1.
Hammersmith
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Hammersmith is a district in west London, located in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. It is bordered by Shepherds Bush to the north, Kensington to the east, Chiswick to the west and it is linked by Hammersmith Bridge to Barnes in the southwest. The area is one of west Londons key commercial and employment centres and it is a major transport hub for west London, with two London Underground stations and a bus station at Hammersmith Broadway. In the early 1660s, Hammersmiths first parish church, which later became St Pauls, was built by Sir Nicholas Crispe who ran the brickworks in Hammersmith and it contained a monument to Crispe as well as a bronze bust of King Charles I by Hubert Le Sueur. In 1696 Sir Samuel Morland was buried there, the church was completely rebuilt in 1883, but the monument and bust were transferred to the new church. The Hammersmith Suspension Bridge, designed by William Tierney Clark, was built across the Thames in 1827, in 1984–1985 the bridge received structural support, and between 1997 and 2000 the bridge underwent major strengthening work. In 1745, two Scots, James Lee and Lewis Kennedy, established the Vineyard Nursery, over six acres devoted to landscaping plants, during the next hundred and fifty years the nursery introduced many new plants to England, including fuchsia and the standard rose tree. Major industrial sites included the Osram lamp factory at Brook Green, during both World Wars, Waring & Gillows furniture factory, in Cambridge Grove, became the site of aircraft manufacture. Hammersmith is located at the confluence of a key arterial route out of central London with several local feeder roads and a bridge over the Thames. The focal point of the district is the centre located at this confluence, which houses a shopping centre, bus station, an Underground station. Stretching about 750m westwards from this centre is King Street, Hammersmiths main shopping street. Named after John King, Bishop of London, it contains a shopping centre, many small shops, the Town Hall, the Lyric Theatre, a cinema. King Street is supplemented by other shops along Shepherds Bush Road to the north, Hammersmiths office activity takes place mainly to the eastern side of its centre, along Hammersmith Road and in the Ark, an office complex to the south of the flyover which traverses the area. There are two NHS hospitals in Hammersmith - Charing Cross Hospital to the south on Fulham Palace Road, Charing Cross Hospital is a large multi-disciplinary hospital with accident & emergency and teaching departments run by the Imperial College School of Medicine. The Ark office building, designed by British architect Ralph Erskine, Hammersmith Bridge Road Surgery was designed by Guy Greenfield. 22 St Peters Square the former Royal Chiswick Laundry and Island Records HQ converted to architects studios and it has a Hammersmith Society Conservation award plaque and has been included in tours in Architecture Week. Riverside Studios is a cinema, performance space, bar and cafe, riverside Studios was formerly BBC studios used for TV productions. The Lyric Hammersmith Theatre is just off King Street, Hammersmith Apollo concert hall and theatre is just south of the gyratory
Hammersmith
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Lyric Theatre
Hammersmith
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Panorama of the Thames river at Hammersmith, April 2011.
Hammersmith
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King Street
Hammersmith
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The famous Dove public house - entrance in the alley that is the only surviving trace of the old Hammersmith Village. (September 2005)
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
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Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
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The name London may derive from the
River Thames
3.
Synth-pop
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Synth-pop is a subgenre of new wave music that first became prominent in the late 1970s and features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument. It was prefigured in the 1960s and early 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock, electronic, art rock, disco, and particularly the Krautrock of bands like Kraftwerk. It arose as a genre in Japan and the United Kingdom in the post-punk era as part of the new wave movement of the late-1970s to the mid-1980s. In Japan, Yellow Magic Orchestras success opened the way for bands such as P-Model, Plastics. The development of polyphonic synthesizers, the definition of MIDI. This, its adoption by the acts from the New Romantic movement, together with the rise of MTV. Synth-pop is sometimes deployed interchangeably with electropop, but electropop may also denote a variant of synth-pop that places emphasis on a harder. In the late 1980s duos such as Erasure and Pet Shop Boys adopted a style that was successful on the US dance-charts. Some artists and bands were criticised for gender bending, Synth-pop was defined by its primary use of synthesizers, drum machines and sequencers, sometimes using them to replace all other instruments. Borthwick and Moy have described the genre as diverse but, many synth-pop musicians had limited musical skills, relying on the technology to produce or reproduce the music. The result was often minimalist, with grooves that were woven together from simple repeated riffs often with no harmonic progression to speak of. Early synth-pop has been described as eerie, sterile, and vaguely menacing, using droning electronics with little change in inflection, common lyrical themes of synth-pop songs were isolation, urban anomie, and feelings of being emotionally cold and hollow. Synthesizers were increasingly used to imitate the conventional and clichéd sound of orchestras, thin, treble-dominant, synthesized melodies and simple drum programmes gave way to thick, and compressed production, and a more conventional drum sound. Lyrics were generally optimistic, dealing with more traditional subject matter for pop music such as romance, escapism. According to music writer Simon Reynolds, the hallmark of 1980s synth-pop was its emotional, at times operatic singers such as Marc Almond, Alison Moyet and Annie Lennox. Because synthesizers removed the need for groups of musicians, these singers were often part of a duo where their partner played all the instrumentation. Later synth-pop saw a shift to a style influenced by other genres. Electronic musical synthesizers that could be used practically in a recording studio became available in the mid-1960s, the portable Minimoog, which allowed much easier use, particularly in live performance was widely adopted by progressive rock musicians such as Richard Wright of Pink Floyd and Rick Wakeman of Yes
Synth-pop
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The
Prophet-5, one of the first
polyphonic synthesizers. It was widely used in 1980s synthpop, along with the
Roland Jupiter and
Yamaha DX7.
Synth-pop
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Kraftwerk, one of the major influences on synthpop, in 1976.
Synth-pop
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Yellow Magic Orchestra in 2008.
Synth-pop
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Gary Numan performing in 1980
4.
New wave music
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New wave is a genre of rock music popular from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s with ties to 1970s punk rock. New wave moved away from smooth blues and rock and roll sounds to create pop music that incorporated electronic and experimental music, mod, initially new wave was similar to punk rock, before becoming a distinct genre. It subsequently engendered subgenres and fusions, including synth-pop, college rock, common characteristics of new wave music include the use of synthesizers and electronic productions, the importance of styling and the arts, as well as diversity. In the mid-1980s, differences between new wave and other genres began to blur. New wave has enjoyed resurgences since the 1990s, after a rising nostalgia for several new wave-influenced artists, subsequently, the genre influenced other genres. During the 2000s, a number of acts explored new wave and post-punk influences, such as the Strokes, Interpol, Franz Ferdinand and these acts were sometimes labeled new wave of new wave. The catch-all nature of new music has been a source of much confusion. The 1985 discography Whos New Wave in Music listed artists in over 130 separate categories, the New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock calls the term virtually meaningless, while AllMusic mentions stylistic diversity. New wave first emerged as a genre in the early 1970s, used by critics including Nick Kent and Dave Marsh to classify such New York-based groups as the Velvet Underground. It gained currency beginning in 1976 when it appeared in UK punk fanzines such as Sniffin Glue and newsagent music weeklies such as Melody Maker and New Musical Express. In November 1976 Caroline Coon used Malcolm McLarens term new wave to designate music by bands not exactly punk, the term was also used in that sense by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray in his comments about the Boomtown Rats. For a period of time in 1976 and 1977, the new wave. By the end of 1977, new wave had replaced punk as the definition for new music in the UK. As radio consultants in the United States had advised their clients that punk rock was a fad, like the filmmakers of the French new wave movement, its new artists were anti-corporate and experimental. At first, most U. S. writers exclusively used the new wave for British punk acts. Music historian Vernon Joynson claimed that new wave emerged in the UK in late 1976, in the U. S. the first new wavers were the not-so-punk acts associated with the New York club CBGB. CBGB owner Hilly Kristal, referring to the first show of the band Television at his club in March 1974, said, furthermore, many artists who would have originally been classified as punk were also termed new wave. A1977 Phonogram Records compilation album of the same name features US artists including the Dead Boys, Ramones, Talking Heads, New wave is much more closely tied to punk and came and went more quickly in the United Kingdom than in the United States
New wave music
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Blondie, 1976. L–R: Gary Valentine, Clem Burke, Deborah Harry, Chris Stein and Jimmy Destri.
New wave music
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Talking Heads performing in Toronto in 1978.
New wave music
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Duran Duran in 1981. Top line: Nick Rhodes (keyboards), Simon Le Bon (vocals); Middle: John Taylor (bass); Bottom line: Roger Taylor (drums), Andy Taylor (guitar)
New wave music
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Elvis Costello, in Massey Hall, Toronto, April 1979
5.
Electronic music
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In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for instruments were composed. Musique concrète, created in Paris in 1948, was based on editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds, Music produced solely from electronic generators was first produced in Germany in 1953. Electronic music was created in Japan and the United States beginning in the 1950s. An important new development was the advent of computers for the purpose of composing music, algorithmic composition was first demonstrated in Australia in 1951. In America and Europe, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s, during the 1970s to early 1980s, the monophonic Minimoog became once the most widely used synthesizer at that time in both popular and electronic art music. In the 1980s, electronic music became dominant in popular music, with a greater reliance on synthesizers, and the adoption of programmable drum machines. Electronically produced music became prevalent in the domain by the 1990s. Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music. Today, pop music is most recognizable in its 4/4 form. At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first electronic musical instruments and these initial inventions were not sold, but were instead used in demonstrations and public performances. The audiences were presented with reproductions of existing music instead of new compositions for the instruments, while some were considered novelties and produced simple tones, the Telharmonium accurately synthesized the sound of orchestral instruments. It achieved viable public interest and made progress into streaming music through telephone networks. Critics of musical conventions at the time saw promise in these developments, ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments. He predicted the use of machines in future music, writing the influential Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery. They predicted expansions in timbre allowed for by electronics in the influential manifesto The Art of Noises, developments of the vacuum tube led to electronic instruments that were smaller, amplified, and more practical for performance. In particular, the theremin, ondes Martenot and trautonium were commercially produced by the early 1930s, from the late 1920s, the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them
Electronic music
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Telharmonium,
Thaddeus Cahill, 1897
Electronic music
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Halim El-Dabh at a
Cleveland festival in 2009
Electronic music
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Karlheinz Stockhausen in the Electronic Music Studio of WDR, Cologne, in 1991
Electronic music
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Israeli composer
Josef Tal at the Electronic Music Studio in Jerusalem (c. 1965). On the right,
Hugh Le Caine 's sound
synthesizer the Special Purpose Tape Recorder.
6.
Industrial rock
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Industrial rock is a musical genre that fuses industrial music and specific rock subgenres. Like most industrial subgenres, industrial rock is generally dark. Experimental 60s group Cromagnon are said to have one of the bands that helped foresee the birth of industrial rock. Specifically, their song Caledonia has been noted for its pre-industrial stomp, Industrial music was created in the mid- to late 1970s, amidst the punk rock revolution and disco fever. Prominent early industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Cabaret Voltaire, NON, SPK, many other artists have been cited as influences such as Kraftwerk and Gary Numan and Tubeway Army as well as Einstürzende Neubauten. Many other musical performers were incorporating industrial-musical elements into a variety of musical styles, some post-punk performers developed styles parallel to industrial musics defining attributes. Pere Ubus debut, The Modern Dance, was described as industrial, so was San Franciscos Chrome, who mixed Jimi Hendrix, The Sex Pistols and tape music experiments, and Killing Joke, considered by Simon Reynolds as a post-punk version of heavy metal. According to Chris Connelly, Foetus is the instigator when it comes to the marriage of machinery to hardcore punk, the New York City band Swans were inspired by the local No Wave scene, as well as punk rock, noise music and the original industrial groups. Steve Albinis Big Black followed a path, while also incorporating American hardcore punk. Big Black has also been associated with post-hardcore and noise rock. Industrial rocks true commercial breakthrough took place with the rise of the metal bands, Ministry, Marilyn Manson. Records Nothing Records Industrial rock musical groups Industrial rock sales and awards List of industrial music bands Blush, concrete, Bulletproof, Invisible + Fried, My Life as a Revolting Cock. The Mojo Collection, The greatest albums of all time, rip it up and start again, Postpunk 1978-1984. Atari Teenage Riot,60 second wipe out
Industrial rock
–
Trent Reznor, founder of popular industrial rock project
Nine Inch Nails
7.
Atco Records
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ATCO Records is an American record company and label founded in 1955 as a division of Atlantic Records. It was devised as an outlet for productions by one of Atlantics founders, Herb Abramson and it was also intended as a home for acts that did not fit the format of Atlantic, which was releasing blues, jazz, rhythm and blues, and soul. The Atco name is an abbreviation of ATlantic COrporation, Atco also provided distribution for other labels, including RSO Records, Volt, Island, Modern, Ruthless, and Rolling Stones Records. For most of its history Atco was known for pop music and rock and roll and these included Harry Arnold, Betty Carter, King Curtis, Herb Geller, Roland Hanna, and Helen Merrill. Atcos rock era began with Bobby Darin and The Coasters, in the early 1960s Atlantic began to license material from international sources, leading to instrumental hit singles from Jorgen Ingmann, Acker Bilk and Bent Fabric. Starting in the mid-1960s, Atco moved into rock-and-roll with Sonny and Cher, Buffalo Springfield, Vanilla Fudge, in 1964 Atco released a single in the U. S. by The Beatles, Aint She Sweet, which had been recorded in Hamburg in 1961. With lead vocals by John Lennon, Aint She Sweet reached #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in August 1964, in 1966 Atco released Substitute by The Who. This would be the only Who recording to appear on Atco, although Pete Townshend, Atlantic de-emphasized Atco in the mid-1970s, using the label mostly for hard rock acts and some British and European bands. In the mid-1970s Atco issued early albums from AC/DC, starting in 1978, AC/DC releases were issued on Atlantic until their contract with the label ended in the 1990s. In 1980 Atcos visibility rose with strong performances from Pete Townshends Empty Glass album. The last #1 hit on Atco was If Wishes Came True by Sweet Sensation in 1990, in 1991 Sylvia Rhone merged Atco with Atlantics fledgling EastWest Records America label and briefly operated the combination as Atco–East West Records America. By 1994 the Atco name was dropped and the label continued operating as EastWest Records America, since then the Atco name and logo appeared only on reissues of old material through Elektra. As of mid-2005 its most recent release was the soundtrack of the Bobby Darin biopic Beyond the Sea, in 2006, Warner Music Group reactivated Atco Records in conjunction with Rhino Entertainment. Scarlett Johansson, Keith Sweat, and Art Garfunkel were among the first artists signed to the label, Garfunkel issued Some Enchanted Evening on January 30,2007. Johansson issued Anywhere I Lay My Head on May 20,2008, queensrÿche released its American Soldier album on Atco on March 31,2009. The New York Dolls released its album Cause I Sez So on Atco on May 5,2009, the following is a list of artists who have recorded for Atco Records
Atco Records
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Atco Records
8.
Illegal Records
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Illegal Records was an independent record label, founded by Miles Copeland III with his younger brother Stewart Copeland and the manager of The Police, Paul Mulligan in 1977. The label released The Polices debut single, Fall Out, Copeland went on to sign more artists and start several other indie sublabels including Deptford Fun City Records, Step-Forward Records and Total Noise Records. He also launched the divisions, France & Netherlands, that released some of the same titles with different catalogue numbers. In 1979, after Copeland started I. R. S, Records, Illegal became its distributor in UK and Europe. It continued its operations until 1988, when it merged its operations with I. R. S, Deptford Fun City Records - Outlet for Deptford bands such as Alternative TV and Squeeze. Step-Forward Records - Sublabel for Punk bands such as Chelsea, The Fall & The Cortinas, list of record labels, I–Q Discogs page
Illegal Records
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Illegal Records
9.
I.R.S. Records
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Records was an American record label founded by Miles Copeland III and Jay Boberg in 1979. I. R. S. produced some of the most popular bands of the 1980s, including R. E. M. and The Go-Gos. His brother Ian was the head of a talent agency, Frontier Booking International, while his brother Stewart played drums for The Police, a band that Copeland managed. The Polices first album was released on A&M Records in 1978 with a hit single, Roxanne, building on success with the Police, Copeland convinced Jerry Moss, co-owner of A&M, to establish the I. R. S. division in 1979. Releases were distributed by A&M until 1985, by MCA Records until 1990, in 2011, EMI revived the label, as of 2012, the new label has Chiddy Bang and Foxy Shazam on its roster. In October 2013, shortly after the integration of EMI into its successor, Universal Music Group, Nashville, with Striking Matches, Marc Scibilia and Cowboy Jack Clement on its roster before being shut down once again in 2015. In 1985, Copeland brokered a deal to switch the labels distributor to MCA Records, under the agreement, A&M continued to release the labels pre-1985 catalog, much of which still can be found under the A&M banner. The last I. R. S release was All Set by the Buzzcocks, shortly after, Copeland formed Ark 21 Records. Records sponsored a monthly MTV show called I. R. S, Records Presents The Cutting Edge, hosted by Peter Zaremba of The Fleshtones. The series concentrated on bands that recorded for the label, faulty Products was the UK holding company for I. R. S. Records of the UK record labels set up by Copeland and it included Illegal Records, Deptford Fun City Records and others. Faulty Products was also an American independent record label and distribution company for other indie labels between 1980 and 1982, the label released The Polices debut single, Fall Out. Deptford Fun City Records was set up by Miles Copeland in the late 1970s as an outlet for Deptford, England bands such as Alternative TV and Squeeze. No Speak, also known as No Speak Records, was set up as an imprint of I. R. S. in January 1988. It released albums by Stewart Copeland, Wishbone Ash, and William Orbit, tribal America was a label run by Rob DiStefano that was distributed by I. R. S from 1991 until IRS folded in 1996. It concentrated on music, a type of electronic dance music. DiStefano went on to found Twisted America Records, I. R. S. s roster of musicians included The Alarm, The Bangles, Berlin, Black Sabbath, Buzzcocks, J. J. E. M. Renaissance, Stan Ridgway, Skafish, The Stranglers, Fine Young Cannibals, on the Charts was a 1994 compilation album that chronicled I. R. S
I.R.S. Records
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I.R.S. Records
10.
Cooking Vinyl
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Cooking Vinyl is a UK-based independent record company, founded in 1986 by former manager and booking agent Martin Goldschmidt and business partner Pete Lawrence. Goldschmidt remains the current owner and managing director, the company is based in Acton, London. Established in 1986, Cooking Vinyl has developed a reputation as one of Europes most innovative independent labels, key to the companys longevity is its emphasis on artist-driven deals with its pioneering introduction of bespoke services-only contracts that claim no stake in artists copyrights. The first such deal drawn up in 1993 with Billy Bragg who has since re-signed to the label a total of seven times, as for recent years,2015 and 2016 were remarkable for the label, described by Uncut magazine “a template for modern independent record companies”. After topping the charts in 2015 with The Prodigy’s “The Day is My Enemy”, both records qualified for a silver disc in the UK. This same year, Richard Ashcroft reached the UK top 3 with “These People”, in these years, Cooking Vinyl Australia notched up a number 1 album with Parkway Drive, and top 5 entries with City and Colour and Kate Miller-Heidke. In 1986 Cooking Vinyl famously recorded a live performance around a campfire at a folk festival by the singer Michelle Shocked. One of its first releases, Cooking Vinyl released the recording as The Campfire Tapes, as well as its more traditional royalty agreements, Cooking Vinyl is widely regarded as a pioneer of ‘artist services’ deals where the artist retains ownership of the copyrights. The company’s first such deal came in 1993 with a reissue of Billy Braggs Back To Basics compilation, since then, Bragg has re-signed to Cooking Vinyl a total of six times, most recently in 2013 for the release of studio album Tooth And Nail. Cooking Vinyl has consistently been in the forefront of the digital revolution and it was the first European label to do a deal with the MP3 download site eMusic and the first to enter negotiations with the peer to peer file-sharing company Kazaa. In 2005 Cooking Vinyl set up its own distribution company, Uploader. Who were in turn bought by The Orchard, Cooking Vinyl has had international success from the start with Michelle Shocked The Texas Campfire Tapes selling 250,000 worldwide. Other notable releases include the Cowboy Junkies Trinity Sessions and Ryan Adams debut solo studio album Heartbreaker in 2000, the album was funded through a high-profile Kickstarter campaign that raised over $1.2 million in 30 days. Another notable campaign from that year was the release of Marilyn Manson’s Born Villain under a partnership between Mansons own label Hell, etc. and Cooking Vinyl. The album was a success charting at #5 in Germany, #10 in the US. Across the rest of Europe the album peaked at #4 in Austria, #6 in France, in the UK Manson reached #14 in the Official Albums Chart and #1 in the UK Rock Albums Chart. Cooking Vinyl is noted for its long relationships with many of its artists, the Pixies Charles Thompson was signed in 2000 and has had 17 releases to date with the label as Frank Black and Black Francis. Since 1994, former Doll By Doll man Jackie Leven has had 23 releases, RED, the Sony Music UK artist and label services division, announced the acquisition of Essential Music and Marketing in March 2016
Cooking Vinyl
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Cooking Vinyl
11.
Metropolis Records
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Founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1993, Metropolis Records has developed a strong reputation over the years as a leader in various genres of underground music. In 1993, Dave Heckman formed Metropolis Records, and started the process of building a roster and partnerships with bands, the label’s first releases were issued in May 1994. These albums were “Teignmouth” and “Mental Traveller” by Love Is Colder Than Death, “Revelations 23” by Mentallo and the Fixer, the label quickly built a reputation, fueled by classic albums from such acts as Lassigue Bendthaus, Numb, and Evil’s Toy. A huge step forward for the label came in 1995, when Metropolis landed its first flagship band, with this signing, paired with the label’s reputation for fair treatment of its artists, Metropolis began to rapidly expand. Renowned names as Project Pitchfork, Die Form, and cEvin Key were released alongside lesser-known acts, the unique position of the label enabled it to build an extensive promo pool, servicing and sponsoring club nights and release parties all over the world. By 1998, the label was considered the dark electronic label and was closing in on its 100th release. This milestone was celebrated by the issuing of Re, Boot, the end of the 1990s and the dawn of the 2000s saw Metropolis on the forefront of a new wave of popularity in the underground electronic scene. As guitar and rock based industrial music faded, trance and techno influences merged with European EBM, to date, the compilations have raised over $30,000 for cancer charities such as Gilda’s Club. Recent additions include the electronic pop singer Alison Moyet and Skinny Puppy, official site Metropolis Mail Order Metropolis Records Label Spotlight PlugInMusic. com Discogs
Metropolis Records
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Metropolis Records
12.
Cleopatra Records
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Cleopatra Records is an American, Los Angeles-based independent record label, founded in 1992 by entrepreneur and music fan Brian Perera. Most recently, Hypnotic has been the home of Blackburner, hip hop acts have also found a home at Cleopatra Records on the X-Ray imprint, which has released albums by SX-10, KRS-One, Westside Connection, and DMX. X-Ray Records achieved a first for Perera and the Cleopatra family in 2005 when its release Its Not a Game by Layzie Bone landed on the Billboard 200. In recent years, the Cleopatra label group has expanded in a variety of directions, working with Sly Stone and William Shatner. Blackburner has been releasing new music at a fast clip, most recently earning the top spot on Beatport’s Dubstep chart for the song “Drop Bass Not Bombs” from the album of the same name. Cleopatra, expanding its interest in punk, acquired the catalog of releases by New Red Archives. The Vibrators released their newest album Punk Mania - Back To The Roots on Cleopatra in late 2014, Cleopatra also released rare and previously unreleased recordings in 2014 by GBH, The Dickies, & The Gun Club amongst others. The label acquired the complete Wax Trax, recordings of Al Jourgensen, including several unreleased Ministry songs as well as albums by Revolting Cocks,1000 Homo DJs, PTP, Pailhead, and Acid Horse. A 7-CD box set of recordings was released in April 2015. Meanwhile, Cleopatra has continued to work with established artists such as Missing Persons’ Dale Bozzio, Thor, The Oak Ridge Boys, Shuggie Otis, Cleopatra owner Brian Perera has also been known as a champion of Hawkwind. Cleopatra released the album by original Hawkwind guitarist Huw Lloyd-Langton. The label is again working with another Hawkwind alum Nik Turner and his album Space Gypsy was released in September 2013. Finally, Cleopatra has another film project currently in development, a sequel to the 2012 horror musical The Devils Carnival, the sequel, entitled The Devils Carnival, Alleluia, will star Paul Sorvino and David Hasselhoff. In 2013, Eli Cook signed a contract with Cleopatra Records. The album was co-produced by Cook, Cleopatra Films is the film division of long time L. A. -based indie label Cleopatra Records, most known for promoting dark and experimental music. Beginning in 2015, the company has distributed, developed, the company has focused primarily on the home video market through partnerships with NY-based film distributor The Orchard as well as AMPED Music Distribution, and MVD Entertainment Group. However, recent projects have shown that the company is capable of theatrical distribution as well, Cleopatra Films officially began in 2015 with the U. S. release of the documentary/concert film about German heavy metal band Scorpions called Forever And A Day. This was followed in August of the year by the company’s first major production
Cleopatra Records
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Cleopatra Records
13.
Bertelsmann Music Group
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Bertelsmann Music Group was a division of German media company Bertelsmann before its completion of sale of the majority of its assets to Japans Sony Corporation of America on October 1,2008. It was established in 1987 to combine the music activities of Bertelsmann. The joint venture with Sony Music was set up in August 2004 and it reduced the Big Five record companies to the Big Four record companies. At that time, the company had a 21. 5% share in the music market. Sony Music and BMG remained separate in Japan, although BMG Music Japan was wholly owned by Sony BMG. Bertelsmann sold its 50% share of Sony BMG to Sony Corporation of America for a total of $1.5 billion, and it is focused mainly in BMGs European stronghold markets. The basis of the company was formed through BMGs decision to withhold selected European music catalogues from the former Sony BMG joint venture, also kept separate from the acquisition by Sony Corporation of America was Sony BMGs wholly owned and operated BMG Japan. Sony Music Japan remained independent from the Sony BMG joint venture, therefore BMG, during Sony BMGs buyout, BMG Japan was instead picked up by Sony Music Entertainment Japan. It briefly continued to operate as an entity until a reorganization in early 2009 folded the company into Sony Music Japan. Barry Weiss, President and Chief Executive Officer, Zomba Label Group CEO Now part of Sony Music Entertainment after the buyout of Bertelsmann AGs 50% stake in Sony BMG. BMG Music Publishing, which was not part of the Sony BMG merger, was a business of the Bertelsmann Music Group until it was sold to Universal Music Group for €1.63 billion in 2007. Universal then folded the company into Universal Music Publishing Group, the company was headquartered at 245 Fifth Avenue, 8th Floor New York, New York 10016 and had operations in 36 offices in 25 countries. BMG Music publishing controlled over one million copyrights, BMG Music Publishing was the global leader in Classical music and was number one in Contemporary Christian music. Brentwood-Benson Music Publishing is BMG Music Publishings Christian publisher and owns over 60,000 copyrights, BMG Music Publishing and its assets have now been completely absorbed and folded into Universal Music Publishing Group. After Sony bought out Bertelsmanns share in Sony BMG, Bertelsmann was allowed to keep the rights to recordings from the former joint venture. These songs served as the foundation to BMG Rights Management, BMG Rights Management now serves as a division within Bertelsmann and as a replacement to the defunct Bertelsmann Music Group. A settlement in 2002 included the publishers and distributors, Sony Music, Warner Music, Bertelsmann Music Group, EMI Music. In restitution for price fixing they agreed to pay a $67.4 million fine and distribute $75.7 million in CDs to public and non-profit groups and it is estimated customers were overcharged by nearly $500 million and up to $5 per album
Bertelsmann Music Group
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Primary businesses
Bertelsmann Music Group
14.
Tubeway Army
–
Tubeway Army were a London-based electronic and new wave band led by lead singer Gary Numan. They were the first band of the era to have a synthesiser-based number-one hit. And its parent album Replicas both topping the UK charts in mid-1979, aged 18 years, Gary Webb had fronted London band Mean Street in 1976. After leaving this band, he auditioned as lead guitarist for band called The Lasers. The pair left The Lasers soon after and formed Tubeway Army, Webb rechristened himself Valerian, Gardiner Scarlett and Lidyard Rael. Webb was a songwriter and ambitious for commercial success. The band began playing gigs on the scene in London. They released two guitar-heavy, punk-style singles in the first half of 1978, soon afterwards, the Tubeway Army album was released on blue vinyl, at which point Webb adopted the name Gary Numan. Numan actually took his new pseudonym from a local Yellow Pages where a plumber called Arthur Neumann was listed, lyrically the record touched on dystopian and sci-fi themes similar to those employed by authors such as Philip K. Dick, of whom Numan was a fan. Whilst the albums modest initial pressing sold out, it did not enter the charts at that time. By this time Tubeway Army had decided to live shows – Numan was unhappy with pub-venue gigs on the often violent London punk scene. Following swiftly on in early 1979, excited by the possibilities of synthesizers, Numan took Tubeway Army back into the studio to record a follow-up album, the result was more synth and science fiction orientated than the last album. However, the single, Are Friends Electric. Was more successful, reaching the no.1 spot, the underlying context of this song was also a reference to another Philip K. Dick novel, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep. The band appeared all dressed in black and near-motionless, Numan in particular giving a performance often referred to as being like an android, the single remained at number one in the UK charts for 4 weeks, with Replicas following suit in the album charts. With Tubeway Army still avoiding live shows, Numan recruited some musicians to make these television appearances. 1 The demos were recorded in 1978 but not released until 1984, Beggars Banquet have re-released and re-mastered these recordings numerous times. Current CD editions supplement the original tracks with all single A- and B-sides,12 bonus tracks, studio out-takes
Tubeway Army
–
Tubeway Army's line-up for most of their recordings (L to R): Gary Numan, Jess Lidyard and Paul Gardiner
15.
Nine Inch Nails
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Nine Inch Nails is an American industrial rock band founded in 1988 by Trent Reznor in Cleveland, Ohio. Despite this, the band has had feuds with the corporate side of the recording industry. Reznor returned to self-releasing material with the second Nine Inch Nails EP, as the bands main producer, singer, songwriter, and instrumentalist, Reznor is the only constant member of the group, and remains solely responsible for its direction. This changed however in 2016 when Atticus Ross was introduced as a permanent member of Nine Inch Nails alongside the announcement of Not the Actual Events, after recording a new album, Reznor usually assembles a live band to perform onstage with him. The touring band features a lineup that often rearranges songs to fit a live setting. On stage, Nine Inch Nails often employs visual elements to accompany performances, Nine Inch Nails has been nominated for thirteen Grammy Awards, and won twice for the songs Wish and Happiness in Slavery in 1992 and 1996, respectively. In 1997, Reznor appeared in Time magazines list of the years most influential people, in 2004, Rolling Stone placed Nine Inch Nails at 94 on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. In 2014, Nine Inch Nails was named as nominees for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in 2015, they were nominated a second time. Koster agreed and allowed Reznor to use it whenever it was empty, while completing the early recordings, Reznor was unable to find a band that could articulate the material as he desired. Instead, inspired by Prince, Reznor played all the instruments except drums himself and this role remains Reznors on most of the bands studio recordings, though he has occasionally involved other musicians and assistants. Nine Inch Nails debut was at the Phantasy Theater in Lakewood, in 1988, after playing its first shows supporting Skinny Puppy, Reznors ambition for Nine Inch Nails was to release one 12-inch single on a small European label. Several labels responded favorably to the material and Reznor signed with TVT Records. The overall sound on Purest Feeling is lighter than that of Pretty Hate Machine, several songs feature live drumming and guitar work throughout. Reznor coined the name Nine Inch Nails because it abbreviated easily, other rumored explanations have circulated, alleging that Reznor chose to reference Jesus crucifixion with nine-inch spikes, or Freddy Kruegers nine-inch fingernails. The English letters NIN are also noted for their resemblance to the modern Hebrew characters of the Tetragrammaton, the Nine Inch Nails logo, which consists of the letters set inside a border, was designed by Reznor and Gary Talpas. The logo first appeared on the video for Nine Inch Nails debut single, Down in It. Talpas, a native of Cleveland, would continue to design Nine Inch Nails packaging art until 1997, written, arranged, and performed by Reznor, Nine Inch Nails first album Pretty Hate Machine debuted in 1989. It marked his first collaboration with Adrian Sherwood and Mark Flood Ellis, Reznor asked Sean Beavan to mix the demos of Pretty Hate Machine, which had received multiple offers for record deals
Nine Inch Nails
–
Nine Inch Nails in November 2013 at the
Staples Center. From left to right:
Pino Palladino,
Ilan Rubin,
Trent Reznor, and
Alessandro Cortini.
Nine Inch Nails
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Reznor during the 1991
Lollapalooza festival
Nine Inch Nails
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Reznor performing during the Self-Destruct tour, circa 1994–1995
Nine Inch Nails
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Live performance during the
Live: With Teeth tour in 2006
16.
Paul Gardiner
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Paul Gardiner was a British musician who played bass guitar with Gary Numan and Tubeway Army as well as material under his own name. Paul Gardiner was born in Hayes, Middlesex, in early 1976 he was playing in a band called The Lasers when Gary Numan auditioned as lead guitarist. The two became fast friends and when Numan left the band soon after, Gardiner followed, the pair formed Tubeway Army, initially with Numans uncle Jess Lidyard on drums. In October 1977, the band was signed to the independent label Beggars Banquet and released their first single, Thats Too Bad, the trio used assumed names, Gardiners being Scarlett. An ever-changing line-up played gigs over the few months, Gardiner. Settling back to an outfit with Lidyard, the band released two albums as Tubeway Army, an eponymously titled debut in 1978 and the No.1 hit Replicas in 1979. Following Numans retirement in April 1981, after concerts at Wembley Arena. Most of the members formed a new group called Dramatis, while Gardiner elected to concentrate on a solo career, Gardiners debut solo release was a single co-written with Numan called Stormtrooper in Drag b/w Night Talk in 1981. It made No.49 in the UK Singles Chart, on these tracks Gardiner and Numan were credited with guitar and bass, respectively, Gardiner also played synthesizer. Gardiners recording of The Velvet Undergrounds Venus in Furs was the first release on Numans own label, Numa, the singles B-side, No Sense, was written by Gardiner. Aside from work on projects, he played with Dramatis in 1982 and, shortly before his death. Paul Gardiner struggled with addiction in his last years and died of a fatal heroin overdose on 4 February 1984 in Limetrees Park in Northolt. He was survived by a son, Chris, Gary Numan wrote the song A Child with the Ghost in memory of his friend and former bass-player. He also paid tribute to Gardiner on the 10th and 20th anniversaries of his death by playing, respectively, Stormtrooper in Drag on his 1994 tour and Night Talk at a 2004 charity gig. During the 2009 Pleasure Principle tour Numan paid tribute to Gardiner on his 25th anniversary of his death by playing Complex with a picture of Gardiner displayed on the screen background. Thats Too Bad Bombers Down in the Park Are Friends Electric, cars Complex We Are Glass I Die, You Die This Wreckage Stormtrooper in Drag - although released under Gardiners name, the lead vocals were by Gary Numan. Paul Gardiner, Background, Facts and Stats Steve Malins
Paul Gardiner
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Paul Gardiner
17.
Bill Sharpe (musician)
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Bill Sharpe is a British musician, who has worked solo, with Shakatak and with others, such as Gary Numan, and Don Grusin. Sharpe was educated at Bishops Stortford College, from there he studied music at Birmingham University where he gained an honours degree. He worked for the BBC as a manager for six years and then. In 1985, he teamed with Gary Numan, billed as Sharpe & Numan and that same year, Sharpe released his debut solo album, Famous People, which included the duet with Numan. Other vocalists featured on the album include then-frequent Numan backing singer Tessa Niles and it was released as the second single from the album, but did not chart. A follow-up Sharpe & Numan single, New Thing From London Town, was featured on Numans 1986 album Strange Charm, two years later, Sharpe & Numan returned with the single No More Lies, and in early 1989 the duo released a full album together, Automatic. A second single, Im on Automatic, was a modest UK Top 40 hit, Change Your Mind was also included on that album. In 1999, he recorded his solo album State of the Heart. This featured many artists including Jeffrey Osborne and Gerald Albright and he continued to work with Don Grusin on a joint project called Geography released in 2007. In recent years he has worked with Jah Wobble on the album Kingdom of Fitzrovia, Sharpe continues to tour and record with Shakatak
Bill Sharpe (musician)
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Bill Sharpe as Member of Shakatak in Wuppertal, Germany (2014)
18.
Fear Factory
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Fear Factory is an American heavy metal band that was formed in 1989. During the bands career, they have released nine albums and have evolved through a succession of styles, including nu metal, death metal, groove metal. Fear Factory was enormously influential on the metal scene in the mid-to-late 1990s. In April 2009, a new lineup was announced, Cazares returned as lead and rhythm guitarist, and Gene Hoglan as drummer. Bell and Stroud reprised their roles, and the band completed a seventh studio album titled Mechanize. Former members Christian Olde Wolbers and Raymond Herrera—both of whom were playing in Arkaea—disputed the legitimacy of the new lineup, since then, Fear Factory has released two more albums, The Industrialist and Genexus. Over the years, Fear Factory has seen changes in its members, Bell being the only consistent member since 1989. The band has performed at three Ozzfests and the inaugural Gigantour. Their singles have charted on the US Mainstream Rock Top 40 and albums on the Billboard Top 40,100, and 200, Fear Factory was formed in 1989 under the name Ulceration, which the band agreed would just be a cool name. The bands origins can be traced to a formed by guitarist Dino Cazares—formerly of The Douche Lords—and drummer Raymond Herrera in Los Angeles. Their first line-up was completed with the addition of bassist Dave Gibney, Bell, who was allegedly recruited by an impressed Cazares, who overheard him singing New Years Day by U2. Cazares played bass on the first three Fear Factory albums Concrete, Soul of a New Machine and Demanufacture, on which Cazares changed many of the riffs during the recording and it took Cazares two weeks to get the appropriate guitar tone. Cazares created, wrote and recorded all the music on the album, Christian joined the band two weeks before they were scheduled to go on tour to promote the album. He stated that had contributed musical changes to a couple of songs on the album, in his own words, this has not been a significant contribution. According to Brian Russ of The BNR Metal Pages, the demos are remarkable for integrating these influences into the death metal sound. Bells pioneering fusion of death growls and clean vocals in the same song. The use of grunts and throat singing combined with clean vocals later defined the nu metal, many vocalists in todays metal scene use two or more methods of singing and vocalizing lyrics. The band contributed two songs to the L. A, the band played its first show on October 31,1990
Fear Factory
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Fear Factory performing at the
DNA Lounge in 2013
Fear Factory
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Fear Factory in 2010
19.
Battles (band)
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Battles is an American experimental rock group, founded in 2002 in New York City by Ian Williams and composer/vocalist Tyondai Braxton. The current line-up is guitarist/ keyboardist Ian Williams, guitarist/ bassist Dave Konopka, the group is known for their experimental and rhythm-heavy post-rock style. They heavily utilize self-designed loops on Ableton Live, following a string of EPs, the band released their debut album on the Warp Records label in February 2006, which was titled EP C / B EP. It is a compilation of their releases, EP C, B EP. Their first full-length album Mirrored, recorded by Keith Souza at Machines with Magnets, was released on May 14,2007, the album received positive reviews and appeared on several top album lists for 2007. The first single from the album, Atlas, was released on February 21,2007 as streaming audio, and the accompanying streaming video was released on February 28,2007. It was voted Best Single of the Week by NME magazine, the song was performed by the band on BBC televisions Later With Jools Holland in November 2007. Atlas was featured in the Media Molecule video game LittleBigPlanet, available for the PlayStation 3, the track was also featured in Major League Baseball 2K8. The video for the track Atlas also appeared in a set of videos from Warp Films shown at the 2009 Clermont-Ferrand Short Film Festival, in Clermont-Ferrand, France. The audio track was featured on American Airlines in-flight radio programming and is used for Arto Saaris segment of Alien Workshops skateboard video MindField, Battles released a streaming video for the track Tonto, in which they collaborated with celebrated lights artists United Visual Artists. The accompanying single was released in late 2007, Battles scored their first UK cover feature in April 2007, talking to The Skinny magazine about the making of Mirrored. The song Race, In and a remix of Atlas were both used for car advertisements in the UK, and Bad Trails was featured in the film Big Fan. The introduction of the film All Tomorrow’s Parties, which was released in October 2009 and this performance was recorded in May 2007 during the All Tomorrows Parties festival that took place in Butlins Holiday Camp, Minehead, Somerset. A new song Sweetie and Shag was performed in Dublin on 10 December 2009, the songs Leyendecker and Bad Trails were both featured in episode 7 of season 4 of the UK teen show Skins. The song The Line is featured on the Twilight Saga, Eclipse OST soundtrack. Battles second album, Gloss Drop, was released on June 6,2011 featuring guests including Gary Numan, Kazu Makino, and Yamantaka Eye, and the band announced a spring tour in support of the record. In December 2011 the band curated the All Tomorrows Parties Nightmare Before Christmas festival in Minehead, England alongside co-curators Les Savy Fav, a compilation album featuring the 11 remixes was released on April 16,2012. In August 2012, multi-platform video game Sleeping Dogs was released by Square Enix in which it features the song Futura in the radio station
Battles (band)
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Battles at the 2008
Moers Festival in
Germany. From left to right:
Ian Williams,
John Stanier,
Dave Konopka,
Tyondai Braxton
Battles (band)
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Dave Konopka of Battles performing at the 2008 Bonnaroo Music Festival in Manchester, TN.
Battles (band)
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Ian Williams at the 2008
Moers Festival.
Battles (band)
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John Stanier, 2008 Moers Festival.
20.
Minimoog
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The Minimoog is a monophonic analog synthesizer, invented by Bill Hemsath and Robert Moog. It was released in 1970 by R. A, Moog Inc. and production was stopped in 1981. It was re-designed by Robert Moog in 2002 and released as Minimoog Voyager, in May 2016, Moog announced a limited-run pilot production reissue of the Model D, to be launched at Moogfest. It has subsequently gone into full production, the Minimoog was designed in response to the use of synthesizers in rock/pop music. It later surpassed this original purpose, however, and became a distinctive and it remains in demand today, over four decades after its introduction, for its intuitive design and powerful bass and lead sounds. Four prototypes were made over the years before a design was decided upon to release as a commercial product. The Minimoog Model D adapted some of the circuitry from earlier modular instruments, to produce a sound, the musician would first choose a sound shape to be generated from the VCO and/or the type of noise. The filtered signal is routed to the voltage-controlled amplifier, where its contour is shaped by a dedicated ADS envelope generator. Part of the appeal of this instrument over the early modular Moogs was that the Minimoog required no patch cables, its signal and control voltage path is hard-wired, while this imposed the signal flow limitation outlined above, there are ways to tweak the sound. For example, in reality, the Minimoog has six sound sources, the voltage-controlled filter and voltage-controlled amplifier each have their own ADSD envelope generator. Musicians who are familiar with more modern synthesizers might expect the last letter to be R for Release, however, on the Minimoog, the envelopes are ADSD, as the decay setting also sets the time for what is regularly known as release. In other words, there are three knobs to control 4 sections of the sound — a shortcoming that doesnt seem to diminish the Minimoogs popularity in any way. There is also a switch above the pitch and modulation wheels to engage the final stage as well as a switch for engaging the glide circuit. The VCF is of transistor ladder type, a design patented by Moog, rumors that Moog had to go to court over the patent seem to be nothing more, differences with ARP at one point were settled amicably. The output of the third oscillator and/or the noise generator can also be routed to the control inputs of the filter and/or oscillators. The amount of pitch or filter modulation thus realized is controlled by the modulation wheel, in this way, the third oscillator is frequently used as a low-frequency oscillator to control pitch and/or harmonic content. External pitch control does not pass through the circuit, nor is it presented to the VCF tracking switches — the external inputs were not designed for external keyboard control. The lowest note played on the keyboard determines the pitch, a condition that is referred to as low-note priority, the envelope generators do not re-trigger unless all notes are lifted before the next note is played, an important characteristic which allows phrasing
Minimoog
Minimoog
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Minimoog control panel
Minimoog
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Minimoog model D early model by R.A. Moog (1970)
Minimoog
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Minimoog model D by R.A. Moog (1970)
21.
Polymoog
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The Polymoog is a polyphonic analog synthesizer that was manufactured by Moog Music from 1975 to 1980. The Polymoog was based on divide-down oscillator technology similar to electronic organs, the name Polymoog can refer either to the original Polymoog Synthesizer released in 1975, or the largely preset Polymoog Keyboard released in 1978. The Polymoog has a 71-note weighted Pratt & Reed touch-sensitive keyboard divided into three sections with a slider for each. It also has a three-band resonant graphic equalizer section, which can be changed to a low/bandpass/high-pass filter, the Moog-designed 24 dB filter section allows modulation modulated from its own envelopes, low frequency oscillation and sample and hold circuit. Ranks and waveforms of all notes are also adjustable combining waveforms, octaves, tunings, the user can adjust the instruments sounds, and it offers presets named strings, piano, organ, harpsichord, funk, clav, vibes, and brass. Presets were factory created as physical circuit cards and may be modified for live performance using Var buttons, the design of the Polymoog is a hybrid of the electronic organ and the synthesizer using divide-down technology, much like other string synthesizers of the time. The Polymoog Keyboard 280a is a version of the original 1975 Polymoog. The two are similar in appearance, sharing the same case and keyboard, the right-hand control panel is absent, while the left-hand panel has only a few sliders, giving the user less control over the sounds. Control over these presets is limited to octave balance, envelope attack, the lower two octaves may also be split off to play a separate bass tone, with some control over this tone allowed via a dedicated bass filter. Filter control of the preset sounds is not user adjustable other than via an external controller. The Polymoog Keyboard was less expensive than its predecessor, being priced at $3995 in 1979, the best known of the presets on the Polymoog Keyboard is Vox Humana, which was not present on the original Polymoog. This preset forms the basis of the string sound in the work of Gary Numan. An optional foot pedal controller known as the Polypedal, with control voltage jacks and it allows the user to switch between single and multiple triggering of envelopes, and controls for pitch, filter, and sustain. Gary Numan was one of the Polymoogs most recognizable users, the electronic string sound featured prominently on the track Cars and most of the album The Pleasure Principle became his signature sound in the late 1970s and early 1980s. A Polymoog is shown in his video for Cars as well as in live performances on Top Of The Pops. A Polymoog provided the lead to Cliff Richards 1979 hit We Dont Talk Anymore. The Polymoog features prominently in the music video. List of Moog synthesizer players Moog Music Moog synthesizer Robert Moog Video demonstrating the Polymoog 203a
Polymoog
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Polymoog Synthesizer 203a
Polymoog
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The Polymoog's "polycom" voice cards
Polymoog
–
The Polymoog Keyboard model 280a
Polymoog
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right: Polymoog with Polypedal
22.
ARP Odyssey
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The ARP Odyssey is an analog synthesizer introduced in 1972. There were several variations of the Odyssey over the years, following an announcement in February 2014, the synthesizer was reissued by Korg in early 2015, in cooperation with the synthesizers original designer and ARP co-founder, David Friend. The Odyssey is an analog synthesizer, and one of the first with duophonic capabilities. Switchable between sawtooth, square, and pulse waveforms with oscillator sync, a modulator. Pulse-width can be modulated manually or with the LFO or the ADSR envelope generator, there is a high-pass filter, as well as a voltage controlled low-pass self-oscillating filter. The filter can be controlled by either of the two generators, an ADSR and a simple AR and modulated by the LFO, sample-and-hold. The Sample/Hold input mixer can be used to route the output of the VCOs to the FM input of VCO2 and the VCF, enabling audio frequency FM. ARP Odysseys produced between 1972 and 1975, referred to as Mark I, were white-faced Odysseys that used a 2-pole voltage-controlled filter, some late models used a black and gold color scheme and include CV/gate jacks like the later Mark IIs. These earlier units contained a number of internal adjustments and were slightly more difficult to calibrate. Odyssey Mark IIs were produced between 1975 and 1978 and they are largely similar to Mark Is, the main differences are the use of the black and gold color scheme and the inclusion of CV/gate in all models. These models also use a four-pole VCF, which were similar in design to Moogs four-pole filter, subsequent models, however, use a different four-pole low-pass filter designed by ARP, the 4075 filter. A later filter with a design, the 4072, was used in the 2600, Omni, Axxe, Solus. Mark III was produced between 1978 and 1981, and was the last model until Korgs revival of the Odyssey in 2015, Mark IIIs are also the most common models of the Odyssey. The Mark III used ARPs four-pole 4075 filter and introduced proportional pitch control, PPC was a pitch bend system created by ARP that used pressure-sensitive buttons to control bend up, bend down, and vibrato. Older models had used a standard knob, apart from the new filter and pitch bend, the distinguishing feature of the Mark III is its orange and black color scheme, which was consistent with other contemporary ARP instruments. Mark III Odysseys also have unbalanced XLR outputs, in addition to unbalanced 1/4 outputs, the ARP Odyssey was reissued by Korg in 2015 with modifications to make the instrument more modern. The Korg ARP Odyssey introduced MIDI in and USB MIDI, as well as a headphone output. It also adds a drive option to distort the voltage-controlled amplifier, Korgs models include features of all three of the original Odyssey models, including the ability to switch between their filters and portamento behaviors
ARP Odyssey
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ARP Odyssey Mark III
ARP Odyssey
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ARP Odyssey reissued by
Korg in 2015
23.
Gibson Les Paul
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The Gibson Les Paul is a solid body electric guitar that was first sold by the Gibson Guitar Corporation in 1952. The Les Paul was designed by Gibson president Ted McCarty, factory manager John Huis and their team, the Les Paul was originally offered with a gold finish and two P-90 pickups. In 1957, humbucking pickups were added, along with sunburst finishes in 1958, the sunburst 1958–1960 Les Paul – today one of the best-known electric guitar types in the world – was considered a failure, with low production and sales. For 1961, the Les Paul was redesigned into what is now known as the Gibson SG and this design continued as a separate guitar when the traditional single cutaway, carved top bodystyle was re-introduced in 1963. The Les Paul has been produced in countless versions and editions since. Along with Fenders Telecaster and Stratocaster, it was one of the first mass-produced electric solid-body guitars, Les Pauls have been used in many genres, including rock, country, pop, soul, rhythm and blues, blues, jazz, reggae, punk, and heavy metal. In 1950, the ancestors of Fender Telecaster were introduced to the musical market, in reaction to market demand, Gibson Guitar president Ted McCarty brought guitarist Les Paul into the company as a consultant. Les Paul was an innovator who had been experimenting with guitar design for years. He hand-built a solid-body prototype called The Log, often suggested as the first solid-body Spanish guitar ever built, in 1951, Paul, McCarty, and his team at the Gibson Guitar Corporation began work on what would eventually become the Les Paul Model. Early prototypes are very similar to the final version, the new Les Paul guitar was to be an expensive, well-made instrument in accordance with Gibsons reputation at the time. Although recollections differ regarding who contributed what to the Les Paul design, however, this reversal would have caused the guitar to become too heavy, and Pauls request was refused. Paul states that the original Custom should have had the maple cap, Les Pauls contributions to the guitar line bearing his name were more than cosmetic, but certainly included them. For example, Paul specified that the guitar be offered in a finish, not only for flashiness. The later-issue Les Paul models included flame maple and quilted maple tops, the 1952 Les Pauls featured two P-90 single coil pickups, and a one-piece, trapeze-style bridge/tailpiece with strings fitted under a steel stop-bar. The guitar made its debut when Paul used it onstage in June,1952. On July 24,1952, at a special musicians clinic at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel, it was previewed by prominent guitarists such as Tiger Haynes, George Barnes, Mundell Lowe, Tony Mottola, and Billy Mure. The clinic preceded the annual NAMM Show held at the New Yorker hotel starting July 27, a second Les Paul model was introduced in 1953. Called the Les Paul Custom, this guitar with gold-plated hardware was dubbed the Black Beauty
Gibson Les Paul
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1958 Gibson Les Paul Standard
Gibson Les Paul
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Les Paul and "Clunker" (1947)
Gibson Les Paul
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Les Paul logo on headstock
Gibson Les Paul
–
"Patent Applied For" (
PAF) pickups on a Les Paul Standard
24.
Studio album
–
Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
Studio album
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Early record albums were packages of 78
RPM records in book form
Studio album
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Two vinyl records with inner and outer album sleeves
Studio album
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A blank compact cassette tape and case
Studio album
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A compact disc within an open 'Jewel Case'
25.
The Pleasure Principle (Gary Numan album)
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The Pleasure Principle is the third studio album by British musician Gary Numan. Released about six months after Replicas in 1979, The Pleasure Principle also went to number 1 in the United Kingdom, Numan completely abandoned guitars on the album. This change, coupled with frequent use of percussion, produced the most purely electronic and robotic sound of his career. In addition to the Minimoog synthesizer employed on his previous album, Numan made liberal use of the Polymoog keyboard, other production tricks included copious amounts of flanging, phasing and reverb, plus the unusual move of including solo viola and violin parts in the arrangements. Numan was also influenced by Kraftwerk, the track Cars had the same musical glides as Autobahn, Numan toured throughout the world in support of the album with a huge stage set including banks of neon lights and twin pyramids which moved across the stage via radio control. The live show was captured on record as Living Ornaments ’79, the support act on the UK leg of the tour was Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark. An expanded version of Living Ornaments 79 was issued on CD in 2005, Numan performed a special gig dedicated to the album at Manchester Academy on 21 November 2009, similar to Numans previous tours for Replicas and Telekon. Numan had been scheduled to play the 2010 Coachella Festival in Indio, California but was forced to cancel, to make up for this, Numan embarked upon a 16-date mini-tour of the U. S. that August, in which he performed The Pleasure Principle in its entirety. The album art references The Pleasure Principle, a painting by René Magritte, magrittes title referred to Sigmund Freuds 1920 psychoanalytic essay, Beyond the Pleasure Principle. AllMusics Greg Prato rated The Pleasure Principle 4.5 of 5 stars and he explained that there is not a single weak moment on the disc and that the quality of the songs gets stronger and stronger as the album progresses. He concluded, If you had to own just one Gary Numan album, robert Christgau rated the album a B, saying that it was where metal machine music goes easy-listening. He also stated, This time hes singing about robots, engineers, in such a slight artist, these things make all the difference. All songs written by Gary Numan, except where noted, Disc one Airlane Metal Complex Films M. E. Tracks Observer Conversation Cars Engineers Disc two Airlane Metal Complex Films M. E, tracks Observer Conversation Cars Engineers Random Oceans Asylum Photograph Gymnopedie No.1 Conversation M. E. Disc three Down in the Park On Broadway Everyday I Die Remember I Was Vapour Bombers Me
The Pleasure Principle (Gary Numan album)
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The Pleasure Principle
26.
Cars (song)
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Cars is a 1979 song by British artist Gary Numan, released as a single from the album The Pleasure Principle. It reached the top of the charts in countries. In the UK charts, it reached number 1 in 1979, though Numan had a string of hits in the UK, Cars was his only song in the US Hot 100. It debuted on the American Top 40 on 29 March 1980 and spent a total of 17 weeks in the AT40, Cars was released under the Atco label, with the catalogue number of 7211. and its parent album, Replicas. Cars is based on two sections, a verse/instrumental break and a bridge. The bridge section also includes a tambourine part, Numans vocal part is sung in an almost expressionless, robotic style. There is no chorus as such, the song is also instrumental from the 1,30 point until its end. Towards the end of the video, a multitude of Gary Numans are depicted driving along a Polymoog keyboard, the original UK single was released in August 1979, backed with a non-album instrumental track called Asylum. The US B-side was Metal, from The Pleasure Principle album, Numan has regularly performed the song on stage since its original release and it appears on all but one of his official live albums to date. All of the cars were powered from one single battery, james Frost of Zoo Films directed the video, and Synn Labs, which had previously worked with the band OK Go, engineered the cars. Fear Factory, an American heavy metal band, recorded a version of Cars and released it as the single from their third studio album. The song was included as a bonus track on the limited edition digipak re-release of Obsolete. In their rendition, Gary Numan performs a duet with frontman Burton C, according to Bell, around 1996, the band started performing Cars as an encore at European concerts. Word spread that Fear Factory was performing the song and as a result Gary Numans manager contacted them, upon request, Numans management flew him out to the Vancouver studio for a three-day span to record vocals on Cars. The band also asked Numan to record a spoken word piece for the introduction of Obsolete, and that can be useful, because my musics got a lot heavier and darker anyway. The result would be satisfactory for both parties, and Numan praised the band as brilliant, really easy to work with and they didnt have a bad word to say about anyone. Drummer Raymond Herrera described the cover as basically like a blueprint of a futuristic car and he added that, while other songs were considered, the band chose Cars because all the band members knew and appreciated it and because the keyboards suited Fear Factorys sound. Herrera later noted that the group wanted to record U2s New Years Day
Cars (song)
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"Cars"
Cars (song)
27.
Effects unit
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An effects unit or pedal is an electronic or digital device that alters how a musical instrument or other audio source sounds. In the 2010s, most effects use solid state electronics and/or computer chips, some vintage effects units from the 1930s to the 1970s and modern reissues of these effects use mechanical components as well or vacuum tubes. Musicians, audio engineers and record producers use effects units during live performances or in the studio, typically with electric guitar, electronic keyboard, while guitar effects are most frequently used with electric or electronic instruments, effects can also be used with acoustic instruments, drums and vocals. Rackmounted or audio console-integrated reverb effects are used with vocals in live sound and sound recording. Examples of common units include wah-wah pedals, fuzzboxes and reverb units. A stompbox or pedal is a metal or plastic box placed on the floor in front of the musician and connected to the instrument. Pedals are usually the least expensive format, a rackmount device mounts on a standard 19-inch equipment rack and usually contains several types of effects. Rackmount effects typically have buttons and/or knobs on the face of the chassis for controlling the effects, an effects unit is also called an effect box, effects device, effects processor or simply effects. In audio engineer parlance, a signal without effects is dry, the abbreviation F/X or FX is sometimes used. A pedal-style unit may be called a box, stompbox. When a musician has multiple effects in a rack mounted road case, Effects units are available in a variety of formats or form factors. Stompboxes are usually the smallest, least expensive, and most rugged effects units, rackmount devices are generally more expensive and offer a wider range of functions. An effects unit can consist of analog or digital circuitry or a combination of the two, during a live performance, the effect is plugged into the electrical signal path of the instrument. In the studio, the instrument or other sound-sources auxiliary output is patched into the effect, form factors are part of a studio or musicians outboard gear. Stompboxes are small plastic or metal chassis which usually lie on the floor or in a pedalboard to be operated by the users feet, pedals are often rectangle-shaped, but there are a range of other shapes. Typical simple stompboxes have a single footswitch, one to three potentiometers for controlling the effect, and a single LED that indicates if the effect is on, depending on the type of pedal, the potentiometers may control different parameters of the effect. For a chorus effect, for example, the knobs may control the depth, some pedals have two knobs stacked on top of each other, enabling the unit to provide two knobs per single knob space. An effects chain or signal chain is formed by connecting two or more stompboxes, effect chains are typically created between the guitar and the amp or between the preamplifier and the power amp
Effects unit
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A pedalboard allows a performer to create a ready-to-use chain of multiple pedals.
Signal chain order:
tuner,
compressor,
octave generator,
wah-wah pedal,
overdrive,
distortion,
fuzz,
EQ and
tremolo.
Effects unit
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Boss ME-50 guitar multi-effects pedal
Effects unit
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Ibanez Tube Screamer TS9 overdrive pedal
Effects unit
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Rackmounted effects
28.
British Airways
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British Airways, often shortened to BA, is the flag carrier and the largest airline in the United Kingdom based on fleet size. When measured by passengers carried, it is second-largest in the United Kingdom behind easyJet, the airline is based in Waterside near its main hub at London Heathrow Airport. On 31 March 1974, all four companies were merged to form British Airways, after almost 13 years as a state company, British Airways was privatised in February 1987 as part of a wider privatisation plan by the Conservative government. The carrier soon expanded with the acquisition of British Caledonian in 1987, followed by Dan-Air in 1992, British Airways is a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and the now defunct Canadian Airlines. The alliance has since grown to become the third-largest, after SkyTeam, IAG is listed on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE100 Index. A long-time Boeing customer, British Airways ordered 59 Airbus A320 family aircraft in August 1998, in 2007 it purchased 12 Airbus A380s and 24 Boeing 787 Dreamliners, marking the start of its long-haul fleet replacement. The centrepiece of the airlines fleet is the Boeing 777. British Airways is the largest operator of the Boeing 747-400, with 51 registered to the airline, on 1 September 1972 the management service functions of both BOAC and BEA were combined under the newly formed British Airways Group. British Airways was established as an airline on 31 March 1974 by the dissolution of BOAC, British Airways and Air France operated the supersonic airliner Aerospatiale-BAC Concorde, and the worlds first supersonic passenger service flew in January 1976 from London Heathrow to Bahrain. Services to the US began on 24 May 1976 with a flight to Washington Dulles airport, service to Singapore was established in co-operation with Singapore Airlines as a continuation of the flight to Bahrain. The final commercial Concorde flight was BA002 from New York JFK to London Heathrow on 24 October 2003, in 1981 the airline was instructed to prepare for privatisation by the Conservative Thatcher government. Sir John King, later Lord King, was appointed chairman, while many other large airlines struggled, King was credited with transforming British Airways into one of the most profitable air carriers in the world. The flag carrier was privatised and was floated on the London Stock Exchange in February 1987, British Airways effected the takeover of the UKs second airline, British Caledonian, in July of that same year. The formation of Richard Bransons Virgin Atlantic Airways in 1984 created a competitor for BA and this campaign included allegations of poaching Virgin Atlantic customers, tampering with private files belonging to Virgin and undermining Virgins reputation in the City. As a result of the case BA management apologised unreservedly, Lord King stepped down as chairman in 1993 and was replaced by his deputy, Colin Marshall, while Bob Ayling took over as CEO. Virgin filed an action in the US that same year regarding BAs domination of the trans-Atlantic routes. In 1992 British Airways expanded through the acquisition of the financially troubled Dan-Air, British Asia Airways, a subsidiary based in Taiwan, was formed in March 1993 to operate between London and Taipei. That same month BA purchased a 25% stake in the Australian airline Qantas and, with the acquisition of Brymon Airways in May, in September 1998, British Airways, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and Canadian Airlines, formed the Oneworld airline alliance
British Airways
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A
Boeing 747-100 in BOAC-British Airways transition livery
British Airways
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A British Airways
Hawker Siddeley Trident in transitional scheme with BEA livery but with British Airways titles
British Airways
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British Airways' first
Concorde at Heathrow Airport, on 15 January 1976
British Airways
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British Airways and Iberia merged in January 2011, forming the International Airlines Group, one of the world's largest airlines.
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Heathrow Airport
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Heathrow Airport is a major international airport in London, United Kingdom. In 2016, it handled a record 75.7 million passengers, Heathrow lies 14 miles west of Central London, and has two parallel east–west runways along with four operational terminals on a site that covers 12.27 square kilometres. London Heathrow is the hub for British Airways and the primary operating base for Virgin Atlantic. In September 2012, the UK government established the Airports Commission, in July 2015, the commission backed a third runway at Heathrow and the government approved a third runway in October 2016. Heathrow is 14 mi west of central London, near the end of the London Borough of Hillingdon on a parcel of land that is designated part of the Metropolitan Green Belt. The airport is surrounded by the areas of Harlington, Harmondsworth, Longford and Cranford to the north and by Hounslow. To the south lie Bedfont and Stanwell while to the west Heathrow is separated from Slough in Berkshire by the M25 motorway, Heathrow falls entirely under the TW postcode area. As the airport is west of London and as its runways run east–west, for a chronicled history of Heathrow Airport, see History of Heathrow Airport. Heathrow Airport originated in 1929 as an airfield on land south-east of the hamlet of Heathrow from which the airport takes its name. At that time there were farms, market gardens and orchards there, there was a Heathrow Farm about where Terminal 1 is now, a Heathrow Hall and a Heathrow House. This hamlet was largely along a lane which ran roughly along the east. Development of the whole Heathrow area as a much larger airport began in 1944. But by the time the airfield was nearing completion, World War II had ended, the government continued to develop the airport as a civil airport, it opened as London Airport in 1946 and was renamed Heathrow Airport in 1966. Heathrow Airport is used by over 80 airlines flying to 185 destinations in 84 countries, the airport is the primary hub of British Airways and is a base for Virgin Atlantic. It has four terminals and a cargo terminal. Of Heathrows 73.4 million passengers in 2014, 93% were international travellers, the busiest single destination in passenger numbers is New York, with over 3 million passengers flying between Heathrow and JFK Airport in 2013. As the required length for runways has grown, Heathrow now has two parallel runways running east–west. These are extended versions of the two east–west runways from the original hexagram, from the air, almost all of the original runways can still be seen, incorporated into the present system of taxiways
Heathrow Airport
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Aerial view of Heathrow Airport
Heathrow Airport
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A
Qantas Boeing 747-400 on approach to London Heathrow 27L runway.
Heathrow Airport
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Central waiting area in Terminal 5
Heathrow Airport
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Concorde G-BOAB in storage at Heathrow
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