1.
Subculture
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As early as 1950, David Riesman distinguished between a majority, which passively accepted commercially provided styles and meanings, and a subculture which actively sought a minority style. And interpreted it in accordance with subversive values, in his 1979 book Subculture, The Meaning of Style, Dick Hebdige argued that a subculture is a subversion to normalcy. He wrote that subcultures can be perceived as due to their nature of criticism to the dominant societal standard. Hebdige argued that subcultures bring together like-minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards, in 2007, Ken Gelder proposed to distinguish subcultures from countercultures based on the level of immersion in society. As Cohen clarifies, every subculture’s style, consisting of image, demeanour, 2) Subcultures and resistance - In the work of John Clarke, Stuart Hall, Tony Jefferson and Brian Roberts of the Birmingham CCCS, subcultures are interpreted as forms of resistance. Society is seen as being divided into two classes, the working class and the middle class, each with its own class culture. Yet the cultural industry is capable of re-absorbing the components of such a style. 3) Subcultures and distinction - The most recent interpretations see subcultures as forms of distinction, the very idea of a unique, internally homogeneous, dominant culture is explicitly criticized. Thus forms of individual involvement in subcultures are fluid and gradual, differentiated according to each actor’s investment, Dick Hebdige writes that members of a subculture often signal their membership through a distinctive and symbolic use of style, which includes fashions, mannerisms and argot. In some instances, subcultures have been legislated against, and their activities regulated or curtailed, british youth subcultures had been described as a moral problem that ought to be handled by the guardians of the dominant culture within the post-war consensus. It may be difficult to identify certain subcultures because their style may be adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes, businesses often seek to capitalize on the subversive allure of subcultures in search of Cool, which remains valuable in the selling of any product. This process of cultural appropriation may often result in the death or evolution of the subculture, some subcultures reject or modify the importance of style, stressing membership through the adoption of an ideology which may be much more resistant to commercial exploitation. The punk subcultures distinctive style of clothing was adopted by mass-market fashion companies once the subculture became a media interest, objects borrowed from the most sordid of contexts found a place in punks ensembles, lavatory chains were draped in graceful arcs across chests in plastic bin liners. Safety pins were taken out of their domestic utility context and worn as gruesome ornaments through the cheek, fragments of school uniform were symbolically defiled and juxtaposed against leather drains or shocking pink mohair tops. In 1985, French sociologist Michel Maffesoli coined the term urban tribe and it gained widespread use after the publication of his Le temps des tribus, le déclin de lindividualisme dans les sociétés postmodernes. Eight years later, this book was published in the United Kingdom as The Time of the Tribes, according to Maffesoli, urban tribes are microgroups of people who share common interests in urban areas. The members of these small groups tend to have similar worldviews, dress styles. Their social interactions are largely informal and emotionally laden, different from late capitalisms corporate-bourgeoisie cultures, Maffesoli claims that punks are a typical example of an urban tribe
2.
Anthropomorphism
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Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, and intentions to non-human entities and is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology. Personification is the attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations, emotions and natural forces like seasons. Both have ancient roots as storytelling and artistic devices, and most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphized animals as characters, people have also routinely attributed human emotions and behavioural traits to wild as well as domestic animals. Anthropomorphism derives from its verb form anthropomorphize, itself derived from the Greek ánthrōpos and it is first attested in 1753, originally in reference to the heresy of applying a human form to the Christian God. One of the oldest known is a sculpture, the Löwenmensch figurine, Germany. It is not possible to say what these prehistoric artworks represent, in either case there is an element of anthropomorphism. This anthropomorphic art has been linked by archaeologist Steven Mithen with the emergence of more systematic hunting practices in the Upper Palaeolithic. In religion and mythology, anthropomorphism refers to the perception of a divine being or beings in human form, ancient mythologies frequently represented the divine as deities with human forms and qualities. They resemble human beings not only in appearance and personality, they exhibited many human behaviors that were used to explain phenomena, creation. The deities fell in love, married, had children, fought battles, wielded weapons and they feasted on special foods, and sometimes required sacrifices of food, beverage, and sacred objects to be made by human beings. Some anthropomorphic deities represented specific concepts, such as love, war, fertility, beauty. Anthropomorphic deities exhibited human qualities such as beauty, wisdom, and power, and sometimes human weaknesses such as greed, hatred, jealousy, Greek deities such as Zeus and Apollo often were depicted in human form exhibiting both commendable and despicable human traits. Anthropomorphism in this case is referred to as anthropotheism, from the perspective of adherents to religions in which humans were created in the form of the divine, the phenomenon may be considered theomorphism, or the giving of divine qualities to humans. Anthropomorphism has cropped up as a Christian heresy, particularly prominently with the Audians in third century Syria, but also in fourth century Egypt and tenth century Italy. This often was based on an interpretation of Genesis 1,27, So God created man in His own image, in the image of God created He him. Some religions, scholars, and philosophers objected to anthropomorphic deities. Ethiopians say that their gods are snub–nosed and blackThracians that they are pale and he said that the greatest god resembles man neither in form nor in mind. Both Judaism and Islam reject an anthropomorphic deity, believing that God is beyond human comprehension, judaisms rejection of an anthropomorphic deity grew during the Hasmonean period, when Jewish belief incorporated some Greek philosophy. Judaisms rejection grew further after the Islamic Golden Age in the tenth century, hindus do not reject the concept of a deity in the abstract unmanifested, but note practical problems
3.
Furry convention
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A furry convention is a formal gathering of members of the furry fandom — people who are interested in the concept of fictional non-human characters with human characteristics. These conventions provide a place for fans to meet, exchange ideas, transact business and engage in entertainment, originating in California, US, during the mid-1980s, there are now over 40 annual furry conventions worldwide, mostly in North America and Europe. The largest furry convention is Anthrocon which is held each year in Pittsburgh, Furry conventions offer a range of volunteer-led programming, usually focusing on anthropomorphic art, crafts, music and literature. Attendees often dress up and wear artistic name badges for identification and they may also spend money on the work of amateur and professional artists, both directly and at auction. Furry conventions started in mid-1986 with parties at popular science fiction conventions, over time, these parties split off into conventions of their own, starting with ConFurence 0 in 1989. Attendance at furry conventions has been growing, with the number of conventions, total attendance of all conventions, Furry conventions sometimes start out as furmeets, where groups of local fans meet at a regular location, often on a scheduled basis. As the local community grows, these groups may put on events which attract attention or significant fan activity. Convention programming includes presentations, panels, workshops and tutorials on anthropomorphic culture, from literature, fiction and art to science, technology, a unifying theme is common for larger events. Most conventions will feature some kind of an art show, in which work is displayed. Artists may also trade art between each other using sketchbooks, erotic art is typically allowed if kept separate from other pieces, and only shown to adult attendees, a few conventions are rated strictly PG-13. Individual transactions are small, but the total can approach US$100,000 at the largest events. Major conventions tend to have a rave on at least one evening, often there is a fursuit-friendly dance prior to the main event, with raised lighting and slower music to offset fursuiters reduced vision and mobility. The use of glowsticks and illuminated poi are popular once the lights are dimmed, a furry convention is also an opportunity to socialize, and private parties for subgroups of the fandom are common. Conventions with significant numbers of fursuiters may offer an event known as the games, furry races. Organizers may also donate from the conventions own funds, in total, furry conventions raised over US$50,000 for charity in 2006, with Further Confusion and Anthrocon raising over US$60,000 throughout their history. Attendees include artists and dealers offering products and services for sale to fans, others come for the programming, or to meet friends or other furry fans in general. Many attend for all of these reasons, some later publish a con report detailing their experiences. Local restaurant information and a combination pocket schedule and map may also be included, sponsors often receive additional items such as T-shirts, pins or ribbons, as well as faster registration badge pick-up and on-site meals
4.
Science-fiction convention
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Science fiction conventions are gatherings of fans of the speculative fiction genre, science fiction. Historically, science fiction conventions had focused primarily on literature, but the purview of many extends to such other avenues of expression as movies, television, comics, animation, the precise time and place of the first science fiction convention is a matter of some dispute. Sometime in 1936, a group of British fans made plans to have an organized gathering and they subsequently declared that event to be the first science fiction convention. This small get-together set the stage for an event held in New York, in February,1937. Attendees at this event included James Blish, Charles D. Hornig, Julius Schwartz and it was at this event that a committee was named to arrange the first World Science Fiction Convention in New York in 1939, formalizing planning that had begun at the Third Eastern. On January 3,1937, the British fans held their long-planned event at the Theosophical Hall in Leeds, around twenty fans, including Eric Frank Russell and Arthur C. Nevertheless, by 1939, American fans had organized sufficiently to hold, in conjunction with the 1939 Worlds Fair, subsequent conventions were held in Chicago in 1940 and Denver in 1941. Like many cultural events, it was suspended during World War II, Conventions resumed in 1946 with the hosting of the World Science Fiction Convention in Los Angeles, California. At these conventions, fans of science fiction together with the professional writers, artists. Some cities have a number of science fiction conventions, as well as a number of special interest conventions for anime, media, some conventions move from city to city, serving a particular country, region, or special interest. Nearly every weekend of the now has at least one convention somewhere. Worldcon, or more formally The World Science Fiction Convention, is a science fiction convention that has held each year since 1939. These members of WSFS vote both to select the site of the Worldcon two years in advance and to select the winners of the Hugo Awards, which are presented at the convention. The rules for selection are deliberately drafted to ensure the convention occurs in a different city each year. Fantasy is usually considered alongside science fiction at conventions, Conventions that are nominally science fiction conventions such as Worldcon, are also fantasy conventions in all but name. World Fantasy Convention was begun in 1975, and has since held on an annual basis. The World Fantasy Convention, however, is oriented toward the fan community. Many of those who attend World Fantasy also attend Worldcon, the World Horror Convention is an annual gathering of professionals of the World Horror Society and other interested parties
5.
Albedo Anthropomorphics
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The first issue of Albedo was published in 1983, the most recent issue was published in 2005. The focus of the series is Erma Felna, a young officer who eventually plays a central role in the complex political conflicts that consume her universe. Gallacci was an illustrator for the United States Air Force and one feature of Albedo is well thought-out. His experience also shows in the treatment of military life. The series was used as inspiration for the Albedo role-playing game, Erma Felna, EDF was set in a futuristic period in a sector of civilized outer space populated by sapient and predominantly humanoid versions of over 150 various mammalian and avian species. The title character is Erma Felna, a cat who is an officer of the Extraplanetary Defense Force. The series follows her adventures in part as she fulfills a career that would make her a name as The Protector of the Rim. This strategy is made evident in the battle of the series when the ILR invades of the ConFed planet of Derzon. In addition, there are internal and growing ConFed corruption and attacks by terrorists who commit acts of violence for their own sake to shake societal complacency. A derelict ship that contains a body of a human is eventually discovered which reveal vital clues about the civilization, for instance, after an action scene, the characters would often discuss the socio-political ramifications of the events in question and struggle to decide what to do in response. Erma Felna, The main character of Albedo, female officer in the EDF, born SD 171-01-22, Annianport, Annah. Fur color is a light gold-brown, slightly paler in the front, scalp hair is dark red-brown and she shares her familys rare female genetic trait of vaguely human-like head hair. Erma joined the EDF mainly because her father, Kanoc, was tortured by the ILR. Toki, a Danetti mouse femme is a friend and confidant to Erma Felna and she is a staff officer for the Extra-Planetary Defense forces. Toki has large ears, very expressive eyes, a well rounded figure. When the company folded, Antarctic Press resumed the title for several years, the series moved to Shanda Fantasy Arts in 2004, which produced two issues of the continuing series before it went on indefinite hiatus in 2005. An RPG by the name, based on the Erma Felna storyline, was produced by Chessex in 1989 and 1993. The concept was re-engineered in 2003 by Sanguine Productions, there was also an associated short-lived fan magazine, Refractions, which carried original artwork, stories, and discussions of the cultures shown in the Erma Felna, EDF universe
6.
Comic book convention
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A comic book convention or comic-con is an event with a primary focus on comic books and comic book culture, in which comic book fans gather to meet creators, experts, and each other. Commonly, comic conventions are multi-day events hosted at convention centers, hotels and they feature a wide variety of activities and panels, with a larger number of attendees participating in cosplay than most other types of fan conventions. Comic book conventions are used as a vehicle for industry, in which publishers, distributors. Comic book conventions may be considered derivatives of science-fiction conventions, which began in the late 1930s, comic-cons were traditionally organized by fans on a not-for-profit basis, though nowadays most events catering to fans are run by commercial interests for profit. Many conventions have award presentations relating to comics, at commercial events, comic book creators often give out autographs to the fans, sometimes in exchange for a flat appearance fee, and sometimes may draw illustrations for a per-item fee. Commercial conventions are usually expensive and are hosted in hotels. The first official comic book convention was held in 1964 in New York City, early conventions were small affairs, usually organized by local enthusiasts, and featuring a handful of industry guests. The first recurring conventions were the Detroit Triple Fan Fair, which ran from 1965–1978, and Academy Con, many recurring conventions begin as single-day events in small venues, which as they grow more popular expand to two days, or even three or more every year. Many comic-cons which had their start in church basements or union halls now fill convention centers in major cities, nowadays, comic conventions are big business, with recurring shows in every major American city. Wizard Entertainment is the leader in these types of conventions. San Diego Comic-Con International, an entertainment and comic convention held annually in San Diego since 1970, is the standard bearer for U. S. comic-cons. According to Forbes, the convention is the largest convention of its kind in the world, according to the San Diego Convention and Visitors Bureau, the convention has an annual regional economic impact of $162.8 million, with a $180 million economic impact in 2011. Internationally, the largest European comic book festivals are Lucca Comics & Games, the worlds largest comic book convention, in terms of attendees, is Japans Comiket, which boasts annual attendance of over half a million people. In 1961 or 1962, Jerry Bails was vital in the formation of the Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors, the ACBFC brought fans of the medium together, administered the first industry awards, and assisted in the establishment of the first comic book conventions. The first Alley Awards, given for the calendar year 1961, were reported in Alter Ego No.4. On March 21–22,1964, the first annual Alley Tally by ACBFC members was organized by Bails at his house in Detroit, with the purpose of counting the Alley Award ballots for 1963. This became notable in retrospect as the first major gathering of fans, predating the earliest comic book conventions. Attendees included Ronn Foss, Don Glut, Don and Maggie Thompson, Mike Vosburg, Comics historian Bill Schelly notes that the Alley Tally and even larger fan meetings in Chicago
7.
Fanzine
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A fanzine is a nonprofessional and nonofficial publication produced by fans of a particular cultural phenomenon for the pleasure of others who share their interest. The term was coined in an October 1940 science fiction fanzine by Russ Chauvenet, typically, publishers, editors and contributors of articles or illustrations to fanzines receive no financial compensation. Fanzines are traditionally circulated free of charge, or for a nominal cost to defray postage or production expenses, copies are often offered in exchange for similar publications, or for contributions of art, articles, or letters of comment, which are then published. The term fanzine is sometimes confused with fan magazine, but the term most often refers to commercially produced publications for fans. P. These publications were produced first on small tabletop printing presses, often by students, as professional printing technology progressed, so did the technology of fanzines. Early fanzines were hand-drafted or typed on a typewriter and printed using primitive reproduction techniques. Only a very small number of copies could be made at a time, the use of mimeograph machines enabled greater press runs, and the photocopier increased the speed and ease of publishing once more. Today, thanks to the advent of publishing and self-publication. When Hugo Gernsback published the first scientifiction magazine, Amazing Stories in 1926, by 1927 readers, often young adults, would write to each other, bypassing the magazine. Science fiction fanzines had their beginnings in Serious & Constructive correspondence, fans finding themselves writing the same letter to several correspondents sought to save themselves a lot of typing by duplicating their letters. Early efforts included simple carbon copies but that proved insufficient, the first science fiction fanzine, The Comet, was published in 1930 by the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago and edited by Raymond A. Palmer and Walter Dennis. The term fanzine was coined by Russ Chauvenet in the October 1940 edition of his fanzine Detours, fanzines were distinguished from prozines, that is, all professional magazines. Prior to that, the fan publications were known as fanmags or letterzines, Science fiction fanzines used a variety of printing methods. Typewriters, school dittos, church mimeos and multi-color letterpress or other mid-to-high level printing, some fans wanted their news spread, others reveled in the artistry and beauty of fine printing. The hectograph, introduced around 1876, was so named because it could produce up to a hundred copies, hecto used an aniline dye, transferred to a tray of gelatin, and paper would be placed on the gel, one sheet at a time, for transfer. Messy and smelly, the process could create vibrant colors for the few copies produced, the next small but significant technological step after hecto is the spirit duplicator, essentially the hectography process using a drum instead of the gelatin. Introduced by Ditto Corporation in 1923, these machines were known for the six decades as Ditto Machines and used by fans because they were cheap to use. The mimeograph machine, which forced ink through a wax paper stencil cut by the keys of a typewriter, was the standard for many decades, a second-hand mimeo could print hundreds of copies and print in color
8.
Mammal
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Mammals are any vertebrates within the class Mammalia, a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles by the possession of a neocortex, hair, three middle ear bones and mammary glands. All female mammals nurse their young with milk, secreted from the mammary glands, Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the great whales. The basic body type is a quadruped, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm bumblebee bat to the 30-meter blue whale. With the exception of the five species of monotreme, all modern mammals give birth to live young, most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The largest orders are the rodents, bats and Soricomorpha, the next three biggest orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates, the Cetartiodactyla, and the Carnivora. Living mammals are divided into the Yinotheria and Theriiformes There are around 5450 species of mammal, in some classifications, extant mammals are divided into two subclasses, the Prototheria, that is, the order Monotremata, and the Theria, or the infraclasses Metatheria and Eutheria. The marsupials constitute the group of the Metatheria, and include all living metatherians as well as many extinct ones. Much of the changes reflect the advances of cladistic analysis and molecular genetics, findings from molecular genetics, for example, have prompted adopting new groups, such as the Afrotheria, and abandoning traditional groups, such as the Insectivora. The mammals represent the only living Synapsida, which together with the Sauropsida form the Amniota clade, the early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the line that led to todays reptiles. Some mammals are intelligent, with some possessing large brains, self-awareness, Mammals can communicate and vocalize in several different ways, including the production of ultrasound, scent-marking, alarm signals, singing, and echolocation. Mammals can organize themselves into fission-fusion societies, harems, and hierarchies, most mammals are polygynous, but some can be monogamous or polyandrous. They provided, and continue to provide, power for transport and agriculture, as well as commodities such as meat, dairy products, wool. Mammals are hunted or raced for sport, and are used as model organisms in science, Mammals have been depicted in art since Palaeolithic times, and appear in literature, film, mythology, and religion. Defaunation of mammals is primarily driven by anthropogenic factors, such as poaching and habitat destruction, Mammal classification has been through several iterations since Carl Linnaeus initially defined the class. No classification system is accepted, McKenna & Bell and Wilson & Reader provide useful recent compendiums. Though field work gradually made Simpsons classification outdated, it remains the closest thing to a classification of mammals
9.
Kimba the White Lion
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Kimba the White Lion is a Japanese shōnen manga series created by Osamu Tezuka which was serialized in the Manga Shōnen magazine from November 1950 to April 1954. An anime based on the manga was created by Mushi Production and was broadcast on Fuji Television from 1965 to 1967 and it was the first color animated television series created in Japan. The later series was produced by Tezuka Productions, the anime series has enjoyed popularity worldwide. A new TV special premiered September 5,2009 on Fuji TV, in Africa during the mid-20th century, as mankind encroaches, the white lion Panja gives the jungles wild animals a safe haven. However, he angers nearby villagers by stealing their cattle and their food to feed the jungle carnivores, a professional hunter, Ham Egg, is called in to stop these raids. Instead, he records the sounds of Panja and uses them to trap his pregnant mate, Eliza, Panja is killed for his hide, and Eliza is put on a ship, destined for a zoo. Eliza teaches him his fathers ideals, as a huge tropical storm nears, she urges her cub out through the bars of her cage. The storm wrecks the boat, and he flounders in the ocean, the fish help him learn to swim. As he begins to despair, the stars in the sky form the face of his mother, guided by butterflies, he makes it to land. Leo lands far from his home and is found and cared for by some people. He learns the advantages of human culture, and decides that when he returns to his home he will bring culture to the jungle. The show follows Leos life after he returns to the wild, still a young cub, Leo soon learns that only communication and mutual understanding between animals and humans will bring true peace. In 1950 the original Jungle Emperor story started in Manga Shōnen magazine, the animated series was first broadcast in Japan on Fuji Television from October 6,1965 to September 28,1966. It was the first color TV anime series, other than the original broadcast in Japan in 1965, the series has been broadcast in many countries around the world. In Asia, it was broadcast in Indonesia on Lativi, antv and SCTV, in Iran on Channel 1, in the Philippines on ABC5, in Saudi Arabia on Saudi TV, in North America, it was broadcast in Canada on Knowledge, in Mexico on Boomerang. It was broadcast, with English-dubbed voices, in the United States and other English-speaking markets and it was first commissioned for U. S. development by NBC Enterprises and adapted by Fred Ladd, for syndicated broadcast. In 2005 the original 1965 dub of Kimba the White Lion was released as an 11-disc DVD set by Madman Anime of Australia and Right Stuf International of the U. S. The series was re-dubbed into English in 1993, featuring the voice of Yvonne Murray as Kimba and having a new opening, in 2012 Bayview Entertainment/Widowmaker releases Kimba the White Lion, The Complete Series 10 DVD box set of the original 1965 series
10.
Richard Adams
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Richard George Adams was an English novelist who is best known as the author of Watership Down, Shardik and The Plague Dogs. He studied modern history at university before serving in the British Army during World War II, afterwards, he completed his studies, and then joined the British Civil Service. In 1974, two years after Watership Down was published, Adams became a full-time author, Adams was born on 9 May 1920 in Wash Common, near Newbury, Berkshire, England, the son of Lilian Rosa and Evelyn George Beadon Adams, a doctor. He attended Horris Hill School from 1926 to 1933, and then Bradfield College from 1933 to 1938, in 1938, he went to Worcester College, Oxford, to read Modern History. In July 1940, Adams was called up to join the British Army and he was posted to the Royal Army Service Corps and was selected for the Airborne Company, where he worked as a brigade liaison. He served in Palestine, Europe and the Far East but saw no action against either the Germans or the Japanese. After being released from the army in 1946, Adams returned to Worcester College to continue his studies for a two years. He received a degree in 1948, proceeding MA in 1953. It was during this period that he began writing fiction in his spare time, Adams originally began telling the story that would become Watership Down to his two daughters on a car trip. They eventually insisted that he publish it as a book and he began writing in 1966, taking two years to complete it. In 1972, after four publishers and three writers agencies turned down the manuscript, Rex Collings agreed to publish the work, the book gained international acclaim almost immediately for reinvigorating anthropomorphic fiction with naturalism. Over the next few years Watership Down sold over a million copies worldwide, Adams won both of the most prestigious British childrens book awards, one of six authors to do so, the Carnegie Medal and the Guardian Childrens Fiction Prize. In 1974, following publication of his novel, Shardik. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1975, at one point, Adams served as writer-in-residence at the University of Florida and at Hollins University in Virginia. Adams was the recipient of the inaugural Whitchurch Arts Award for inspiration in January 2010, presented at the Watership Down pub in Freefolk, in 2015 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Winchester. In 1982, Adams served one year as president of the RSPCA, besides campaigning against furs, Adams wrote The Plague Dogs to satirize animal experimentation. He also made a voyage through the Antarctic in the company of the ornithologist Ronald Lockley, just before his 90th birthday, he wrote a new story for a charity book, Gentle Footprints, to raise funds for the Born Free Foundation. Adams celebrated his 90th birthday in 2010 with a party at the White Hart in his hometown of Whitchurch, Hampshire, Adams wrote a poetic piece celebrating his home of the past 28 years
11.
Watership Down
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Watership Down is a classic adventure novel, written by English author Richard Adams, published by Rex Collings Ltd of London in 1972. Set in southern England, the features a small group of rabbits. Although they live in their environment, they are anthropomorphised, possessing their own culture, language, proverbs, poetry. Evoking epic themes, the novel follows the rabbits as they escape the destruction of their warren and seek a place to establish a new home, encountering perils, Watership Down was Richard Adams first novel. Although it was rejected by several publishers before Collings accepted it, it won the annual Carnegie Medal, annual Guardian Prize and it was adapted into the 1978 animated film Watership Down. Later there was a series also titled Watership Down which ran from 1999 to 2001. Adams completed a sequel almost 25 years later, Tales from Watership Down and it is a collection of 19 short stories about El-ahrairah and the rabbits of the Watership Down warren, with Notes on Pronunciation and Lapine Glossary. The title refers to the destination, Watership Down, a hill in the north of Hampshire, England. The story began as tales that Richard Adams told his young daughters Juliet, as he explained in 2007, he began telling the story of the rabbits. Improvised off the top of my head, as we were driving along, the daughters insisted he write it down—they were very, very persistent. After some delay he began writing in the evenings and completed it 18 months later, the book is dedicated to the two girls. Adamss descriptions of wild rabbit behaviour were based on The Private Life of the Rabbit, the two later became friends, embarking on an Antarctic tour that became the subject of a co-authored book, Voyage Through the Antarctic. Watership Down was rejected seven times before it was accepted by Rex Collings, the one-man London publisher Collings wrote to an associate, Ive just taken on a novel about rabbits, one of them with extra-sensory perception. Collings had little capital and could not pay an advance but he got a review copy onto every desk in London that mattered, Adams wrote that it was Collings who gave Watership Down its title. There was an edition in 1973. Macmillan USA, then a giant, published the first U. S. edition in 1974. According to WorldCat, participating libraries hold copies in 18 languages of translation, in the Sandleford warren, Fiver, a young runt rabbit who is a seer, receives a frightening vision of his warrens imminent destruction. When he and his brother Hazel fail to convince their chief rabbit of the need to evacuate, they set out on their own, accompanied by nine other rabbits who choose to go with them
12.
Watership Down (film)
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Watership Down is a 1978 British animated adventure-thriller drama film written, produced, and directed by Martin Rosen. It is based on Richard Adams novel of the same name, originally released on 19 October 1978, the film was an immediate success and it became the sixth most popular film of 1979 at the British box office. It was the first animated film to be presented in Dolby surround sound. The musical score was by Angela Morley and Malcolm Williamson, Art Garfunkels hit single Bright Eyes, which was written by songwriter Mike Batt, briefly features. According to Adams Lapine language, culture and mythology, the world was created by the god Frith, all animals lived harmoniously, but the rabbits eventually multiplied, and their appetite led to a food shortage. At the prayers of the animals, Frith warned the rabbit prince El-ahrairah to control his people. In retaliation, Frith gave special gifts to every animal, satisfied that El-ahrairah had learned his lesson, Frith also gave the rabbits speed and cunning, while many would seek to kill them, the rabbits could survive by their wits and quickness. The group meets resistance from the police force called the Owsla. As Fiver had foreseen, the warren is wiped out by human developers, the group travels through the dangerous woods and makes it to a bean field to rest. In the morning, Violet is snatched away by a hawk, after several dangerous situations, they meet the enigmatic rabbit Cowslip, who invites them to his warren. They are grateful, but Fiver senses something unsettling in the atmosphere, as well as the resident rabbits overly resigned attitudes, an irked Bigwig follows, and chastises Fiver for supposedly causing senseless tension with his instincts. Moments later, however, he is caught in a snare trap, Fiver attempts to get help from their hosts, but is ignored. Bigwig is freed after nearly dying, as Fiver reveals, the warren is fed by a farmer who snares rabbits in return for his food and protection from predators. After Bigwigs narrow escape, the other rabbits willingly follow Fivers and Hazels advice, the rabbits discover Nuthanger farm, which contains a hutch of female rabbits, necessary for a new warren. However, they do not manage to free them, on account of the farm cat. Later, they are found by the maimed Owsla Captain Holly, who recounts the destruction of Sandleford by humans, after he recovers, Fiver finally leads the group to the hill he envisioned, Watership Down, where the rabbits settle in, with Hazel as chief. They befriend an acerbic injured seagull, Kehaar, who offers to survey the area for does. Kehaar returns and while removing buckshot pellets from Hazels leg, reports of Efrafa, Holly, who encountered Efrafa, begs them not to go there, describing it as a totalitarian state, run by vicious and heavily territorial rabbits
13.
Robin Hood (1973 film)
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Robin Hood is a 1973 American animated buddy musical adventure-comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions which was first released in the United States on November 8,1973. The 21st Disney animated feature film, it is based on the legend of Robin Hood, but uses anthropomorphic animals rather than people. The story follows the adventures of Robin Hood, Little John and the inhabitants of Nottingham as they fight against the taxation of Prince John. Meanwhile, Prince John and his assistant Sir Hiss arrive in Nottingham on a tour of the kingdom, knowing the royal coach is laden with riches, Robin and Little John rob Prince John by disguising themselves as fortune tellers. However, Robin Hood, disguised as a beggar, sneaks in and gives some money to the family, as well as his hat. Skippy and his friends test out the bow, but Skippy fires an arrow into the grounds of Maid Marians castle, the children sneak inside, meeting Maid Marian and her attendant Lady Kluck. Skippy rescues Marian from Lady Kluck, who pretends to be a pompous Prince John, meanwhile, Friar Tuck visits Robin and Little John, explaining that Prince John is hosting an archery tournament, and the winner will receive a kiss from Maid Marian. Robin decides to participate in the tournament disguised as a stork whilst Little John disguises himself as the Duke of Chutney to get near Prince John, Sir Hiss discovers Robins identity but is trapped in a barrel of ale by Friar Tuck and Alan-a-Dale. Robin wins the tournament, but Prince John exposes him and has him arrested for execution despite Maid Marians pleas. Little John threatens Prince John in order to release Robin, which leads to a fight between Prince Johns soldiers and the townsfolk, all of which escape to Sherwood Forest, enraged by the insult, Prince John triples the taxes, imprisoning most of the townsfolk who cannot pay. A paltry coin gets deposited into the box at Friar Tucks church. Prince John orders Friar Tuck hung, knowing Robin Hood will come out of hiding to rescue his friend and give the potential for Robin to be caught, chaos follows as Robin and the others try to escape to Sherwood Forest. The Sheriff corners Robin after he is forced to return to rescue Tagalong, during the chase, Prince Johns castle catches fire and the Sheriff figures he has Robin where he wants, either to be captured, burned, or make a risky jump into the moat. Little John and Skippy fear Robin is lost, but he surfaces safely after using a reed as a breathing tube. Later, King Richard returns to England, placing his brother, Sir Hiss, the alternate ending is a deleted version of the storys conclusion, primarily utilizing still images from Ken Andersons original storyboard drawings of the sequence. As Robin Hood leaps off of the castle and into the moat, Prince John, enraged that he has once again been outwitted by Robin Hood, finds Little John leaving the church, and suspects the outlaw to be there as well. Sure enough, he finds Maid Marian tending to an unconscious Robin Hood, before Prince John can strike, however, he is stopped by his brother, King Richard, having returned from the Crusades. King Richard is appalled to find that Prince John has left his kingdom bleak, abiding his mothers wishes, King Richard decides he cannot banish Prince John from the kingdom, but does grant him severe punishment
14.
Funny animal
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A funny animal is an anthropomorphic animal character who lives like a human. Additionally, some such as Bugs Bunny are inconsistently characterized as funny animals. Funny animal is also the genre of comics and animated cartoons which primarily feature funny animals, while many funny animal stories are light-hearted and humorous, the genre is not exclusively comedic. These stories may intersect with any genre or group of genres, including historical fiction, science fiction, superhero, western, slapstick comedy, childrens/family entertainment. Early examples of animal characters in literature came in the 1865 book Alices Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll with characters such as the White Rabbit. An early example of a book which made use of funny animals was the 1908 childrens book The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame. This story featured the character Mr. Toad who is human in almost every sense, other characters in the book, such as a mole, water rat, and otter, are also very human with the exception of preferring their species native habitats. The mole, for example, lives underground, but in a finished home, the 1945 novel Animal Farm by George Orwell notably features several talking animal characters who transition to bipedal, clothes-wearing funny animals by the end of the story. In the 1940s, Fawcett Comics published a book entitled Funny Animals, featuring such characters as Hoppy the Marvel Bunny. Beginning in the 1980s, there was a subgenre of original funny animal comic books with subject matter that were created largely for mature readers, comic strips have long been an outlet for funny animal characters. U. S. Krazy Kat was an early comic strip featuring the titular cat. This tactic allows for the relationship between human and animal to be ambiguous, as it may not be if the human can understand what the animal is thinking. The aforementioned Snoopy and Garfield are famous for this type of thought-speech, when the Peanuts specials were adapted for television, producers opted to make Snoopy mute, just as a normal dog would be, and act out his thoughts in pantomime. The funny animal genre evolved in the 1920s and 1930s, at a time when blackface became less socially acceptable, song and dance fell out of favor and were largely replaced by comedy and satire. The Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts by Warner Bros, animation, for instance, introduced dozens of funny animals, many of whom have reached iconic status in American culture. During this period there were standout creations like Ralph Bakshis iconoclastic feature animated film, Funny animals and animal-like characters made a brief comeback in the late 1980s and into the 1990s. American comic book Kemono Furry fandom Golden Age of American animation Human–animal hybrid Talking animal List of anthropomorphic animal superheroes Williams, P. Lyons, J. The Rise of the American Comics Artist, Creators and Contexts, University Press of Mississippi, ISBN9781604737929 Meskin, A. and Cook, R. T. and Ellis, W
15.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
16.
Fantasy
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Fantasy is a fiction genre set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Most fantasy uses magic or other elements as a main plot element, theme. Magic and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds, in popular culture, the fantasy genre is predominantly of the medievalist form. In its broadest sense, however, fantasy works by many writers, artists, filmmakers. Fantasy is studied in a number of disciplines including English and other studies, cultural studies, comparative literature, history. The identifying trait of fantasy is the reliance on imagination to create narrative elements that do not have to rely on history or nature to be coherent. This differs from realistic fiction in that whereas realistic fiction has to attend to the history and natural laws of reality, an author applies his or her imagination to come up with characters, plots, and settings that are impossible in reality. Fantasy has often compared with science fiction and horror because they are the major categories of speculative fiction. Fantasy is distinguished from science fiction by the plausibility of the narrative elements, a science fiction narrative is unlikely, though seeming possible through logical scientific and/or technological extrapolation, whereas fantasy narratives do not need to be scientifically possible. The imagined elements of fantasy do not need an explanation to be narratively functional. Authors have to rely on the suspension of disbelief, an acceptance of the unbelievable or impossible for the sake of enjoyment. Despite both genres heavy reliance on the supernatural, fantasy and horror are distinguishable, horror primarily evokes fear through the protagonists weaknesses or inability to deal with the antagonists. Beginning perhaps with the earliest written documents, mythic and other elements that would come to define fantasy. MacDonald was an influence on both J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The other major fantasy author of this era was William Morris, lord Dunsany established the genres popularity in both the novel and the short story form. Many popular mainstream authors also began to write fantasy at this time, including H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling and Edgar Rice Burroughs. Indeed, juvenile fantasy was considered more acceptable than fantasy intended for adults, nathaniel Hawthorne wrote fantasy in A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, intended for children, though works for adults only verged on fantasy. Political and social trends can affect a societys reception towards fantasy, in the early 20th century, the New Culture Movements enthusiasm for Westernization and science in China compelled them to condemn the fantastical shenmo genre of traditional Chinese literature
17.
Further Confusion
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It was the first event sponsored by Anthropomorphic Arts and Education and continues to be its largest. Beginning in 1999 with attendance of 691 individuals, Further Confusion has grown rapidly, in 2014, its record attendance was 3,560 individuals from around the world. Further Confusion donated over $100,000 to various charitable beneficiaries in the period 1999-2008 and its art show sales routinely exceed $50,000. Every year, Further Confusion invites significant artists, writers, or other workers as guests of honor. Animal Instincts, Fans of furry critters convene to help mankind, largest ever convention of furries descends on San Jose, Calif
18.
Stuffed toy
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A stuffed toy is a toy sewn from a textile, and stuffed with a soft material. In North American English they are referred to as plush toys, plushies, snuggies, stuffies. Textiles commonly used include plain cloth and pile textiles like plush or terrycloth, common stuffing materials are synthetic fiber batting, cotton, straw, wood wool, plastic pellets or beans. Stuffed toys are made in different forms, often resembling animals, legendary creatures. They are often used as objects, for display or collecting and given as gifts, such as for graduation. The first commercial concern to create stuffed toys was the German Steiff company in 1880, Steiff used new technology developed for upholstery to make their stuffed toys. In 1892, the Ithaca Kitty became one of the first mass-produced stuffed animal toys in the United States, in 1903 Richard Steiff designed a soft bear that differed from earlier traditional rag dolls, because it was made of plush furlike fabric. At the same time in the USA, Morris Michtom created the first teddy bear, the character Peter Rabbit from English author Beatrix Potter was the first stuffed toy to be patented, in 1903. Sock monkeys are a type of handmade stuffed monkey made out of socks that first appeared in the US during the Great Depression, amigurumi is a Japanese type of handcrafted knitted or crocheted stuffed toys. Amigurumi are typically made to look cute with oversized heads and undersized extremities, simple stuffed toys can be sewn using a cloth such as felt and stuffing such as cotton. Pillow Pets are a brand of stuffed toys that can be folded from a pillow into a stuffed animal, several brands of electronic and robotic plush toys were fads when they were first released. Some brands of stuffed toys use marketing strategies to encourage the collection of a series of stuffed toys, Webkinz stuffed animals were created by Ganz in 2005. Each Webkinz toy comes with a unique Secret Code that gives access to the Webkinz World website, disneys Club Penguin and Build-A-Bearville from Build-A-Bear Workshop are other online worlds with content that can be unlocked from codes found on associated stuffed toys. In 2013, Disney launched its first collection of Disney Tsum Tsum stuffed toys based on characters from different Disney properties, list of stuffed toy manufacturers Teddy bear
19.
Costume
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Costume is the distinctive style of dress of an individual or group that reflects their class, gender, profession, ethnicity, nationality, activity or epoch. The term also was used to describe typical appropriate clothing for certain activities, such as riding costume, swimming costume, dance costume. Appropriate and acceptable costume is subject to changes in fashion and local cultural norms, before the advent of ready-to-wear apparel, clothing was made by hand. Costume comes from the same Italian word, inherited via French, National costume or regional costume expresses local identity and emphasizes a cultures unique attributes. They are often a source of national pride, examples include the Scottish kilt or Japanese kimono. In Bhutan there is a national dress prescribed for men and women. These have been in vogue for thousands of years and have developed into a dress style. The dress worn by men is known as Gho which is a robe worn up to knee-length and is fastened at the waist by a called the Kera. The front part of the dress which is formed like a pouch, in olden days was used to hold baskets of food and short dagger, but now it is used to keep cell phone, purse and the betel nut called Doma. The dress worn by women consist of three known as Kira, Tego and Wonju. The long dress which extends up to the ankle is Kira, the jacket worn above this is Tego which is provided with Wonju, the inner jacket. However, while visiting the Dzong or monastery a long scarf or stoll, called Kabney is worn by men across the shoulder, women also wear scarfs or stolls called Rachus, made of raw silk with embroidery, over their shoulder but not indicative of their rank. Some stylized theatrical costumes, such as Harlequin and Pantaloon in the Commedia dellarte, exaggerate an aspect of a character, the wearing of costumes is an important part of holidays developed from religious festivals such as Mardi Gras, and Halloween. Christmas costumes typically portray characters such as Santa Claus, in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States the American version of a Santa suit and beard is popular, in the Netherlands, the costume of Zwarte Piet is customary. Easter costumes are associated with the Easter Bunny or other animal costumes, in Judaism, a common practice is to dress up on Purim. During this holiday, Jews celebrate the change of their destiny and they were delivered from being the victims of an evil decree against them and were instead allowed by the King to destroy their enemies. A quote from the Book of Esther, which says, On the contrary is the reason that wearing a costume has become customary for this holiday. Buddhist religious festivals in Tibet, Bhutan, Mongolia and Lhasa and Sikkim in India perform the Cham dance, parades and processions provide opportunities for people to dress up in historical or imaginative costumes
20.
Fursuit
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Fursuits can be worn for personal enjoyment, work or charity. Unlike mascot suits, which are affiliated with a team or organization. Fursuiters may adopt another personality while in costume for the purpose of performance, fursuits are typically sold online by commission or auction, but can also be sold at conventions. Most fursuits are created by specialized online businesses if they are not self-made, workmanship quality varies widely depending on the cost of the suit and skill of the maker. A fursuit may cost more than a thousand dollars, the primary supplies are foam, fake or faux fur, silicone, and buckram and plasticard to make the eyes. Many suits include special padding or undersuits to give the character its desired shape, other suit variations include the partial suit, which only has a mask, gloves, a tail, and possibly feet, with regular clothing covering the rest of the body. Three-quarter suits also include part of the body, like the torso or legs and this type of fursuit works well for characters who only wear a shirt without pants or just a pair of pants without a shirt. Quadsuits are designed with arm-extending stilts so that the wearer can walk on all fours, fursuits can be expensive to clean. Animal costumes have been part of culture since prehistorical times. Fursuits are worn to furry conventions and other such as anime or gaming conventions. Fursuits may also be worn in public, some fursuit owners use their suits as temporary costumed characters to bring attention to an event or charity. A subset of fursuits more resemble creature suits and may be used in live action role-playing games or films, creature suit Costumed character Cosplay Fur clothing
21.
Masquerade ball
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A masquerade ball is an event in which the participants attend in costume wearing a mask. The Bal des Ardents was held by Charles VI of France, and intended as a Bal des sauvages and it took place in celebration of the marriage of a lady-in-waiting of Charles VI of Frances queen in Paris on January 28,1393. The King and five courtiers dressed as wildmen of the woods, with costumes of flax, when they came too close to a torch, the dancers caught fire. Such costumed dances were a luxury of the ducal court of Burgundy. Masquerade balls were extended into costumed public festivities in Italy during the 16th century Renaissance and they were generally elaborate dances held for members of the upper classes, and were particularly popular in Venice. They have been associated with the tradition of the Venetian Carnival, with the fall of the Venetian Republic at the end of the 18th century, the use and tradition of masks gradually began to decline, until they disappeared altogether. They became popular throughout mainland Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, sometimes with fatal results, gustav III of Sweden was assassinated at a masquerade ball by disgruntled nobleman Jacob Johan Anckarström, an event which Eugène Scribe and Daniel Auber turned into the opera Gustave III. The same event was the basis of Giuseppe Verdis opera A Masked Ball, most masks came from countries like Switzerland and Italy. Londons public gardens, like Vauxhall Gardens, refurbished in 1732, and Ranelagh Gardens, provided optimal outdoor settings, throughout the century, masquerade dances became popular in Colonial America. Its prominence did not go unchallenged, a significant anti-masquerade movement grew alongside the balls themselves, the anti-masquerade writers held that the events encouraged immorality and foreign influence. In the 1770s, fashionable Londoners went to the organized by Teresa Cornelys at Carlisle House in Soho Square. Masquerade balls were set as a game among the guests. The masked guests were dressed so as to be unidentifiable. This would create a type of game to see if a guest could determine each others identities and this added a humorous effect to many masquerades and enabled a more enjoyable version of typical balls. One of the most noted masquerade balls of the 20th century was held at Palazzo Labia in Venice on 3 September 1951. It was dubbed the party of the century, a new resurgence of masquerade balls began in the late 1990s in North America. More recently, the party atmosphere is emphasized and the formal dancing usually less prominent, less formal costume parties may be a descendant of this tradition. The picturesque quality of the ball has made it a favorite topic or setting in literature
22.
Sport
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Usually the contest or game is between two sides, each attempting to exceed the other. Some sports allow a tie game, others provide tie-breaking methods, to one winner. A number of such two-sided contests may be arranged in a tournament producing a champion, many sports leagues make an annual champion by arranging games in a regular sports season, followed in some cases by playoffs. Hundreds of sports exist, from those between single contestants, through to those with hundreds of participants, either in teams or competing as individuals. In certain sports such as racing, many contestants may compete, each against each other, however, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as mind sports. Sports are usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair competition, winning can be determined by physical events such as scoring goals or crossing a line first. It can also be determined by judges who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely announced or reported in sport news. Sport is also a source of entertainment for non-participants, with spectator sport drawing large crowds to sport venues. Sports betting is in some cases severely regulated, and in some cases is central to the sport, kearney, a consultancy, the global sporting industry is worth up to $620 billion as of 2013. The worlds most accessible and practised sport is running, while football is the most popular spectator sport. The word Sport comes from the Old French desport meaning leisure, other meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling, hunting, and games and diversions, including ones that require exercise. Rogets defines the noun sport as an activity engaged in for relaxation, the singular term sport is used in most English dialects to describe the overall concept, with sports used to describe multiple activities. American English uses sports for both terms, the precise definition of what separates a sport from other leisure activities varies between sources. They also recognise that sport can be physical, primarily mind, predominantly motorised, primarily co-ordination. The inclusion of sports within sport definitions has not been universally accepted. Whilst SportAccord recognises a number of mind sports, it is not open to admitting any further mind sports. According to Council of Europe, European Sports Charter, article 2, other bodies advocate widening the definition of sport to include all physical activity. For instance, the Council of Europe include all forms of physical exercise, in competitive events, participants are graded or classified based on their result and often divided into groups of comparable performance
23.
Mascot
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Mascots are also used as fictional, representative spokespeople for consumer products, such as the rabbit used in advertising and marketing for the General Mills brand of breakfast cereal, Trix. In the world of sports, mascots are used for merchandising. Team mascots are often confused with team nicknames, while the two can be interchangeable, they are not always the same. For example, the teams of the Auburn University are nicknamed the Auburn Tigers. Costumed mascots are commonplace, and are used as goodwill ambassadors in the community for their team, company. It was originally sporting organisations that first thought of using animals as a form of mascot to bring entertainment and excitement for their spectators, before mascots were fictional icons or people in suits. Animals were mostly used in order to bring a different feel to the game. The event that prompted these changes was the invention of the Muppets in the late 1960s, the puppets offered something different to what everyone was used too. It allowed to people to not only have visual enjoyment but also allowed them to interact physically with the mascots, marketers quickly realized the great potential in three-dimensional mascot and took on board the Muppet-like idea. This change encouraged other companies to start creating their own mascots, resulting in mascots being a necessity amongst not only the sporting industry, the word mascot originates from the French term mascotte which means lucky charm. This was used to describe anything that brought luck to a household, the word was first recorded in 1867 and popularised by a French composer Edmond Audran who wrote the opera La Mascotte, performed in December 1880. But didnt enter into the English language until the year after in 1881, however, before this, the terms were familiar to the people of France as a slang word used by gamblers. The term is a derivative of the word masco meaning sorceress or witch, before the 19th century, the word mascot was associated with inanimate objects that would be commonly seen such as a lock of hair or a figurehead on a sailing ship. But from then on until the present day, the term was seen to be associated with good luck animals. Often the choice of mascot reflects a desired quality, an example of this is the fighting spirit. In the United States, controversy surrounds some mascot choices, especially those using human likenesses, Mascots based on Native American tribes are particularly contentious, as many argue that they constitute offensive exploitations of an oppressed culture. However several Indian tribes have come out in support of keeping the names. For example, the Utah Utes and the Central Michigan Chippewas are sanctioned by local tribes, similarly, the Florida State Seminoles are supported by the Seminole Tribe of Florida in their use of Osceola and Renegade as symbols
24.
Audio-Animatronics
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The robots move and make noise, but are usually fixed to whatever supports them. They can sit and stand but usually cannot walk, an Audio-Animatron is different from an android-type robot in that it uses prerecorded movements and sounds, rather than responding to external stimuli. In 2009, Disney created a version of the technology called Autonomatronics. Animatronics has become a name for similar robots created by firms other than Disney. Audio-Animatronics were originally a creation of Walt Disney employee Lee Adams, one of the first Disney Audio-Animatrons was a toy bird Walt Disney got in New Orleans. It was a mechanical bird, and Walt decided to improve the device that moved it. Another was a man, created by Roger Broggie and Wathel Rogers. The dancing man was modeled after a tap dancing routine by actor Buddy Ebsen, the term Audio-Animatronics was first used commercially by Disney in 1961, was filed as a trademark in 1964, and was registered in 1967. Perhaps the most impressive of the early Audio-Animatronics efforts was The Enchanted Tiki Room and it was a room full of tropical creatures with eye and facial actions synchronized to a musical score entirely by electromechanical means. The movements of the birds, flowers, and tiki idols are triggered by sound. Figures movements have a natural resting position that the limb or part returns to when there is no electric pulse present. Other than this, the animation is a system, with only on/off moves. Other early Audio-Animatrons were at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair, pneumatic actuators were not powerful enough to move heavier objects like simulated limbs, so hydraulics were used for large figures. On/off type movement would cause an arm to be lifted either up over a head or down next to its body. To create more movement in large figures, an analog system was used. This gave the body parts a full range of fluid motion. The digital system was used with small pneumatic moving limbs, to permit a high degree of freedom, the control cylinders resemble typical miniature pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, but mount the back of the cylinder on a ball joint and threaded rod. This ball joint permits the cylinders to float freely inside the frame, Disneys technology is not infallible however, the oil-filled cylinders do occasionally drip or leak
25.
Prosthetic makeup
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Prosthetic makeup is the process of using prosthetic sculpting, molding and casting techniques to create advanced cosmetic effects. Prosthetic makeup was revolutionized by John Chambers in such films as Planet of the Apes, the process of creating a prosthetic appliance begins with lifecasting, the process of taking a mold of a body part to use as a base for sculpting the prosthetic. Lifecast molds are made from prosthetic alginate or more recently, from skin-safe silicone rubber and this initial mold is relatively weak and flexible. A hard mother mold, typically made of plaster or fiberglass bandages is created overtop the initial mold to provide support, once a negative mold has been created, it is promptly filled with gypsum cement, most commonly a brand called Ultracal-30, to make a positive mold. The form of the prosthetic is sculpted in clay on top of the positive, the edges of the clay should be made as thin as possible, for the clay is a stand-in for what will eventually be the prosthetic piece. Along the edges of the mold, keys or mold points are sculpted or carved into the lifecast, once sculpting is completed, a second mold is made. This gives two or more pieces of a mold - a positive of the face, and one or more negative mold pieces of the face with prosthetic sculpted in, all clay is carefully removed and the prosthetic material is cast into the mold cavity. The prosthetic material can be foam latex, gelatin, silicone or other similar materials, the prosthetic is cured within the two part mold - thus creating the beginning of a makeup effect. One of the hardest parts of prosthetic make-up is keeping the edges as thin as possible and they should be tissue thin so they are easy to blend and cover giving a flawless look. The use of makeup to create wounds or trauma is called moulage and is used by the military and medical schools to educate. Samantha Fox, Race Swap and makeup process, julie Goodyear, Age Swap and makeup application. Tommy Lee Jones, Harvey Dent/Two-Face in Batman Forever, rebecca Loos, Gender Swap and makeup application. James McAvoy among others in The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, the Witch, rik Mayall, Drop Dead Fred Larissa Meek, Average Joe Hawaii Melinda Messenger, Celebrity Swap. Jack Nicholson, Jack Napier/The Joker in Batman, ron Perlman, several times in his career, but most notably as Hellboy Brad Pitt, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Katie Price, Jordan Gets Even and makeup application. Melena Scantlin, The completed makeup and the scene and the makeup process. Arnold Schwarzenegger, as iterations of the Terminator in The Terminator and its sequels Terminator 2, Judgment Day and Terminator 3, carol Smillie, Gender Swap and makeup application. Lea Thompson, A Will Of Their Own, Back To The Future Part II, many actors in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, notably John Rhys Davies and various actors/stuntmen portraying orcs. Make-up artist Special effect Animatronics Facial prosthetic Prosthetic Makeup, truffle Forager and Food Make-Up Artist
26.
Puppeteer
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The puppeteer may be visible to or hidden from the audience. Some puppet styles require two or more puppeteers to work together to create a puppet character. The puppeteer might speak in the role of the puppets character, however, there is much puppetry which does not use the moving mouth. Often, in theatre, a mouth is used only for gestural expression. In traditional glove puppetry often one puppeteer will operate two puppets at an out of a cast of several. Very often, though, the puppeteer assumes the joint roles of puppet-maker, director, moose and Mr. Bunny Rabbit Cary Antebi - Sherlock the Squirrel in The Magic Garden Pam Arciero - Grundgetta from Sesame Street. Bob Baker -400 movies, first puppeteer on TV – Los Angeles KHJ in 1939, greg Ballora - Emmett from The Adventures of Timmy the Tooth, Baloney from The Mr. Potato Head Show. Billy Barkhurst - Jennifer Barnhart - Cleo Lion from Between the Lions, Mama Bear from Sesame Street, phil Baron - Bill Barretta - Pepe the King Prawn, Bobo the Bear, and Johnny Fiama from Muppets Tonight. Rowlf the Dog and The Swedish Chef, marjorie Batchelder McPharlin - American puppeteer and authority on the puppet theater. Trace Beaulieu - Mystery Science Theater 3000s Crow T, fran Brill - Zoe, Prairie Dawn, Little Bird, Roxie Marie from Sesame Street. The Chiodo Brothers - Stephen Chiodo, Edward Chiodo, and Charles Chiodo have used their company Chiodo Bros, productions Inc. to create puppets for specific films which they also performed in. They are also known for performing the puppet for Dr. Colosso from The Thundermans, forman Brown - Puppeteer and gay novelist. He was a member of the Yale Puppeteers and the force behind Turnabout Theatre. Warrick Brownlow-Pike - Dodge T. Dog, Oucho T. Cactus Lisa Buckley - Ms. Fluffé from Dog City and she built Noodle McNoodle from Noodle and Doodle. Simon Buckley - British TV and film puppeteer Julianne Buescher - Potato Bug from The Mr. Potato Head Show, Potato Head from The Mr. Potato Head Show. Kevin Carlson helped Dina Fraboni James Murray to create The Adventures of Timmy the Tooth where he performed the title character, leslie Carrara-Rudolph - Abby Cadabby from Sesame Street. Dave Chapman - Dougie Colon from That Puppet Game Show, Otis the Aardvark, Scratch from Nuzzle, Kevin Clash - Elmo from Sesame Street, Clifford from The Jim Henson Hour and Muppets Tonight, Baby Sinclair from Dinosaurs. Lola Cueto - María Dolores Velázquez Rivas, better known as Lola Cueto Mexican painter, printmaker, mireya Cueto - Mexican puppeteer, writer and dramaturg
27.
Rapid T. Rabbit and Friends
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Rabbit and Friends is an independently produced puppet show aimed at furry communities that has been cablecast weekly on cable TV in New York City since February 21,1983. The show runs on the Public-access television cable TV channels on the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, Queens Public TV, the show is based in Rapids home of New York City, and follows him and his friends both in town and around the country. In recent years the show has expanded to include Rapid as a mascot, cuppy, a puppet co-host Rupert, Rapids puppet nephew Mejeep, the meeping ferret T. H. E. Fox Greg the Bunny Cody Coyote Dr. Demento Looney Bird Frank Sidebottom Tenderheart Bear and Bedtime Bear of The Care Bears Orwin Raccoon Mr. Rat from The Mr. Bear Today Show Rattus T
28.
Funday PawPet Show
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Funday PawPet Show is an Internet show that is cast by puppet characters. It was created by Randy Yappy Fox in November 1999 and is broadcast over the Internet on Sunday nights from 17,00 to 21,00 ET from his home in Kissimmee, Florida. Before November 25,2007 the show aired from 19,00 to 23,00 EST, but this was changed due to an international audience. The show is performed live at the Megaplex furry convention, held in Kissimmee, Florida, as well as at Anthrocon, held in Pittsburgh. The Funday PawPet Show has sparked a few imitations, such as Fluff & Such Productions, PawPets West, other puppetry events, such as Lionel Scritchies Dormitory at Eurofurence were partially inspired by the Funday PawPet Show. K. P. as Ezra Shorts, Tod Ferret, and Spoiler Yappy Fox as Rummage G. O. F Grey Old Fox BAWWK. the Funday PawPet Shows website has an archive of all art submitted since 1999. Prior to Art Jams officially starting, viewers started sending in their artwork on their own and it was shared throughout the show. Picture Captions The viewers are asked to send in a caption for a certain picture. The captions are broadcast near the end of the show, roll Call One of the cast members or guests reads the nicknames of those in the shows IRC channel while the Jarabe tapatío is played. For some broadcasts, such as ones with notable guests or upcoming holidays, the verbal roll call was discontinued on episode 500, the chat room names are now listed in the shows closing credits. Spits-or-Swallows The cast eats or drinks something their viewers have sent in, subservience Inspired by Burger Kings The Subservient Chicken, this segment consists of a cast member appearing on camera and performing actions based on suggestions from the audience. It usually features fursuiters, though there have been exceptions, such as Episode 315s Subservient Rasvar, Episode 362s Subservient Captain Jack Sparrow, and Episode 369s Subservient BassMan. The Pink Flamingo Challenge Show visitors are treated to some sort of pastry which they are encouraged to eat while viewing a clip from the ending to the movie Pink Flamingos. Since this portion of the film is disturbingly graphic, only the reaction is shown to viewers. On some occasions, a food item is offered, on rarer occasions, such as a fursuiting guest. Paw Tweets Announcements, such as birthdays or shout-outs, sent in by viewers up to 140 characters are read aloud and this usually takes place late in the show to allow time for submissions to be made. The feature was begun by longtime viewer and contributor Garrison Skunk who wanted to preserve some notable quotes when it was announced that episode 324 was not being taped due to a machine error. As a joke, the feature retains the number 60 in its title despite growing to over 80 quotes a week, with page 3 continuing as normal
29.
Fashion accessory
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A fashion accessory is an item used to contribute, in a secondary manner, to the wearers outfit, often used to complete an outfit and chosen to specifically complement the wearers look. The term came into use in the 19th century, Fashion accessories can be loosely categorized into two general areas, those that are carried and those that are worn. Traditional carried accessories include purses and handbags, eyewear, hand fans, parasols and umbrellas, wallets, canes, in Victorian fashion accessories such as fans, parasols and gloves held significance for how women experienced gender, race and class. In this era, there was a trend for women to adopt, or aspire to, consequently, gloves were often used by women to cover their hands and mask any signs of labor. Also, in the early 16th century in Italy hat badges were worn by men of a higher social status as decorative item. Hat badges were worn in conjunction with a decorative sword. Hat badges were fashioned after plaquettes and often depicted a scene with personal relevance to the wearer, status symbol Media related to Fashion accessory at Wikimedia Commons
30.
Role-playing
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Role-playing refers to the changing of ones behaviour to assume a role, either unconsciously to fill a social role, or consciously to act out an adopted role. Many children participate in a form of role-playing known as make believe, wherein they adopt certain roles such as doctor, sometimes make believe adopts an oppositional nature, resulting in games such as cops and robbers. Historical re-enactment has been practiced by adults for millennia, within the 20th century historical re-enactment has often been pursued as a hobby. Improvisational theatre dates back to the Commedia dellArte tradition of the 16th century, modern improvisational theatre began in the classroom with the theatre games of Viola Spolin and Keith Johnstone in the 1950s. Viola Spolin, who was one of the founders the famous comedy troupe Second City, insisted that her exercises were games, and that they involved role-playing as early as 1946. She accurately judged role-playing in the theatre as rehearsal and actor training, or the playing of the role of actor versus theatre roles, a role-playing game is a game in which the participants assume the roles of characters and collaboratively create stories. Participants determine the actions of their characters based on their characterisation, within the rules, they may improvise freely, their choices shape the direction and outcome of the games. Message boards such as ProBoards and InvisionFree are popularly used for role-playing, often on forum-based roleplays, rules, and standards are set up, such as a minimum word count, character applications, and plotting boards to increase complexity and depth of story. There are different genres of which one can choose while role-playing, including, but not limited to, fantasy, modern, medieval, steam punk, and historical. Role-playing may also refer to training where people rehearse situations in preparation for a future performance. The most common examples are occupational training role-plays, educational role-play exercises, one of the first uses of computers was to simulate real-world conditions for participants role-playing the flying of aircraft. Flight simulators used computers to solve the equations of flight and train future pilots, the army began full-time role-playing simulations with soldiers using computers both within full scale training exercises and for training in numerous specific tasks under wartime conditions. Examples include weapon firing, vehicle simulators, and control station mock-ups and this technique of assigning and taking roles in psychological research has a long history. It has been used in the classic social psychological experiments by Kurt Lewin, Stanley Milgram. Herbert Kelman suggested that role-playing might be the most promising source of research methods alternative to using deception
31.
MUD
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A MUD, is a multiplayer real-time virtual world, usually text-based. MUDs combine elements of role-playing games, hack and slash, player versus player, interactive fiction, players can read or view descriptions of rooms, objects, other players, non-player characters, and actions performed in the virtual world. Players typically interact with other and the world by typing commands that resemble a natural language. Traditional MUDs implement a video game set in a fantasy world populated by fictional races and monsters. The objective of this sort of game is to slay monsters, explore a world, complete quests, go on adventures, create a story by roleplaying. Many MUDs were fashioned around the rules of the Dungeons & Dragons series of games. MUDs have attracted the interest of scholars from many fields, including communications, sociology, law. At one time, there was interest from the United States military in using them for teleconferencing, most MUDs are run as hobbies and are free to players, some may accept donations or allow players to purchase virtual items, while others charge a monthly subscription fee. MUDs can be accessed via standard telnet clients, or specialized MUD clients which are designed to improve the user experience, numerous games are listed at various web portals, such as The Mud Connector. Indeed, before the invention of the term MMORPG, games of this style were simply called graphical MUDs, a number of influential MMORPG designers began as MUD developers and/or players or were involved with early MUDs. Colossal Cave Adventure, created in 1975 by Will Crowther on a DEC PDP-10 computer, was the first widely used adventure game, the game was significantly expanded in 1976 by Don Woods. Also called Adventure, it contained many D&D features and references, numerous graphical MUDs were created on the PLATO system at the University of Illinois and other American universities that used PLATO, beginning in 1975. Among them were pedit5, oubliette, moria, avathar, krozair, dungeon, dnd, crypt, PLATO MUDs are often ignored by historians and by the creators of other MUDs whose work came later. Inspired by Adventure, a group of students at MIT in the summer of 1977 wrote a game for the PDP-10 minicomputer, called Zork, Zork was ported, under the filename DUNGEN, to FORTRAN by a programmer working at DEC in 1978. In 1978 Roy Trubshaw, a student at Essex University in the UK and he named the game MUD, in tribute to the Dungeon variant of Zork, which Trubshaw had greatly enjoyed playing. Trubshaw converted MUD to BCPL, before handing over development to Richard Bartle, the game revolved around gaining points till one achieved the Wizard rank, giving the character immortality and special powers over mortals. It became the first Internet multiplayer online role-playing game in 1980, the original MUD game was closed down in late 1987, reportedly under pressure from CompuServe, to whom Richard Bartle had licensed the game. This left MIST, a derivative of MUD1 with similar gameplay, as the only remaining MUD running on the Essex University network, MIST ran until the machine that hosted it, a PDP-10, was superseded in early 1991
32.
Internet forum
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An Internet forum, or message board, is an online discussion site where people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages. They differ from chat rooms in that messages are often longer than one line of text, also, depending on the access level of a user or the forum set-up, a posted message might need to be approved by a moderator before it becomes visible. Forums have a set of jargon associated with them, example. A discussion forum is hierarchical or tree-like in structure, a forum can contain a number of subforums, within a forums topic, each new discussion started is called a thread, and can be replied to by as many people as so wish. Depending on the settings, users can be anonymous or have to register with the forum. On most forums, users do not have to log in to read existing messages, the modern forum originated from bulletin boards, and so-called computer conferencing systems, and are a technological evolution of the dialup bulletin board system. From a technological standpoint, forums or boards are web applications managing user-generated content, early Internet forums could be described as a web version of an electronic mailing list or newsgroup, allowing people to post messages and comment on other messages. Later developments emulated the different newsgroups or individual lists, providing more than one forum, Internet forums are prevalent in several developed countries. Japan posts the most with two million per day on their largest forum, 2channel. China also has millions of posts on forums such as Tianya Club. Some of the very first forum systems were the Planet-Forum system, developed in the beginning of the 1970-s, the EIES system, first operational in 1976, one of the first forum sites, and still active today, is Delphi Forums, once called Delphi. The service, with four members, dates to 1983. Forums perform a similar to that of dial-up bulletin board systems. Early web-based forums date back as far as 1994, with the WIT project from W3 Consortium and starting from this time, a sense of virtual community often develops around forums that have regular users. Technology, video games, sports, music, fashion, religion, and politics are popular areas for forum themes, Internet slang and image macros popular across the Internet are abundant and widely used in Internet forums. Forum software packages are available on the Internet and are written in a variety of programming languages, such as PHP, Perl, Java. The configuration and records of posts can be stored in files or in a database. Each package offers different features, from the most basic, providing text-only postings, to more advanced packages, offering multimedia support, many packages can be integrated easily into an existing website to allow visitors to post comments on articles
33.
Carnivora
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Carnivora is a diverse scrotiferan order that includes over 280 species of placental mammals. Its members are referred to as carnivorans, whereas the word carnivore can refer to any meat-eating organism.9 m in length. Some carnivorans, such as cats and pinnipeds, depend entirely on meat for their nutrition, carnivorans have teeth and claws adapted for catching and eating other animals. Many hunt in packs and are social animals, giving them an advantage over larger prey, carnivorans are split into two suborders, feliforms and caniforms. Carnivorans all share the same arrangement of teeth in which the last upper premolar, carnivorans have had this arrangement for over 60 million years with many adaptions, and these dental adaptions help identify carnivoran species and groupings of species. Carnivorans evolved in North America out of members of the family Miacidae about 42 million years ago and they soon split into cat-like and dog-like forms. Their molecular phylogeny shows the extant Carnivora are a monophyletic group, the last premolar of the upper jaw and first molar of the lower are termed the carnassials or sectorial teeth. These blade-like teeth occlude with an action for shearing and shredding meat. Carnassials are most highly developed in the Felidae and the least developed in the Ursidae, carnivorans have six incisors and two conical canines in each jaw. The only two exceptions to this are the sea otter, which has four incisors in the jaw, and the sloth bear. The number of molars and premolars is variable between species, but all teeth are deeply rooted and are diphyodont. Incisors are retained by carnivorans and the incisor is commonly large. Carnivorans have either four or five digits on each foot, with the first digit on the forepaws, also known as the dew claw, being vestigial in most species and absent in some. Most species are plain in coloration, lacking the flashy spotted or rosetted coats like many species of felids and viverrids have. This is because Canoidea tend to range in the temperate and subarctic biomes, most are terrestrial, although a few species, like procyonids, are arboreal. All families except the Canidae and a few species of Mustelidae are plantigrade, diet is varied and most tend to be omnivorous to some degree, and thus the carnassial teeth are less specialized. Canoidea have more premolars and molars in an elongated skull and this is because these species tend to range in tropical habitats, although a few species do inhabit temperate and subarctic habitats. Many are arboreal or semiarboreal, and the majority are digitigrade, diet tends to be more strictly carnivorous, especially in the family Felidae
34.
FurryMUCK
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FurryMUCK is one of the oldest and largest non-combat MUD-style games in existence. It was founded in 1990 as a gathering place for furry fans to meet. Over time, FurryMUCK has become one of the focal points for furry fandom, with a user base consisting of several thousand. Many furry fans state that their first exposure to furry fandom came from FurryMUCK, west Corner of the Park is the central meeting place within the MUCK. It is held to a rating and is generally continually populated. Visitors will emerge into the Park, there also was a webcomic of the same name which is set on FurryMUCK, usually in the park. The first MUDs appeared in 1978, and provided a virtual world focused on adventure. While the first MUDs were clearly focused on the game, things changed in 1989 when Jim Aspnes released TinyMUD, TinyMUD allowed users to focus on building and socialisation, rather than game playing. It did not take long until TinyMUD had emerged as the most popular MUD on the internet, and these players described themselves as anthropomorphic animals, and proved to be somewhat controversial. With TinyMUDs success a number of alternative systems derived from TinyMUD’s basic architecture emerged, one of these variants was TinyMUCK, a program originally developed and released by Stephen White. Piaw Na became interested in White’s TinyMUCK in 1990, and decided to implement Forth as the language for development within the environment. The result was MUCK Forth, as implemented in TinyMUCK2.0, which became the core to Na’s short-lived AtlantisMUCK, AtlantisMUCK grew to be tremendously popular, but was shut down in August of that year. Nevertheless, by that time copies of Na’s code had spread, according to Tina Jahangiri Smith, the founders of FurryMUCK were looking for a theme for their new MUCK, and furries emerged as an option. The aim was to combine furry fandom with the MUDs users — the former group needing a better method of communication, however, one early difficulty faced by the growing FurryMUCK community related to where to host the system. The original version of FurryMUCK was hosted at North Carolina State University until mid-1991, a new home was found at the University of California at Irvine, where it resided until November of that year. While at UC Irvine FurryMUCK was limited to 63 concurrent users, in November FurryMUCK moved again, this time to a server at Carnegie-Mellon University. It remained there until September 1992, when FurryMUCK was deleted and had to be restarted at the University of Toronto. Toronto proved to be only a home, and in October 1993, after a call for volunteers to host the system
35.
Furcadia
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Furcadia is a free-to-play MMOSG/MMORPG or graphical MUD, set in a fantasy world inhabited by fantasy creatures. The game is based on user-created content with emphasis on world building tools, exploring, socializing, in 2008, Furcadia was reported as having over 60,000 players. The character, or avatar on Furcadia can be set to one of 11 free species, players can choose between one of three genders, male, female, and unspecified. These genders modify the default portrait, butler, and specitags, players can customize their avatars by choosing colors from a palette. These colors are shown on the butler, walkabout, and portrait, the walkabout has a walking animation with the ability to stand, sit, or lie down. There are default portraits for each avatar, however, players may upload a 95x95 custom portrait for a small fee,22 Custom avatars may be added and used inside private dreams, for free. Each character can also have a description, which can include character details, external links to websites. Some players choose to link to third-party websites to extend their descriptions beyond the character-limit the standard Furcadia description allows, the primary focus of Furcadia is user-generated content. To this end, the Furcadia game download includes an art editor, a map creating program, an editor. Users are encouraged to create their own worlds, called Dreams. Dreams remain open to the area in which they are uploaded, so long as it is inhabited. While there are types of dreams that are popular, users continue to create new things with the tools they are given. Furcadia hosts a variety of roleplaying dreams, ranging from strict-continuity roleplay to persona play, roleplaying dreams also come in a number of different forms, ranging from feral to furre to human. Many dreams revolve around fantasy plots and themes, based on books, television programs, ancient mythology. Furcadia itself is made up of several dreams, the ones made by its users. Additional art may be added to a Dream in file types ending with e, such as iteme, floore, much user created patch art is available for download via third party websites. Dreams can also include the use of files in the WMA, Ogg, MOD, S3M, WAV. Players may add interactivity to dreams chiefly through a scripting language known as DragonSpeak
36.
Virtual world
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These avatars can be textual, two or three-dimensional graphical representations, or live video avatars with auditory and touch sensations. In general, virtual worlds allow for multiple users, the user accesses a computer-simulated world which presents perceptual stimuli to the user, who in turn can manipulate elements of the modeled world and thus experience a degree of presence. Such modeled worlds and their rules may draw from the reality or fantasy worlds, example rules are gravity, topography, locomotion, real-time actions, and communication. Communication between users can range from text, graphical icons, visual gesture, sound, and rarely, forms using touch, voice command, and balance senses. Massively multiplayer online games depict a range of worlds, including those based on science fiction, the real world, super heroes, sports, horror. The most common form of games are fantasy worlds, whereas those based on the real world are relatively rare. Most MMORPGs have real-time actions and communication, players create a character who travels between buildings, towns, and worlds to carry out business or leisure activities. Communication is usually textual, but real-time voice communication is also possible, the form of communication used can substantially affect the experience of players in the game. Virtual worlds are not limited to games but, depending on the degree of immediacy presented, can encompass computer conferencing, sometimes, emoticons or smilies are available to show feeling or facial expression. Emoticons often have a keyboard shortcut, edward Castronova is an economist who has argued that synthetic worlds is a better term for these cyberspaces, but this term has not been widely adopted. The concept of virtual worlds significantly predates computers, the Roman naturalist, Pliny the Elder, expressed an interest in perceptual illusion. Such devices are characterized by bulky headsets and other types of sensory input simulation, contemporary virtual worlds, in particular the multi-user online environments, emerged mostly independently of this research, fueled instead by the gaming industry but drawing on similar inspiration. Maze War was the first networked, 3D multi-user first person shooter game, maze introduced the concept of online players in 1973–1974 as eyeball avatars chasing each other around in a maze. It was played on ARPANET, or Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, the initial game could only be played on an Imlac, as it was specifically designed for this type of computer. The first virtual worlds presented on the Internet were communities and chat rooms, some of which evolved into MUDs, the first MUD, known as MUD1, was released in 1978. The acronym originally stood for Multi-User Dungeon, but later came to mean Multi-User Dimension. A MUD is a world with many players interacting in real time. The early versions were text-based, offering only limited graphical representation, users interact in role-playing or competitive games by typing commands and can read or view descriptions of the world and other players
37.
Second Life
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Second Life is an online virtual world, developed and owned by the San Francisco-based firm Linden Lab and launched on June 23,2003. By 2013, Second Life had approximately 1 million regular users, the virtual world can be accessed freely via Linden Labs own client programs or via alternative Third Party Viewers. Second Life users create virtual representations of themselves, called avatars, and are able to interact with places, objects, and other avatars. They can explore the world, meet other residents, socialize, participate in individual and group activities, build, create, shop, the platform principally features 3D-based user-generated content. Second Life also has its own currency, the Linden Dollar. Second Life is intended for people aged 16 and over, with the exception of 13–15-year-old users, built into the software is a 3D modeling tool based on simple geometric shapes, that allows residents to build virtual objects. There is also a procedural scripting language, Linden Scripting Language, sculpted prims, mesh, textures for clothing or other objects, animations, and gestures can be created using external software and imported. The Second Life terms of service provide that users retain copyright for any content they create, however, Linden Lab changed their terms of service in August 2013, to be able to use user-generated content for any purpose. The new terms of service prevent users from using textures from 3rd-party texture services, in 1999, Philip Rosedale formed Linden Lab with the intention of developing computer hardware to allow people to become immersed in a virtual world. That vision changed into the software application Linden World, in which participated in task-based games. That effort eventually transformed into the known, user-centered Second Life. In 2005 and 2006, Second Life began to significant media attention, including a cover story on BusinessWeek magazine featuring the virtual world. By that time, Anshe Chung had become Second Lifes poster child, at the same time, the service saw a period of exponential growth of its user base. On December 11,2007, Cory Ondrejka, who helped program Second Life, was forced to resign as chief technology officer. In January 2008, residents spent a total of 28,274,505 hours inworld, Rosedale announced Mark Kingdon as the new CEO effective May 15,2008. In 2010, Kingdon was replaced by Rosedale, who took over as Interim CEO, after four months Rosedale abruptly stepped down from the Interim CEO position. It was announced in October 2010, that Bob Komin, Linden Labs chief financial officer and chief operating officer, in 2008, Second Life was honored at the 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for advancing the development of online sites with user-generated content. In May 2009, concurrent users averaged about 62,000, as of May 2010, concurrent users averaged about 54,000
38.
Social grooming
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In social animals, including humans, social grooming is an activity in which individuals in a group clean or maintain one anothers body or appearance. A related term, allogrooming, indicates social grooming between members of the same species, Grooming is a major social activity, and a means by which animals who live in proximity may bond and reinforce social structures, family links, and build relationships. Social grooming also is used as a form of reconciliation and a means of resolution in some species. Mutual grooming typically describes the act of grooming between two individuals, often as a part of grooming, pair bonding, or a precoital activity. Social grooming behavior presents several advantages which come in various forms. Extensive research has been conducted on these advantages, and has aided behavioral ecologists in understanding this behavior through an evolutionary perspective, there are a variety of proposed mechanisms for how social grooming enhances fitness. One of the most critical functions of grooming is to establish social networks. In many species, individuals form close social connections dubbed “friendships. ”In primates especially, grooming is known to have social significance and function in the formation. Grooming networks in black crested gibbons have been proven to contribute greater social cohesion, groups of gibbons with more stable social networks formed grooming networks that were significantly more complex, while groups with low stability networks formed far fewer grooming pairs. In meerkats, social grooming has shown to carry the role of maintaining relationships that increase fitness. In addition to primates, though far less studied, animals such as deer, cows, horses, vole, mice, meerkats, coati, lions, birds, bats also form social bonds through grooming behavior. Social grooming is critical for vampire bats especially, since it is necessary for them to maintain food-sharing relationships in order to sustain their food regurgitation sharing behavior, Social grooming relationships have been proven to provide direct fitness benefits to a variety of species. One such study, which collected 16 years of data on wild baboons. A positive relationship is established between infant survival to one year and a composite sociality index, a measure of sociality based on proximity, evidence has also been provided for the effect of sociality on adult survival in wild female baboons. A direct correlation between measures of social connectedness and median survival time was modelled, in humans, social connection has been shown to positively influence both health and survival. Social bonds established by grooming may provide an advantage in the form of conflict resolution and protection from aggression. In this highly studied baboon species, adult females form relationships with their kin, in Barbary macaques, social grooming results in the formation of crucial relationships among partners. These social relationships serve to aid cooperation and facilitate protection against combative groups composed of other males, furthermore, social relationships have also been proven to decrease risk of infanticide in several primates
39.
North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
40.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
41.
Anthrocon
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Anthrocon is the worlds largest furry convention, taking place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania each June or July. Its focus is on furries, fictional anthropomorphic animal characters in art, the convention was first held in 1997 in New York State, and draws over 5,000 attendees annually. Anthrocon 2016 drew 7,310 attendees, with 2,100 fursuiters participating in the fursuit parade, Anthrocon was founded in 1997 as Albany Anthrocon in New York State, with a membership of about 500. The convention was renamed to Anthrocon and moved to Valley Forge, Pennsylvania in 1999 and 2000, then to a larger hotel, the Adams Mark, on the outskirts of Philadelphia in 2001. Attendance grew each year, Anthrocon becoming the largest furry convention in 2001 with an attendance of 1,457, in 2004 it had climbed to 2,404 attendees in its final year at the Adams Mark. Due to the sale of the Adams Mark Hotel in November 2004. Despite concerns that the move to Pittsburgh would decrease attendance, it rose to 2,489. In 2007 Anthrocon was featured in the Guinness World Records as the largest furry fan club in the world, in 2008, Anthrocon became the first furry convention to have an attendance exceeding 3,000 members, the official count reaching 3,390. In 2009, attendance rose 11% to 3,776, Anthrocon 2009 brought approximately $3 million to the Pittsburgh economy. Anthrocon 2010 had an attendance of 4,238, the first furry convention to exceed 4,000 members, the admission price was also set overall at $60 for a four-day pass, though pre-registered attendees paid $50. In 2013, Anthrocon contracted roomspace with seven of Pittsburghs ten downtown hotels, the chairman of the convention since 1999, Dr. Since 1997, Anthrocon has raised more than $200,000 for animal-related charities, there are areas open most of the day to accommodate sales by Dealers and Artists as well as an area to congregate and socialize. Anthrocon provides a number of specialized tracks of programming with similar furry based themes, the programming tracks involve discussions and work groups focused on the application of furry in Art, Comedy and Improv, Computer Gaming, Costuming, Music, Puppetry, Role-Playing, and Writing. The scheduled events that take place are the Charity Auction, the Masquerade, the Fursuit Parade, nightly dances, Art Show Auctions, every year the convention has several Guests of Honor – prominent individuals who are compensated for their attendance and travel expenses. Past Guests of Honor at Anthrocon have included, Anthrocon – official website Anthrocon at WikiFur
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Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
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San Jose, California
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San Jose, officially the City of San José, is the economic, cultural, and political center of Silicon Valley and the largest city in Northern California. With an estimated 2015 population of 1,026,908, it is the third most populous city in California and the tenth most populous in United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley, on the shore of San Francisco Bay. San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County, the most affluent county in California. San Jose is the largest city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area, which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the area around San Jose was inhabited by the Ohlone people, San Jose was founded on November 29,1777, as the Pueblo of San José de Guadalupe, the first civilian town founded in Spanish Alta California. When California gained statehood in 1850, San Jose became the states first capital, following World War II, San Jose experienced an economic boom, with a rapid population growth and aggressive annexation of nearby cities and communities carried out in the 1950s and 60s. The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from a center to an urbanized metropolitan area. Results of the 1990 U. S. Census indicated that San Jose had officially surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in Northern California, by the 1990s, San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for the high tech and internet industries. San Jose is considered to be a city, notable for its affluence. San Joses location within the high tech industry, as a cultural, political. San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world, and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world, according to the Brookings Institute. Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems, eBay, Adobe Systems, PayPal, Brocade, Samsung, Acer, Prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by several groups of Ohlone Native Americans. The first lasting European presence began with a series of Franciscan missions established from 1769 by Junípero Serra, San Jose came under Mexican rule in 1821 after Mexico broke with the Spanish crown. It then became part of the United States, after it capitulated in 1846, on March 27,1850, San Jose became the second incorporated city in the state, with Josiah Belden its first mayor. San Jose was Californias first state capital, and hosted the first, today the Circle of Palms Plaza in downtown is the historical marker for the first state capital. The city was a station on the Butterfield Overland Mail route, in the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by John Montgomery and his peers, the City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor
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ConFurence
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ConFurence was the first exclusively furry convention, held annually in southern California from 1989 to 2003. This led to the test gathering in 1989, ConFurence Zero, attendance was doubled to 130 for the first official ConFurence convention in January 1990, proving them right. At the height of popularity in 1998, ConFurence 9 boasted the then-largest furry convention attendance of 1250, the final ConFurence gathering gained notoriety when television crew from the The Man Show appeared and attempted to interview attendees on camera. With the demise of ConFurence, Mark Merlino and Robert Johnson Jr. teamed up to establish Califur in 2004 to continue the tradition of a convention in Southern California. ConFurence created the mold by which other furry conventions were to follow, with the art show, a masquerade. As of 2006 there are over a dozen furry conventions and many more meets and gatherings all around the world, the name ConFurence is a registered trademark of the ConFurence Group. ConFurence is no more, by Darrel L. Exline ConFurence. com Anthropomorphic Fandom Convention Information Sheet by Flint Otterhall People at WikiFur, Mark Merlino, rod ORiley, Darrel Exline Events at WikiFur, ConFurence Zero, ConFurence 2003, Confurence 9
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