1.
Arkansas
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Arkansas is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin, the states diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U. S. Interior Highlands, to the forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States, the capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government. The northwestern corner of the state, such as the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area, is a population, education, the largest city in the eastern part of the state is Jonesboro. The largest city in the part of the state is Pine Bluff. The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15,1836, in 1861 Arkansas withdrew from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Upon returning to the Union in 1868, the state would continue to suffer due to its reliance on slavery. White rural interests continued to dominate the politics until the Civil Rights Movement. Arkansas began to diversify its economy following World War II and relies on its service industry, aircraft, poultry, steel, tourism, cotton, and rice. The culture of Arkansas is observable in museums, theaters, novels, television shows, restaurants, wright, and physicist William L. McMillan, who was a pioneer in superconductor research, have all lived in Arkansas. The name Arkansas derives from the root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains, the word Arkansas itself is a French pronunciation of a Quapaw word, akakaze, meaning land of downriver people or the Sioux word akakaze meaning people of the south wind. In 2007, the legislature passed a non-binding resolution declaring the possessive form of the states name to be Arkansass which has been followed increasingly by the state government. Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, as well as Tennessee, the United States Census Bureau classifies Arkansas as a southern state, sub-categorized among the West South Central States. The state line along the Mississippi River is indeterminate along much of the border with Mississippi due to these changes. Arkansas can generally be split into two halves, the highlands in the northwest half and the lowlands of the southeastern half, the highlands are part of the Southern Interior Highlands, including The Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains. The southern lowlands include the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Arkansas Delta and this dual split can yield to general regions named northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast, or central Arkansas
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Arkansas's 4th congressional district
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Arkansass 4th congressional district is a congressional district located in the southwestern portion of the U. S. state of Arkansas. Notable towns in the district include Camden, Hope, Hot Springs, Magnolia, Pine Bluff, the district is represented by Republican Bruce Westerman. George W. Bush received 51% of the vote in district in 2004. John McCain won the district in 2008 with 58. 14% of the vote while Barack Obama received 39. 33%, as of April 2015, there are five former members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Arkansass 4th congressional district that are currently living. The most recent representative to die was Ray Thornton on April 13,2016, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
4.
Hot Springs National Park
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Hot Springs National Park is a United States National Park in central Garland County, Arkansas, adjacent to the city of Hot Springs, the county seat. Hot Springs Reservation was initially created by an act of the United States Congress on April 20,1832 to be preserved for future recreation. Established before the concept of a national park existed, it was the first time that a piece of land had been set aside by the government to preserve its use as an area for recreation. The hot spring water has been popularly believed for centuries to possess medicinal properties, following federal protection in 1832, the city developed into a successful spa town. The area was made a park on March 4,1921. It is the smallest national park by area in the United States and could fit into the largest National Park in the United States, elias National Park, almost 2,400 times. The hot springs flow from the slope of Hot Springs Mountain. In the park, the hot springs have not been preserved in their state as natural surface phenomena. They have instead been managed to conserve the production of uncontaminated hot water for public use, the mountains within the park are also managed within this conservation philosophy in order to preserve the hydrological system that feeds the springs. Following 8,000 years of use by Indigenous peoples, European Americans discovered and appropriated the springs and they have used the hot spring water in therapeutic baths for more than 200 years to treat rheumatism and other ailments. While this was a reservation, the area developed into a well-known resort nicknamed The American Spa, it attracted not only the wealthy, the park includes portions of downtown Hot Springs, making it one of the most accessible national parks. There are numerous hiking trails and camping areas, bathing in spring water is available in approved facilities at extra cost. The rows Fordyce Bathhouse serves as the visitor center, the Buckstaff. Other buildings of the row are being restored or are used for other purposes, for many years, this area was visited by chiefs and tribes of numerous indigenous peoples. They called it the Valley of the Vapors at the time of Spanish explorer Hernando de Sotos arrival in the area in 1541 and he was the first known European to see the springs. Members of many Native American tribes had been gathering in the valley for over 8,000 years to enjoy the healing properties of the thermal springs. Around the 18th century the Caddo settled in the area, followed by the Choctaw, Cherokee, there was agreement among the tribes that they would put aside their weapons and partake of the healing waters in peace while in the valley. The Quapaw lived in the Arkansas River delta area and visited the springs, in 1673 Father Marquette and Jolliet explored the area and claimed it for France
5.
Andrew Jackson
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Andrew Jackson was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson served in Congress, as president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the common man against what he saw as a corrupt aristocracy and to preserve the Union. Jackson was born in 1767 somewhere near the border between North and South Carolina, into a recently immigrated Scots-Irish farming family. During the American Revolutionary War, Jackson acted as a courier, at age 13, he was captured and mistreated by the British. He moved to Tennessee and practiced as a lawyer, in 1791, he married Rachel Donelson Robards. The couple later learned that Rachels previous husband had failed to finalize their divorce, Jackson served briefly in the U. S. House of Representatives and the U. S. Senate. Upon returning to Tennessee, he was appointed a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court, in 1801, Jackson was appointed colonel in the Tennessee militia, and was elected its commander the following year. He built the Hermitage plantation in 1804, in 1806, he killed a man in a duel over a matter of honor regarding his wife. He led Tennessee militia and U. S. Army regulars during the Creek War of 1813-1814, Jackson won a decisive victory in the War of 1812 over the British army at the Battle of New Orleans, making him into a national hero. Because Spanish Florida was a refuge for blacks escaping slavery, who allied with the Seminole Indians, Jackson invaded the territory in 1816 to destroy the Negro Fort. He led an invasion in 1818, as part of the First Seminole War, resulting in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. Jackson briefly served as Floridas first Territorial Governor in 1821, Jackson was nominated by several state legislatures to be a candidate for president in 1824. Although he earned a plurality in both the electoral and popular vote against three major candidates, Jackson failed to get a majority and lost in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams, Jacksons supporters founded what became the Democratic Party. He ran again for president in 1828 against Adams, building and expanding upon his base of support in the West and South, he won in a landslide. He blamed the death of his wife, Rachel, which occurred after the election, on the Adams campaigners, as president, Jackson faced a threat of secession by South Carolina over the Tariff of Abominations, which Congress had enacted under Adams. In contrast to several of his successors, he denied the right of a state to secede from the union or to nullify federal law. The Nullification Crisis was defused when the tariff was amended and Jackson threatened the use of force if South Carolina attempted to secede. Jackson believed strongly in majority rule and he supported direct election of senators and abolition of the Electoral College, believing that these reforms would provide average citizens with greater power
6.
Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he was elected the second Vice President of the United States, Jefferson was primarily of English ancestry, born and educated in colonial Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary and briefly practiced law and he became the United States Minister to France in May 1785, and subsequently the nations first Secretary of State in 1790–1793 under President George Washington. Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System, as President, Jefferson pursued the nations shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. He also organized the Louisiana Purchase, almost doubling the countrys territory, as a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced military forces. Jeffersons second term was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former Vice President Aaron Burr, American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807, responding to British threats to U. S. shipping. In 1803, Jefferson began a process of Indian tribe removal to the newly organized Louisiana Territory. Jefferson mastered many disciplines, which ranged from surveying and mathematics to horticulture and he was a proven architect in the classical tradition. Jeffersons keen interest in religion and philosophy earned him the presidency of the American Philosophical Society and he shunned organized religion, but was influenced by both Christianity and deism. He was well versed in linguistics and spoke several languages and he founded the University of Virginia after retiring from public office. He was a letter writer and corresponded with many prominent and important people throughout his adult life. His only full-length book is Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson owned several plantations which were worked by hundreds of slaves. Most historians now believe that, after the death of his wife in 1782, he had a relationship with his slave Sally Hemings and fathered at least one of her children. Various modern scholars are more critical of Jeffersons private life, pointing out the discrepancy between his ownership of slaves and his political principles, for example. Presidential scholars, however, consistently rank Jefferson among the greatest presidents, Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13,1743, at the family home in Shadwell in the Colony of Virginia, the third of ten children. He was of English and possibly Welsh descent and was born a British subject and his father Peter Jefferson was a planter and surveyor who died when Jefferson was fourteen, his mother was Jane Randolph. Peter Jefferson moved his family to Tuckahoe Plantation in 1745 upon the death of a friend who had named him guardian of his children, the Jeffersons returned to Shadwell in 1752, where Peter died in 1757, his estate was divided between his sons Thomas and Randolph. Thomas inherited approximately 5,000 acres of land, including Monticello and he assumed full authority over his property at age 21
7.
Hot Springs, Arkansas
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Hot Springs is the eleventh-largest city in the state of Arkansas and the county seat of Garland County. The city is located in the Ouachita Mountains among the U. S, interior Highlands, and is set among several natural hot springs for which the city is named. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 35,193, in 2015 the estimated population was 35,635. The center of Hot Springs is the oldest federal reserve in the United States, the hot spring water has been popularly believed for centuries to possess medicinal properties, and was a subject of legend among several Native American tribes. Following federal protection in 1832, the city developed into a spa town. One of the largest Pentecostal denominations in the United States, the Assemblies of God, today, much of Hot Springss history is preserved by various government entities. Hot Springs National Park is maintained by the National Park Service, including Bathhouse Row, downtown Hot Springs is preserved as the Central Avenue Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The city also contains dozens of hotels and motor courts. Due to the popularity of the waters, Hot Springs benefited from rapid growth during a period when many cities saw a sharp decline in building. As a result, Hot Springss architecture is a key part of the blend of cultures, including a reputation as a tourist town. Also a destination for the arts, Hot Springs features the Hot Springs Music Festival, Hot Springs Documentary Film Festival, members of many Native American tribes had been gathering in the valley for untold numbers of years to enjoy the healing properties of the thermal springs. In 1673, Father Marquette and Jolliet explored the area and claimed it for France, the 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the land to Spain, however, in 1800 control was returned to France until the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. In 1807, a man named Prudhomme became the first settler of modern Hot Springs, on August 24,1818, the Quapaw Indians ceded the land around the hot springs to the United States in a treaty. After Arkansas became its own territory in 1819, the Arkansas Territorial Legislature requested in 1820 that the springs, twelve years later, in 1832, the Hot Springs Reservation was created by the United States Congress, granting federal protection of the thermal waters. The reservation was renamed Hot Springs National Park in 1921, the outbreak of the American Civil War left Hot Springs with a declining bathing population. After the Confederate forces suffered defeat in the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862, rector moved his staff and state records to Hot Springs. Union forces did not attack Little Rock, and the government returned to the city on July 14,1862. Many residents of Hot Springs fled to Texas or Louisiana and remained there until the end of the war, in September 1863, Union forces occupied Little Rock
8.
Ouachita Mountains
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The Ouachita Mountains are a mountain range in west central Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma. The ranges subterranean roots may extend as far as central Texas, along with the Ozark Mountains, the Ouachita Mountains form the U. S. Interior Highlands, one of the few mountainous regions between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains. The highest peak in the Ouachitas is Mount Magazine in west-central Arkansas which rises to 2,753 feet, R. Harlan claimed that the word Ouachita is composed of two Choctaw words, ouac, a buffalo, and chito, large. It means the country of large buffaloes, numerous herds of the American bison having formerly covered the prairies of Ouachita, historian Muriel H. Wright wrote that the name was probably derived from the Choctaw words owa, meaning hunt and chito, meaning big. She said that meant a big hunt. The Ouachita Mountains are a section of the larger Ouachita province. The Ouachita Mountains are fold mountains like the Appalachian Mountains to the east, during the Pennsylvanian period, roughly 300 million years ago, the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico ran through the central parts of Arkansas. The South American Plate drifted northward, riding up over the denser North American continental crust, geologists call this collision the Ouachita orogeny. The collision buckled the overriding plate, producing the fold mountains we call the Ouachitas, at one time the Ouachita Mountains were very similar in height to the current elevations of the Rocky Mountains. Because of the Ouachitas age, the tops have eroded away. Unlike most other ranges in the United States, the Ouachitas run east and west rather than north and south. Also, the Ouachitas are distinctive in that volcanism, metamorphism, the Ouachitas tend to be clustered into distinct sub-ranges separated by relatively broad valleys. The Ouachitas are noted for quartz crystal deposits around the Mount Ida area and this quartz was formed during the Ouachita orogeny, as folded rocks cracked and allowed fluids from deep in the Earth to fill the cracks. The Atoka Formation, formed in the Pennsylvanian Period, is a sequence of marine, mostly tan to gray silty sandstones, some rare calcareous beds and siliceous shales are known. The Collier sequence is composed of gray to black, lustrous shale containing occasional thin beds of dense, black, an interval of bluish-gray, dense to spary, thin-bedded limestone may be present. Near its top, the limestone is conglomeratic and pelletoidal, in part, with pebbles and cobbles of limestone, chert, meta-arkose and it was formed during the Late Cambrian. Tree species native to the Ouachita area include red, post, black, and white oak, shortleaf and loblolly pine
9.
Hot Spring County, Arkansas
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Hot Spring County is a county located in the U. S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 32,923, Hot Spring County was formed on November 2,1829, from a portion of Clark County. It was named for the hot springs at Hot Springs, Arkansas and it is an alcohol prohibition or dry county. Hot Spring County comprises the Malvern, AR Micropolitan Statistical Area, Hot Spring County is located in Southwest Arkansas, a region composed of the Ouachita Mountains, deep valleys, and the Arkansas Timberlands. Hot Spring County is mostly within the segment of the region, mostly covered in hardwood. One of the six geographic regions of Arkansas, the Ouachitas are a mountainous subdivision of the U. S. The Ouachita River roughly divides the county, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 622.16 square miles, of which 614.94 square miles is land and 7.22 square miles is water. The county is located approximately 47 miles southwest of Little Rock,170 miles northeast of Shreveport, Louisiana, Hot Spring County is surrounded by six counties, including the Ouachitas, Central Arkansas, and Lower Arkansas Delta, due to its short and wide shape. The county also contains 320 acres of Ouachita National Forest managed by the National Forest Service, DeGray Lake Resort State Park is a 984-acre in southwest Hot Spring County, and Arkansass only resort state park. The 94-room DeGray Lodge and Convention Center includes a restaurant and 18-hole championship rated golf course, traditional state park amentities for camping, hiking, fishing, boating, picnic tables, and horseback riding are also offered. The park is owned and operated by the Arkansas Department of Parks, DeGray Lake WMA essentially bounds the portions of lake shoreline not bounded by the state park. The land is owned by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, near Malvern, Lake Catherine State Park is a small state park on the west side of Lake Catherine. The park offers twenty cabins, including five Civilian Conservation Corps cabins of wood and stone built in the 1930s. In summer, the parks offers a marina, boat rental, visitor center, guided tours, nature center, as of the 2000 United States Census, there were 30,353 people,12,004 households, and 8,834 families residing in the county. The population density was 49 people per square mile, there were 13,384 housing units at an average density of 22 per square mile. 1. 27% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,23. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the family size was 2.94. In the county, the population was out with 25. 10% under the age of 18,8. 20% from 18 to 24,26. 50% from 25 to 44,24. 50% from 45 to 64
10.
U.S. Route 270
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U. S. Route 270 is a spur of U. S. Route 70. It runs for 643 miles from Liberal, Kansas at U. S. Route 54 to White Hall, Arkansas at Interstate 530 and it passes through the states of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. It goes through the cities of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Hot Springs, Arkansas, US270 begins in the southeast part of Liberal, Kansas, at an intersection with US83 and US54. US270 follows the south leg of this intersection, following US83 south, US270 only spends 3 miles in Kansas before crossing into Oklahoma. Seward County is the only Kansas county that US-270 serves, US270 enters Oklahoma in Beaver County, the eastern third of the Oklahoma Panhandle. From here it continues east along US64, then south towards Beaver, South of Beaver, the road joins with US412 and SH-3, the latter of which US270 will overlap with through most of northwest Oklahoma. After leaving the Panhandle and picking up US183 near Fort Supply, US412 splits away in Woodward. US270, concurrent with US183 and SH-3, proceed southeast toward Seiling, West of Seiling, US183 splits off to the south, but in Seiling, it is replaced by US281. The routes continue southwest to Watonga, where US 270/281 turn south along SH-8, in Geary, US270 splits off on an independent alignment, looping through Calumet before joining with Interstate 40. US270 remains concurrent with I-40 from Exit 115 through Exit 181, US270, attached to I-40, runs through the core of the Oklahoma City Metro area, passing through the western suburbs of El Reno and Yukon into Oklahoma City proper. The partnership runs just south of Downtown and the Bricktown entertainment district on the Crosstown Expressway, major interchanges with I-44 and I-35 are found in the city. I-40/US270 also serve two eastern suburbs of Oklahoma City, Del City and Midwest City and form the boundary between Midwest Citys civilian areas and Tinker Air Force Base. US-270 finally exits from I-40 on the west side of Shawnee, US270 serves most of the towns anchoring the area east of Oklahoma City, including Shawnee, Tecumseh, Seminole, Wewoka, and Holdenville. It continues southeast to the city of McAlester, a major southeastern Oklahoma city and it also serves many of the small towns east of McAlester, such as Krebs, Alderson, Bache, Haileyville, and Hartshorne. After passing through Hartshorne, the curves to the northeast before turning onto a due east course taking it through Wilburton, Red Oak. In Wister, it turns south, running across Wister Lakes dam, there, it meets US59, which it will follow for the rest of its time in Oklahoma. The town highways head south from Heavener, passing through the Wister Wildlife Management Area before entering the Ouachita National Forest, the route serves as the northern terminus of US259 near Page. The road then squeezes into a valley between Black Fork Mountain and Rich Mountain, in this valley, it crosses the state line into Arkansas
Garland County, Arkansas
