1.
City
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
2.
Hall County, Georgia
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Hall County is a county located in the north central portion of the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 179,684, Hall County comprises the Gainesville, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also part of the Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs, GA Combined Statistical Area. Hall County was created on December 15,1818, from Cherokee lands ceded by the Treaty of Cherokee Agency, the county is named for Dr. Lyman Hall, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and governor of Georgia as both colony and state. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 429 square miles. At the 2000 census,139,277 people,80,381 households and 80,009 families resided in the county, the population density was 354 per square mile. There were 51,046 housing units at a density of 130 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 80. 75% White,7. 27% Black or African American,0. 34% Native American,1. 35% Asian,0. 17% Pacific Islander,8. 75% from other races, and 1. 36% from two or more races. About 19. 56% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, about 19. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the family size was 3.26. Age distribution was 26. 90% under the age of 18,10. 80% from 18 to 24,32. 30% from 25 to 44,20. 60% from 45 to 64, the median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.60 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.90 males. The median household income was $44,908, and the family income was $50,100. Males had an income of $31,769 versus $24,550 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,690, about 8. 50% of families and 12. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15. 20% of those under age 18 and 14. 70% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 179,684 people,60,691 households, the population density was 457.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 68,825 housing units at a density of 175.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 74. 1% white,7. 4% black or African American,1. 8% Asian,0. 5% American Indian,0. 1% Pacific islander,13. 9% from other races, and 2. 2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 26. 1% of the population, in terms of ancestry,16. 8% were American,10. 6% were Irish,9. 3% were English, and 8. 9% were German
3.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
7.
Edmund P. Gaines
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Edmund Pendleton Gaines was a United States army officer who served with distinction during the War of 1812, the Seminole Wars, and the Black Hawk War. Edmund Pendleton Gaines was born in Culpeper County, Virginia on March 20,1777 as the seventh of fourteen children to James and he was named after his great-uncle Edmund Pendleton, who was a political leader of Virginia during the Revolution. The James Gaines family later moved to Kingsport, Tennessee, Edmund Gaines joined the army in 1799 and he was discharged in 1800, but returned to service as a second lieutenant in 1801. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1802, and captain in 1807, in the early 19th century, Gaines surveyed routes and boundaries in the Mississippi Territory including parts of the Natchez Trace. In 1800, Lt. Gaines commanded ten companies of the 2d U. S, Infantry in the construction of the Congressionally designated post road from Nashville to Natchez. His experience led him to become an advocate of using the military to construct a national railroad system. In 1807, Gaines was the commandant of Fort Stoddert, during this time, he arrested former Vice President Aaron Burr at Wakefield, Alabama, and testified at his trial. Gaines also surveyed the route that would become the portion of the Gaines Trace from the Tennessee River to Cotton Gin Port and he afterwards took a leave of absence from the army to practice law. The War of 1812 brought Gaines back to the army and he was appointed major of the Eighth U. S. Infantry, in July 1812, became lieutenant colonel in the Twenty-Fourth U. S. Infantry. In 1813, he was promoted to colonel and commanded the Twenty-Fifth Infantry with distinction at the Battle of Cryslers Farm and he became adjutant general and was with General William Henry Harrisons army at the Battle of the Thames. He was promoted general of regulars on March 9,1814. General Jacob Brown was wounded at the Battle of Lundys Lane, at the Siege of Fort Erie Gaines was in command on the fortifications on 15 August 1814, when a British assault was bloodily repulsed. For this victory – the First Battle of Fort Erie – Gaines was awarded the Thanks of Congress, an Act of Congress Gold Medal, General Gaines was seriously wounded by artillery fire and General Brown, having recovered, returned to command. Gaines wound ended his field for the rest of the war. At the end of the War of 1812, Gaines was sent as commissioner to deal with the Creek Indians. When the U. S. Armys commanding general, Major General Jacob Brown, died in 1828, however, since he and General Winfield Scott had both publicly quarreled with each other over seniority, an annoyed President John Quincy Adams appointed General Alexander Macomb to the position. Gaines commanded the Western Military Department during the Black Hawk War and he was still in command of the department during the Second Seminole War in which he personally led an expedition. At the Battle of Ouithlacoochie in 1835, he was wounded in the mouth, in 1830, Gaines opposed President Andrew Jacksons policy of Indian removal
8.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
9.
Metropolitan area
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As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
10.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
11.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
12.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
13.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
14.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
15.
Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
16.
Sandy Springs, Georgia
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Sandy Springs is a suburban city in northern Fulton County, Georgia, United States, and part of the Atlanta metropolitan area, north of Atlanta. As of the 2010 census, Sandy Springs had a population of 93,853, in 1842, the Austin-Johnson House was erected on what is now Johnson Ferry Road. It is the oldest house in Sandy Springs, in 1851, Wilson Spruill donated 5 acres of land for the founding of the Sandy Springs United Methodist Church, near the natural spring for which the city is named. In 1905, the Hammond School was built at Johnson Ferry Road and Mt. Vernon Highway, in 1950, the state legislature blocked Atlanta from annexing the community, which remained rural until the Interstate Highway System was authorized by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. In 1959, after a fire at Hammond Elementary School, Atlanta Mayor William Hartsfield urged residents to support annexation so that the area would have better firefighting protection. In the early 1960s, Georgia 400 and Interstate 285 were constructed, connecting Sandy Springs to metro Atlanta and initiating a boom that brought new residents. In 1966, annexation by Atlanta was defeated in a referendum, debate over incorporation began in the 1970s when the city of Atlanta attempted to use a state law to force annexation of Sandy Springs. The attempt failed when the Supreme Court of Georgia ruled that the law was unconstitutional, in response, the Committee for Sandy Springs was formed in 1975. In every legislative session, state legislators representing the area introduced a bill in the Georgia General Assembly to authorize a referendum on incorporation, in 1989, a push was made for Sandy Springs to join neighboring Chattahoochee Plantation in Cobb County. This move was blocked by Speaker of the House Tom Murphy, on January 16,1997, Eric Rudolph bombed an abortion clinic in Sandy Springs. The assembly also repealed the requirement that new cities must be at least 3 miles from existing cities, the bill allowing for a referendum on incorporation was introduced and passed as HB37. The referendum initiative was approved by the Assembly and signed by Governor Sonny Perdue, the referendum was held on June 21,2005, and residents voted 94% to 6% in favor of incorporation. Many residents of unincorporated and less-developed south Fulton County strongly opposed incorporation, County residents outside Sandy Springs were not allowed to vote on the matter. Efforts such as requesting the U. S. Justice Department to reject the plan were unsuccessful. A mayor and six city council members were elected in early November 2005, with Eva Galambos, formal incorporation occurred on December 1, making Sandy Springs the third-largest city ever to incorporate in the U. S. The citys police force and fire department began service in 2006, in 2010, the city became the first jurisdiction in Georgia to successfully bail out from the preclearance requirements of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act. The boundaries of Sandy Springs are Atlanta to the south, Cobb County to the west and north, Roswell to the north, and Dunwoody and Brookhaven, at the DeKalb County line, to the east. A small panhandle in the northeast extends between the Chattahoochee River to the north and Dunwoody to the south, ending in a small border with Peachtree Corners in Gwinnett County
17.
War of 1812
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Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right, but the British often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars. By the wars end in early 1815, the key issues had been resolved, the view was shared in much of New England and for that reason the war was widely referred to there as Mr. Madison’s War. As a result, the primary British war goal was to defend their North American colonies, the war was fought in three theatres. Second, land and naval battles were fought on the U. S. –Canadian frontier, Third, large-scale battles were fought in the Southern United States and Gulf Coast. With the majority of its land and naval forces tied down in Europe fighting the Napoleonic Wars, early victories over poorly-led U. S. armies demonstrated that the conquest of the Canadas would prove more difficult than anticipated. Despite this, the U. S. was able to inflict serious defeats on Britains Native American allies, both governments were eager for a return to normality and peace negotiations began in Ghent in August 1814. This brought an Era of Good Feelings in which partisan animosity nearly vanished in the face of strengthened American nationalism, the war was also a major turning point in the development of the U. S. military, with militia being increasingly replaced by a more professional force. The U. S. also acquired permanent ownership of Spains Mobile District, the government of Canada declared a three-year commemoration of the War of 1812 in 2012, intended to offer historical lessons and celebrate 200 years of peace across the border. At the conclusion of the commemorations in 2014, a new national War of 1812 Monument was unveiled in Ottawa. The war is remembered in Britain primarily as a footnote in the much larger Napoleonic Wars occurring in Europe, historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812. This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States, as Risjord notes, a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair. The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights, but it was also vindication of American identity. Americans at the time and historians since often called it the United States Second War of Independence, in 1807, Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via a series of Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France, with which Britain was at war. The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law, the American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810, making it by far the largest neutral fleet. Britain was the largest trading partner, receiving 80% of U. S. cotton, the British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition. The United States view was that Britains restrictions violated its right to trade with others, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall, requiring 140,000 sailors to man. The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U. S. citizens and this meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters, it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment. Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and it was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805
18.
Georgia General Assembly
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The Georgia General Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. State of Georgia. It is bicameral, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives, each of the General Assemblys 236 members serve two-year terms and are directly elected by constituents of their district. The Georgia State Constitution vests all legislative power with the General Assembly, both houses have similar powers, though each has unique duties as well. For example, the origination of appropriations bills only occurs in the House, the General Assembly meets in the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, Georgia. The General Assembly, which is the branch of the states government, was created in 1777 during the American Revolution—it is older than the U. S. Congress. During its existence the Assembly has moved four different times when the state changed its location. The first location the Assembly served in was Savannah, then Augusta and Louisville, moving there to Milledgeville. By January 1777 Savannah had become the capital of Georgia—when the former colony declared independence from Britain, the legislature, then a unicameral body, met there in 1777–78—retreating to Augusta when the British captured the city. They were not in Augusta long before it was captured by the British in 1779, Augusta changed hands three times during the war, finally returning to American possession in July 1781. They stayed in Augusta until the British left Savannah in May 1782, as the population dispersed—shifting the geographic center, it was determined that the states capital needed to move as well. A commission was appointed by the legislature in 1786 to find a location that was central to the new demography. The commission recommended Louisville, which would become Georgias first planned capital, due to the fact that the capital would have to be built from the ground up, and because of numerous construction delays, it took a decade to build the city. The name Louisville was chosen by the General Assembly in honor of King Louis XVI for Frances aid during the Revolutionary War, the new state house, a two-story 18th century Gregorian building of red brick, was completed in 1796. The Legislature designated Louisville the permanent seat of Georgias government, yet, further western expansion created the need for another new state capital. The capitol building was purchased by Jefferson County and used as a courthouse, a plaque marks the location of the old Capitol. In 1804, the government decided that yet another capital. Subsequently, an act was passed authorizing construction of a new city on 3,240 acres in the area currently known as Baldwin County. The city was named Milledgeville in honor of Governor John Milledge, the new Capitol took two years to complete and was a brick construction in the Gothic Revival style
19.
Gold rush
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A gold rush is a new discovery of gold that brings an onrush of miners seeking their fortune. Major gold rushes took place in the 19th century in Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada, South Africa, the wealth that resulted was distributed widely because of reduced migration costs and low barriers to entry. While gold mining itself was unprofitable for most diggers and mine owners, some people made fortunes. The resulting increase in the gold supply stimulated global trade. Historians have written extensively about the migration, trade, colonization, Gold rushes helped spur a huge immigration that often led to permanent settlement of new regions. Activities propelled by gold rushes define significant aspects of the culture of the Australian, at a time when the worlds money supply was based on gold, the newly mined gold provided economic stimulus far beyond the gold fields. Gold rushes extend back as far as gold mining, to the Roman Empire, whose gold mining was described by Diodorus Siculus and Pliny the Elder, within each mining rush there is typically a transition through progressively higher capital expenditures, larger organizations, and more specialized knowledge. They may also progress from high-unit value to lower unit value minerals, a rush typically begins with the discovery of placer gold made by an individual. At first the gold may be washed from the sand and gravel by individual miners with little training, using a pan or similar simple instrument. Winning the gold in this manner requires almost no capital investment, only a pan or equipment that may be built on the spot. The low investment, the value per unit weight of gold. After the sluice-box stage, placer mining may become increasingly large scale, requiring larger organisations, small claims owned and mined by individuals may need to be merged into larger tracts. Difficult-to-reach placer deposits may be mined by tunnels, water may be diverted by dams and canals to placer mine active river beds or to deliver water needed to wash dry placers. The more advanced techniques of ground sluicing, hydraulic mining and dredging may be used, typically the heyday of a placer gold rush would last only a few years. Hard rock mining, like mining, may evolve from low capital investment and simple technology to progressively higher capital. The surface outcrop of a gold-bearing vein may be oxidized, so that the gold occurs as native gold, the first miners may at first build a simple arrastra to crush their ore, later, they may build stamp mills to crush ore more quickly. As the miners dig down, they may find that the part of vein contains gold locked in sulfide or telluride minerals. If the ore is still rich, it may be worth shipping to a distant smelter
20.
Lumpkin County, Georgia
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Lumpkin County is a county located in the north central portion of the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 29,966, Lumpkin County was created on December 3,1832. The county was named for governor of Georgia, Wilson Lumpkin. Lumpkins daughter, Martha Wilson Lumpkin Compton, was the source for the town named Marthasville, the early-1840s predecessor of Atlanta. Gold was discovered in the county near Auraria in the 1830s, gold from the county was later used on the dome of the current state capitol building. Agriculture and agritourism are top business industries, since the mid-1990s, Lumpkin County has been recognized as The Heart of Georgia Wine Country. The county features multiple ] and five licensed wineries that attract many tourists, in 2015, Senator Steve Gooch introduced Georgia Senate Resolution 125 officially recognizing Lumpkin County as the Wine Tasting Room Capital of Georgia. The historic Dahlonega Square is also a destination, with gift shops, restaurants, art galleries and artists studios. Lumpkin county is the home of the U. S. Armys Camp Frank D. Merrill, Merrill is located in the Northern end of the County, within the Blue Ridge Wildlife Management Area of the Chattahoochee National Forest. There are three Veterans Organizations located in Lumpkin County, to serve the Veterans and Community, the first is the Heyward Fields American Legion Post 239, the US Army Mountain Ranger Association, and the Lumpkin and White County Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 5533. The Crosses are adorned with the names of the veterans who have died, some in combat. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 284 square miles. The summit of Blood Mountain, which Lumpkin shares with Union County to the north, is the highest point in the county, at 4458 feet, Blood Mountain is the 5th-highest peak in Georgia and the highest point on Georgias portion of the Appalachian Trail. The population density was 74 people per square mile, there were 8,263 housing units at an average density of 29 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 02% White,1. 46% Black or African American,0. 97% Native American,0. 38% Asian,0. 08% Pacific Islander,1. 57% from other races, and 1. 53% from two or more races. 3. 46% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,22. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the family size was 3.04. In the county, the population was out with 24. 30% under the age of 18,15. 40% from 18 to 24,29. 00% from 25 to 44,21. 60% from 45 to 64
21.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
22.
Textile
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A textile or cloth is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, hemp, Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or felting. The words fabric and cloth are used in textile assembly trades as synonyms for textile, however, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. Textile refers to any material made of interlacing fibres, a fabric is a material made through weaving, knitting, spreading, crocheting, or bonding that may be used in production of further goods. Cloth may be used synonymously with fabric but is often a piece of fabric used for a specific purpose. The word textile is from Latin, from the adjective textilis, meaning woven, from textus, the word cloth derives from the Old English clað, meaning a cloth, woven or felted material to wrap around one, from Proto-Germanic kalithaz. The discovery of dyed flax fibres in a cave in the Republic of Georgia dated to 34,000 BCE suggests textile-like materials were made even in prehistoric times. The production of textiles is a craft whose speed and scale of production has been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization, however, for the main types of textiles, plain weave, twill, or satin weave, there is little difference between the ancient and modern methods. Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing and for such as bags. In the household they are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, coverings for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, in the workplace they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Textiles are used in traditional crafts such as sewing, quilting. Textiles for industrial purposes, and chosen for other than their appearance, are commonly referred to as technical textiles. Technical textiles include textile structures for applications, medical textiles, geotextiles, agrotextiles. In all these applications stringent performance requirements must be met, woven of threads coated with zinc oxide nanowires, laboratory fabric has been shown capable of self-powering nanosystems using vibrations created by everyday actions like wind or body movements. Fashion designers commonly rely on textile designs to set their fashion collections apart from others, armani, the late Gianni Versace, and Emilio Pucci can be easily recognized by their signature print driven designs. Textiles can be made from many materials and these materials come from four main sources, animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic. In the past, all textiles were made from natural fibres, including plant, animal, in the 20th century, these were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum. Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest gossamer to the sturdiest canvas, microfibre refers to fibres made of strands thinner than one denier
23.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
24.
Street light
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A street light, light pole, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells that activate automatically when light is or is not needed, dusk, dawn and this function in older lighting systems could have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. Many street light systems are being connected underground instead of wiring from one utility post to another, at that time oil lamps were used predominantly as they provided a long-lasting and moderate flame. The Romans had a word lanternarius, which was a term for a responsible for lighting the oil lamps in front of their villas. Before incandescent lamps, candle lighting was employed in cities, the earliest lamps required that a lamplighter tour the town at dusk, lighting each of the lamps. According to some sources, illumination was ordered in London in 1417 by Sir Henry Barton, in 1524, Paris house owners were required to have lanterns with candles lit in front of their houses at night, but the law was often ignored. Following the invention of lanterns with glass windows, which improved the quantity of light. Still, in 1662, it was a practice for travelers to hire a lantern-bearer if they had to move at night through the dark. Lantern bearers were still common in Paris until 1789, in 1667, under King Louis XIV, the royal government began installing lanterns on all the streets. There were three thousand in place by 1669, and twice as many by 1729, lanterns with glass windows were suspended from a cord over the middle of the street at a height of twenty feet and were placed twenty yards apart. A much-improved oil lantern, called a réverbère, was introduced between 1745 and 1749 and these lamps were attached to the top of lampposts, by 1817, there were 4694 lamps on the Paris streets. During the French Revolution, the found that the lampposts were a convenient place to hang aristocrats. The first widespread system of lighting used piped coal gas as fuel. William Murdoch was the first to use the flammability of gas for the application of lighting. He first lit his own house in Redruth, Cornwall in 1792, in 1798, he used gas to light the main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population. In Paris, gas lighting was first demonstrated in November 1800 at a residence on the rue Saint-Dominique, and was installed on a covered shopping street. The gaslights installed on the boulevards and city monuments in the 19th century gave the city the nickname The City of Light, the first public street lighting with gas was demonstrated in Pall Mall, London on January 28,1807 by Frederick Albert Winsor. In 1812, Parliament granted a charter to the London and Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company, less than two years later, on December 31,1813, the Westminster Bridge was lit by gas
25.
Southern Bell
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Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company was once the Bell Operating Company serving the states of Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina prior to the breakup of AT&T. The company was known as the Atlanta Telephonic Exchange, having been created to service citizens of Atlanta in 1879. Southern Bell also operated in Charleston and other parts of West Virginia, from 1883 until 1917, Southern Bell originally served nine Southern states. On December 20,1967, the portion of the Southern Bell territory was split off as South Central Bell Telephone Company. She was represented in the case by Sylvia Roberts, a National Organization for Women attorney and she lost the initial case but won in 1969 after several appeals. Weeks v. Southern Bell was an important case as it marked the first victory in which NOW used the Civil Rights Act to fight gender-based discrimination, Southern Bell, originally incorporated in New York, was reincorporated in Georgia in 1983 as SBT&T Co. The original Southern Bell was then merged into SBT&T Co. at which point that company was renamed Southern Bell. Since BellSouth, the new owner of Southern Bell and South Central Bell upon the divestiture of AT&T, was based in Georgia, Southern Bell was renamed BellSouth Telecommunications until It was merged into AT&T in 2006. Southern Bell was headquartered in the AT&T Midtown Center building in Atlanta, most Atlanta operations have now been relocated to AT&T Headquarters in San Antonio, Texas. Downtown Atlantas telephone exchange is located in the Art Deco AT&T Communications Building, AT&T AT&T Corporation, now a subsidiary BellSouth Telecommunications
26.
Municipal bond
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A municipal bond is a bond issued by a local government or territory, or one of their agencies. It is generally used to public projects such as roads, schools, airports and seaports. The term municipal bond is used in the United States. As of 2011, the bond market was valued at $3.7 trillion. Municipal bonds may be general obligations of the issuer or secured by specified revenues, the state and local exemption was the subject of recent litigation in Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis,553 U. S.328. Unlike new issue stocks that are brought to market with price restrictions until the deal is sold, professional traders regularly trade and re-trade the same bonds several times a week. A feature of this market is a proportion of smaller retail investors compared to other sectors of the U. S. securities markets. Some municipal bonds, often with higher risk credits, are issued subject to transfer restrictions, outside of the United States, many other countries in the world also issue similar bonds, sometimes called local authority bonds or other names. The key defining feature of such bonds is that they are issued by an entity at a lower level of government than the sovereign. Such bonds follow similar market patterns as U. S. bonds and that said, the U. S. municipal bond market is unique for its size, liquidity, legal and tax structure and bankruptcy protection afforded by the U. S. Constitution. Historically, municipal debt predates corporate debt by several centuries—the early Renaissance Italian city-states borrowed money from major banking families, borrowing by American cities dates to the nineteenth century, and records of U. S. municipal bonds indicate use around the early 1800s. Officially the first recorded municipal bond was a general obligation bond issued by the City of New York for a canal in 1812, during the 1840s, many U. S. cities were in debt, and by 1843 cities had roughly $25 million in outstanding debt. In the ensuing decades, rapid urban development demonstrated a correspondingly explosive growth in municipal debt, the debt was used to finance both urban improvements and a growing system of free public education. Years after the Civil War, significant local debt was issued to build railroads, railroads were private corporations and these bonds were very similar to todays industrial revenue bonds. Construction costs in 1873 for one of the largest transcontinental railroads, around the same time, the largest bank of the country of the time, which was owned by the same investor as that of Northern Pacific, collapsed. Smaller firms followed suit as well as the stock market, the 1873 panic and years of depression that followed put an abrupt but temporary halt to the rapid growth of municipal debt. Responding to widespread defaults that jolted the municipal market of the day. Several states wrote these restrictions into their constitutions, railroad bonds and their legality were widely challenged, and this gave rise to the market-wide demand that an opinion of qualified bond counsel accompany each new issue
27.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
28.
Naval air station
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A naval air station is a military air base, and consists of a permanent land-based operations locations for the military aviation division of the relevant branch of a navy. These bases are typically populated by squadrons, groups or wings, their various support commands, the term Naval Air Station is used by many countries navies, such as the United States Navy, the Royal Australian Navy, the British Royal Navy, and the Indian Navy. In the case of the U. S. Navy, similar facilities in the U. S. Marine Corps are known as Marine Corps Air Stations, runways also serve domestic airlines at almost all Argentine military airbases. The Navy operates Estacion Aeronaval which have smaller crews and are not normally assigned aircraft and these include Ezeiza, Rio Gallegos and Ushuaia. The Argentine Naval Prefecture, serving as a Coast Guard, also operates air stations at Posadas, Buenos Aires, Mar del Plata, Aircraft operating out of these bases are heavily involved in sea rescues. In Australia, there is one Naval Air Station, NAS Nowra, HMAS Albatross, in 2016, the French Navy has four naval air stations, all located in metropolitan territory. The United Kingdom has two Royal Naval Air Stations, RNAS Yeovilton and RNAS Culdrose, until 2006, the former served as the main operating base for the Royal Navys Sea Harriers, which were based upon the three Invincible class aircraft carriers. However, upon the withdrawal of the BAe Sea Harrier in that year and it is believed that all of their successors will be based at RAF Lossiemouth. The site also contains the Royal Naval Air Museum, that showcases a variety of aircraft from the Royal Naval Air Service until the present day, RNAS Yeovilton also has RNAS Merryfield as its training and satellite station. RNAS Culdrose serves a variety of helicopter and fixed-wing squadrons, such as the Sea King, among the features at RNAS Culdrose is the Dummy deck which is used to train pilots to land on ships, the Merlin training facility, and the Fleet Requirements Air Direction Unit. Its satellite airfield is RNAS Predannack, in the United States, a Naval Air Station is an air base of the United States Navy. When located in countries, they are often identified as US Naval Air Stations. A slightly lower level of air base in the U. S. Navy is the Naval Air Facility and these facilities normally support smaller numbers of naval aircraft. Permanently based naval aircraft are usually minimal, with the focus being on supporting naval aircraft deployed from other installations. There are also a number of former Naval Air Stations that have been realiged as part of larger Naval Stations or redesignated to other functions in the Navy. This includes the former NAS Norfolk, Virginia, the former NAF Mayport, Florida, the former NAS Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and the former NAS Lakehurst, New Jersey. In the case of NAS Memphis, Tennessee, the airfield and flight line was turned over to civilian authorities. The first naval air station in the United States was located at Greenbury Point, at the mouth of the Severn River near Annapolis, Maryland
29.
United States Army Corps of Engineers
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The United States Army Corps of Engineers, also sometimes shortened to CoE is a U. S. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, the Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U. S. hydropower capacity. The corps mission is to Deliver vital public and military engineering services, partnering in peace and war to strengthen our Nations security, energize the economy and their most visible missions include, Planning, designing, building, and operating locks and dams. Other civil engineering projects include flood control, beach nourishment, design and construction of flood protection systems through various federal mandates. Design and construction management of military facilities for the Army, Air Force, Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve and other Defense and Federal agencies. The history of United States Army Corps of Engineers can be traced back to 16 June 1775, colonel Richard Gridley became General George Washingtons first chief engineer, however, it was not until 1779 that Congress created a separate Corps of Engineers. One of its first tasks was to build fortifications near Boston at Bunker Hill, the first Corps of Engineers was mostly composed of French subjects who had been hired by General Washington from the service of Louis XVI. that the said Corps. Shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York, until 1866, the superintendent of the United States Military Academy was always an officer of engineer. During the first half of the 19th century, West Point was the major and, for a while, the General Survey Act of 1824 authorized the use of Army engineers to survey road and canal routes. Separately authorized on 4 July 1838, the U. S and it was merged with the Corps of Engineers on 31 March 1863, at which point the Corps of Engineers also assumed the Lakes Survey District mission for the Great Lakes. In 1841, Congress created the Lake Survey, the survey, based in Detroit, Mich. was charged with conducting a hydrographical survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes and preparing and publishing nautical charts and other navigation aids. The Lake Survey published its first charts in 1852, in the mid-19th century, Corps of Engineers officers ran Lighthouse Districts in tandem with U. S. Naval officers. The Army Corps of Engineers played a significant role in the American Civil War, many of the men who would serve in the top leadership in this institution were West Point graduates who rose to military fame and power during the Civil War. Some of these men were Union Generals George McClellan, Henry Halleck, George Meade, and Confederate generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph Johnston, the versatility of officers in the Army Corps of Engineers contributed to the success of numerous missions throughout the Civil War. They were responsible for building pontoon and railroad bridges, forts and batteries, the destruction of supply lines. The Army Corps of Engineers served as a function in making the war effort logistically feasible. This method of building trenches was known as the zigzag pattern, from the beginning, many politicians wanted the Corps of Engineers to contribute to both military construction and works of a civil nature. During World War II the mission grew to more than 27,000 military, included were aircraft, tank assembly, and ammunition plants, camps for 5.3 million soldiers, depots, ports, and hospitals, as well as the Manhattan Project, and the Pentagon
30.
Lake Lanier
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Lake Lanier is a reservoir in the northern portion of the U. S. state of Georgia. It was created by the completion of Buford Dam on the Chattahoochee River in 1956, and is also fed by the waters of the Chestatee River. The lake encompasses 38,000 acres or 59 square miles of water, and 692 miles of shoreline at normal level, a full summer pool of 1,071 feet above mean sea level. Named for American poet Sidney Lanier, it was built and is operated by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers for flood control and it is patrolled by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, as well as local law enforcement. The states of Georgia, Alabama and Florida all have rights to the water of the reservoir, the Corps of Engineers has responsibilities to regulate flow for flood control and water use. In addition, it has to ensure water is available to fulfill such federal mandates as under the Endangered Species Act. The rapid suburbanization of the Atlanta region, in particular, has greatly increased water consumption by private homeowners for lawns and gardens, during droughts of the 21st century, Lake Lanier reached record lows, and regional actions have been needed to reduce area water usage. The lake is in Hall, Forsyth, Dawson, Gwinnett, and Lumpkin counties, split about 60%, 30%, 5%, 4%, and 1% respectively, filling the valley into numerous small arms and fingers. The former thalweg of the Chestatee and the Chattahoochee south of it form the county line between Hall and a corner of Gwinnett to the east, and Dawson and Forsyth counties to the west. One of the purposes of the lake is flood control of the Chattahoochee River downstream. Since the construction of Buford Dam, there have only three major flooding events on the downstream section. The most severe flooding event was in 2009, following a two-year drought, the lakes original purposes were to provide hydroelectricity, navigation, and flood control of the Chattahoochee River, and water supply for the city of Atlanta. The $1 billion project was approved, with breaking in 1950. Approximately 700 families were moved from the area after their properties were bought by the USCOE, in order to flood the area, a stretch of Georgia Highway 53 had to be abandoned that ran too close to the planned shoreline. Gainesvilles Looper Speedway was also condemned and abandoned, more than $2 million had been spent by the Corps on preliminary construction when the House Committee on Appropriations refused to provide more funds in June 1951. Hartsfield returned to Washington in 1955 to lobby for $11 million more for the dam, Congress approved the funds, and the dam was completed and opened on schedule. Lake Lanier began filling in 1956, and in 1957,20 miles downstream, Morgan Falls Dam was raised to regulate the flow from Buford Dam and regulate the flow of water to Atlanta. Since the 1990s, the Corps of Engineers, Florida, Georgia, Federal law mandates that when a river flows between two or more states, each state has a right to an equal share of the water
31.
Chattahoochee River
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The Chattahoochee River forms the southern half of the Alabama and Georgia border, as well as a portion of the Florida border. The Chattahoochee River is about 430 miles long, the Chattahoochee, Flint, and Apalachicola rivers together make up the Apalachiacola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin. The Chattahoochee makes up the largest part of the ACFs drainage basin and its headwaters flow south from ridges that form the Tennessee Valley Divide. The Appalachian Trail crosses the rivers uppermost headwaters, the Chattahoochees source and upper course lies within Chattahoochee National Forest. From its source in the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Chattahoochee River flows southwesterly to Atlanta and it eventually turns due south to form the southern half of the Georgia/Alabama state line. Flowing through a series of reservoirs and artificial lakes, it flows by Columbus, the second-largest city in Georgia, at Columbus, it crosses the Fall Line of the eastern United States. From Lake Oliver to Fort Benning, the Chattahoochee Riverwalk provides cycling, rollerblading, farther south, it merges with the Flint River and other tributaries at Lake Seminole near Bainbridge, to form the Apalachicola River that flows into the Florida Panhandle. Although the same river, this portion was given a different name by separated settlers in different regions during the colonial times, the name Chattahoochee is thought to come from a Muskogean word meaning rocks-marked, from chato plus huchi. This possibly refers to the many colorful granite outcroppings along the northeast-to-southwest segment of the river, much of that segment of the river runs through the Brevard fault zone. A local Georgia nickname for the Chattahoochee River is The Hooch, the vicinity of the Chattahoochee River was inhabited in prehistoric times by indigenous peoples since at least 1000 BC. Among the historical nations, the Chattahoochee served as a line between the Muscogee and the Cherokee territories in the Southeast. The Muscogee were first removed from the side of the river. The Chattahoochee River was of strategic importance during the Atlanta Campaign by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman of the American Civil War. A month prior to the Battle of Atlanta, Shoup talked with Johnston on June 18,1864 about building fortifications, Johnston agreed, and Shoup supervised the building of 36 small elevated earth and wooden triangular fortifications, arranged in a sawtooth pattern to maximize the crossfire of defenders. Sherman tried to avoid the Shoupade defenses by crossing the river to the northeast, the nine remaining Shoupades consist of the earthworks portion of the original earth and wooden structures, they are endangered by land development in the area. Since the nineteenth century, early improvements and alterations to the river were for the purposes of navigation, the river was important for carrying trade and passengers and was a major transportation route. Creating the manmade,46, 000-acre Walter F. George Lake required evacuating numerous communities, including the historically majority-Native American settlement of Oketeyeconne, the lakes were complete in 1963, covering over numerous historic and prehistoric sites of settlement. In 2010 a campaign to create a course was launched in the portion of the Chattahoochee River that runs through Columbus
32.
1996 Summer Olympics
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A record 197 nations, all current IOC member nations, took part in the Games, comprising 10,318 athletes. The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games, Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games. Atlanta was selected on September 18,1990, in Tokyo, Japan, over Athens, Belgrade, Manchester, Melbourne, and Toronto at the 96th IOC Session. Atlantas bid to host the Summer Games that began in 1987 was considered a long-shot and this would be Torontos fourth failed attempt since 1960. The Athens bid was based on the fact that 1996 marked 100 years since the first Summer Games in Greece in 1896, though Athens would eventually host the 2004 Summer Olympics. The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics at USD4.1 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 151% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Atlanta 1996 compares with costs of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. The 1996 Olympics was predicated on the model established by the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The cost to stage the Games was US$1.8 billion, to pay for the games, Atlanta relied on commercial sponsorship and ticket sales, resulting in a profit of $10 million. Events of the 1996 Games were held in a variety of areas, a number were held within the Olympic Ring, a 3 mi circle from the center of Atlanta. Others were held at Stone Mountain, about 20 miles outside of the city, to broaden ticket sales, other events, such as soccer, occurred in various cities in the Southeast. The opening ceremony featured Céline Dion singing The Power of the Dream, the mascot for the Olympiad was an abstract, animated character named Izzy. In contrast to the tradition of mascots of national or regional significance in the city hosting the Olympiad, Izzy was an amorphous. The 1996 Olympics were the first to have two separate opening ceremony events, Savannah, because of its geographical separation from Atlanta, had its own opening ceremonies on July 18,1996. The event featured Worldwide Connection, a composed by Savannah native Jeffrey Reed and a concert by Trisha Yearwood. Atlantas Olympic slogan Come Celebrate Our Dream was written by Jack Arogeti, the slogan was selected from more than 5,000 submitted by the public to the Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau
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Oakwood, Georgia
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Oakwood is a city in Hall County, Georgia, United States. It is part of the Gainesville, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 3,970 at the 2010 census. Oakwood is home to the University of North Georgia Gainesville Campus, Oakwood is located at 34°13′52″N 83°52′57″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.1 square miles. Oakwood acquired the community of Chestnut Mountain in 2008 which borders Braselton. Oakwood was named after the tracks that ran, and still are running as of 2008. Because most of the cars contained wood, it seemed reasonable to name the city after that type of lumber, Oakwood was initially called ODells Crossing for its main landowner, Ulysses S. ODell Sr. The ODell home place was located only a few hundred feet from the railroad track, the name changed in 1896 because Southern Railway trains would stop on the way from Atlanta to Gainesville to get oak wood for their engines. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,689 people,1,031 households, the population density was 859.1 people per square mile. There were 1,098 housing units at a density of 350.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 76. 76% White,10. 45% African American,0. 30% Native American,3. 12% Asian,0. 11% Pacific Islander,7. 59% from other races, and 1. 67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20. 68% of the population,24. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the family size was 3.04. In the city, the population was out with 27. 0% under the age of 18,13. 8% from 18 to 24,39. 3% from 25 to 44,14. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 28 years, for every 100 females there were 104.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.9 males, the median income for a household in the city was $37,862, and the median income for a family was $43,308. Males had an income of $31,413 versus $21,414 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,083, about 7. 2% of families and 10. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8. 6% of those under age 18 and 15. 7% of those age 65 or over
34.
Interstate 985
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Interstate 985 is a 25. 01-mile-long Auxiliary Interstate Highway in the northeastern part of the U. S. state of Georgia. It begins at an interchange with I-85 on the edge of Suwanee. I-985 is also known as the Sidney Lanier Parkway and is designated as unsigned State Route 419. The roadway was designated as I-985 in 1985, I-985 and SR365 are concurrent for I-985s entire length, but only the I-985 signs are displayed. I-985 is also concurrent with US23 from exit 4 northward, I-985 is the highest-numbered spur route of a north-south Interstate, and is second only to I-990, which serves the Buffalo metropolitan area. In Gwinnett County, I-985 begins concurrent with SR365 at an interchange with I-85 on the edge of Suwanee. The two highways head northeast to Buford, at an interchange with US 23/SR20, here, US23 joins the concurrency of I-985/SR365. The three routes head northeast into Hall County until they meet SR347, in Flowery Branch they meet Spout Springs Road at the Rankin Smith Interchange. Then they enter Oakwood, and meet SR53, which doesnt have any access from southbound I-985/US 23/SR365. Just after, they enter Gainesville, where they intersect SR13 and its interchange has access to both SR13 and SR53. Farther into Gainesville is SR53 Connector/SR60, in the main part of the city, US 129/US129 Business/SR11 meet the concurrency. US 129/SR11 head south toward Jefferson, while US129 joins the concurrency through the rest of the city, meanwhile, US129 Business/SR11 head north into the heart of Gainesville. Nearly 2.5 miles later US129 departs to the north with SR369 on Jesse Jewell Parkway, about 1.4 miles later, I-985 ends, while US 23/SR365 continue north. All of I-985 is included as part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the economy, defense. The roadway that would eventually become I-985 was built in 1920 as SR13 from Buford to just northeast of Gainesville, a reconfiguration of the SR13 and SR15 intersection in the Baldwin–Cornelia area, caused the two routes to run concurrently between the two cities. By the end of 1926, a section in Gainesville was paved. By 1929, US23 was designated along the section from Buford to Gainesville, by 1932, US23 was designated along the route all the way to Cornelia. In addition, the route, from Buford to the South Carolina state line, was paved
35.
U.S. Route 23
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U. S. Route 23 is a long north–south U. S. Highway between Jacksonville, Florida, and Mackinaw City, Michigan. It is an original 1926 route which originally reached only as far south as Portsmouth, Ohio, and has since been extended. U. S. Route 23 begins at U. S. Route 1 at the end of downtown Jacksonville, starting as a one way pair. It is also unsigned State Road 139 from its terminus to its interchange with US1 in northwestern Jacksonville. West of I-95, US23 ends the one way pair, continuing as Kings Road through northwestern Jacksonville, a few miles to the west, US23 meets with US 1/SR15, becoming concurrent with the highway through the rest of its journey through Florida. The road continues northwest, intersecting with Interstate 295 and eventually makes its way out of Jacksonville. At Callahan, US 1/US23 meets with U. S. Route 301, beginning a three way concurrency as the road continues northward towards the St. Marys River, leaving Florida and entering Georgia. In Georgia, US23 enters from Florida concurrent with US1, within Folkston itself, US301 branches off and Route 23 continues northwest with US1 as a divided four lane toward Waycross, Georgia where it intersects US82. US23 splits from US1 seven miles north of Alma, US23 is two lanes from Eastman to the community of Empire, then five lanes with a center turning lane to the Cochran by-pass which is two lanes. North of Cochran it is undivided four lanes for 13 miles to the junction with GA96 in Tarversville and it then parallels the Ocmulgee River and I-75, US41, US80 and leaves US 129-ALT. Then crosses I-75 again and continues to Jackson, Georgia, Henry Co, GA Continues north through Henry Co. concurrent with GA42 north. At I-985 end, then continues concurrently with GA365 north, signage was missing from Buford Highway north, but returned at the controlled access end of I-985, continuing north on GA365. It crosses back over 75 a few miles south and this is the only place that 23 runs west of 75 until many miles to the north, in Perrysburg, Ohio. West of Asheville, the highway follows I-26 to the Tennessee state line, US23 runs concurrently with the newly upgraded I-26 from the North Carolina state line past Johnson City and Kingsport. Just west of Kingsport, I-26 stops at the junction with U. S. Route 11W, US23 extends for 61 miles through extreme Southwest Virginia with the southern point beginning at Weber City and the northern point ending at Pound. It runs concurrent with US58 and US421 from Gate City to Duffield and it crosses the Clinch River near Clinchport. From Duffield to Big Stone Gap, it passes through the Jefferson National Forest, the entire route is a four-lane divided highway. The stretch of highway is known as The Crooked Road, Virginias Heritage Music Trail and is a symbol of the importance to country music
36.
Baldwin, Georgia
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Baldwin is a city in Banks and Habersham counties in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 3,279, Baldwin is located on U. S. Route 441 just south of Georgia State Route 365. City Hall sits in Habersham County, Baldwin borders the larger city of Cornelia, which houses the Habersham Chamber of Commerce. Nearby in Demorest is Piedmont College, also nearby is Lake Russell, a recreation area in Chattahoochee National Forest. The Habersham County airport is in Baldwin, the largest employer is Fieldale Corporation, a chicken processing company. Baldwin is located in northeastern Georgia at 34. 490757°N83. 552643°W /34.490757, According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.9 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,425 people,845 households, the population density was 674.9 people per square mile. There were 912 housing units at a density of 253.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 83. 22% White,3. 71% African American,0. 33% Native American,2. 43% Asian,0. 82% Pacific Islander,6. 89% from other races, and 2. 60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 25. 86% of the population,26. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the family size was 3.26. In the city, the population was out with 26. 2% under the age of 18,13. 5% from 18 to 24,29. 4% from 25 to 44,16. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 97.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $29,299, and the median income for a family was $33,011. Males had an income of $25,409 versus $21,823 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,059, about 20. 0% of families and 26. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32. 5% of those under age 18 and 33. 8% of those age 65 or over. It was originally known as Stonepile because of a pile of stones that once stood in the center of town. The stone structure was erected and left behind by the Cherokee Indians who once roamed these lands in abundance, the stone piling’s significance to the Cherokee and why they left it remains a mystery and is now forever lost
37.
Cornelia, Georgia
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Cornelia is a city in Habersham County, Georgia, United States. The population was 3,834 at the 2010 census and it is home to one of the worlds largest apple sculptures, which is displayed on top of an obelisk shaped monument. Cornelia is located at 34°30′49″N 83°31′51″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.4 square miles, all land. The first European to visit what is now Habersham County was Hernando de Soto and he came from the southeast, around Currahee Mountain, by way of Chopped Oak. This place was the site of an ancient oak tree which was notched by the Indians after each scalping, de Soto is thought to have traveled through Nacoochee Valley, crossing the Soque River near Clarkesville, and continuing on his way. A small part of the end of the county was probably at one time held by the Creek Indians. The old boundary line between the Cherokee and Creek nations ran below where Chenocetah Mountain and Hillcrest are located and now lies within the city limits of Cornelia, the white men soon persuaded the State of Georgia to take the lands from the Indians. The area is now in Banks County near Wofford Shoals, many of the old land grants to the head right lands, now largely in the government area around Nancytown Lake, were granted in this period. The Blair Line was the boundary between the State of Georgia and the Cherokee Nation, lt was named for James Blair, the surveyor that identified the exact line. The Treaty of 1818 completed the purchase by the State of Georgia, Highway US23 and US441 runs along the divide between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. As previously stated, it was the line between the Cherokee and Creek Indian nations. Along this ridge ran the Indian War Trail, from a Cherokee settlement on the upper Tugalo to what is now Atlanta, a branch went southeast into the Creek nation. At the close of the Civil War in 1865, the section where Cornelia is now located was a mountain forest. The spot was so well secluded that a moonshine still was operated without interference at the site of what is now the center of downtown — the Southern Railway station, Cornelia was first settled around 1870. Lt was situated near the old line between the Cherokee and Creek Indian tribes, the Cherokee land extending to the north and the Creek land to the south. Ln 1872, workers of the Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway invaded the virgin forest, a roadbed was cleared and graded, and tracks were laid from Gainesville to Toccoa. In 1882, the Blue Ridge and Atlantic Railroad opened a line which extended northward from the Charlotte-Airline to Clarkesville, the Tallulah Falls Railway, as it came to be called, carried passengers, freight, and mail from Cornelia to Franklin, North Carolina. Many of the rode to view Tallulah Gorge, which was one of the most scenic spots in northeast Georgia
38.
U.S. Route 129
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U. S. Route 129 is an auxiliary route of US29, which it intersects in Athens, Georgia. US129 currently runs for 582 miles from an intersection with US 19/US27 ALT/US98 in Chiefland, Florida, to an interchange with Interstate 40 in Knoxville and it passes through the states of Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. It goes through the cities of Macon, Athens, Gainesville, the section that is located beside Deals Gap on the North Carolina–Tennessee state line is known as The Dragon or The Dragons Tail from its winding course. It is a motorcycle and sports car destination. This segment runs from Tab Cat Creek to Deals Gap and has about 318 curves, US129 begins at US 19/US27 Alternate/US98 in Chiefland, Florida, along hidden SR47 until it reaches SR26 in Trenton. From there, the road is signed along hidden SR49 and it then moves west, briefly overlapping US27 and heads north again in Branford, before that road intersects SR349, which used to also serve as US129 Alternate. From here, it intersects with US 90/SR51 in Live Oak, taking SR51 as the new state road, then meets I-10 at exit 283. During a concurrency with US41 in Jasper, US129 loses SR51 as a hidden route after the concurrency ends, US129 provides the primary route between central Georgia and Athens. It approaches Athens from the south where it joins SR10 Loop, here US129 turns right, toward the northeast, where it runs concurrently with US 78/US 29/US 441/SR15 along the bypass. From the Georgia state line, it travels northeast to Topton, US129 enters Tennessee to the west of Great Smoky Mountains National Park and rides along Chilhowee Lake for a short distance before turning due north. In this 11-mile-long stretch after the Tennessee–North Carolina state line, drivers will encounter 318 curves and these curves make this stretch of highway a well-known motorcycle/sports car destination named The Dragon. On weekends, through spring to the months, visitors are likely to see numerous riders and drivers on this stretch of the highway to experience the thrill. US129 then travels due north, becoming known as Alcoa Highway and it travels through Alcoa, passing by McGhee Tyson Airport, and then intersecting I-140. US129 then crosses the Tennessee River on the James E. Buck Karnes Bridge into Knoxville, shortly thereafter, US129 becomes a limited-access highway for a short distance. It has an interchange with US 11/US70 immediately after entering Knoxville, shortly thereafter, US129 meets its northern terminus, an interchange with I-40. Florida US19 / US98 in Chiefland US27 east-southeast of Branford, the highways travel concurrently to Branford. US90 in Live Oak I‑10 north-northeast of Live Oak I‑75 north-northeast of Suwannee Springs US41 southeast of Jasper, the highways travel concurrently to Jasper. Georgia US84 in Stockton US221 east-northeast of Lakeland, the highways travel concurrently to Lakeland
