not realities at the time of the works creation, for example, Jules Vernes novel From the Earth to the Moon was published in 1865 and only in 1969 did astronaut Neil Armstrong first land on the moon. Historical fiction places imaginary characters into real historical events, in the early historical novel Waverley, Sir Walter Scotts fictional character Edward Waverley meets a figure from history, Bonnie Prince Charlie, and takes part in the Battle of Prestonpans. Some works of fiction are slightly or greatly re-imagined based on some originally true story, often, even when the author claims the fictional story is basically true, there may be artificial additions and subtractions from the true story to make it more interesting. One such example would be Tim OBriens The Things They Carried, creators of fantasy sometimes introduce entire imaginary creatures or beings such as dragons and fairies. In terms of the separation between fiction and non-fiction, the lines are now commonly understood as blurred, showing more overlap than mutual exclusion. Even fiction usually has elements of, or grounding in, truth, also, infinite fictional possibilities themselves signal the impossibility of fully knowing reality, provocatively demonstrating that there is no criterion to measure constructs of reality. The Internet has had a impact on the creation and distribution of fiction. Also, digital libraries such as Project Gutenberg make public domain texts more readily available, the combination of inexpensive home computers, the Internet and the creativity of its users has also led to new forms of fiction, such as interactive computer games or computer-generated comics. Countless forums for fan fiction can be online, where loyal followers of specific fictional realms create and distribute derivative stories. Types of literary fiction in prose, Short story, A work of at least 2,000 words, the boundary between a long short story and a novella is vague. Novella, A work of at least 17,500 words, joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is an example of a novella. Novel, A work of 50,000 words or more, cartoonist Character Fiction writing Legend Mythology Non-fiction Pseudohistory Eco, Umberto 2009. On the ontology of fictional characters, A semiotic approach
Fiction
–
An illustration from
Lewis Carroll 's
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, depicting the fictional
protagonist,
Alice, playing a
fantastical game of
croquet.
4.
Anthropomorphism
–
Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, and intentions to non-human entities and is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology. Personification is the attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations, emotions and natural forces like seasons. Both have ancient roots as storytelling and artistic devices, and most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphized animals as characters, people have also routinely attributed human emotions and behavioural traits to wild as well as domestic animals. Anthropomorphism derives from its verb form anthropomorphize, itself derived from the Greek ánthrōpos and it is first attested in 1753, originally in reference to the heresy of applying a human form to the Christian God. One of the oldest known is a sculpture, the Löwenmensch figurine, Germany. It is not possible to say what these prehistoric artworks represent, in either case there is an element of anthropomorphism. This anthropomorphic art has been linked by archaeologist Steven Mithen with the emergence of more systematic hunting practices in the Upper Palaeolithic. In religion and mythology, anthropomorphism refers to the perception of a divine being or beings in human form, ancient mythologies frequently represented the divine as deities with human forms and qualities. They resemble human beings not only in appearance and personality, they exhibited many human behaviors that were used to explain phenomena, creation. The deities fell in love, married, had children, fought battles, wielded weapons and they feasted on special foods, and sometimes required sacrifices of food, beverage, and sacred objects to be made by human beings. Some anthropomorphic deities represented specific concepts, such as love, war, fertility, beauty. Anthropomorphic deities exhibited human qualities such as beauty, wisdom, and power, and sometimes human weaknesses such as greed, hatred, jealousy, Greek deities such as Zeus and Apollo often were depicted in human form exhibiting both commendable and despicable human traits. Anthropomorphism in this case is referred to as anthropotheism, from the perspective of adherents to religions in which humans were created in the form of the divine, the phenomenon may be considered theomorphism, or the giving of divine qualities to humans. Anthropomorphism has cropped up as a Christian heresy, particularly prominently with the Audians in third century Syria, but also in fourth century Egypt and tenth century Italy. This often was based on an interpretation of Genesis 1,27, So God created man in His own image, in the image of God created He him. Some religions, scholars, and philosophers objected to anthropomorphic deities. Ethiopians say that their gods are snub–nosed and blackThracians that they are pale and he said that the greatest god resembles man neither in form nor in mind. Both Judaism and Islam reject an anthropomorphic deity, believing that God is beyond human comprehension, judaisms rejection of an anthropomorphic deity grew during the Hasmonean period, when Jewish belief incorporated some Greek philosophy. Judaisms rejection grew further after the Islamic Golden Age in the tenth century, hindus do not reject the concept of a deity in the abstract unmanifested, but note practical problems
Anthropomorphism
–
In this illustration by
Milo Winter of
Aesop 's fable, "
The North Wind and the Sun ", an anthropomorphic North Wind tries to strip the cloak off of a traveler
Anthropomorphism
–
The 40,000-year-old
Löwenmensch figurine
Anthropomorphism
–
From the
Panchatantra: Rabbit fools Elephant by showing the reflection of the moon
Anthropomorphism
–
Anthropomorphic
pareidolia by
Giuseppe Arcimboldo
5.
Recreation
–
Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The need to do something for recreation is an element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are considered to be fun. The term recreation appears to have used in English first in the late 14th century, first in the sense of refreshment or curing of a sick person. Other factors that account for a role of recreation are affluence, population trends. This direction of thought has even extended to the view that leisure is the purpose of work, and a reward in itself. Leisure is considered a right under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Recreation is difficult to separate from the concept of play. Children may playfully imitate activities that reflect the realities of adult life, a traditional view holds that work is supported by recreation, recreation being useful to recharge the battery so that work performance is improved. Many activities may be work for one person and recreation for another, or, at a level, over time recreational activity may become work. Thus, for a musician, playing an instrument may be at one time a profession, similarly, it may be difficult to separate education from recreation as in the case of recreational mathematics. Recreation is an part of human life and finds many different forms which are shaped naturally by individual interests. Recreational activities can be communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or indoors, healthy or harmful, a significant section of recreational activities are designated as hobbies which are activities done for pleasure on a regular basis. Some recreational activities - such as gambling, recreational use, or delinquent activities - may violate societal norms. Public space such as parks and beaches are venues for many recreational activities. Tourism has recognized that many visitors are attracted by recreational offerings. In support of recreational activities government has taken an important role in their creation, maintenance, and organization, many recreational activities are organized, typically by public institutions, voluntary group-work agencies, private groups supported by membership fees, and commercial enterprises. Examples of each of these are the National Park Service, the YMCA, the Kiwanis, Recreation has many health benefits, and, accordingly, Therapeutic Recreation has been developed to take advantage of this effect
Recreation
–
Surfing, a form of recreation
Recreation
–
Different kinds of recreation
Recreation
–
Writing
Wikipedia articles as recreation
Recreation
–
University of Auckland Recreation Centre
6.
California
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
–
A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
–
Flag
California
–
Mount Shasta
California
–
Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
7.
Anthrocon
–
Anthrocon is the worlds largest furry convention, taking place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania each June or July. Its focus is on furries, fictional anthropomorphic animal characters in art, the convention was first held in 1997 in New York State, and draws over 5,000 attendees annually. Anthrocon 2016 drew 7,310 attendees, with 2,100 fursuiters participating in the fursuit parade, Anthrocon was founded in 1997 as Albany Anthrocon in New York State, with a membership of about 500. The convention was renamed to Anthrocon and moved to Valley Forge, Pennsylvania in 1999 and 2000, then to a larger hotel, the Adams Mark, on the outskirts of Philadelphia in 2001. Attendance grew each year, Anthrocon becoming the largest furry convention in 2001 with an attendance of 1,457, in 2004 it had climbed to 2,404 attendees in its final year at the Adams Mark. Due to the sale of the Adams Mark Hotel in November 2004. Despite concerns that the move to Pittsburgh would decrease attendance, it rose to 2,489. In 2007 Anthrocon was featured in the Guinness World Records as the largest furry fan club in the world, in 2008, Anthrocon became the first furry convention to have an attendance exceeding 3,000 members, the official count reaching 3,390. In 2009, attendance rose 11% to 3,776, Anthrocon 2009 brought approximately $3 million to the Pittsburgh economy. Anthrocon 2010 had an attendance of 4,238, the first furry convention to exceed 4,000 members, the admission price was also set overall at $60 for a four-day pass, though pre-registered attendees paid $50. In 2013, Anthrocon contracted roomspace with seven of Pittsburghs ten downtown hotels, the chairman of the convention since 1999, Dr. Since 1997, Anthrocon has raised more than $200,000 for animal-related charities, there are areas open most of the day to accommodate sales by Dealers and Artists as well as an area to congregate and socialize. Anthrocon provides a number of specialized tracks of programming with similar furry based themes, the programming tracks involve discussions and work groups focused on the application of furry in Art, Comedy and Improv, Computer Gaming, Costuming, Music, Puppetry, Role-Playing, and Writing. The scheduled events that take place are the Charity Auction, the Masquerade, the Fursuit Parade, nightly dances, Art Show Auctions, every year the convention has several Guests of Honor – prominent individuals who are compensated for their attendance and travel expenses. Past Guests of Honor at Anthrocon have included, Anthrocon – official website Anthrocon at WikiFur
Anthrocon
–
Anthrocon 2006 Artists' Alley
Anthrocon
–
"Viking Invasion" in 2015
Anthrocon
–
Anthrocon's dealers, artists and art show share one large hall (photo: dealers area)
Anthrocon
–
Fursuit dance at Anthrocon 2005
8.
Pittsburgh
–
Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
Pittsburgh
–
Clockwise:
Cathedral of Learning at the
University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh skyline;
Carnegie Mellon University;
PNC Park;
Duquesne Incline
Pittsburgh
–
This article is about the Pennsylvania city. For other uses, see
Pittsburgh (disambiguation).
Pittsburgh
–
Monongahela River scene, 1857
Pittsburgh
–
Downtown facade memorializing Pittsburgh's
industrial heritage with an image of legendary steelworker
Joe Magarac
9.
Pennsylvania
–
Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
Pennsylvania
–
World's End State Park, Sullivan County
Pennsylvania
–
Flag
Pennsylvania
–
Autumn in North Branch Township,
Wyoming County, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
–
Penn's Treaty with the Indians, by
Edward Hicks
10.
Charitable organization
–
A charitable organization is a type of non-profit organization. It differs from types of NPOs in that it centers on philanthropic goals as well as social well-being. The legal definition of charitable organization varies according to the country, the regulation, tax treatment, and the way in which charity law affects charitable organizations also varies. Financial figures are important indicators to assess the sustainability of a charity. This information can impact a charitys reputation with donors and societies, and thus, Charitable organizations often depend partly on donations from for-profit-organizations. Such donations to charitable organizations represent a form of corporate philanthropy. Until the mid-18th century, charity was mainly distributed through parish relief, churches, almshouses, Charities were also responsible for education, health, housing and even prisons. It was in the Enlightenment era that charitable and philanthropic activity among voluntary associations, societies, gentlemans clubs, and mutual associations began to flourish in England and the upper-classes increasingly adopted a philanthropic attitude toward the disadvantaged. This new social activism was channeled into the establishment of charitable organizations and this emerging upper-class fashion for benevolence resulted in the incorporation of the first charitable organizations. This was the first such charity in the world and served as the precedent for incorporated associational charities everywhere. Jonas Hanway, another notable philanthropist of the era established The Marine Society in 1756 as the first seafarers charity, by 1763, the Society had recruited over 10,000 men and it was incorporated by an Act of Parliament in 1772. Hanway was also instrumental in establishing the Magdalen Hospital to rehabilitate prostitutes and these organizations were funded by subscription and run as voluntary associations. Charities also began to adopt campaigning roles, where they would champion a cause, the process was however a lengthy one being finally concluded when Saudi Arabia abolished slavery in 1962. This period also saw growing philosophical debate between those who championed state intervention and those who believed that private charities should provide welfare, thomas Malthus, the political economist, criticized poor relief for paupers on economic and moral grounds and proposed leaving charity entirely to the private sector. His views were influential and informed the Victorian laissez-faire attitude toward state intervention for the poor. During the 19th century, a profusion of charitable organizations were set up to alleviate the conditions of the working class in the slums. The Labourers Friend Society, chaired by Lord Shaftesbury in the United Kingdom in 1830, was set up to working class conditions. This included the promotion of allotment of land to labourers for cottage husbandry that later became the allotment movement and this was one of the first housing associations, a philanthropic endeavour that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century brought about by the growth of the middle class
Charitable organization
–
American Cancer Society offices in Washington, D.C.
Charitable organization
–
The Foundling Hospital. The building has been demolished.
Charitable organization
–
Andrew Carnegie 's philanthropy.
Puck magazine cartoon by Louis Dalrymple, 1903.
11.
Fursuit
–
Fursuits can be worn for personal enjoyment, work or charity. Unlike mascot suits, which are affiliated with a team or organization. Fursuiters may adopt another personality while in costume for the purpose of performance, fursuits are typically sold online by commission or auction, but can also be sold at conventions. Most fursuits are created by specialized online businesses if they are not self-made, workmanship quality varies widely depending on the cost of the suit and skill of the maker. A fursuit may cost more than a thousand dollars, the primary supplies are foam, fake or faux fur, silicone, and buckram and plasticard to make the eyes. Many suits include special padding or undersuits to give the character its desired shape, other suit variations include the partial suit, which only has a mask, gloves, a tail, and possibly feet, with regular clothing covering the rest of the body. Three-quarter suits also include part of the body, like the torso or legs and this type of fursuit works well for characters who only wear a shirt without pants or just a pair of pants without a shirt. Quadsuits are designed with arm-extending stilts so that the wearer can walk on all fours, fursuits can be expensive to clean. Animal costumes have been part of culture since prehistorical times. Fursuits are worn to furry conventions and other such as anime or gaming conventions. Fursuits may also be worn in public, some fursuit owners use their suits as temporary costumed characters to bring attention to an event or charity. A subset of fursuits more resemble creature suits and may be used in live action role-playing games or films, creature suit Costumed character Cosplay Fur clothing
Fursuit
–
A
model sheet used as part of the design and built process for constructing a fursuit.
Fursuit
–
The mascot for the
Sydney Swans is a fursuited bird called Syd "Swannie" Skilton
Fursuit
–
A large group of fursuiters at
Anthrocon 2010.
12.
Auction
–
An auction is a process of buying and selling goods or services by offering them up for bid, taking bids, and then buying the item to the highest bidder. The open ascending price auction is arguably the most common form of auction in use today, participants bid openly against one another, with each subsequent bid required to be higher than the previous bid. An auctioneer may announce prices, bidders may call out their bids themselves, in economic theory, an auction may refer to any mechanism or set of trading rules for exchange. The word auction is derived from the Latin augeō which means I increase or I augment, for most of history, auctions have been a relatively uncommon way to negotiate the exchange of goods and commodities. In practice, both haggling and sale by set-price have been more common. Indeed, before the century the few auctions that were held were sporadic. Nonetheless, auctions have a history, having been recorded as early as 500 B. C. According to Herodotus, in Babylon auctions of women for marriage were held annually, the auctions began with the woman the auctioneer considered to be the most beautiful and progressed to the least. It was considered illegal to allow a daughter to be sold outside of the auction method, during the Roman Empire, following military victory, Roman soldiers would often drive a spear into the ground around which the spoils of war were left, to be auctioned off. Later slaves, often captured as the spoils of war, were auctioned in the forum under the sign of the spear, the Romans also used auctions to liquidate the assets of debtors whose property had been confiscated. For example, Marcus Aurelius sold household furniture to pay off debts, One of the most significant historical auctions occurred in the year 193 A. D. when the entire Roman Empire was put on the auction block by the Praetorian Guard. On March 23 The Praetorian Guard first killed emperor Pertinax, then offered the empire to the highest bidder, didius Julianus outbid everyone else for the price of 6,250 drachmas per guard, an act that initiated a brief civil war. Didius was then beheaded two months later when Septimius Severus conquered Rome, from the end of the Roman Empire to the eighteenth century auctions lost favor in Europe, while they had never been widespread in Asia. In some parts of England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries auction by candle began to be used for the sale of goods and leaseholds, sometimes, other unpredictable processes, such as a footrace, were used in place of the expiration of a candle. This type of auction was first mentioned in 1641 in the records of the House of Lords, the practice rapidly became popular, and in 1660 Samuel Pepyss diary recorded two occasions when the Admiralty sold surplus ships by an inch of candle. The London Gazette began reporting on the auctioning of artwork at the coffeehouses, the first known auction house in the world was Stockholm Auction House, Sweden, founded by Baron Claes Rålamb in 1674. Other early auction houses that are still in operation include Dorotheum, Mallams, Bonhams, Phillips de Pury & Company, Freemans, by the end of the 18th century, auctions of art works were commonly held in taverns and coffeehouses. These auctions were held daily, and auction catalogs were printed to announce available items, in some cases these catalogs were elaborate works of art themselves, containing considerable detail about the items being auctioned
Auction
–
An auctioneer and her assistants scan the crowd for bidders.
Auction
–
Artemis, Ancient Greek marble sculpture. In 2007, a
Roman-era bronze sculpture of "
Artemis and the Stag " was sold at
Sotheby's in New York for
US$ 28.6 million, by far exceeding its estimates and at the time setting the new record as
the most expensive sculpture as well as work from antiquity ever sold at auction.
Auction
–
A Peep at Christies (1796) - caricature of actress
Elizabeth Farren and huntsman
Lord Derby examining paintings at Christie's, by
James Gillray.
Auction
–
The Microcosm of London (1808), an engraving of
Christie's auction room.
13.
Science fiction convention
–
Science fiction conventions are gatherings of fans of the speculative fiction genre, science fiction. Historically, science fiction conventions had focused primarily on literature, but the purview of many extends to such other avenues of expression as movies, television, comics, animation, the precise time and place of the first science fiction convention is a matter of some dispute. Sometime in 1936, a group of British fans made plans to have an organized gathering and they subsequently declared that event to be the first science fiction convention. This small get-together set the stage for an event held in New York, in February,1937. Attendees at this event included James Blish, Charles D. Hornig, Julius Schwartz and it was at this event that a committee was named to arrange the first World Science Fiction Convention in New York in 1939, formalizing planning that had begun at the Third Eastern. On January 3,1937, the British fans held their long-planned event at the Theosophical Hall in Leeds, around twenty fans, including Eric Frank Russell and Arthur C. Nevertheless, by 1939, American fans had organized sufficiently to hold, in conjunction with the 1939 Worlds Fair, subsequent conventions were held in Chicago in 1940 and Denver in 1941. Like many cultural events, it was suspended during World War II, Conventions resumed in 1946 with the hosting of the World Science Fiction Convention in Los Angeles, California. At these conventions, fans of science fiction together with the professional writers, artists. Some cities have a number of science fiction conventions, as well as a number of special interest conventions for anime, media, some conventions move from city to city, serving a particular country, region, or special interest. Nearly every weekend of the now has at least one convention somewhere. Worldcon, or more formally The World Science Fiction Convention, is a science fiction convention that has held each year since 1939. These members of WSFS vote both to select the site of the Worldcon two years in advance and to select the winners of the Hugo Awards, which are presented at the convention. The rules for selection are deliberately drafted to ensure the convention occurs in a different city each year. Fantasy is usually considered alongside science fiction at conventions, Conventions that are nominally science fiction conventions such as Worldcon, are also fantasy conventions in all but name. World Fantasy Convention was begun in 1975, and has since held on an annual basis. The World Fantasy Convention, however, is oriented toward the fan community. Many of those who attend World Fantasy also attend Worldcon, the World Horror Convention is an annual gathering of professionals of the World Horror Society and other interested parties
Science fiction convention
–
Fans socializing at
Worldcon 2014.
Science fiction convention
–
Fans registering for
Minicon 41
Science fiction convention
–
Hanging out in the lobby
Science fiction convention
–
Harlan Ellison speaking
14.
BayCon
–
BayCon is the San Francisco Bay Areas longest-running fan-run science fiction and fantasy convention. It is held over Memorial Day weekend in the San Francisco Bay Area, BayCon draws many attendees from throughout California and also as far away as Oregon, Washington, and Arizona. The next BayCon will be held from Friday, May 26, through Monday, May 29,2017 in San Mateo, California. The Writer Guest of Honor is Daniel Abraham, the Artist Guest of Honor is Daniel Dociu, the Fan Guest of Honor is Dr. Christine Doyle, some of the better known regular attendees include Howard Hendrix, Diana Paxson, Lee Martindale, and Irene Radford. Past Artist Guests of Honor include Bob Eggleton, Frank Kelly Freas, Stephan Martinière, John Picacio, Rick Sternbach, past Fan Guests of Honor include Forrest J Ackerman, Mike Glyer, and Art Widner. Past Special Guests include Poppy Z. Brite, Mike Jittlov, Toastmasters have included Kent Brewster, Raymond E. Feist, Laura Brodian Freas, Richard A. Lupoff, George R. R. Martin, Seanan McGuire, Frank M. Robinson, and Scott Sigler. BayCon 83 was also held over Thanksgiving weekend, to avoid conflicts with Southern Californias annual regional convention, Loscon, BayCon moved to Memorial Day weekend, skipping Thanksgiving in 1984. For most of its history, it was held at the Doubletree Hotel in San Jose, in 2007, it was held at the San Mateo Marriott Hotel. Beginning in 2008, and through 2015, BayCon was held at the Hyatt Regency Santa Clara and Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, BayCon 88 was held May 27–30,1988, at the San Jose Red Lion Hotel. Honored guests included writer Somtow Sucharitkul, artist Tom Kidd, BayCon 95 was held May 26–29,1995, at the San Jose Red Lion Hotel. Honored guests included writer Joe Haldeman, artist Frank Lurz, special music guest Jordin Kare, BayCon 96 was held May 24–27,1996, at the San Jose Red Lion Hotel. Honored guests included writer Jennifer Roberson, artist Mary Hanson-Roberts, fan Forrest J. Ackerman, musician Heather Alexander, charity efforts raised over $2700 for the American Cancer Society. Paid attendance for the weekend totaled just over 1750 members, BayCon 97 was held May 23–26,1997, at the San Jose Red Lion Hotel. The events theme was Space Flights of Fancy, Let Your Imagination Take Wing, honored guests included writer Jack L. Chalker, artist Bob Eggleton, fans Craig & Sharon Nicolai, and toastmaster Tad Williams. Michael Siladi served as convention chairman, BayCon 98 was held May 22–25,1998, at the San Jose DoubleTree Hotel—the same hotel as in recent years under a new flag. The events theme was Alternate Universes and Other Possibilities, stirling, artist Alicia Austin, fan Michael Siladi, and toastmaster Lillian Csernica. BayCon 1999 was held May 28–31,1999, at the San Jose DoubleTree Hotel, the events theme was Bold Deeds and Grand Epics. Honored guests included writers Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta, artist Nene Tina Thomas, fan Jan Price, charity efforts raised funds for Bay Area Literacy
BayCon
–
Cosplayer at BayCon 2003
15.
San Francisco Bay Area
–
The San Francisco Bay Area is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California. The region encompasses the cities and metropolitan areas of San Jose, San Francisco. The Bay Areas nine counties are Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. The combined statistical area of the region is the second-largest in California, the fifth-largest in the United States, the Bay Area has the second-most Fortune 500 Companies in the United States, and is known for its natural beauty, liberal politics, entrepreneurship, and diversity. The eastern side of the bay, consisting of Alameda and Contra Costa counties, is known locally as the East Bay, the inner East Bay is more densely populated, with generally older buildings, and a more ethnically diverse population. The word Lamorinda was coined by combining the names of the cities it includes, Lafayette, Moraga, walnut Creek is situated east of Lamorinda and north of the San Ramon Valley and, together with Concord, Martinez, and Pleasant Hill comprises Central Contra Costa County. The cities of Antioch, Pittsburg, Brentwood, Oakley and the areas surrounding them comprise East Contra Costa County. The Tri-Valley consists of the Amador, the Livermore, and the San Ramon Valleys, dublin and Pleasanton comprise the Amador Valley, Livermore lies in the Livermore Valley, and the San Ramon Valley consists of Alamo, Danville, Diablo and its namesake, San Ramon. The outer East Bay is connected to the inner East Bay by BART, Interstate 580 to the south, and State Routes State Route 4 to the north, the outer East Bays infrastructure was mostly built up after World War II. This area remains largely white demographically, although the Hispanic and Filipino populations have grown significantly over the past 2–3 decades, the region north of the Golden Gate Bridge is known locally as the North Bay. This area encompasses Marin County, Sonoma County, Napa County, the city of Fairfield, being part of Solano County, is often considered the easternmost city of the North Bay. With few exceptions, this region is affluent, Marin County is ranked as the wealthiest in the state. The North Bay is relatively rural compared to the remainder of the Bay Area, with areas of undeveloped open space, farmland. Santa Rosa in Sonoma County is the North Bays largest city, with a population of 167,815 and a Metropolitan Statistical Area population of 466,891, making it the fifth-largest city in the Bay Area. The North Bay is the section of the Bay Area that is not currently served by a commuter rail service. The area from San Francisco to the Silicon Valley, geographically part of the San Francisco Peninsula, is known locally as The Peninsula, many of these families are of foreign background and have significantly contributed to the diversity of the area. Whereas the term peninsula technically refers to the entire geographical San Franciscan Peninsula, in local terms, San Francisco is surrounded by water on three sides, the north, east, and west. The city squeezes roughly 870,000 people in under 47 square miles, on any given day, there can be as many as 1 million people in the city because of the commuting population and tourism
San Francisco Bay Area
–
San Francisco
San Francisco Bay Area
–
San Jose
San Francisco Bay Area
–
Oakland
San Francisco Bay Area
–
A view of the
San Francisco skyline from the bay.
16.
ConFurence
–
ConFurence was the first exclusively furry convention, held annually in southern California from 1989 to 2003. This led to the test gathering in 1989, ConFurence Zero, attendance was doubled to 130 for the first official ConFurence convention in January 1990, proving them right. At the height of popularity in 1998, ConFurence 9 boasted the then-largest furry convention attendance of 1250, the final ConFurence gathering gained notoriety when television crew from the The Man Show appeared and attempted to interview attendees on camera. With the demise of ConFurence, Mark Merlino and Robert Johnson Jr. teamed up to establish Califur in 2004 to continue the tradition of a convention in Southern California. ConFurence created the mold by which other furry conventions were to follow, with the art show, a masquerade. As of 2006 there are over a dozen furry conventions and many more meets and gatherings all around the world, the name ConFurence is a registered trademark of the ConFurence Group. ConFurence is no more, by Darrel L. Exline ConFurence. com Anthropomorphic Fandom Convention Information Sheet by Flint Otterhall People at WikiFur, Mark Merlino, rod ORiley, Darrel Exline Events at WikiFur, ConFurence Zero, ConFurence 2003, Confurence 9
ConFurence
–
ConFurence
17.
Los Angeles Basin
–
The Los Angeles Basin is a sedimentary basin located in southern California, in a region known as the Peninsular Ranges. The basin is connected to an anomalous group of east-west trending chain of basin collectively known as the California Transverse Ranges. The present basin is a lowland area, whose floor is marked by elongate low ridges. Along with the Los Angeles Basin, the Santa Barbara Channel, the Ventura Basin, the San Fernando Valley, on the north, northeast, and east, the lowland basin is bound by the Santa Monica Mountains mountains and Puente, Elysian, Repetto hills. To the southeast, the basin is bordered by the Santa Ana mountains, the western boundary of the basin is marked by the Continental Borderland and is part of the onshore portion. The California borderland is characterized by north-west trending offshore ridges and basins, the Los Angeles Basin is notable for its great structural relief and complexity in relation to its geologic youth and small size for its prolific oil production. Yerkes et al. identify 5 major stages of the evolution that begins in the Upper Cretaceous. This basin can be classified as an irregular pull-apart basin accompanied by rotational tectonics during the post-early Miocene, before the formation of the basin, the area that encompasses the Los Angeles basin began above ground. A rapid transgression and regression of the moved the area to a shallow marine environment. Tectonic instability coupled with volcanic activity in rapidly subsiding areas during the Middle Miocene set the stage for the modern basin, the basin formed in a submarine environment and was later brought back above sea level when the rate of subsidence slowed. There is much discussion in the literature about the geologic time boundaries when each basin forming event took place, while exact ages may not be clear, Yerkes et al. Large-scale movement along the Newport–Inglewood zone juxtaposed the two bedrock units along the east and west margins, during this phase, the basin was above sea level. The hallmarks of this phase were successive shoreline transgression and regression cycles, Deposition of older marine and non-marine sediments began to fill the basin. Towards the end of phase, the shoreline began to retreat. After the deposition of the units, there was a large emergence. Emergence did not occur at the rate or in all sections of the basin. During this time, the basin was covered by a marine embayment, rivers sourced in the highlands brought large amounts of detritus to the northeastern edge of the basin. During this period, the Topanga formation was also being deposited, clastic sedimentary rocks from the highland areas moved down the submarine slopes and infilled the basin floor
Los Angeles Basin
–
Map of the Los Angeles Basin
Los Angeles Basin
–
Cenozoic Basin Stratigraphy
Los Angeles Basin
–
Structural Features of the Los Angeles Basin
Los Angeles Basin
–
LA Basin Oil Fields, USGS
18.
Presentation
–
A presentation is the process of presenting a topic to an audience. It is typically a demonstration, introduction, lecture, or speech meant to inform, persuade, the term can also be used for a formal or ritualized introduction or offering, as with the presentation of a debutante. Presentation viewers can be used to combine content from different sources into one presentation, slide show Audiovisual education Definition of presentations Thefreedictionary. com Dictionary. reference. com Merriam-webster. com Content Daria Price Bowman
Presentation
–
A speaker giving a presentation using a projector
19.
Committee
–
A committee is a body of one or more persons that is subordinate to a deliberative assembly. Usually, the assembly sends matters into a committee as a way to them more fully than would be possible if the assembly itself were considering them. Committees may have different functions and the type of work that each committee does would depend on the type of organization, a deliberative assembly may form a committee consisting of one or more persons to assist with the work of the assembly. For larger organizations, much work is done in committees and they may have the advantage of widening viewpoints and sharing out responsibilities. They can also be appointed with experts to recommend actions in matters that require specialized knowledge or technical judgment, a governance committee is formed as a separate committee to review the performance of the board and board policy as well as nominate candidates for the board. Coordination and administration A large body may have smaller committees with more specialized functions, examples are an audit committee, an elections committee, a finance committee, a fundraising committee, and a program committee. Large conventions or academic conferences are organized by a coordinating committee drawn from the membership of the organization. Research and recommendations Committees may be formed to do research and make recommendations on a potential or planned project or change, discipline A committee on discipline may be used to handle disciplinary procedures on members of the organization. However, this could be considered a dilatory tactic, generally, committees are required to report to their parent body. Committees do not usually have the power to act unless the body that created it gives it such power. When a committee is formed, a chairman is designated for the committee, sometimes a vice-chairman is also appointed. It is common for the chairman to organize its meetings. The chairman is responsible for running meetings, duties include keeping the discussion on the appropriate subject, recognizing members to speak, and confirming what the committee has decided. Using Roberts Rules of Order Newly Revised, committees may follow informal procedures, the level of formality depends on the size and type of committee, in which sometimes larger committees considering crucial issues may require more formal processes. Minutes are a record of the decisions at meetings and they can be taken by a person designated as the secretary. For most organizations, committees are not required to keep formal minutes, however, some bodies require that committees take minutes, especially if the committees are public ones subject to open meeting laws. Committees may meet on a basis, such as weekly or more often. The frequency of the meetings depend on the work of the committee, when the committee completes its work, it provides the results in a report to its parent body
Committee
–
Committee room, designed 1901, in
Halifax Town Hall
20.
Workshop
–
Beginning with the Industrial Revolution era, a workshop may be a room or building which provides both the area and tools that may be required for the manufacture or repair of manufactured goods. Workshops were the places of production until the advent of industrialization. In the 20th and 21st century, many Western homes contain a workshop in the garage, basement, home workshops typically contain a workbench, hand tools, power tools and other hardware. In some repair industries, such as locomotives and aircraft, the operations have specialized workshops called backshops or railway workshops. Most repairs are carried out in workshops, except where an industrial service is needed. Category, Railway workshops The New Yankee Workshop Laboratory Hackspace Studio
Workshop
–
This museum workshop containing tools and supplies has been in use for decades.
Workshop
–
A railway workshop.
21.
Culture
–
Culture can be defined in numerous ways. In the words of anthropologist E. B, Tylor, it is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. The Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is the way of life, especially the customs and beliefs. As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a concept in anthropology. The word is used in a sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of culture that emerged in the 20th century. When used as a count noun, a culture is the set of customs, traditions, in this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet. Sometimes culture is used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a context, meaning something similar. His use, and that of many writers after him, refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human. To be cultural, to have a culture, is to inhabit a place sufficiently intensive to cultivate it—to be responsible for it, to respond to it, thus a contrast between culture and civilization is usually implied in these authors, even when not expressed as such. Cultural invention has come to any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior. Humanity is in a global accelerating culture change period, driven by the expansion of commerce, the mass media, and above all. Culture repositioning means the reconstruction of the concept of a society. Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change, Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change, for example, the U. S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors, Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices
Culture
–
Human
symbolic expression developed as prehistoric humans reached
behavioral modernity
Culture
–
Religion and expressive
art are important aspects of human culture.
Culture
–
Celebrations,
rituals, and patterns of consumption are important aspects of
folk culture.
Culture
–
Social and political organization varies between different cultures.
22.
Literature
–
Literature, in its broadest sense, is any single body of written works. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura was used to refer to all written accounts, developments in print technology have allowed an evergrowing distribution and proliferation of written works, culminating in electronic literature. There have been attempts to define literature. Simon and Delyse Ryan begin their attempt to answer the question What is Literature, with the observation, The quest to discover a definition for literature is a road that is much travelled, though the point of arrival, if ever reached, is seldom satisfactory. Most attempted definitions are broad and vague, and they change over time. In fact, the thing that is certain about defining literature is that the definition will change. Concepts of what is literature change over time as well, definitions of literature have varied over time, it is a culturally relative definition. In Western Europe prior to the century, literature as a term indicated all books. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works. The value judgment definition of literature considers it to cover exclusively those writings that possess high quality or distinction and this sort of definition is that used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition when it classifies literature as the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing. The formalist definition is that literature foregrounds poetic effects, it is the literariness or poetic of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing. Etymologically, the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura learning, a writing, grammar, originally writing formed with letters, in spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts. Poetry is a form of art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of. Possibly as a result of Aristotles influence, poetry before the century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition, novel, a long fictional prose narrative. It was the close relation to real life that differentiated it from the chivalric romance, in most European languages the equivalent term is roman. In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the fifteenth century, with the meaning of news, it came to indicate something new
Literature
–
The
Classic of Rites (
Chinese: 禮 記;
pinyin: Lǐjì), an ancient Chinese text. Certain definitions of literature have taken it to include all written work.
Literature
–
A
calligram by
Guillaume Apollinaire. These are a type of poem in which the written words are arranged in such a way to produce a visual image.
Literature
–
Egyptian hieroglyphs with
cartouches for the name "
Ramesses II ", from the
Luxor Temple,
New Kingdom
Literature
–
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
German writer and author of the
Faust books
23.
Art
–
In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art. The oldest documented forms of art are visual arts, which include creation of images or objects in fields including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. Music, theatre, film, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature, until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences. Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis, expression, communication of emotion, during the Romantic period, art came to be seen as a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science. Though the definition of what art is disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions mention an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming from human agency. The nature of art, and related such as creativity. One early sense of the definition of art is related to the older Latin meaning. English words derived from this meaning include artifact, artificial, artifice, medical arts, however, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its etymology. Several dialogues in Plato tackle questions about art, Socrates says that poetry is inspired by the muses, and is not rational. He speaks approvingly of this, and other forms of divine madness in the Phaedrus, and yet in the Republic wants to outlaw Homers great poetic art, in Ion, Socrates gives no hint of the disapproval of Homer that he expresses in the Republic. For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, the forms also differ in their object of imitation. Comedy, for instance, is an imitation of men worse than average. Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation—through narrative or character, through change or no change, Aristotle believed that imitation is natural to mankind and constitutes one of mankinds advantages over animals. The second, and more recent, sense of the art as an abbreviation for creative art or fine art emerged in the early 17th century. The creative arts are a collection of disciplines which produce artworks that are compelled by a drive and convey a message, mood. Art is something that stimulates an individuals thoughts, emotions, beliefs, works of art can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects. Often, if the skill is being used in a common or practical way, likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it may be considered commercial art instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are considered applied art
Art
–
Clockwise from upper left: a
self-portrait by
Vincent van Gogh; a female ancestor figure by a
Chokwe artist; detail from the
Birth of Venus by
Sandro Botticelli; and an Okinawan
Shisa lion.
Art
–
Works of art can tell stories or simply express an aesthetic truth or feeling. Panorama of a section of A Thousand Li of Mountains and Rivers, a 12th-century painting by Song dynasty artist
Wang Ximeng.
Art
–
20th-century Rwandan bottle. Artistic works may serve practical functions, in addition to their decorative value.
Art
–
Venus of Willendorf, circa 24,000–22,000
BP
24.
Science
–
Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. The formal sciences are often excluded as they do not depend on empirical observations, disciplines which use science, like engineering and medicine, may also be considered to be applied sciences. However, during the Islamic Golden Age foundations for the method were laid by Ibn al-Haytham in his Book of Optics. In the 17th and 18th centuries, scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of physical laws, over the course of the 19th century, the word science became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself as a disciplined way to study the natural world. It was during this time that scientific disciplines such as biology, chemistry, Science in a broad sense existed before the modern era and in many historical civilizations. Modern science is distinct in its approach and successful in its results, Science in its original sense was a word for a type of knowledge rather than a specialized word for the pursuit of such knowledge. In particular, it was the type of knowledge which people can communicate to each other, for example, knowledge about the working of natural things was gathered long before recorded history and led to the development of complex abstract thought. This is shown by the construction of calendars, techniques for making poisonous plants edible. For this reason, it is claimed these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense and they were mainly speculators or theorists, particularly interested in astronomy. In contrast, trying to use knowledge of nature to imitate nature was seen by scientists as a more appropriate interest for lower class artisans. A clear-cut distinction between formal and empirical science was made by the pre-Socratic philosopher Parmenides, although his work Peri Physeos is a poem, it may be viewed as an epistemological essay on method in natural science. Parmenides ἐὸν may refer to a system or calculus which can describe nature more precisely than natural languages. Physis may be identical to ἐὸν and he criticized the older type of study of physics as too purely speculative and lacking in self-criticism. He was particularly concerned that some of the early physicists treated nature as if it could be assumed that it had no intelligent order, explaining things merely in terms of motion and matter. The study of things had been the realm of mythology and tradition, however. Aristotle later created a less controversial systematic programme of Socratic philosophy which was teleological and he rejected many of the conclusions of earlier scientists. For example, in his physics, the sun goes around the earth, each thing has a formal cause and final cause and a role in the rational cosmic order. Motion and change is described as the actualization of potentials already in things, while the Socratics insisted that philosophy should be used to consider the practical question of the best way to live for a human being, they did not argue for any other types of applied science
Science
–
Maize, known in some English-speaking countries as corn, is a large
grain plant domesticated by
indigenous peoples in
Mesoamerica in
prehistoric times.
Science
–
The scale of the universe mapped to the branches of science and the hierarchy of science.
Science
–
Aristotle, 384 BC – 322 BC, - one of the early figures in the development of the
scientific method.
Science
–
Galen (129—c.216) noted the optic chiasm is X-shaped. (Engraving from
Vesalius, 1543)
25.
Technology
–
Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, the human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The steady progress of technology has brought weapons of ever-increasing destructive power. It has helped develop more advanced economies and has allowed the rise of a leisure class, many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as pollution and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earths environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and raise new questions of the ethics of technology, examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, and the challenges of bioethics. Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the condition or worsens it. The use of the technology has changed significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, the term was often connected to technical education, as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The term technology rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution, the terms meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into technology. In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that is absent in English, which translates both terms as technology. By the 1930s, technology referred not only to the study of the industrial arts, dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions. Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 Real World of Technology lecture, gave another definition of the concept, it is practice, the way we do things around here. The term is used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics. Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time,1, defines technology in two ways, as the pursuit of life by other than life, and as organized inorganic matter. Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems and it is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator. Tools and machines need not be material, virtual technology, such as software and business methods. W. Brian Arthur defines technology in a broad way as a means to fulfill a human purpose
Technology
–
A
steam turbine with the case opened. Most electricity is produced by
thermal power stations with turbines like this one. Electricity consumption and living standards are highly correlated.
Electrification was voted the most important engineering achievement of the 20th century.
Technology
–
The spread of paper and printing to the West, exemplified by the
printing press, made it possible for
scientists and
politicians to communicate their ideas with ease, leading to the
Age of Enlightenment; an example of technology as a cultural force.
Technology
–
The invention of integrated circuits and the
microprocessor (here, an
Intel 4004 chip from 1971) led to the modern
computer revolution.
Technology
–
Antoine Lavoisier conducting an experiment with combustion generated by amplified sun light
26.
Spirituality
–
Modern spirituality typically includes a belief in a supernatural realm, personal growth, a quest for an ultimate/sacred meaning, religious experience, or an encounter with ones own inner dimension. The meaning of spirituality has developed and expanded over time, the term spirituality originally developed within early Christianity, referring to a life oriented toward the Holy Spirit. The term spirit means animating or vital principle in man and animals and it is derived from the Old French espirit which comes from the Latin word spiritus and is related to spirare. In the Vulgate the Latin word spiritus is used to translate the Greek pneuma, the term spiritual, matters concerning the spirit, is derived from Old French spirituel, which is derived from Latin spiritualis, which comes from spiritus or spirit. The term spirituality is derived from Middle French spiritualité, from Late Latin spiritualitatem, there is no single, widely agreed definition of spirituality. A survey of reviews by McCarroll e. a. dealing with the topic of spirituality gave twenty-seven explicit definitions and this causes some difficulty in trying to study spirituality systematically, i. e. it impedes both understanding and the capacity to communicate findings in a meaningful fashion. To accomplish this, the re-formation is oriented at a mold, which represents the shape, in Judaism the Torah, in Christianity there is Christ, for Buddhism, Buddha. Houtman and Aupers suggest that modern spirituality is a blend of humanistic psychology, mystical and esoteric traditions, Spirituality is sometimes associated with philosophical, social, or political movements such as liberalism, feminist theology, and green politics. Some argue spirituality is intimately linked to resolving mental health issues, managing substance abuse, marital functioning, parenting, words translatable as spirituality first began to arise in the 5th century and only entered common use toward the end of the Middle Ages. In a Biblical context the term means being animated by God, to be driven by the Holy Spirit, in the 11th century this meaning changed. Spirituality began to denote the mental aspect of life, as opposed to the material and sensual aspects of life, in the 13th century spirituality acquired a social and psychological meaning. In the 17th and 18th century a distinction was made higher and lower forms of spirituality, A spiritual man is one who is Christian more abundantly. The word was associated with mysticism and quietism, and acquired a negative meaning. Modern notions of spirituality developed throughout the 19th and 20th century, mixing Christian ideas with westen esoteric traditions and elements of Asian, especially Indian, Spirituality became increasingly disconnected from traditional religious organisations and institutions. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a pioneer of the idea of spirituality as a distinct field, the Transcendentalists emphasised an intuitive, experiential approach of religion. Following Schleiermacher, an individuals intuition of truth was taken as the criterion for truth, in the late 18th and early 19th century, the first translations of Hindu texts appeared, which were also read by the Transcendentalists, and influenced their thinking. A major influence on modern spirituality was the Theosophical Society, which searched for secret teachings in Asian religions and it aims to present Hinduism as a homogenized ideal of Hinduism with Advaita Vedanta as its central doctrine. Due to the colonisation of Asia by the world, since the 19th century an exchange of ideas has been taking place between the western world and Asia, which also influenced western religiosity
Spirituality
–
Union with Christ is the purpose of Christian mysticism.
Spirituality
–
Jñāna marga
Spirituality
–
Bhakti marga
Spirituality
–
Rāja marga
27.
Stand-up comedy
–
Stand-up comedy is a comic style in which a comedian performs in front of a live audience, usually speaking directly to them. The performer is known as a comic, stand-up comic, stand-up comedian. In stand-up comedy, the comedian usually recites a grouping of humorous stories, jokes and one-liners typically called a monologue, routine, some stand-up comedians use props, music, or magic tricks to enhance their acts. Stand-up comedy is often performed in clubs, bars and pubs, nightclubs. Outside of live performance, stand-up is often distributed commercially via television, DVD, CD, in stand-up comedy, the feedback of the audience is instant and crucial for the comedians act. Audiences expect a stand-up comic to provide a stream of laughs. Will Ferrell has called stand-up comedy hard, lonely and vicious, a stand-up comedy show may involve only one comedian, or feature a headline or a showcase format. This is followed by one or two middle or featured acts, who perform 15- to 20-minute sets, followed by a headliner who performs for longer, a showcase format may still feature an MC. Bringer shows are another opportunity for amateur performers, the performer must bring a specified number of paying guests in order to get stage time. The guests usually have to pay a charge and there is often a minimum number of drinks that must be ordered. These shows usually have a showcase format and this type of show gives comedians better exposure than open mics because there is usually better audience turnout and industry professionals sometimes go to watch. Different comedy clubs have different requirements for their bringer shows, gotham Comedy Club in New York City, for example, usually has ten-person bringers, while Broadway Comedy Club in New York City usually has six-person bringers. As the name implies, stand-up comedians usually perform their material while standing, stand-up comedy has its origin in classic Parrhesia in 400 BC used for cynics and epicureans in order to tell the reality without censorship. Stand-up comedy in the United Kingdom began in the halls of the 18th and 19th centuries. The heavy censorship regime of the Lord Chamberlains Office required all comedians to submit their acts for censorship, the act would be returned with unacceptable sections underlined in blue pencil. The comedian was then obliged not to deviate from the act in its edited form, the rise of the post-war comedians coincided with the rise of television and radio, and the traditional music hall circuit suffered greatly as a result. By the 1970s, music hall entertainment was virtually dead, alternative circuits had evolved, such as working mens clubs. The alternative comedy scene began to evolve
Stand-up comedy
–
Bronze statue of Britain's
Max Miller
Stand-up comedy
Stand-up comedy
–
Bob Hope, America's most famous stand-up comedian, during
World War II
Stand-up comedy
–
Lenny Bruce
28.
Samuel Conway
–
Samuel Charles Conway is an American researcher in the pharmaceutical, biomedical and agrochemical fields of organic chemistry. He holds a Ph. D. in chemistry from Dartmouth College, outside the scientific community, Conway is better known as Uncle Kage /ˈkɑːɡeɪ/ and is chairman and chief organizer of Anthrocon, the largest furry convention in the world. He is an author, and has acted as a volunteer emergency coordinator, entertainer. A graduate of Ursinus College, Pennsylvania in 1986, Conway subsequently studied at the Burke Chemical Laboratories of Dartmouth College, New Hampshire and his thesis concerned the attempted generation of indolyne. As of July 2013, he was working for a group near Raleigh, Conway has authored eleven professional publications and two patents. One patent covers compounds intended to treat hepatitis B in synergy with lamivudine, Conway was introduced to furry fandom at Noreascon 3, and has been involved in fan activities from the early 1990s to the present day. Conway became the chairman of Anthrocon in 1999, after his invitation as a guest of honor in 1998, under his leadership, Anthrocon was incorporated and moved to Philadelphia. The conventions attendance grew from 842 to 2,489 over the period from 1999 to 2006, Conway is the public face of Anthrocon, responsible for public relations, negotiating hotel contracts, managing finances, damage control and other activities before, during and after the convention. He also talks to fans about presenting furry fandom to the public, in 2003 he said his standard response to the media was, Anthrocon is a private event held on private property. Its membership is not interested in being the subject of your documentary, however, Conway relaxed this stance with Anthrocons move to Pittsburgh in 2006. When local television station KDKA-TV showed up, Conway gave a television interview outside the convention hotel. In November 2006 he gave an interview to Dublins 98FM. Conway styles himself Furrydoms Storyteller, making appearances at Anthrocon in what has come to be known as Uncle Kages Story Hour. The entertainment typically consists of four or five extended personal anecdotes and his stage name resulted from his first storytelling experience at ConFurence in 1994, and derives from his fandom name Kagemushi Goro, a reference to Kagemusha. Conway is regularly invited to tell his stories at other fan conventions, including I-CON, Eurofurence, ConClave, gross sales from recordings of his Story Hours were over US$2600 in 2004, no profit was realized, as the intention was to increase membership and awareness of Anthrocon. Conways first auction was at Albany Anthrocon 1997, since then, he has presided over auctions which have raised over US$66,000 for a variety of local wildlife charities at Anthrocon alone. He has performed services at other fan conventions, including Midwest FurFest. Conway says his techniques are influenced by Phil Foglio and Joe Mayhew, they include humor, while known within the fandom for his spoken storytelling, Conway is also the author of several short stories published in various works by Sofawolf Press
Samuel Conway
–
Dr. Conway at
Anthrocon 2008
Samuel Conway
–
Kage and the staff at Anthrocon 2007
Samuel Conway
–
Conway talks to
KDKA-TV reporters outside Anthrocon 2006
Samuel Conway
–
In 2006, Uncle Kage auctioned the "last brick" of Anthrocon's old venue (the Adam's Mark Hotel) for US$200
29.
Filk music
–
Filk music is a musical culture, genre, and community tied to science fiction/fantasy fandom and a type of fan labor. The genre has been active since the early 1950s, and played primarily since the mid-1970s and it is used as a noun, referring either to the genre or to a filk song. Sometimes, it is used to refer to a gathering with the primary purpose of singing filk songs. A filk of ___ refers to a filksong based on song, using the same tune and often. It may be a parody of the original, with content referring back to it, or it may reuse the music and possibly the lyrical structure of the original, full appreciation of a parody requires familiarity with the original, but appreciation of a reuse does not. Of course, there are grey areas, as a verb, To participate in a filk song circle, as in, We were filking last night until three in the morning. To write a filk music parody of a song, humorous or otherwise. When used in way, filk does not imply that all song parodies are considered filk music. Setting satirical or parody lyrics to established tunes is not exclusively the province of science fiction fandom, works of parody music such as those found in MAD Magazine or performed by Weird Al Yankovic have their own long-established traditions and history. Page demonstrates, there is no consensus on the definition of filk, attempts have been made to define filk based on various criteria. Filk has been defined as music, usually with a science fiction or fantasy theme. Filkers have been known to write songs about a variety of topics, including but not limited to tangentially related topics such as computers. In addition, while the majority of songs are in the folk style, other styles such as blues, calypso. Filk has been defined as what is sung or performed by the network of people who gathered to sing at science fiction/fantasy conventions. This definition might be summarized as, We can argue what it is until were red or green or blue, Yet another definition focuses on filking as a community of those who are interested in filk music and who form part of the social network self-identified with filking. As described later in this article, the origins of filk in science fiction conventions, the social aspect of filk as contrasted with the performer vs. audience dichotomy of much of modern music was described in a speech by ethnomusicologist Dr. Sally Childs-Helton. The boundaries of filking are vague, for example, filking overlaps with the singing and music performed by participants in the Society for Creative Anachronism or at LARPs. In keeping with the roots of filk, the musical styles
Filk music
–
Filking at
ConClave 30.
Filk music
–
Patrick Nielsen Hayden and
Emma Bull, making music at
Wiscon, 2006.
Filk music
–
A Filk circle at a science fiction convention.
Filk music
–
Filk circle
30.
Video game
–
A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
Video game
–
Two girls playing a driving-themed video arcade game in 2007.
Video game
–
Tennis for Two, an early
analog computer game that used an
oscilloscope for a display
Video game
–
Nolan Bushnell at the
Game Developers Conference in 2011
31.
Roleplaying
–
Role-playing refers to the changing of ones behaviour to assume a role, either unconsciously to fill a social role, or consciously to act out an adopted role. Many children participate in a form of role-playing known as make believe, wherein they adopt certain roles such as doctor, sometimes make believe adopts an oppositional nature, resulting in games such as cops and robbers. Historical re-enactment has been practiced by adults for millennia, within the 20th century historical re-enactment has often been pursued as a hobby. Improvisational theatre dates back to the Commedia dellArte tradition of the 16th century, modern improvisational theatre began in the classroom with the theatre games of Viola Spolin and Keith Johnstone in the 1950s. Viola Spolin, who was one of the founders the famous comedy troupe Second City, insisted that her exercises were games, and that they involved role-playing as early as 1946. She accurately judged role-playing in the theatre as rehearsal and actor training, or the playing of the role of actor versus theatre roles, a role-playing game is a game in which the participants assume the roles of characters and collaboratively create stories. Participants determine the actions of their characters based on their characterisation, within the rules, they may improvise freely, their choices shape the direction and outcome of the games. Message boards such as ProBoards and InvisionFree are popularly used for role-playing, often on forum-based roleplays, rules, and standards are set up, such as a minimum word count, character applications, and plotting boards to increase complexity and depth of story. There are different genres of which one can choose while role-playing, including, but not limited to, fantasy, modern, medieval, steam punk, and historical. Role-playing may also refer to training where people rehearse situations in preparation for a future performance. The most common examples are occupational training role-plays, educational role-play exercises, one of the first uses of computers was to simulate real-world conditions for participants role-playing the flying of aircraft. Flight simulators used computers to solve the equations of flight and train future pilots, the army began full-time role-playing simulations with soldiers using computers both within full scale training exercises and for training in numerous specific tasks under wartime conditions. Examples include weapon firing, vehicle simulators, and control station mock-ups and this technique of assigning and taking roles in psychological research has a long history. It has been used in the classic social psychological experiments by Kurt Lewin, Stanley Milgram. Herbert Kelman suggested that role-playing might be the most promising source of research methods alternative to using deception
Roleplaying
–
Interior cockpit of a
twinjet flight simulator
32.
Puppeteering
–
The puppeteer may be visible to or hidden from the audience. Some puppet styles require two or more puppeteers to work together to create a puppet character. The puppeteer might speak in the role of the puppets character, however, there is much puppetry which does not use the moving mouth. Often, in theatre, a mouth is used only for gestural expression. In traditional glove puppetry often one puppeteer will operate two puppets at an out of a cast of several. Very often, though, the puppeteer assumes the joint roles of puppet-maker, director, moose and Mr. Bunny Rabbit Cary Antebi - Sherlock the Squirrel in The Magic Garden Pam Arciero - Grundgetta from Sesame Street. Bob Baker -400 movies, first puppeteer on TV – Los Angeles KHJ in 1939, greg Ballora - Emmett from The Adventures of Timmy the Tooth, Baloney from The Mr. Potato Head Show. Billy Barkhurst - Jennifer Barnhart - Cleo Lion from Between the Lions, Mama Bear from Sesame Street, phil Baron - Bill Barretta - Pepe the King Prawn, Bobo the Bear, and Johnny Fiama from Muppets Tonight. Rowlf the Dog and The Swedish Chef, marjorie Batchelder McPharlin - American puppeteer and authority on the puppet theater. Trace Beaulieu - Mystery Science Theater 3000s Crow T, fran Brill - Zoe, Prairie Dawn, Little Bird, Roxie Marie from Sesame Street. The Chiodo Brothers - Stephen Chiodo, Edward Chiodo, and Charles Chiodo have used their company Chiodo Bros, productions Inc. to create puppets for specific films which they also performed in. They are also known for performing the puppet for Dr. Colosso from The Thundermans, forman Brown - Puppeteer and gay novelist. He was a member of the Yale Puppeteers and the force behind Turnabout Theatre. Warrick Brownlow-Pike - Dodge T. Dog, Oucho T. Cactus Lisa Buckley - Ms. Fluffé from Dog City and she built Noodle McNoodle from Noodle and Doodle. Simon Buckley - British TV and film puppeteer Julianne Buescher - Potato Bug from The Mr. Potato Head Show, Potato Head from The Mr. Potato Head Show. Kevin Carlson helped Dina Fraboni James Murray to create The Adventures of Timmy the Tooth where he performed the title character, leslie Carrara-Rudolph - Abby Cadabby from Sesame Street. Dave Chapman - Dougie Colon from That Puppet Game Show, Otis the Aardvark, Scratch from Nuzzle, Kevin Clash - Elmo from Sesame Street, Clifford from The Jim Henson Hour and Muppets Tonight, Baby Sinclair from Dinosaurs. Lola Cueto - María Dolores Velázquez Rivas, better known as Lola Cueto Mexican painter, printmaker, mireya Cueto - Mexican puppeteer, writer and dramaturg
Puppeteering
–
Puppeteer with hand puppets.
Puppeteering
–
A puppeteer in old town Jakarta
33.
Performing arts
–
Performing arts are a form of art in which artists use their voices and/or their bodies, often in relation to other objects, to convey artistic expression. It is different from visual arts, which is when artists use paint/canvas or various materials to create physical or static art objects, performing arts include several disciplines, each performed in front of a live audience. Artists who participate in performing arts in front of an audience are called performers, examples of these include actors, comedians, dancers, magicians, circus artists, musicians, and singers. Performing arts are supported by workers in related fields, such as songwriting, choreography. A performer who excels in acting, singing, and dancing is commonly referred to as a triple threat, well-known examples of historical triple threat artists include Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire, and Judy Garland. Performers often adapt their appearance, such as costumes and stage makeup, stage lighting. Performing arts may include dance, music, opera, theatre and musical theatre, magic, illusion, mime, spoken word, puppetry, circus arts, performance art, recitation and public speaking. There is also a form of fine art, in which the artists perform their work live to an audience. Most performance art also involves some form of art, perhaps in the creation of props. Dance was often referred to as an art during the Modern dance era. Theatre is the branch of performing arts, concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience, using a combination of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound, any one or more of these elements is performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative style of plays. In the context of performing arts, dance generally refers to movement, typically rhythmic and to music. Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic artistic and moral constraints and range from functional movement to codified, in dance, the connection between the two concepts is stronger than in some other arts, and neither can exist without the other. Choreography is the art of making dances, and the person who practices this art is called a choreographer, music is an art form which combines pitch, rhythm, and dynamic in order to create sound. It can be performed using a variety of instruments and styles and is divided into genres, as an art form, music can occur in live or recorded formats, and can be planned or improvised. Starting in the 6th century BC, the Classical period of performing art began in Greece and these poets wrote plays which, in some cases, incorporated dance. The Hellenistic period began the use of comedy
Performing arts
–
Dance is a type of performance art practiced all over the world.
Performing arts
–
A
ballerina en pointe.
Performing arts
–
Painting of a showing of
Commedia dell'arte - dated 1657.
Performing arts
–
Isadora Duncan, one of the developers of
free dance.
34.
Comic book
–
A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, although comics has some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. Comic books are reliant on their organization and appearance, authors largely focus on the frame of the page, size, orientation, and panel positions. These characteristic aspects of books are necessary in conveying the content. The key elements of comic books include panels, balloons, text, balloons are usually convex spatial containers of information that are related to a character using a tail element. The tail has an origin, path, tip, and pointed direction, there are many technological formulas used to create comic books, including directions, axes, data, and metrics. Following these key formatting procedures is the writing, drawing, Comics as a print medium have existed in America since the printing of The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck in 1842 in hardcover, making it the first known American prototype comic book. The introduction of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shusters Superman in 1938 turned comic books into a major industry, the Golden Age originated the archetype of the superhero. Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into eras, the Golden Age of Comic Books began with the introduction of Superman in 1938, spurring a period of high sales. The Silver Age of comic books is considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined. The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day, in response to attention from the government and from the media, the U. S. comic book industry set up the Comics Magazine Association of America. The CMAA instilled the Comics Code Authority in 1954 and drafted the self-censorship Comics Code that year and it was not until the 1970s that comic books could be published without passing through the inspection of the CMAA. In the early 1970s, a surge of creativity emerged in what known as underground comix. Published and distributed independently of the comics industry, most of such comics reflected the youth counterculture. Underground comics were almost never sold at newsstands, but rather in such youth-oriented outlets as head shops and record stores, frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, published under the name Foolbert Sturgeon, has been credited as the first underground comic. The rise of comic book specialty stores in the late 1970s created/paralleled a dedicated market for independent or alternative comics in the U. S, some independent comics continued in the tradition of underground comics. A few represented experimental attempts to bring closer to the status of fine art
Comic book
–
Comic books on display at a museum
Comic book
–
René Goscinny (1926 – 1977), writer of the
Astérix comic book series.
Comic book
–
Hugo Pratt (1927 – 1995), author of the
Corto Maltese comic book series.
35.
Merchant
–
A merchant is a person who trades in commodities produced by other people to earn a profit. A merchant historically was anyone involved in business as long as industry, commerce, the status of the merchant has varied during different periods of history and among different societies. There are two types of merchant, A wholesale merchant is a wholesaler who operates in the chain between produce and retail merchant, typically dealing in large quantities of goods, some wholesale merchants only organize the movement of goods rather than move the goods themselves. A retail merchant or retailer, sells merchandise to end-users or consumers, a shop-keeper is a retail merchant. Merchants have existed as long as business, industry, trade, a merchant class characterized many pre-modern societies. Open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria, China, Egypt, Greece, India, Persia, Phonecia and these markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre. Surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers and these artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, but also prepared goods for sale on market days. In ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum, the nature of direct selling centred around transactional exchange, where the goods were on open display, allowing buyers to evaluate quality directly through visual inspection. Relationships between merchant and consumer were minimal, the Phoenicians plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit and their trading skills necessitated a network of colonies along the Mediterranean coast, stretching from modern day Crete through to Tangiers and onto Sardinia. The Phoenicians not only traded in goods, but were also instrumental in transporting the trappings of culture. The Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence, in around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed a phonetic alphabet which was much easier to learn that the pictographic scripts used in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Phoenician traders and merchants were responsible for spreading their alphabet around the region. Phoenician inscriptions have been found in sites at a number of former Phoenician cities and colonies around the Mediterranean, such as Byblos. The Romans defined merchants or traders in a narrow sense. Merchants were those who bought and sold goods while landowners who sold their own produce were not considered to be merchants, being a landowner was a respectable occupation. On the other hand, the trade of merchant was not considered respectable, although they may have lacked high social standing, merchants in ancient Rome often made handsome profits. Umbricius Scauras, for example, was a manufacturer and trader of fish sauce in Pompeii and his villa, situated in one of the wealthier districts of Pompeii, was very large and ornately decorated in a show of substantial personal wealth
Merchant
–
Merchants from Holland and the Middle East trading.
Merchant
–
A merchant making up the account by
Katsushika Hokusai.
Merchant
–
Portrait of the Merchant Georg Gisze by
Hans Holbein the Younger, 1532.
Merchant
–
Sir Thomas Gresham by
Anthonis Mor, c. 1560.
36.
Sketchbook
–
A sketchbook is a book or pad with blank pages for sketching and is frequently used by artists for drawing or painting as a part of their creative process. Sketchbooks began as a way to provide a readily available supply of drawing paper in the convenient form of a book. Finish of the found in the sketchbook varies widely from artist to artist, with some having very simple drawings and lots of notes. Over time, it might allow others to see the progress, as their style. Many artists personalize their sketchbook by decorating the covers, sketches are sometimes removed from sketchbooks at a later date. Certain paper characteristics might be desirable for use with certain mediums. Sketchbook paper comes in a variety of tones, ranging from white, to cream. In displays of art, as well as historical retrospectives, intimate and ephemeral records are increasingly valued. Computer technology has allowed for the development of digital sketchbooks, the World Wide Web has increased access to documents such as the sketchbooks of famous artists which previously would only be seen in an exhibition. A number of the sketchbooks of famous artists have been recorded and are now available online. Links are provided in the links section below. unmuseum. Sketchbook drawings held by Museum of Fine Art in Boston JMW Turner produced 300 sketchbooks and around 30,000 sketches, john Constable believed in the importance of working from life and based his paintings on sketches and drawings of the landscape. Some of his sketches were in oil while others were in small sketchbooks and this is the itinerary of the expedition and this is the story of his sketchbooks from the Beagle expedition which are in the Cambridge University Library. This is a categorised list of sketchbook images, most of the sketchbook images are in graphite. Click on a link to see images and on an image to see a larger image, Paul Cézanne worked from life and made detailed observations of form in his drawings and sketches as well as his paintings. Dover Publications has reproduced one of Cézannes sketchbooks Vincent van Gogh made preliminary drawings prior to developing his paintings and he often drew with a reed pen and ink. Students of mark-making will probably be interested in the range of marks he used routinely. Henry Moore, early drawings of ideas / for sculptures David Hockney has produced a DVD of fifteen palm-sized sketchbooks produced during for a period of 18 months in 2002–2003
Sketchbook
–
Sketchbook and
pencil.
Sketchbook
–
"Sketchbook of English Landscape and Coastal Scenery," by the artist
William Trost Richards, at the
Brooklyn Museum
37.
PG-13
–
The Motion Picture Association of America film rating system is used in the United States and its territories to rate a films suitability for certain audiences based on its content. The MPAA rating system is a scheme that is not enforced by law, films can be exhibited without a rating. Non-members of MPAA may also submit films for rating, other media, such as television programs and video games, is rated by other entities such as the ESRB and the TV Parental Guidelines. The MPAA rating system is one of various motion picture rating systems that are used to help decide what films are appropriate for their children. It is administered by the Classification & Ratings Administration, an independent division of the MPAA, if a film has not yet been assigned a final rating, the label This Film Is Not Yet Rated is used in trailers and television commercials. The MPAA also rates film trailers, print advertising, posters, green, yellow, or red title cards displayed before the start of a trailer indicate the trailers rating. Green, When the trailer accompanies another rated feature, the wording on the title card states The following preview has been approved to accompany this feature. For trailers hosted on the internet, the wording has been altered to The following preview has been approved for appropriate audiences. Yellow, A yellow title card exists solely for trailers hosted on the internet, the MPAA defines age-appropriate internet users as visitors to sites either frequented mainly by adults or accessible only between 9,00 p. m. and 4,00 a. m. The yellow card is reserved for trailers previewing films rated PG-13 or stronger, for trailers hosted on the internet, the wording is tweaked to The following restricted preview has been approved for appropriate audiences. The red title card is reserved for trailers previewing R and NC-17 rated films, in 1989, Tennessee enacted a law whereby patrons of an R-rated motion picture were not admitted unless they were at least 18 years old or accompanied by a parent or adult guardian. He revised the Code to include the SMA advisory as a stopgap measure, Rated X, Persons Under 16 Not Admitted This content classification system originally was to have three ratings, with the intention of allowing parents to take their children to any film they chose. However, the National Association of Theater Owners urged the creation of an adults-only category, the X rating was not an MPAA trademark and would not receive the MPAA seal, any producer not submitting a film for MPAA rating could self-apply the X rating. In 1970 the ages for R and X were raised from 16 to 17, in 1972, GP was revised to PG. In late 1989 and early 1990, two critically acclaimed art films featuring strong adult content, Henry, Portrait of a Serial Killer and The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover, were released. Neither film was approved for an MPAA rating, thus limiting their commercial distribution, in September 1990, the MPAA introduced the rating NC-17. Henry & June – previously to be assigned an X rating – was the first film to receive the NC-17 rating instead, in 1996, the minimum age for NC-17 films was raised to 18, by rewording it to No One 17 and Under Admitted. For example, some films explanations may read Strong Brutal Violence, Pervasive Language, Some Strong Sexual Content, around the late 1990s, the MPAA began applying rating explanations for PG, PG-13, and NC-17 films as well
PG-13
–
PG – Parental Guidance Suggested Some material may not be suitable for children. Parents urged to give "parental guidance". May contain some material parents might not like for their young children.
38.
Rave
–
A rave is a large dance party featuring performances by DJs and occasionally live performers playing electronic music. The music is amplified with a large, powerful sound reinforcement system, the music is accompanied by laser light shows, projected images, visual effects and fog machines. The word rave was first used in the late 1980s to describe the subculture grew out of the acid house movement. While some raves may be small parties held at nightclubs or private residences, some raves have grown to immense size, some electronic dance music festivals have features of raves, but on a large, often commercial scale. Raves may last for a time, with some events continuing for twenty-four hours. In the late 1950s in London the term rave was used to describe the wild bohemian parties of the Soho beatnik set, in 1958, Buddy Holly recorded the hit Rave On, citing the madness and frenzy of a feeling and the desire for it never to end. The word rave was used in the burgeoning mod youth culture of the early 1960s as the way to describe any wild party in general. People who were gregarious party animals were described as ravers, pop musicians such as Steve Marriott of The Small Faces and Keith Moon of The Who were self-described ravers. Presaging the words subsequent 1980s association with music, the word rave was a common term used regarding the music of mid-1960s garage rock. It was later part of the title of a music performance event held on 28 January 1967 at Londons Roundhouse titled the Million Volt Light. The event featured the only public airing of an experimental sound collage created for the occasion by Paul McCartney of The Beatles – the legendary Carnival of Light recording. With the rapid change of British pop culture from the mod era of 1963–1966 to the era of 1967 and beyond. Its use during that era would have perceived as a quaint or ironic use of bygone slang. Also during the 1970s the Chicago house movement continued to expand along with a new club - Studio 54, Studio 54 was a world-famous New York nightclub and discothèque. Founded and created by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager in 1977, Rubell and Schrager hired Scott Bromley as architect, Ron Doud as interior designer and Brian Thompson as lighting designer. Where formerly all clubs had very dark, at Studio 54 the crowd could be lit brightly. In the late 1970s, the club was arguably the best-known nightclub in the world, the perception of the word changed again in the late 1980s when the term was revived and adopted by a new youth culture, possibly inspired by the use of the term in Jamaica. In the late 1980s, the word rave was adopted to describe the subculture grew out of the acid house movement
Rave
–
Strobing lights flash at a rave in
Vienna, Austria in 2005
Rave
–
A huge bank of speakers and
subwoofers from a rave
sound reinforcement system.
Rave
–
Rave - Juiz de Fora - MG, featuring bright psychedelic theming common at many raves.
Rave
–
Rave in Hungary in 2010, showing many of the fantastical theming elements common at such events.
39.
Glowstick
–
A glow stick is a self-contained, short-term light-source. It consists of a translucent plastic tube containing isolated substances that, the light cannot be turned off and can only be used once. Glow sticks are used for recreation, but may also be relied upon for light during military, police, fire. Bisoxalate, trademarked Cyalume, was invented by Michael M. Rauhut and Laszlo J. Bollyky of American Cyanamid, other early work on chemiluminescence was carried out at the same time, by researchers under Herbert Richter at China Lake Naval Weapons Center. Several US patents for glow stick type devices were received by various inventors, bernard Dubrow and Eugene Daniel Guth patented a Packaged Chemiluminescent Material in June 1965. In October 1973, Clarence W. Gilliam, David Iba Sr. in June 1974 a patent for a Chemiluminescent Device was issued with Herbert P. Richter and Ruth E. Tedrick listed as the inventors. In January 1976, a patent was issued for the Chemiluminescent Signal Device, with Vincent J. Esposito, Steven M. Little and this patent recommended a single glass ampoule that is suspended in a second substance, that when broken and mixed together, provide the chemiluminescent light. The design also included a stand for the device so it could be thrown from a moving vehicle. In December 1977 a patent was issued for a Chemical Light Device with Richard Taylor Van Zandt as the inventor, glow sticks are waterproof, do not use batteries, generate negligible heat, are inexpensive, and are reasonably disposable. They can tolerate high pressures, such as found under water. They are used as sources and light markers by military forces, campers. Glow sticks are considered the light source that is safe for use immediately following any catastrophic event. Glowsticking is the use of sticks in dancing. This is one of their most widely known uses in popular culture, as they are used for entertainment at parties, concerts. They are used by marching band conductors for evening performances, glow sticks are used in festivals. Glow sticks also serve multiple functions as toys, readily visible night-time warnings to motorists, yet another use is for balloon-carried light effects. Glow sticks are used to create special effects in low light photography. The Guinness Book of Records says the worlds largest glow stick was cracked at 9 ft 10 in tall and it was created using Plexiglass by KNIXS GmbH in Darmstadt Weiterstadt, Germany, on 29 June 2009
Glowstick
Glowstick
–
1. A plastic casing covers the inner fluid. 2. A glass capsule covers the solution. 3. Phenyl oxalate and fluorescent dye solution 4. Hydrogen peroxide solution 5. After the glass capsule is broken and the solutions mix, the glowstick glows.
Glowstick
–
Glow sticks providing decor at a party
Glowstick
–
The official glow stick of Korean rock band
F.T. Island
40.
Poi (juggling)
–
Poi refers to both a style of performing art and the equipment used for engaging in poi performance. As a performance art, poi involves swinging tethered weights through a variety of rhythmical, Poi artists may also sing or dance while swinging their poi. Poi can be made from materials with different handles, weights. Poi originated with the Māori people of New Zealand, where it is practiced today. Poi has also gained a following in other countries. The expansion of poi culture has led to a significant evolution of the styles practiced, the used. In the Māori language, poi can mean the objects used by the dancers. In Maori culture, poi performance is practiced by women. Māori poi come in two forms, short, with equal to the length of the fingertips to the wrist. A performance includes storytelling and singing in conjunction with choreographed poi routines and is presented alongside other disciplines, such as waiata a ringa, haka. Poi feature in the 1980s hit song Poi E. Originally, poi were most commonly made from harakeke, makers stripped and scraped flax to provide the muka, which was twisted into two strands to make the taura as well as the aho. A large knot was tied at one end of the cord, dampened strips of raupō stems were then wrapped around the ball and tied off around the cord, forming the covering. The other end of the cord was often decorated with a mukamuka, occasionally, smaller tassels called poi piu were affixed to the base of the poi ball. Construction and design varied widely depending on regional, tribal, another variety of poi is poi tāniko. In the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, tourist-friendly variations included miniature poi that could be worn in buttonholes and as earrings. Traditional raupō poi are less likely to be used by modern poi artists since traditional materials wear quickly with frequent use, also, flax and raupō are becoming increasingly difficult to find as the wetlands where they are naturally found have been drained or made into conservation reserves. Today, most performance poi are made from durable and readily available modern materials, cores are often made of foam or crumpled paper, while skins consist of plastic or loomed fabrics, such as tulle. Tassels are usually made of wool, modern poi coexists with traditional Maori poi and enjoys a broader, worldwide audience
Poi (juggling)
–
Traditional poi performance, using short style poi
Poi (juggling)
–
Glow poi flowers
Poi (juggling)
–
Fire poi
41.
Dexterity
–
Fine motor skill is the coordination of small muscles, in movements—usually involving the synchronization of hands and fingers—with the eyes. The complex levels of manual dexterity that humans exhibit can be attributed to, Fine motor skills aid in the growth of intelligence and develop continuously throughout the stages of human development. Motor skills are movements and actions of the muscles, typically, they are categorized into two groups, gross motor skills and fine motor skills. Gross motor skills are involved in movement and coordination of the arms, legs and they participate in actions such as running, crawling, swimming, etc. Fine motor skills are involved in movements that occur in the wrists, hands, fingers. They participate in actions such as picking up objects between the thumb and finger, writing carefully, and even blinking. These two motor skills work together to provide coordination, the index is usually the most dexterous and sensitive finger of the hand. Through each developmental stage of a life and throughout our lifetime motor skills gradually develop. They are first seen during a child’s development stages, infancy, toddlerhood, basic” fine motor skills gradually develop and are typically mastered between the ages of 6-12 in children. These skills will keep developing with age, practice and the use of muscles while playing sports, playing an instrument, using the computer. If deemed necessary, occupational therapy can improve overall fine motor skills. The first motor skills, beginning from birth, are characterized by involuntary reflexes. The most notable involuntary reflex is the Darwinian Reflex, a primitive reflex displayed in new-born babies and these involuntary muscle movements are temporary and often disappear after the first two months. After eight weeks, the infant will begin to use their fingers to touch. However, their ability to grab objects is still undeveloped at this point, at two or five months the infant will begin to develop hand-eye coordination, and they will start reaching for and grasping objects. In this way, they improve their overall grasping skills, a child will start randomly grabbing tangible and intangible objects indiscriminately. The next developmental milestone is between seven and twelve months, when a series of motor skills begins to develop. By the time a child is one old, their fine motor skills have developed to allow the manipulation of objects with greater intent
Dexterity
–
Infant displaying the palmar grasp.
Dexterity
–
Writing abilities are a major fine motor skill.
42.
Plush toy
–
A stuffed toy is a toy sewn from a textile, and stuffed with a soft material. In North American English they are referred to as plush toys, plushies, snuggies, stuffies. Textiles commonly used include plain cloth and pile textiles like plush or terrycloth, common stuffing materials are synthetic fiber batting, cotton, straw, wood wool, plastic pellets or beans. Stuffed toys are made in different forms, often resembling animals, legendary creatures. They are often used as objects, for display or collecting and given as gifts, such as for graduation. The first commercial concern to create stuffed toys was the German Steiff company in 1880, Steiff used new technology developed for upholstery to make their stuffed toys. In 1892, the Ithaca Kitty became one of the first mass-produced stuffed animal toys in the United States, in 1903 Richard Steiff designed a soft bear that differed from earlier traditional rag dolls, because it was made of plush furlike fabric. At the same time in the USA, Morris Michtom created the first teddy bear, the character Peter Rabbit from English author Beatrix Potter was the first stuffed toy to be patented, in 1903. Sock monkeys are a type of handmade stuffed monkey made out of socks that first appeared in the US during the Great Depression, amigurumi is a Japanese type of handcrafted knitted or crocheted stuffed toys. Amigurumi are typically made to look cute with oversized heads and undersized extremities, simple stuffed toys can be sewn using a cloth such as felt and stuffing such as cotton. Pillow Pets are a brand of stuffed toys that can be folded from a pillow into a stuffed animal, several brands of electronic and robotic plush toys were fads when they were first released. Some brands of stuffed toys use marketing strategies to encourage the collection of a series of stuffed toys, Webkinz stuffed animals were created by Ganz in 2005. Each Webkinz toy comes with a unique Secret Code that gives access to the Webkinz World website, disneys Club Penguin and Build-A-Bearville from Build-A-Bear Workshop are other online worlds with content that can be unlocked from codes found on associated stuffed toys. In 2013, Disney launched its first collection of Disney Tsum Tsum stuffed toys based on characters from different Disney properties, list of stuffed toy manufacturers Teddy bear
Plush toy
–
Replica of a
Steiff teddy bear from 1903
Plush toy
–
A pair of homemade
sock monkeys
Plush toy
–
A
Beanie Baby beanbag toy
43.
Hula hoop
–
A hula hoop is a toy hoop that is twirled around the waist, limbs or neck. Hula hoops for children generally measure approximately 71 centimetres in diameter, traditional materials for hoops include willow, rattan, grapevines and stiff grasses. Today, they are made of plastic tubing. Native American Hoop Dance is a form of storytelling dance incorporating anywhere from one to thirty hoops as props and these props are used to create both static and dynamic shapes, which represent various animals, symbols, and storytelling elements. The dance is performed by a solo dancer with multiple hoops. Before it was known and recognized as the colorful plastic toy. Even though they have existed for thousands of years, they are often misunderstood as having been invented in the 1950s, according to author Elena Iria, there was a craze of using wooden and metal hoops in 14th-century England. He reports that doctors treated patients suffering pain and dislocated backs due to hooping −. Panati also says that the name came from the Hawaiian dance in the 18th century. The hula hoop gained international popularity in the late 1950s, when a version was successfully marketed by Californias Wham-O toy company. In 1957, Richard Knerr and Arthur Spud Melin, starting with the idea of Australian bamboo exercise hoops, Carlon Products Corporation was one of the first manufacturers of the hula hoop. During the 1950s, when the hula hoop craze swept the country, the hoop was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York, in 1999. The hula hoop craze swept the world, dying out again in the 1980s, but not in China and Russia, recently, there has been a re-emergence of hula hooping, generally referred to as either hoopdance or simply hooping to distinguish it from the childrens playform. The jam band The String Cheese Incident is widely credited with fostering a renewed interest in hooping, band members started throwing larger adult-sized hoops into their audiences in the mid-1990s, encouraging their fans to hoop and dance, spreading the word and the fun. It wasnt until 2003 with the launch of Hooping. org that these bands of hoopers began to find each other online. Bay Area Hoopers began in San Francisco at that time holding regular hoop jams with music to hoop to, in 2006 Hoopin Annie had the idea to create a hooping holiday and the first World Hoop Day was held in 2007. Modern hula hooping is seen at festivals and fairs in the USA, UK, Australia. Many modern hoopers make their own out of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, high-density polyethylene
Hula hoop
–
Girl twirling a Hula hoop, 1958
Hula hoop
–
Hoop busker Emery Carl is balancing a guitar & hula hoop at the
Pike Place market in
Seattle
Hula hoop
–
Fire Gypsy performing with a fire hula hoop
Hula hoop
–
Dancing with hula hoops
44.
Nature reserve
–
Nature reserves may be designated by government institutions in some countries, or by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality. Nature reserves fall into different IUCN categories depending on the level of protection afforded by local laws, early reservations often had a religious underpinning, such as the evil forest areas of West Africa which were forbidden to humans, who were threatened with spiritual attack if they went there. Sacred areas taboo from human entry to fishing and hunting are known by ancient cultures worldwide. The worlds first modern nature reserve was established in 1821 by the naturalist and explorer Charles Waterton around his estate in Walton Hall and he spent £9000 on the construction of a 3 mile long,9 ft tall wall to enclose his park from poachers. He tried to encourage birdlife by planting trees and hollowing out trunks for owls to nest in and he also invented artificial nest boxes to house starlings, jackdaws and sand martins and unsuccessfully attempted to introduce little owls from Italy. Drachenfels was protected as the first state-designated nature reserve in modern-day Germany, in Australia, a nature reserve is the title of a type of protected area used in the jurisdictions of the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania and Western Australia. The term “nature reserve” is defined in the relevant statutes used in those states and territories rather than by a national statute. As of 2014,1767 out of a total of 10339 protected areas listed within the Australian National Reserve System used the term “nature reserve in their names, in Brazil, nature reserves are classified as ecological stations or biological reserves by the National System of Conservation Units. Their main objectives are preserving fauna and flora and other natural attributes, visits are allowed only with permission, and only for educational or scientific purposes. Changes to the ecosystems in both types of reserve are allowed to restore and preserve the balance, biological diversity. Ecological stations are allowed to change the environment within strictly defined limits for the purpose of scientific research. A wildlife reserve in Brazil is also protected, and hunting is not allowed, there are 30 nature reserves in Egypt which cover 12% of Egyptian land. Those nature reserves were built according to the laws no, 102/1983 and 4/1994 for protection of the Egyptian nature reserve. Egypt announced a plan from to build 40 nature reserves from 1997 to 2017, to protect the natural resources. The largest nature reserve in Egypt is Gebel Elba in the southeast, denmark has three national parks and several nature reserves, some of them inside the national park areas. The largest single reserve is Hanstholm Nature Reserve, which covers 40 km2 and is part of Thy National Park, in Sweden there are 29 national parks. The first of them were established in 1909, in fact, Sweden was the first European country that established 9 national parks. There are almost 4,000 nature reserves in Sweden and they comprise about 85% of the surface that is protected by the Swedish Enironmental Code
Nature reserve
–
The Bee Lick Creek, of the
Jefferson Memorial Forest. This forest was designated as a National Audubon Society
wildlife refuge.
Nature reserve
–
Charles Waterton established the first nature reserve in 1821.
Nature reserve
–
Drachenfels (Siebengebirge)
Nature reserve
–
A bridged
stone river in
Bistrishko Branishte, an early Bulgarian nature reserve established in 1934.
45.
Animal shelter
–
An animal shelter or pound is a place where stray, lost, abandoned or surrendered animals, mostly dogs and cats, and sometimes sick or wounded wildlife are brought. While no-kill shelters exist, it is sometimes policy to euthanize sick animals, in Europe, of 30 countries included in a survey, all but four permitted the killing of healthy stray dogs. Critics believe the new animal shelter is generally a euphemism for the older term pound. The word pound had its origins in the pounds of agricultural communities. Some shelters even have sick tropical animals, in the United States there is no government-run organization that provides oversight or regulation of the various shelters on a national basis. However, many states do regulate shelters within their jurisdiction. One of the earliest comprehensive measures was the Georgia Animal Protection Act of 1986, the law was enacted in response to the inhumane treatment of companion animals by a pet store chain in Atlanta. The Act provided for the licensing and regulation of pet shops, stables, kennels, and animal shelters, the Georgia Department of Agriculture was tasked with licensing animal shelters and enforcing the new law through the Departments newly created Animal Protection Division. The law was expanded and strengthened with the Animal Protection Act of 2000. Currently it is estimated there are approximately 5,000 independently run animal shelters operating nationwide. Shelters have redefined their role since the 1990s, shelters, and shelter-like volunteer organizations, responded to cat overpopulation with trap-neuter-return programs that reduced feral cat populations and reduced the burden on shelters. In the United States, many government-run animal shelters operate in conditions that are far from ideal, in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 many government shelters have run out of adequate space and financial resources. Shelters unable to raise funds to provide for the increased number of incoming animals have no choice but to euthanize them. In 2012, approximately four million cats and dogs died in U. S. shelters, in Canada, the government-run Humane Society shelters specialize in dogs, cats, and small rodents. Some shelters will also keep reptiles and parrots, in the United Kingdom, animal shelters are more commonly known as rescue or rehoming centers, and are run by charitable organizations. The most common rescue and rehoming organizations are the RSPCA, Cats Protection, larger cities in Germany either have a city shelter for animals or contract with one of the very common non-profit animal organizations throughout the country, which run their own shelters. Most shelters are populated by dogs, cats, and a variety of animals like mice, rats. Additionally there are so-called Gnadenhöfe for larger animals and they take cattle or horses from private owners who want to put them down for financial reasons
Animal shelter
–
Photograph of a dog at a no-kill animal shelter in
Washington, Iowa
Animal shelter
–
A cat in an animal shelter waiting for adoption
46.
Animal sanctuary
–
An animal sanctuary is a facility where animals are brought to live and be protected for the rest of their lives. Unlike animal shelters, sanctuaries do not seek to place animals with individuals or groups, the mission of sanctuaries is generally to be safe havens, where the animals receive the best care that the sanctuaries can provide. Animals are not bought, sold, or traded, nor are they used for animal testing, the resident animals are given the opportunity to behave as natural as possible in a protective environment. What distinguishes a sanctuary from other institutions is the philosophy that the residents come first, in a sanctuary, every action is scrutinized for any trace of human benefit at the expense of non-human residents. Sanctuaries act on behalf of the animals, and the work under the notion that all animals in the sanctuary. A sanctuary is not open to the public in the sense of a zoo, that is, a sanctuary tries not to allow any activity that would place the animals in an unduly stressful situation. One of the most important missions of sanctuaries, beyond caring for the animals, is educating the public, the ultimate goal of many sanctuaries is to change the way that humans think of, and treat, non-human animals
Animal sanctuary
–
Farm Sanctuary 's shelter in
upstate New York provides a home to hundreds of rescued
goats,
sheep,
cows,
pigs,
chickens,
turkeys, and other
farm animals.
47.
Further Confusion
–
It was the first event sponsored by Anthropomorphic Arts and Education and continues to be its largest. Beginning in 1999 with attendance of 691 individuals, Further Confusion has grown rapidly, in 2014, its record attendance was 3,560 individuals from around the world. Further Confusion donated over $100,000 to various charitable beneficiaries in the period 1999-2008 and its art show sales routinely exceed $50,000. Every year, Further Confusion invites significant artists, writers, or other workers as guests of honor. Animal Instincts, Fans of furry critters convene to help mankind, largest ever convention of furries descends on San Jose, Calif
Further Confusion
–
A
fursuiter hosts the Iron Artist competition at Further Confusion 2002
48.
Artist
–
An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art, practicing the arts or demonstrating an art. The common usage in everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only. The term is used in the entertainment business, especially in a business context, for musicians. Artiste is a variant used in English only in this context, use of the term to describe writers, for example, is valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts like criticism. Wiktionary defines the noun artist as follows, A person who creates art, a person who makes and creates art as an occupation. A person who is skilled at some activity, a person whose trade or profession requires a knowledge of design, drawing, painting, etc. The adjectival Latin form of the word, technicus, became the source of the English words technique, technology, in ancient Greece sculptors and painters were held in low regard, somewhere between freemen and slaves, their work regarded as mere manual labour. The word art derives from the Latin ars, which, although literally defined, means skill method or technique, and conveys a connotation of beauty. During the Middle Ages the word artist already existed in countries such as Italy. An artist was able to do a work better than others, so the skilled excellency was underlined. In this period some artisanal products were more precious and expensive than paintings or sculptures. With the Academies in Europe the gap between fine and applied arts was definitely set, Artist is a descriptive term applied to a person who engages in an activity deemed to be an art. An artist also may be defined unofficially as a person who expresses him- or herself through a medium, the word is also used in a qualitative sense of, a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, an artistic practice. Art historians and critics define artists as those who produce art within a recognized or recognizable discipline, contrasting terms for highly skilled workers in media in the applied arts or decorative arts include artisan, craftsman, and specialized terms such as potter, goldsmith or glassblower. The term may also be used loosely or metaphorically to denote highly skilled people in any activities, as well— law, medicine, mechanics, or mathematics. Often, discussions on the focus on the differences among artist and technician, entertainer and artisan, fine art and applied art, or what constitutes art. The French word artiste has been imported into the English language where it means a performer, use of the word artiste can also be a pejorative term. The English word artiste has thus a range of meaning than the word artiste in French
Artist
–
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German artist known for his works of poetry, drama, prose, philosophy, visual arts, and science.
49.
Restaurant
–
A restaurant, or an eatery, is a business which prepares and serves food and drinks to customers in exchange for money. Meals are generally served and eaten on the premises, but many also offer take-out and food delivery services. In Western countries, most mid- to high-range restaurants serve alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, some restaurants serve all the major meals, such as breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Other restaurants may serve a single meal or they may serve two meals or even a kids meal. Restaurants may be classified or distinguished in different ways. The primary factors are usually the food itself, the cuisine and/or the style of offering, beyond this, restaurants may differentiate themselves on factors including speed, formality, location, cost, service, or novelty themes. In the former case, customers usually wear casual clothing, in the latter case, depending on culture and local traditions, customers might wear semi-casual, semi-formal or formal wear. Typically, at mid- to high-priced restaurants, customers sit at tables, their orders are taken by a waiter, after eating, the customers then pay the bill. Another restaurant approach which uses few waiters is the buffet restaurant, customers serve food onto their own plates and then pay at the end of the meal. Buffet restaurants typically still have waiters to serve drinks and alcoholic beverages, fast food restaurants are also considered a restaurant. The travelling public has long been catered for with ships messes and railway restaurant cars which are, in effect, many railways, the world over, also cater for the needs of travellers by providing railway refreshment rooms, a form of restaurant, at railway stations. In the 2000s, a number of travelling restaurants, specifically designed for tourists, have been created and these can be found on trams, boats, buses, etc. A restaurants proprietor is called a restaurateur /ˌrɛstərəˈtɜːr/, like restaurant, professional cooks are called chefs, with there being various finer distinctions. Most restaurant will have various waiting staff to serve food, beverages and alcoholic drinks, including busboys who remove used dishes and cutlery. In finer restaurants, this may include a host or hostess, a maître dhôtel to welcome customers and to them. A new route to becoming a restauranter, rather than working ones way up through the stages, is to operate a food truck, once a sufficient following has been obtained, a permanent restaurant site can be opened. This trend has become common in the UK and the US, a chefs table is a table located in the kitchen of a restaurant, reserved for VIPs and special guests. Patrons may be served a themed tasting menu prepared and served by the head chef, Restaurants can require a minimum party and charge a higher flat fee
Restaurant
–
Sandrinos restaurant in
Fremantle,
Western Australia
Restaurant
–
Le Piment Rouge restaurant in
Montreal
Restaurant
–
A Salaama Hut restaurant at a
Somali strip mall in
Toronto
Restaurant
–
The
kitchen of
Pétrus, located in
Knightsbridge,
Central London
