1.
AK-47
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The AK-47, or AK as it is officially known is a selective-fire, gas-operated 7. 62×39 mm assault rifle, developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is officially known in the Soviet documentation as Avtomat Kalashnikova, Design work on the AK-47 began in the last year of World War II. In 1946, the AK-47 was presented for military trials, and in 1948. An early development of the design was the AKS, which was equipped with a metal shoulder stock. In the spring of 1949, the AK-47 was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces, as of 2004, Of the estimated 500 million firearms worldwide, approximately 100 million belong to the Kalashnikov family, three-quarters of which are AK-47s. During World War II, the Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifle used by German forces made an impression on their Soviet counterparts. The select-fire rifle was chambered for a new cartridge, the 7. 92×33mm Kurz. On 15 July 1943, a model of the Sturmgewehr was demonstrated before the Peoples Commissariat of Arms of the USSR. The Soviets soon developed the 7. 62×39mm M43 cartridge, the semi-automatic SKS carbine, shortly after World War II, the Soviets developed the AK-47 assault rifle, which would quickly replace the SKS in Soviet service. Mikhail Kalashnikov began his career as a designer in 1941, while recuperating from a shoulder wound. I was a soldier, and I created a gun for a soldier. It was called an Avtomat Kalashnikova, the weapon of Kalashnikov—AK—and it carried the date of its first manufacture,1947. The AK-47 is best described as a hybrid of previous rifle technology innovations, Kalashnikov decided to design an automatic rifle combining the best features of the American M1 and the German StG44. Kalashnikovs team had access to weapons and had no need to reinvent the wheel. Kalashnikov himself observed, A lot of Russian Army soldiers ask me how one can become a constructor, each designer seems to have his own paths, his own successes and failures. But one thing is clear, before attempting to create something new, I myself have had many experiences confirming this to be so. There are claims about Kalashnikov copying other designs, like Bulkins TKB-415 or Simonovs AVS-31, Kalashnikov started work on a submachine gun design in 1942 and with a light machine gun in 1943. Early in 1944, Kalashnikov was given some M19437. 62×39mm cartridges and it was suggested to him that this new weapon might well lead to greater things, and he undertook work on the new rifle
2.
Semi-automatic firearm
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A semi-automatic, or self-loading firearm, is one that performs all steps necessary to prepare it to discharge again after firing—assuming cartridges remain in the firearms feed device. Typically, this includes extracting and ejecting the spent cartridge case from the chamber, re-cocking the firing mechanism. For the other forms, the mechanism would require cycling manually prior to firing the next round. An automatic or a selective-fire firearm set to fire automatically would be able to discharge continuously as long as the trigger is held until the magazine or feed device runs out of ammunition. Obviously, this additional feature complicates the design of the sear and disconnector, the first successful design for a semi-automatic rifle is attributed to German-born gunsmith Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher, who unveiled the design in 1885. The Model 85 was followed by the equally innovative Mannlicher Models 91,93 and 95 semi-automatic rifles.5 mm ammunition that were fed into the M1894 by a stripper clip. The Auto-5 relied on long recoil operation, this remained the dominant form in semi-automatic shotguns for approximately 50 years. Production of the Auto-5 was ended in 1999, in 1903 and 1905, the Winchester Repeating Arms Company introduced the first semi-automatic rimfire and centerfire rifles designed especially for the civilian market. The Winchester Model 1903 and Winchester Model 1905 operated on the principle of blowback in order to function semi-automatically, johnson, the Model 1903 achieved commercial success and continued to be manufactured until 1932 when the Winchester Model 63 replaced it. Winchester introduced a medium caliber semi-automatic sporting rifle, the Model 1907 as an upgrade to the Model 1905, utilizing a system of operation. Both the Models of 1905 and 1907 saw limited military and police use, in 1906, Remington Arms introduced the Remington Auto-loading Repeating Rifle. Remington advertised this rifle, renamed the Model 8 in 1911 and this is a locked-breech, long recoil action designed by John Browning. The Model 81 superseded the Model 8 in 1936 and was offered in.300 Savage as well as the original Remington calibers, the first semi-automatic rifle adopted and widely issued by a major military power was the Fusil Automatique Modele 1917. This is a breech, gas-operated action which is very similar in its mechanical principles to the future M1 Garand in the United States. The M1917 was fielded during the stages of WWI but it did not receive a favorable reception. However its shortened and improved version, the Model 1918, gave complete satisfaction during the Moroccan Rif War from 1920 to 1926, the Lebel bolt-action rifle remained the standard French infantry rifle until replaced in 1936 by the MAS-36 despite the various semi-automatic rifles designed between 1918 and 1935. In 1937, the American M1 Garand was the first semi-automatic rifle to replace its nations bolt-action rifle as the infantry weapon. The gas-operated M1 Garand was developed by Canadian-born John Garand for the U. S. government at the Springfield Armory in Springfield, after years of research and testing, the first production model of the M1 Garand was unveiled in 1937
3.
Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
4.
Gun barrel
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A gun barrel is a part of firearms and artillery pieces. The hollow interior of the barrel is called the bore, a gun barrel must be able to hold in the expanding gas produced by the propellants to ensure that optimum muzzle velocity is attained by the projectile as it is being pushed out by the expanding gas. Modern small arms barrels are made of known and tested to withstand the pressures involved. Artillery pieces are made by various techniques providing reliably sufficient strength, early firearms were muzzle-loading, with powder, and then shot loaded from the muzzle, capable of only a low rate of fire. During the 19th century effective mechanical locks were invented that sealed a breech-loading weapon against the escape of propellant gases, the early Chinese, the inventors of gunpowder, used bamboo, a naturally tubular stalk, as the first barrels in gunpowder projectile weapons. Early European guns were made of iron, usually with several strengthening bands of the metal wrapped around circular wrought iron rings. The Chinese were the first to master cast-iron cannon barrels, early cannon barrels were very thick for their caliber. Bore evacuator Bore snake Cannon Muzzle Polygonal rifling Rifling Slug barrel Smoothbore
5.
Piston
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A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder, in some engines, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder wall. An internal combustion engine is acted upon by the pressure of the combustion gases in the combustion chamber space at the top of the cylinder. This force then acts downwards through the rod and onto the crankshaft. The connecting rod is attached to the piston by a swivelling gudgeon pin and this pin is mounted within the piston, unlike the steam engine, there is no piston rod or crosshead. The pin itself is of hardened steel and is fixed in the piston, a few designs use a fully floating design that is loose in both components. All pins must be prevented from moving sideways and the ends of the pin digging into the cylinder wall, gas sealing is achieved by the use of piston rings. These are a number of iron rings, fitted loosely into grooves in the piston. The rings are split at a point in the rim, allowing them to press against the cylinder with a light spring pressure. Two types of ring are used, the rings have solid faces and provide gas sealing, lower rings have narrow edges. There are many proprietary and detail design features associated with piston rings, pistons are cast from aluminium alloys. For better strength and fatigue life, some racing pistons may be forged instead, early pistons were of cast iron, but there were obvious benefits for engine balancing if a lighter alloy could be used. To produce pistons that could survive engine combustion temperatures, it was necessary to develop new alloys such as Y alloy and Hiduminium, a few early gas engines had double-acting cylinders, but otherwise effectively all internal combustion engine pistons are single-acting. During World War II, the US submarine Pompano was fitted with a prototype of the infamously unreliable H. O. R, although compact, for use in a cramped submarine, this design of engine was not repeated. Media related to Internal combustion engine pistons at Wikimedia Commons Trunk pistons are long relative to their diameter and they act both as a piston and cylindrical crosshead. As the connecting rod is angled for much of its rotation, a longer piston helps to support this
6.
Action (firearms)
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In firearms terminology, an action is the mechanism that handles the ammunition or the method by which that mechanism works. Breech-loading weapons have actions, actions are not present on muzzleloaders. The mechanism that fires a muzzle-loader is called the lock, actions can be categorized in several ways, including single action versus double action, break action versus bolt action, and others. The term action can also short, long, and magnum if it is in reference to the length of the rifle’s receiver. The short action rifle usually can accommodate a cartridge length of 2.8 in or smaller, the long action rifle can accommodate a cartridge of 3.34 in, and the magnum action rifle can accommodate cartridges of 3.6 in, or longer in length. Manual operation is a term describing any type of firearm action that is loaded one shot at a time by the user rather than automatically. For example, break action is a form of operation using a simple hinge mechanism that is manually unlatched by the operator. These are actions wherein the breechblock lowers or drops into the receiver to open the breech, there are two principal types of dropping block, the tilting block and the falling block. In a tilting or pivoting block action, the breechblock is hinged on a pin mounted at the rear, when the lever is operated, the block tilts down and forward, exposing the chamber. The best-known pivoting block designs are the Peabody, the Peabody–Martini, the original Peabody rifles, manufactured by the Providence Tool Company, used a manually cocked side-hammer. The 1871 Martini–Henry which replaced the trapdoor Snider–Enfield was the standard British Army rifle of the later Victorian era, charles H. Ballards self-cocking tilting-block action was produced by the Marlin Firearms Company from 1875, and earned a superlative reputation among long-range Creedmoor target shooters. Surviving Marlin Ballards are today highly prized by collectors, especially those mounted in the elaborate Swiss-style Schützen stocks of the day. A falling-block action is a firearm action in which a solid metal breechblock slides vertically in grooves cut into the breech of the weapon. Examples of firearms using the falling block action are the Sharps rifle, in a rolling block action the breechblock takes the form of a part-cylinder, with a pivot pin through its axis. The operator rotates or rolls the block to open and close the breech, it is a simple, rugged, a break action is a type of firearm where the barrel are hinged and can be broken open to expose the breech. The earliest metallic-cartridge breechloaders designed for military issue began as conversions of muzzle-loading rifle-muskets. The upper rear portion of the barrel was filed or milled away, an internal angled firing pin allowed the re-use of the rifles existing side-hammer. The Allin action made by Springfield Arsenal in the US hinged forward, france countered in 1866 with its superior Chassepot rifle, also a paper-cartridge bolt action
7.
Hammer (firearms)
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The hammer is the term given to the part of a firearm that converts stored up potential energy into the initial source of energy to fire a projectile. It is so called due to the fact that it resembles a hammer in both form and function, the hammer itself is a metal piece that forcefully rotates about a pivot point. In firearms, the weapon is held in a cocked state. When in this state, the hammer has been pulled back, once the hammer has been released, it snaps back into its unprimed position and strikes one of various mechanisms to ignite the gunpowder and fire the projectile. Many firearms in modern times employ a system wherein a hammer comes into contact with a firing pin after it has released from its primed state by the pull of the trigger. Many modern firearms have the ability by choice of the user or by design to automatically prime the hammer by pulling the trigger and these are often called double action triggers, for they both prime the hammer and release it in the same motion. Other modern weapons still allow the option for the user to manually prime the hammer, in doing so, the user reduces the pull force needed to discharge the weapon, for no additional work must be done to prime the hammer when firing. The issue quickly arose of how to ignite the gunpowder while maintaining the weapon’s aim at the target. Initially, the problem was solved by using a “slow match”, the smoldering end of the rope would then be manually brought into contact with the gunpowder through a touch hole in the barrel of the weapon when the user was ready to shoot. It proved difficult for the shooter to keep the weapon aimed and level as well as ignite the gunpowder with the slow match. The first step to a true hammer system arose shortly after the introduction of the slow match and it acted as an arm, known as a serpentine, that held the lit slow match. When the trigger was pulled, the arm would swing forward from its cocked state via potential energy stored in a spring and bring the lit match into contact with the gunpowder. The weapon could be utilized with increased accuracy, since the shooter could maintain both hands on the weapon, by 1509, the wheellock system arose to solve some difficulties of the matchlock system, though it was a very expensive system. The wheellock system used a piece of pyrite attached to an arm called a dogshead that would be brought into contact with a wheel that rotated when the trigger was pulled. This would, in turn, shower sparks upon the gunpowder, the wheellock represented a major advancement, for it removed the need for maintaining a continually lit slow match which could go out or give off the shooter’s location in a time of need. Following the introduction of the matchlock, the flintlock was introduced in the mid-1600s and this would also cause pieces of steel to flake off and ignite due to the friction thereby igniting the gunpowder. This method was far less expensive that the wheellock system. In 1822, the system was replaced with what can be called the first hammer system
8.
M1922 Bang rifle
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The Model 1922 Bang rifle is a US semi-automatic rifle designed by the Danish arms designer Søren Hansen Bang. It was a modification of the earlier Models of 1909 and Model 1911 Bang rifles and it was gas operated, using a sliding muzzle cup system which was blown forward by the combustion gases while the bullet emerged from the barrel. During field trials in 1919 and 1927, the rifle was demonstrated by the designer, because of its mechanical complexity and its susceptibility to gas fouling of the sliding muzzle cup it was unsuccessful in US government testing. The Bang System was also used in the Gewehr 41 and suffered the same shortcomings, patent 901,143, October 13,1908, Device for Automatic Firing of Self-Loading Arms, Inventor Søren H. Bang of Copenhagen, Denmark U. S
9.
M1 Garand
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The M1 Garand is a.30 caliber semi-automatic rifle that was the standard U. S. service rifle during World War II and the Korean War and also saw limited service during the Vietnam War. Most M1 rifles were issued to U. S. forces, the Garand is still used by drill teams and military honor guards. It is also used by civilians for hunting, target shooting. The M1 rifle was named after its Canadian-American designer, John Garand and it was the first standard-issue semi-automatic military rifle. By all accounts the M1 rifle served with distinction, General George S. Patton called it the greatest battle implement ever devised. The M1 replaced the bolt action M1903 Springfield as the standard U. S. service rifle in the mid 1930s, although the name Garand is frequently pronounced /ɡəˈrænd/, the preferred pronunciation is /ˈɡærənd/, according to experts and people who knew John Garand, the weapons designer. French Canadian-born Garand went to work at the United States Armys Springfield Armory, in 1924, twenty-four rifles, identified as M1922s, were built at Springfield. At Fort Benning during 1925, they were tested against models by Berthier, Hatcher-Bang, Thompson, and Pedersen and this led to a further trial of an improved M1924 Garand against the Thompson, ultimately producing an inconclusive report. As a result, the Ordnance Board ordered a. 30-06 Garand variant, in March 1927, the cavalry board reported trials among the Thompson, Garand, and 03 Springfield had not led to a clear winner. This led to a gas-operated.276 model, in early 1928, both the infantry and cavalry boards ran trials with the.276 Pedersen T1 rifle, calling it highly promising. The.30 Garand, however, was dropped in favor of the.276.30 gas-operated Garand be resumed, twenty gas-operated.276 T3E2 Garands were made and competed with T1 Pedersen rifles in early 1931. The.276 Garand was the winner of these trials. The.30 caliber Garand was also tested, in the form of a single T1E1, a 4 January 1932 meeting recommended adoption of the.276 caliber and production of approximately 125 T3E2s. Meanwhile, Garand redesigned his bolt and his improved T1E2 rifle was retested, on 25 February 1932, Adjutant General John B. On 3 August 1933, the T1E2 became the semi-automatic rifle, caliber 30, in May 1934,75 M1s went to field trials,50 were to infantry,25 to cavalry units. The first production model was successfully proof-fired, function-fired, and fired for accuracy on July 21,1937, production difficulties delayed deliveries to the army until September 1937. Machine production began at Springfield Armory that month at a rate of ten rifles per day, despite going into production status, design issues were not at an end. The barrel, gas cylinder, and front sight assembly were redesigned and entered production in early 1940, production of the Garand increased in 1940 despite these difficulties, reaching 600 a day by 10 January 1941, and the army was fully equipped by the end of 1941
10.
Pressure
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Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure is the relative to the ambient pressure. Various units are used to express pressure, Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure, the atmosphere is equal to this pressure and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this. Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, Pressure is the amount of force acting per unit area. The symbol for it is p or P, the IUPAC recommendation for pressure is a lower-case p. However, upper-case P is widely used. The usage of P vs p depends upon the field in one is working, on the nearby presence of other symbols for quantities such as power and momentum. Mathematically, p = F A where, p is the pressure, F is the normal force and it relates the vector surface element with the normal force acting on it. It is incorrect to say the pressure is directed in such or such direction, the pressure, as a scalar, has no direction. The force given by the relationship to the quantity has a direction. If we change the orientation of the element, the direction of the normal force changes accordingly. Pressure is distributed to solid boundaries or across arbitrary sections of normal to these boundaries or sections at every point. It is a parameter in thermodynamics, and it is conjugate to volume. The SI unit for pressure is the pascal, equal to one newton per square metre and this name for the unit was added in 1971, before that, pressure in SI was expressed simply in newtons per square metre. Other units of pressure, such as pounds per square inch, the CGS unit of pressure is the barye, equal to 1 dyn·cm−2 or 0.1 Pa. Pressure is sometimes expressed in grams-force or kilograms-force per square centimetre, but using the names kilogram, gram, kilogram-force, or gram-force as units of force is expressly forbidden in SI. The technical atmosphere is 1 kgf/cm2, since a system under pressure has potential to perform work on its surroundings, pressure is a measure of potential energy stored per unit volume. It is therefore related to density and may be expressed in units such as joules per cubic metre. Similar pressures are given in kilopascals in most other fields, where the prefix is rarely used
11.
M1 carbine
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The M1 carbine is a lightweight, easy to use.30 caliber semi-automatic carbine that was a standard firearm for the U. S. military during World War II, the Korean War and well into the Vietnam War. The M1 carbine was produced in variants and was widely used by not only the U. S. military. It has also been a civilian firearm. The M2 carbine is the version of the M1 carbine capable of firing in both semi-automatic and full-automatic. The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine with an infrared scope system. Despite its name and similar appearance, the M1 carbine is not a version of the M1 Garand rifle. It is a different firearm and it fires a different type of ammunition. It was simply called a carbine because it is smaller and lighter than the Garand. On July 1,1925, the U. S. Army began using the current naming system where the M is the designation for Model, therefore, the M1 rifle was the first rifle developed under this system. The M1 carbine was the first carbine developed under this system, the M2 carbine was the second carbine developed under the system, etc. Prior to World War II, U. S. Army Ordnance received reports that the full-size M1 rifle was too heavy and cumbersome for most support troops to carry. During prewar and early war field exercises, it was found that the M1 Garand impeded these soldiers mobility, as a rifle would frequently catch on brush, bang the helmet. Many soldiers found the rifle slid off the shoulder unless slung diagonally across the back, additionally, Germanys use of glider-borne and paratroop forces to launch surprise attacks behind the front lines, generated a request for a new compact infantry weapon to equip support troops. This request called for a compact, lightweight defensive weapon with greater range, accuracy and firepower than handguns, while weighing half as much as the Thompson submachine gun or the M1 rifle. The U. S. Army decided that a carbine would adequately fulfill all of these requirements, Paratroopers were also added to the list of intended users and a folding-stock version would also be developed. In 1938, the Chief of Infantry requested that the Ordnance Department develop a rifle or carbine. This led to a competition in 1941 by major U. S. firearm companies, Winchester at first did not submit a carbine design, as it was occupied in developing the. 30-06 Winchester M2 Military Rifle. The rifle originated as a design by Jonathan Ed Browning, brother of the famous firearm designer John Browning. 30-06 M2 rifle, Williams incorporated his short-stroke piston in the existing design
12.
M14 rifle
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The M14 rifle, officially the United States Rifle,7.62 mm, M14, is an American selective fire automatic rifle that fires 7. 62×51mm NATO ammunition. It gradually replaced the M1 Garand rifle in U. S. Army service by 1961 and in U. S. Marine Corps service by 1965. It was the standard infantry rifle for U. S. military personnel in the contiguous United States, Europe. The M14 was used for U. S. Army, Navy and Marine Corps basic, the M14 was the last American battle rifle issued in quantity to U. S. military personnel. The M14 is the basis for the M21 and M25 sniper rifles which were replaced by the M24 Sniper Weapon System. A new version of the M14, the M14 Enhanced Battle Rifle has been in service since 2002, the M14 was developed from a long line of experimental weapons based upon the M1 rifle. Although the M1 was among the most advanced infantry rifles of the late 1930s, modifications were already beginning to be made to the basic M1 rifles design during the last months of World War II. Changes included adding fully automatic firing capability and replacing the eight-round en bloc clips with a box magazine holding 20 rounds. Winchester, Remington, and Springfield Armorys own John Garand offered different conversions, garands design, the T20, was the most popular, and T20 prototypes served as the basis for a number of Springfield test rifles from 1945 through the early 1950s. The two men were transferred to Springfield Armory in late 1945, where work on the T25 continued. The T25 was designed to use the T65 service cartridge, a Frankford Arsenal design based upon. 30-06 cartridge case used in the M1 service rifle, after experimenting with several bullet designs, the T65 was finalized for adoption as the 7. 62×51mm NATO cartridge. Olin Industries later introduced the cartridge on the market as the.308 Winchester. After a series of revisions by Earle Harvey and other members of the.30 light rifle design group following the 1950 Fort Benning tests, the T25 was renamed the T47. Lloyd Corbett, an engineer in Harveys rifle design group, added various refinements to the T44 design, including an operating rod. The T47, which did not have a roller and performed worse in dust. A Newsweek article in July 1953 hinted that the T48/FAL might be selected over the T44, during the winter of 1953–54, both rifles competed in the winter rifle trials at U. S. Army facilities in the Arctic. FN engineers opened the gas ports in an attempt to improve functioning, as a result, the T44 was ranked superior in cold weather operation to the T48. In June 1954, funding was made available to manufacture newly fabricated T44 receivers specially designed for the shorter T65 cartridge
13.
M60 machine gun
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The M60, officially the United States Machine Gun, Caliber 7.62 mm, M60, is a family of American general-purpose machine guns firing 7. 62×51mm NATO cartridges from a disintegrating belt of M13 links. There are several types of ammunition approved for use in the M60, including ball, tracer, introduced in 1957, it has served with every branch of the U. S. military and still serves with other armed forces. S. The M60 is a machine gun that fires the 7. 62×51mm NATO cartridge commonly used in larger rifles. It is generally used as a weapon and operated by a team of two or three individuals. The team consists of the gunner, the assistant gunner, the guns weight and the amount of ammunition it can consume when fired make it difficult for a single soldier to carry and operate. The gunner carries the weapon and, depending on his strength and stamina, the assistant carries a spare barrel and extra ammunition, and reloads and spots targets for the gunner. The ammunition bearer carries additional ammunition and the tripod with associated traversing and elevation mechanism, if issued, the M60 can be accurately fired at short ranges from the shoulder thanks to its design. This was a requirement for the design and a hold-over in concept from the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle. It may also be fired from the bipod, M122 tripod. M60 ammunition comes in a cloth bandolier containing a box of 100 pre-linked rounds. The M60 uses the M13 ammunition link, a change from the older M1 link system with which it was not compatible, the cloth bandolier is reinforced to allow it to be hung from the current version of the feed tray. The later models changed the ammunition box attachment point and made this adaptation unnecessary, the M60 machine gun began development in the late 1940s as a program for a new, lighter 7.62 mm machine gun. It was partly derived from German guns of World War II, early prototypes, notably the T52 and T161 bore a close resemblance to both the M1941 Johnson machine gun and the FG42. The final evaluation version was designated the T161E3 and it was intended to replace the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle and M1919A6 Browning machine gun in the squad automatic weapon role, and in the medium machine gun role. One of the weapons tested against it during its procurement process was the FN MAG, the U. S. Army officially adopted the T161E3 as the M60 in 1957. The M60 later served in the Vietnam War as an automatic weapon with many U. S. units. Every soldier in the squad would carry an additional 200 linked rounds of ammunition for the M60. The up-gunned M113 armored personnel carrier ACAV added two M60 gunners beside the main.50 caliber machine gun, and the Patrol Boat, during the Vietnam War, the M60 received the nickname The Pig due to its bulky size
14.
General-purpose machine gun
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Modern GPMGs fire full-power rifle cartridges such as the 7. 5×54mm French,7. 5×55mm Swiss,7. 62×51mm NATO,7. 62×54mmR,7. 92×57mm Mauser, etc. With the MG34, the German Wehrmacht introduced a new concept in automatic firepower - the Einheitsmaschinengewehr general-purpose machine gun. Yet simply by changing its mount, sights and feed mechanism, during World War II, the MG34 was superseded by a new GPMG - the MG42. The MG42 was more efficient to manufacture and more robust, the MG34 and MG42 influenced many post-World War II general purpose machine guns, many of which are still in use today. It lent design elements to the Belgian FN MAG and the American M60, while spawning the Zastava M53, Swiss M51, and Austrian MG74. Mk 48 machine gun M240 machine gun HK21 UKM-2000 Pecheneg machine gun AEK-999 Type 80 machine gun German MG3, Heckler & Koch MG4 German Heckler & Koch MG5, the new standard machine gun of the German Army Belgian FN MAG, which copied the MG42s feed-system and trigger-mechanism. It is the most widely used GPMG among western armies, American M60, which uses the MG42s feed-system and stamp-steel construction. It has been replaced in U. S. service by the M240, French AA-52, which more or less copies the MG42 feed-system. It has been phased out in favour of the FN MAG. Russian PK/PKM family of multi-purpose machine-guns, widely exported, peoples Republic of China, the Type 67 and later improved models. German Heckler & Koch HK21, based on the Heckler & Koch G3 rifle and widely exported Swiss MG51, light machine gun Medium machine gun Heavy machine gun Squad automatic weapon List of firearms
15.
Hiram Maxim
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Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim was an American-born British inventor who moved from the United States to the United Kingdom at the age of 41. He remained an American citizen until he became a naturalised British subject in 1900 and he was the inventor of the Maxim Gun – the first portable, fully automatic machine gun – and held patents on mechanical devices such as a mousetrap, hair-curling irons, and steam pumps. He laid claim to inventing the lightbulb, and even experimented with powered flight, however, his Captive Flying Machine amusement ride, designed as a means by which to fund his research while generating public interest in flight, was highly successful. Maxim was born in Sangerville, Maine, in the United States in 1840 and he became an apprentice coachbuilder at the age of 14 and ten years later, took up a job at the machine works of his uncle, Levi Stephens, at Fitchburg, Massachusetts. He subsequently worked as an instrument-maker and as a draughtsman and his brother, Hudson Maxim, was also a military inventor, specialising in explosives. They worked quite closely together until later in life, when there was a disagreement on a patent for smokeless powder. The patent, Hiram claimed, had been issued under the name H. Maxim, Hudson was a skilled and knowledgeable man, and sold arms in the US, while Hiram worked mainly in Europe. Hudson had success in the States, which caused jealousy from Hiram, the jealousy and disagreements caused a rift between the brothers that would last the rest of their lives. Hiram Maxim married his first wife, Jane Budden, in 1867 and their children were, Hiram Percy Maxim, Florence Maxim, who married George Albert Cutter, and Adelaide Maxim, who married Eldon Joubert, Ignacy Jan Paderewskis piano tuner. His invention of the Maxim Silencer for noise suppression came too late to save his fathers hearing, Hiram Percy would later author a biography on his father entitled A Genius in the Family, which contained about 60 anecdotes of Hiram Percys experiences with his father throughout his early life. A film, based on his sons book, was released in 1946, called So Goes My Love, starring Don Ameche and he married his second wife, Sarah, daughter of Charles Hayes of Boston, in 1881. It is not clear if he was divorced from his first wife at this time. There is also a case with a woman called Helen Leighton. She claimed that Maxim had married her in 1878 and that he was knowingly committing bigamy against his current wife, in this marriage, she claimed that Maxim had fathered a child by her. The case was dropped, at a settlement under $1,000. Later in life though he did leave 4,000 pounds sterling to a Romaine Dennison who may in fact have been the Romaine that Leighton claimed he had fathered and it is an unsolved mystery of Maxims life. In 1881, Maxim arrived in England to reorganise the London offices of the US Electric Lighting Company, by 1900, his visits back to the United States became infrequent and in that same year, Maxim became a naturalised British subject. In the following year, Queen Victoria bestowed a knighthood upon him, Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901 and the actual knighting was done by Maxims friend and new king, Edward VII
16.
John Browning
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He is regarded as one of the most successful firearms designers of the 20th century, in the development of modern automatic and semi-automatic firearms, and is credited with 128 gun patents. He made his first firearm at age 13 in his fathers gun shop, Browning influenced nearly all categories of firearms design. He invented or made significant improvements to single-shot, lever-action, and slide-action, rifles and his most significant contributions were arguably in the area of autoloading firearms. He developed the first autoloading pistols that were reliable and compact by inventing the telescoping bolt, integrating the bolt and barrel shroud into what is known as the pistol slide. Brownings telescoping bolt design is now found on every modern semi-automatic pistol. Browning also made significant contributions to automatic cannon development, some of these arms are still manufactured, often with only minor changes in detail and cosmetics to those assembled by Browning or his licensees. His guns are some of the most copied guns in the world, Browning was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and served a two-year mission in Georgia beginning on March 28,1887. His father Jonathan Browning, who was among the thousands of Mormon pioneers in the exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois to Utah. John Moses worked in his fathers Ogden shop from the age of seven, where he was taught basic engineering and manufacturing principles, production examples of the Model 1885 Single Shot Rifle caught the attention of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, who dispatched a representative to evaluate the competition. Winchester bought the design for $8,000 and moved production to their Connecticut factory, Winchester manufactured several popular small arms designed by John M. Browning. For decades in the late 19th Century-early 20th Century, Browning designs and Winchester firearms were synonymous, as was the custom of the time, Brownings earlier designs had been licensed exclusively to Winchester for a single fee payment. With this new product, Browning introduced in his negotiations a continuous royalty fee based upon unit sales, if the new shotgun became highly successful, Browning stood to make substantially more fee income over the prior license fee arrangements. Winchester management was displeased with the change in their relationship. Remington Arms was also approached, however the president of Remington died of an attack as Browning waited to offer them the gun. This forced Browning to look overseas to produce the shotgun, however, Remington would later produce a copy of the Auto-5 as the Model 11 which was used by the US Military and was also sold to the civilian market. The Browning Auto-5 was continuously manufactured as a highly popular throughout the 20th century. This shift marked the end of an era of Winchester-Browning collaboration, John Browning was known as a dedicated and tireless innovator and experimenter who sought breakthrough consumer-oriented features and performance and reliability improvements in small arms designs. He did not retire from his career in his elder years, but dedicated his entire adult life—literally to his last day—to these pursuits
17.
Gewehr 41
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The Gewehr 41 rifle, commonly known as the G41 or G41, is a semi-automatic rifle manufactured and used by Nazi Germany during World War II. By 1940, it became apparent that some form of a rifle with a higher rate of fire than existing bolt-action rifle models was necessary to improve the infantrys combat efficiency. The Army issued a specification to various manufacturers, and Mauser and Walther submitted prototypes that were very similar, both models therefore used a mechanism known as the Bang system. This is as opposed to the common type of gas-actuated system, in which gases are tapped off from the barrel. Both also included fixed 10-round magazines that were loaded using two of the clips from the Karabiner 98k, utilizing the same German-standard 7. 92×57mm Mauser rounds. This in turn made reloading relatively slow, the Mauser design, the G41, was the only one of the two that respected the criteria imposed. The end result was a complex, unreliable, clunky. It incorporated a familiar sighting and control arrangement to the standard Kar98k rifle, the flag-type safety cams and blocks the striker. Only 6,673 were produced before production was halted, accuracy issues were noted since the front sight was mounted on the gas tube in front of the barrel, producing play after sustained fire. Most metal parts on this rifle were machined steel and some rifles, especially later examples, the Walther design was more successful because the designers had simply ignored the last two restrictions listed above. Lacking a bolt, the area was much cleaner than the M version. However, both the Walther and Mauser versions suffered from gas system fouling problems, since gasses at the cool down. These problems also seemed to stem from the muzzle trap system becoming excessively corroded from the use of salts in the ammunition primers. The muzzle assembly consisted of many tight-fitting parts and was difficult to clean, disassemble. G41 rifles were produced at two factories, namely Walther at Zella Mehlis, and Berlin-Lübecker Maschinenfabrik, Walther guns bear the AC code, and WaA359 inspection proofs, while BLM guns bear the DUV code with WaA214 inspection proofs. These rifles are also scarce, and quite valuable in collector grade. Varying sources put production figures between 40,000 and 145,000 units, again, these rifles saw a high attrition rate on the Eastern front. The rifle was redesigned in 1943 into the Gewehr 43, utilising a short-stroke piston copied from the SVT-40 rifle, new German Semi-Automatic Rifle, Tactical and Technical Trends, No
18.
General Liu rifle
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The General Liu rifle is named after its inventor and the first Superintendent of Hanyang Arsenal - General Qing En Liu, as the rifle never received any other designation. It was probably the first Chinese semi-automatic rifle, the rifle used a muzzle gas-trap system similar to Bang rifle. The stock had a compartment for cleaning tools, at the beginning of 1914 General Liu contacted Pratt & Whitney Tool Company, Hartford in order to purchase machinery for Hanyang Arsenal. A contract for 1,082,500 USD was signed with the company on April 11, later that year, on September, Liu along with his family and seven subordinates arrived at Hartford, the purpose of the visit was to familiarize with the machinery. Liu stayed at Hartford at least until June 1915, on September 8,1916 two versions of the rifle were tested at Nan Yuan Proving Ground in Beijing. The first version was made at Hanygan with a driving spring. The test revealed that the hand-made springs proved to be too weak to properly cycle the rounds, in 1918 two rifles were tested at Springfield Armory by Julian Hatcher. Later that year the machinery was recovered and arrived at Shanghai and it was kept in a warehouse until 1921, when it was diverted to Gongxian Arsenal. Springfield Armory Museum Record General Liu rifle Rare Chinese Liu semi-auto military rifle, a National Firearms Museum Treasure Gun
19.
AK-74
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The AK-74 is an assault rifle developed in the early 1970s by Russian designer Mikhail Kalashnikov as the replacement for the earlier AKM. It uses a smaller 5. 45×39mm cartridge, replacing the 7. 62×39mm chambering of earlier Kalashnikov-pattern weapons, the rifle first saw service with Soviet forces engaged in the 1979 Afghanistan conflict. The head of the Afghan bureau of the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence claimed that the CIA paid $5,000 for the first AK-74 captured by the mujahadeen during the Soviet–Afghan War, presently, the rifle continues to be used by the majority of countries of the former USSR. Additionally, licensed copies were produced in Bulgaria, the former East Germany, besides former Soviet republics and eastern European countries, Mongolia, North Korean Special Forces, and Vietnamese Peoples Naval infantry use AK-74s. The AK-74 was designed by А. D, kryakushins group under the design supervision of Mikhail Kalashnikov and is an adaptation of the 7. 62×39mm AKM assault rifle and features several important design improvements. These improvements were primarily the result of converting the rifle to the high velocity 5. 45×39mm cartridge. In fact, some models are reported to have been converted AKMs. Compared to the preceding AKM the AK-74 has better range, firing accuracy. The AK-74 and AKM share an approximate 50% parts commonality, the rifles operation during firing and reloading is identical to that of the AKM. After ignition of the primer and propellant, rapidly expanding propellant gases are diverted into the gas cylinder above the barrel through a vent near the muzzle. The moving assembly has about 5, like previous Kalashnikov-pattern rifles, the AK-74 does not have a gas valve, excess gases are ventilated through a series of radial ports in the gas cylinder. Other minor modifications were made to the bolt and carrier assembly, the rifle received a new barrel with a chrome-lined bore and 4 right-hand grooves at a 200 mm rifling twist rate. The front sight base and gas block were redesigned, the gas block contains a gas channel that is installed at a 90° angle in relation to the bore axis to reduce bullet shear at the port hole. A pair of brackets are cast into the gas block assembly and are used to attach a BG-15c or GP-25 underslung 40 mm grenade launcher. A flat plate near the end of the brake produces a forward thrust when emerging exhaust gases strike its surface, the muzzle brake prevents backblast from reaching the firer, although it is reported to be harsh on bystanders as the muzzle gases are dispersed to the sides. The front sight is a post adjustable for elevation in the field, horizontal adjustment requires a special drift tool and is done by the armory before issue or if the need arises by an armorer after issue. The sight line elements are approximately 48.5 mm over the bore axis, the point-blank range battle zero setting П on the 5. 45×39mm AK-74 rear tangent sight element corresponds to a 400 m zero, compared to the 300 m zero for 7. 62×39mm AKs. For the AK-74 combined with the 7N6 or 7N10 service cartridges the 400 m battle zero setting limits the apparent bullet rise within approximately −5 to +40 cm relative to the line of sight
20.
Bren light machine gun
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The Bren gun, usually called simply the Bren, was a series of light machine guns made by Britain in the 1930s and used in various roles until 1992. Although fitted with a bipod, it could also be mounted on a tripod or vehicle-mounted, the Bren was a licensed version of the Czechoslovak ZGB33 light machine gun, which in turn, was a modified version of ZB vz. 26, which British Army officials had tested during a firearms service competition in the 1930s, the later Bren featured a distinctive top-mounted curved box magazine, conical flash hider, and quick change barrel. The name Bren was derived from Brno, Moravia, the Czechoslovak city where the Zb vz.26 was originally designed, the original and main designer was Václav Holek, a gun inventor and design engineer. In the 1950s many Brens were rebarrelled to accept the 7. 62×51mm NATO cartridge and it was replaced in the British Army as the section LMG by the L7 general-purpose machine gun, a heavier belt-fed weapon. This was, in turn, supplemented in the 1980s by the L86 Light Support Weapon firing the 5. 56×45mm NATO round, the Bren is still manufactured by Indian Ordnance Factories as the Gun, Machine 7. 62mm 1B. At the close of the First World War in 1918, the British Army was equipped with two automatic weapons, the Vickers medium machine gun and the Lewis light machine gun. The Vickers was heavy and required a supply of water to keep it in operation, although the BAR was recommended, the sheer number of Lewis guns available and the difficult financial conditions meant that nothing was done. Various new models of machine gun were tested as they became available, and in 1930. This time the weapons tested included the SIG Neuhausen KE7, the Vickers-Berthier, following these trials, the British Army adopted the Czechoslovak ZB vz.26 light machine gun manufactured in Brno in 1935, although a slightly modified model, the ZB vz. 27, rather than the ZB vz.26 which had submitted for the trials. The design was modified to British requirements under new designation ZGB33, the magazine was curved in order to feed the rimmed.303 British cartridge, a change from the various rimless Mauser-design cartridges such as the 8mm Mauser round previously used by Czech designs. These modifications were categorised in various numbered designations, ZB vz,32, and finally the ZGB33, which was licensed for manufacture under the Bren name. The vented gas drove a piston which in turn actuated the breech block, each gun came with a spare barrel that could be quickly changed when the barrel became hot during sustained fire, though later guns featured a chrome-lined barrel which reduced the need for a spare. To change barrels, the catch in front of the magazine was rotated to unlock the barrel. The carrying handle above the barrel was used to grip and remove the hot barrel without burning the hands, the Bren was magazine-fed, which slowed its rate of fire and required more frequent reloading than British belt-fed machine guns such as the larger.303 Vickers machine gun. The magazines also prevented the ammunition from getting dirty, which was more of a problem with the Vickers with its 250-round canvas belts, the sights were offset to the left, to avoid the magazine on the top of the weapon. The position of the sights meant that the Bren could be fired only from the right shoulder, in the British and Commonwealth armies, the Bren was generally issued on a scale of one per rifle section, with three rifle sections in each platoon
21.
IWI Tavor
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The Tavor is an Israeli bullpup assault rifle chambered for 5. 56×45mm NATO ammunition with a selective fire system, selecting between semi-automatic mode and full automatic fire mode. It is produced by Israel Weapon Industries and it is produced in three main variants, the TAR-21, the CTAR-21, and the MTAR-21. In 2009, the Tavor was selected by the IDF to gradually replace the M16 rifle variants as the standard issued weapon of the Israeli infantry by the end of 2018, the first Tavor rifles were issued to infantry units in 2013, replacing the M-16 rifles. Israel Military Industries initiated the Tavor development team in 1995, under the direction of gun designer Zalmen Shebs, as a result, they hoped that the weapon would be officially adopted by the Israel Defense Forces. A long-stroke piston system, similar to found in the AK-47. The Tavor rifle uses a non-lubricated long-stroke piston system, as found in the M1 Garand, IMI Galil, like in the AK-47, the long-stroke piston mechanism contributes to the extreme forcefulness of the Tavors extraction and chambering. A long-stroke piston system may increase a weapons reliability in extreme conditions, the TAR-21 has ejection ports on both sides of the rifle so it can easily be reconfigured for right or left-handed shooters. However, this process requires partial disassembly, so it cannot be reconfigured while the rifle is in use. An issue related to this is the plastic cover on the unused ejection can allow gas to escape during the course of fire. Due to the design this vents right under the shooters face causing issues, such as inhaling ejection gases. The issue is exacerbated when the weapon is suppressed, the characteristic black smudge from this has been nicknamed Tavor face by some shooters. This has been addressed by various non-factory solutions which increase sealing of the unused port and its ambidextrous fire mode selector above the pistol grip has a semi-automatic mode and a fully automatic mode. The Tavor features a self-contained, drop-in trigger group, so that the group can be changed or replaced without the use of additional tools. The Tavor barrels are made from CrMoV steel and cold hammer-forged on the premises of the IWI factory in Ramat HaSharon, the barrel is chrome-lined for durability and corrosion resistance. The barrel features 6 grooves in a 178 mm twist, or 32 calibers right hand twist rate, the barrel is fitted with a birdcage style flash suppressor, which can be fully disassembled without the need of additional tools. The Tavor is primarily chambered for 5. 56×45mm NATO, although 9×19mm Parabellum and 5. 45×39mm Russian models are also available, the IDF uses both 3. 6-gram M193 and 4. 0-gram M8555. 56×45mm rounds. M193 rounds are used by regular infantrymen for better terminal effects at shorter distances, the TAR-21 accepts standard STANAG magazines. It can also be mounted with the M203 grenade launcher, the Tavor uses a bullpup configuration, in which the receiver, bolt carrier group and magazine are placed behind the pistol grip
22.
FN Minimi
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The Minimi is a Belgian 5. 56mm light machine gun developed by Fabrique Nationale in Herstal by Ernest Vervier. First introduced in the late 1970s, it is now in service in more than 75 countries, the weapon is currently manufactured at the FN facility in Herstal and their US subsidiary FN Manufacturing LLC. The Minimi is a gun firing from an open bolt. It is a weapon, capable of fully automatic fire only. It can be fed or fired from a magazine. The Minimi uses a gas-actuated long-stroke piston system, the barrel is locked with a rotary bolt, equipped with two massive locking lugs, forced into battery by a helical camming guide in the bolt carrier. Upon firing, the piston is forced to the rear by expanding propellant gases bled through a port in the barrel near the muzzle end. The piston rod acts against the carrier, which begins its rearward motion guided on two rails welded to the receiver walls, while the bolt itself remains locked. Gas escaping the gas cylinder is directed upward, avoiding kicking up dust, the Minimi has a manually adjustable gas valve with two positions, normal and adverse. The spring extractor is located inside the bolt, while the lever ejector is contained inside the receiver housing. Spent casings are removed through a port located at the bottom of the side of the receiver. The Minimi is striker-fired and the bolt carrier functions as the striker mechanism, the Minimi has a push-button type manual safety installed in the trigger housing, above the pistol grip. In the weapon safe position, it disables the sear mechanism, pushing the button to the right side exposes a red-colored rim on the side of the firearm. The Minimi features a welded receiver made from stamped steel, both the standard and Para variants are equipped with a fixed, folding bipod mounted to the gas tube and stowed under the handguard. The bipod can be adjusted in height and each leg has three height settings, the bipod also offers a 15° range of rotation to either side. With the bipod fully extended, the axis is elevated to a height of 465 mm. The Minimi can also be fired from the Belgian FN360° tripod or the American M122 mount using an M60 pintle, the vehicle-mounted Minimi is fitted with an electrically powered trigger that enables it to be fired remotely from within an armored fighting vehicle. The standard light gun version has a 465 mm barrel
23.
M249 light machine gun
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The M249 light machine gun, formerly designated the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon, and formally written as Light Machine Gun,5.56 mm, or the.223 military rnd. The M249, is the American adaptation of the Belgian FN Minimi, the M249 is manufactured in the United States by the local subsidiary FN Manufacturing LLC in South Carolina and is widely used in the U. S. The weapon was introduced in 1984 after being judged the most effective of a number of weapons to address the lack of automatic firepower in small units. The M249 provides infantry squads with the volume of fire of a machine gun combined with accuracy. The M249 is gas operated and air-cooled and it has a quick-change barrel, allowing the gunner to rapidly replace an overheated or jammed barrel. A folding bipod is attached near the front of the gun and it can be fed from both linked ammunition and STANAG magazines, like those used in the M16 and M4. This allows the SAW gunner to use a riflemans magazines as a source of ammunition in the event that he runs out of linked rounds. M249s have seen action in every conflict involving the United States since the U. S. invasion of Panama in 1989. Due to the weight and age of the weapon, the United States Marine Corps is fielding the M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle with plans to replace the M249 in Marine Corps service. The M249 is often referred to as a Squad Assault Weapon, in 1965, the U. S. Army and U. S. Marine Corps primary machine guns were the M2 Browning and M60. The M2 was a heavy machine gun, usually mounted on vehicles or in fixed emplacements. The M60 was a more mobile medium machine gun intended to be carried with the troops to provide heavy automatic fire, both were very heavy weapons and usually required a crew of at least two to operate efficiently. Because the M14 and M16 rifles had not been designed with sustained fire in mind. The 20-round and 30-round magazines of these weapons limited their sustained automatic effectiveness when compared to belt-fed weapons. The Army decided that a machine gun, lighter than the M60. Through the 1960s, the introduction of a gun into the infantry squad was examined in various studies. The Stoner 63 LMG saw combat for a period in Vietnam with the USMC. In 1968, the Army Small Arms Program developed plans for a new 5.56 mm caliber LMG, studies of improved 5.56 mm ammunition, with better performance characteristics, began
24.
FN MAG
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The FN MAG is a Belgian 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun, designed in the early 1950s at Fabrique Nationale by Ernest Vervier. It has been used by more than 80 countries, and it has made under licence in several countries, including Argentina, Canada, Egypt, India. The weapons name is an abbreviation for Mitrailleuse dAppui Général, meaning general-purpose machine gun, the MAG Model 60-20 is an automatic, air-cooled, gas-operated machine gun, firing belt-fed 7. 62×51mm NATO from an open bolt. The MAG uses ignited powder gases vented through a port in the barrel to propel a gas piston rod connected to the locking assembly, the barrel breech is locked with a vertically tilting, downward locking lever mechanism that is connected to the bolt carrier through an articulated joint. The locking shoulder and camming surfaces that guide the locking lever are located at the base of the receiver, the MAG fires from an open bolt. Both the spring-powered extractor and ejector are contained in the bolt, after firing, spent cartridge casings are removed through an ejection port located at the base of the receiver. The machine gun has a firing mechanism, an automatic-only trigger assembly and a manual cross-bolt push-button safety. With the safety placed in the setting, the sear mechanism is disabled. The safety can only be engaged with the weapon cocked, the MAG features a pawl-type feeding mechanism that continues to move the feed link during both the rearward and forward cycles of the reciprocating bolt carrier, producing a smooth belt flow. The feeding mechanisms three pawls are actuated by a roller connected to the bolt carrier, the feed channel rail, feed link, both feed slides and the feed tray are chrome plated. The top cover body is an aluminum casting. In the infantry role, the weapon can be fitted with a sheet metal container that houses a 50-round belt and is attached to the left side of the receiver. The quick-change barrel has a flash suppressor. The barrels chamber and bore are chromium-lined and the barrel has four grooves with a 305 mm rifling twist rate. Also attached to the barrel is the front sight base, carry handle, the machine gun is fitted with a folding bipod that can be adjusted for height. For carrying or use as a forearm, the legs can be folded back and secured in slots under the receiver by hooks. When firing from the hip, the legs remain extended. The bipod can be removed from the gas cylinder by tapping-out a roll pin in the gas cylinder head until it is flush, the rear sight is hinged to a base with protective ears that is integral with the receivers upper forging
25.
FN FNC
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The FN FNC is a 5. 56×45mm NATO assault rifle developed by the Belgian arms manufacturer FN Herstal and introduced in the late 1970s. The rifle was developed between 1975–1977 for NATO standardization trials, the rifle’s design is based on the FNC76 prototype, which itself originated from the commercially unsuccessful FN CAL rifle. This prototype was soon withdrawn from the NATO competition after performing due to its rushed development. Indonesia purchased approximately 10,000 rifles in 1982 for its air force and these are built by the Indonesian firm PT Pindad as the Pindad SS1 and Pindad SS2. The bolt is rotated and unlocked by the interaction of the cam pin with a camming guide contained in the bolt carrier. Overall, the mechanism strongly resembles that of Kalashnikov rifles, but adapted to more advanced design, the spring extractor is located inside the bolt head, the ejector is fixed and riveted to the inside of the receiver housing. The FNC uses a 2-position gas valve, a firing mechanism. The selector lever is located on the side of the receiver and has 4 settings, S - weapon safe,1 - single fire mode,3 - 3-round burst. The FNCs barrel features a flash suppressor that is used to launch NATO standard 22mm rifle grenades. The gas block contains a gas valve setting that is used to isolate the gas system, the sheet-metal gas valve switch when pulled upright, acts as a V-notch sight used for aiming the rifle grenades. The piston head and extension, as well as the gas block, barrel bore. The rifle feeds from 30-round steel magazines that are interchangeable with magazines from the American M16 rifle, after the last round is fired, the bolt will remain closed as there is no provision for an automatic bolt hold open. However, the handle can be manually worked to hold the bolt back. FNC magazines will function in AR-15/M16-type rifles but the follower will not hold the open on the last round unless they have been replaced by an M16-type follower. The plastic-coated, lightweight alloy skeleton stock folds to the side of the receiver. A fixed synthetic buttstock is also available, the upper receiver is made from stamped steel, the lower receiver, along with magazine housing, is made from aluminum alloy. The rifle has a flip-type L-shaped windage-adjustable rear sight with two apertures with settings for 250 and 400 m, while the front sight post is adjustable for elevation, optics such as the Hensoldt 4× telescopic sight can be attached with the use of a receiver-mounted adapter. Standard equipment supplied with the FNC includes a spike bayonet or a variant of the American M7 blade bayonet, the rifle can be deployed with a barrel mounted bipod and blank-firing adaptor
26.
Mass
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In physics, mass is a property of a physical body. It is the measure of a resistance to acceleration when a net force is applied. It also determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies. The basic SI unit of mass is the kilogram, Mass is not the same as weight, even though mass is often determined by measuring the objects weight using a spring scale, rather than comparing it directly with known masses. An object on the Moon would weigh less than it does on Earth because of the lower gravity and this is because weight is a force, while mass is the property that determines the strength of this force. In Newtonian physics, mass can be generalized as the amount of matter in an object, however, at very high speeds, special relativity postulates that energy is an additional source of mass. Thus, any body having mass has an equivalent amount of energy. In addition, matter is a defined term in science. There are several distinct phenomena which can be used to measure mass, active gravitational mass measures the gravitational force exerted by an object. Passive gravitational mass measures the force exerted on an object in a known gravitational field. The mass of an object determines its acceleration in the presence of an applied force, according to Newtons second law of motion, if a body of fixed mass m is subjected to a single force F, its acceleration a is given by F/m. A bodys mass also determines the degree to which it generates or is affected by a gravitational field and this is sometimes referred to as gravitational mass. The standard International System of Units unit of mass is the kilogram, the kilogram is 1000 grams, first defined in 1795 as one cubic decimeter of water at the melting point of ice. Then in 1889, the kilogram was redefined as the mass of the prototype kilogram. As of January 2013, there are proposals for redefining the kilogram yet again. In this context, the mass has units of eV/c2, the electronvolt and its multiples, such as the MeV, are commonly used in particle physics. The atomic mass unit is 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom, the atomic mass unit is convenient for expressing the masses of atoms and molecules. Outside the SI system, other units of mass include, the slug is an Imperial unit of mass, the pound is a unit of both mass and force, used mainly in the United States
27.
Momentum
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In classical mechanics, linear momentum, translational momentum, or simply momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object, quantified in kilogram-meters per second. It is dimensionally equivalent to impulse, the product of force and time, Newtons second law of motion states that the change in linear momentum of a body is equal to the net impulse acting on it. If the truck were lighter, or moving slowly, then it would have less momentum. Linear momentum is also a quantity, meaning that if a closed system is not affected by external forces. In classical mechanics, conservation of momentum is implied by Newtons laws. It also holds in special relativity and, with definitions, a linear momentum conservation law holds in electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, quantum field theory. It is ultimately an expression of one of the symmetries of space and time. Linear momentum depends on frame of reference, observers in different frames would find different values of linear momentum of a system. But each would observe that the value of linear momentum does not change with time, momentum has a direction as well as magnitude. Quantities that have both a magnitude and a direction are known as vector quantities, because momentum has a direction, it can be used to predict the resulting direction of objects after they collide, as well as their speeds. Below, the properties of momentum are described in one dimension. The vector equations are almost identical to the scalar equations, the momentum of a particle is traditionally represented by the letter p. It is the product of two quantities, the mass and velocity, p = m v, the units of momentum are the product of the units of mass and velocity. In SI units, if the mass is in kilograms and the velocity in meters per second then the momentum is in kilogram meters/second, in cgs units, if the mass is in grams and the velocity in centimeters per second, then the momentum is in gram centimeters/second. Being a vector, momentum has magnitude and direction, for example, a 1 kg model airplane, traveling due north at 1 m/s in straight and level flight, has a momentum of 1 kg m/s due north measured from the ground. The momentum of a system of particles is the sum of their momenta, if two particles have masses m1 and m2, and velocities v1 and v2, the total momentum is p = p 1 + p 2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2. If all the particles are moving, the center of mass will generally be moving as well, if the center of mass is moving at velocity vcm, the momentum is, p = m v cm. This is known as Eulers first law, if a force F is applied to a particle for a time interval Δt, the momentum of the particle changes by an amount Δ p = F Δ t
28.
Center of mass
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The distribution of mass is balanced around the center of mass and the average of the weighted position coordinates of the distributed mass defines its coordinates. Calculations in mechanics are simplified when formulated with respect to the center of mass. It is a point where entire mass of an object may be assumed to be concentrated to visualise its motion. In other words, the center of mass is the equivalent of a given object for application of Newtons laws of motion. In the case of a rigid body, the center of mass is fixed in relation to the body. The center of mass may be located outside the body, as is sometimes the case for hollow or open-shaped objects. In the case of a distribution of separate bodies, such as the planets of the Solar System, in orbital mechanics, the equations of motion of planets are formulated as point masses located at the centers of mass. The center of mass frame is a frame in which the center of mass of a system is at rest with respect to the origin of the coordinate system. The concept of center of mass in the form of the center of gravity was first introduced by the ancient Greek physicist, mathematician, and engineer Archimedes of Syracuse. He worked with simplified assumptions about gravity that amount to a uniform field, in work on floating bodies he demonstrated that the orientation of a floating object is the one that makes its center of mass as low as possible. He developed mathematical techniques for finding the centers of mass of objects of uniform density of various well-defined shapes, Newtons second law is reformulated with respect to the center of mass in Eulers first law. The center of mass is the point at the center of a distribution of mass in space that has the property that the weighted position vectors relative to this point sum to zero. In analogy to statistics, the center of mass is the location of a distribution of mass in space. Solving this equation for R yields the formula R =1 M ∑ i =1 n m i r i, solve this equation for the coordinates R to obtain R =1 M ∭ Q ρ r d V, where M is the total mass in the volume. If a continuous mass distribution has density, which means ρ is constant. The center of mass is not generally the point at which a plane separates the distribution of mass into two equal halves, in analogy with statistics, the median is not the same as the mean. The coordinates R of the center of mass of a system, P1 and P2, with masses m1. The percentages of mass at each point can be viewed as projective coordinates of the point R on this line, another way of interpreting the process here is the mechanical balancing of moments about an arbitrary point
29.
Colt AR-15
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The Colt AR-15 is a lightweight,5. 56×45mm, magazine-fed, air-cooled semi-automatic, gas-operated rifle with a rotating bolt. It was designed to be manufactured with the use of aluminum alloys. Introduced in 1964, Colt has made many different types of AR-15 rifle and carbine models, including the AR-15, AR-15A2, AR-15A3, Sporter, HBAR, Government, Target, Match and it is based on the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle, a select-fire weapon intended for military sales. In 1959, ArmaLite sold the design to Colt due to financial difficulties, after some modifications, the rifle eventually became the United States military M16 rifle. Shortly thereafter, Colt began to make semi-automatic versions for civilian sales, the term AR-15 is a Colt registered trademark, which they use to denote only the semi-automatic rifle versions available for civilian and law enforcement sales. The term AR-15 signifies Armalite rifle, design 15, other manufacturers make AR-15 clones and variants marketed under separate designations, although these are frequently referred to as AR-15s. This article discusses the semiautomatic version manufactured by Colt, the Colt AR-15 is based on the 5.56 mm ArmaLite AR-15 rifle, which is a smaller lighter version of the 7.62 mm ArmaLite AR-10. Both of these rifles were designed by Eugene Stoner, Robert Fremont, in 1959, ArmaLite sold its rights to the AR-10 and AR-15 to Colt. After a Far East tour, Colt made its first sale of Colt made ArmaLite AR-15 rifles to Malaya on September 30,1959, Colt manufactured their first batch of 300 select-fire Colt ArmaLite AR-15 Model 01 rifles in December 1959. Colt marketed the Colt made ArmaLite AR-15 rifle to various military services around the world, after modifications, the new redesigned rifle was adopted by the United States military as the M16 rifle. Most Colt ArmaLite AR-15 rifles in U. S. service have long ago been upgraded to M16 rifle configuration, Colt continued to use the AR-15 trademark for its semi-automatic variants that were marketed to civilian and law-enforcement customers. The original AR-15 was a lightweight weapon, weighing less than 6 pounds with empty magazine. Later heavy-barrel versions of the civilian AR-15 can weigh upwards of 8.5 lb, patent 2,951,424 describes the cycling mechanism used in the original AR-15. The bolt carrier acts as a cylinder and the bolt itself acts as a stationary piston. This mechanism is called direct gas impingement, although it differs from prior gas systems. Stoner did not consider the AR-15 to be a direct impingement mechanism. Gas is tapped from the barrel as the bullet moves past a gas port located above the front sight base. The gas expands into the port and down a gas tube, here, the gas tube protrudes into a gas key, which accepts the gas and funnels it into the bolt carrier
30.
Bolt (firearms)
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A bolt is a mechanical part of a firearm that blocks the rear of the chamber while the propellant burns, but moves out of the way to allow another cartridge or shell to be inserted in the chamber. In an automatic or semi-automatic firearm, the bolt cycles back, when it moves back, the extractor pulls the spent casing from the chamber. When it moves forward, it strips a cartridge from the magazine, once the case is clear of the chamber, the ejector kicks the case out of the firearm. The extractor and firing pin are often parts of the bolt. The slide of a pistol is a form of bolt. Breechblock Open bolt Closed bolt Firearm action Slamfire Rotating bolt Telescoping bolt Full Auto describes the function of the bolt in detail
31.
ArmaLite AR-18
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The AR-18 is a gas-operated, selective-fire rifle chambered for 5. 56×45mm NATO ammunition. S. military as the M16. Through the Provisional IRA, which was noted for its use of the rifle, ArmaLite and Winchester Arms were solicited by CONARC to provide prototype automatic rifles chambered for high-velocity centerfire.22 rounds. ArmaLites AR-15 was a version of the 7. 62mm AR-10. Its competitor was the Winchester.224 Light Rifle, a Carbine Williams prototype carbine design in a.22 high velocity round which was similar to, but not interchangeable with, the.223 Remington. During the protracted U. S. military trials of the AR-15, ArmaLites corporate owners Fairchild essentially gave up on the design, Fairchild also spun off ArmaLite as an independent company, allowing the new owners to buy all of the companys designs except for the AR-10 and AR-15. When the U. S. military ultimately selected the AR-15 as the M16, the Armalite AR-16 appeared in the later 1950s. The AR-16, a 7. 62mm NATO selective-fire rifle, was Eugene Stoners final design for ArmaLite, the AR-16 had a short, 15-inch barrel, hinged wooden butt, and weighed 8.75 pounds empty, only three examples were built. Eugene Stoner left ArmaLite in 1961, shortly before Fairchild divested itself of ownership, with Stoner gone, it was decided to scale down the AR-16, and ArmaLites new chief designer, Arthur Miller, embarked on the project. The resulting 5. 56mm design appeared in 1963 and was named the AR-18, patent 3,246,567 for the rifle in 1969. Overall, the new AR-18 rifle is more conventional than previous ArmaLite designs, although it uses the relatively new stamped steel construction from its predecessor. Compared to the lines of the AR-15, the AR-18 faced criticism over its stamped and welded construction. However, the proved to be both reliable and very accurate at all ranges up to 460 metres. The AR-18s action is powered by a gas piston above the barrel. The gas is vented from the barrel and travelled via a vent through the foresight housing into the front section of the piston. The rear end of the piston emerges through the extension to contact the forward face of the bolt carrier. The bolt itself is of similar configuration to the AR-15 with 7 radial locking lugs engaging corresponding recesses in the extension. Unlike the AR-15, the handle fits directly into a recess in the bolt carrier. The recoil springs are housed within the receiver, differing from the AR-15 which houses its more elaborate buffer mechanism in the buttstock, the AR-18s compact design enables the use of a side-folding stock with a hinging mechanism
32.
SKS
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The SKS is a Soviet semi-automatic carbine chambered for the 7. 62×39mm round, designed in 1943 by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov. Its complete designation, SKS-45, is an initialism for Samozaryadnyj Karabin sistemy Simonova,1945, the SKS-45 was manufactured at Tula Arsenal from 1949-1958 and at Izhevsk Arsenal in just 1953 and 1954, resulting in a total Soviet production of about 2.7 million carbines. In the early 1950s, the Soviets took the SKS carbine out of service and replaced it with the AK-47, however. It is still used as a ceremonial firearm today, the SKS was widely exported, and was also licensed for production by then Eastern Bloc nations, Romania and East Germany, as well as China, where it was designated the Type 56 Carbine. The East German version was known as the Karabiner S, the Albanian as the Model 561, the SKS is popular on the civilian surplus market as a hunting and marksmanship semi-automatic rifle in many countries, including the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Its age and numbers make it inexpensive to purchase. The SKS was the second firearm to be chambered for the 7. 62×39mm M43 round, the SKS has a conventional layout, with a wooden stock and rifle grip. It is a rifle that has a spring-loaded bolt carrier. The bolt is locked to contain the pressure of ignition at the moment of firing by tilting downwards at its rear and being held by a lug pressed into the receiver. At the moment of firing, the carrier is pushed rearwards, which causes it to lift the bolt, unlocking it. This allows the case to be ejected and a new round from the magazine to be carried into the chamber. As a result, it has a higher muzzle velocity than those arms that replaced it. The SKSs ten-round internal box magazine can be loaded either by hand or from a stripper clip, cartridges stored in the magazine can be removed by pulling back on a latch located forward of the trigger guard. In typical military use the clips are disposable. If necessary they can be reloaded multiple times and reused, because of this design, care must be taken during cleaning to ensure that the firing pin can freely move and does not stick in the forward position within the bolt. SKS firing pins that are stuck in the position have been known to cause accidental slamfires. This behavior is likely with the hard primer military-spec ammo for which the SKS was designed. For collectors, slamfires are more likely when the still has remnants of Cosmoline embedded in it that retard firing pin movement
33.
Kinetic energy
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In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a mass from rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes, the same amount of work is done by the body in decelerating from its current speed to a state of rest. In classical mechanics, the energy of a non-rotating object of mass m traveling at a speed v is 12 m v 2. In relativistic mechanics, this is an approximation only when v is much less than the speed of light. The standard unit of energy is the joule. The adjective kinetic has its roots in the Greek word κίνησις kinesis, the dichotomy between kinetic energy and potential energy can be traced back to Aristotles concepts of actuality and potentiality. The principle in classical mechanics that E ∝ mv2 was first developed by Gottfried Leibniz and Johann Bernoulli, Willem s Gravesande of the Netherlands provided experimental evidence of this relationship. By dropping weights from different heights into a block of clay, Émilie du Châtelet recognized the implications of the experiment and published an explanation. The terms kinetic energy and work in their present scientific meanings date back to the mid-19th century, early understandings of these ideas can be attributed to Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, who in 1829 published the paper titled Du Calcul de lEffet des Machines outlining the mathematics of kinetic energy. William Thomson, later Lord Kelvin, is given the credit for coining the term kinetic energy c, energy occurs in many forms, including chemical energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic radiation, gravitational energy, electric energy, elastic energy, nuclear energy, and rest energy. These can be categorized in two classes, potential energy and kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the movement energy of an object, Kinetic energy can be transferred between objects and transformed into other kinds of energy. Kinetic energy may be best understood by examples that demonstrate how it is transformed to, for example, a cyclist uses chemical energy provided by food to accelerate a bicycle to a chosen speed. On a level surface, this speed can be maintained without further work, except to overcome air resistance, the chemical energy has been converted into kinetic energy, the energy of motion, but the process is not completely efficient and produces heat within the cyclist. The kinetic energy in the moving cyclist and the bicycle can be converted to other forms, for example, the cyclist could encounter a hill just high enough to coast up, so that the bicycle comes to a complete halt at the top. The kinetic energy has now largely converted to gravitational potential energy that can be released by freewheeling down the other side of the hill. Since the bicycle lost some of its energy to friction, it never regains all of its speed without additional pedaling, the energy is not destroyed, it has only been converted to another form by friction
34.
MAS-49 rifle
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The MAS-49 is a French semi-automatic rifle that replaced various bolt action rifles as the French service rifle that was produced from 1949. It was designed and manufactured by the government-owned MAS arms factory, the French Army formal designation of the MAS-49 is Fusil Semi-automatique de 7, 5mm Modele 1949. The MAS-49 semi-automatic rifle was produced in limited quantities, whereas the shorter and lighter variant, overall, the MAS-49 and 49/56 rifles gained the reputation of being accurate, reliable and easy to maintain in adverse environments. All the MAS-49 and 49/56 rifles feature a rail on the side of their receivers to accommodate a designated rifle scope. The MAS-49 and MAS-49/56 were replaced as French service rifles by the FAMAS assault rifle in 1979, the MAS-49 arrived after a series of small, distinct design improvements. Today, this might be termed spiral development, where elements are changed with successive models. Although 50,000 MAS-44 rifles were ordered in January 1945, the MAS-49 was formally adopted by the French Army in July 1949. As a service rifle, it replaced the collection of aging bolt-action rifles that were in French service after the end of World War II. It saw significant service with French troops in the stages of the First Indochina War, as well as during the Algerian War. An improved version called the MAS-49/56 was introduced in 1957 and incorporated lessons learned from service in Algeria, Indochina, the rifle was shortened and lightened to improve mobility for mechanized and airborne troops, and a knife bayonet was added. The MAS-49 built-in rifle grenade launcher was replaced by a combination compensator/rifle grenade launcher that fired NATO-standard 22mm rifle grenades. Attempts were made to replace the MAS-49, in the form of the MAS-54, the MAS-49/56 ended production in 1978 and was replaced with the 5. 56×45mm NATO caliber FAMAS bullpup assault rifle. The MAS-49/56 was withdrawn from service in 1990, whereas only 20,600 MAS-49 were manufactured, the MAS-49/56 was mass-produced, attaining a total of 275,240 rifles issued between 1957 and 1978. The direct impingement gas system was first applied in 1901 to a 6mm semi-automatic experimental rifle designed by Rossignol for the French military and it was successfully tested in March 1939, just before World War II, and followed in May 1940 by the nearly identical MAS1940. Similar direct impingement designs include the Swedish AG-42 Ljungman semi-automatic rifle adopted in 1942, in the MAS-49 system gas is vented from a port on top of the barrel and piped directly into an open cylindrical hollow located in front and on top of the bolt carrier. The system has the advantage of not depositing gas fouling on the bolt itself, the same 10-round detachable magazine fits the MAS-44, MAS-49 and MAS-49/56 rifles. The earlier MAS-40 rifle had a 5-round magazine within the receiver, lastly, the MAS-49 and MAS-49/56 are equipped with a rail on the left side of the receiver. It allows for the installation of a Modele 1953 APX L806 telescopic sight by sliding it into place
35.
Ag m/42
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The Automatgevär m/42 is a Swedish semi-automatic rifle which saw limited use by the Swedish Army from 1942 until the 1960s. The Ag m/42 was designed by Erik Eklund of the AB C. J. Ljungmans Verkstäder company of Malmö around 1941, some 30,000 rifles were manufactured in all for the Swedish Army. This was a small number of weapons and the standard infantry rifle remained the 6.5 mm bolt-action m/96 Mauser. Norwegian police troops trained in Sweden during World War II were issued a number of Ag m/42s and these rifles were never modified to the later Ag m/42B version. Modifications included a steel gas tube, two knobs on the breech cover, a new elevation knob for the rear sight, a rubber case-deflector, new magazines. The Ag m/42B was replaced in Swedish service in the mid 1960s by the Ak 4, in the early 1950s the Ag m/42B manufacture license was sold to Egypt resulting in the Hakim rifle, which uses the 7. 92×57mm Mauser cartridge. Sweden sold the machinery to Egypt and the Hakim was therefore built with the machine tools used for the Ag m/42B. Eventually, the Hakim was modified into a carbine using the intermediate-power 7. 62×39mm Russian cartridge, the Ag m/42 is operated by means of a direct impingement gas system, similar to that of the French MAS-49 rifle. The Ag m/42 also uses a breech block like the Tokarev SVT-38/SVT-40. The Ag m/42 is ammunition specific since it not have an adjustable gas port or valve to adjust the rifle to various propellant. The Ag m/42 uses the 6. 5×55mm cartridge loaded into a removable 10-round box magazine, in practice, however, the magazine usually remained attached to the rifle while it was loaded from the top with five-round stripper clips. Like the British Lee–Enfield and Soviet SVT-40, the Ag m/42s magazine was intended to be removed only for cleaning, the ammunition used by the Swedish military from 1894 was 6. 5×55mm skarp patron m/94 projektil m/94 service ammunition with a 10.1 grams long round-nosed m/94 bullet. From 1941 onwards Sweden, which remained neutral during World War II, the Ag m/42 rear sight has two bullet drop compensation options, one calibrated for spitzer m/41 ammunition and one for round nose m/94 ammunition. Which one is installed can be seen between the screw and the range window. The bullet image should match the ammunition used, with a hand adjustable elevation screw the rear sight can be adjusted for bullet drop in 100 metres increments. From 100 to 800 metres with m/41 spitzer ammunition, or 100 to 600 metres m with m/94 round nose ammunition, text and pictures by O. Janson Design differences between the Ljungmann AG42 and the Hakim Nazarians Guns Recognition Guide Ljungmann Ag 42B Manual
36.
M16 rifle
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The M16 rifle, officially designated Rifle, Caliber 5.56 mm, M16, is a United States military adaptation of the Armalite AR-15 rifle. The original M16 was a select-fire,5. 56×45mm rifle with a 20-round magazine, in 1964, the M16 entered American military service and the following year was deployed for jungle warfare operations during the Vietnam War. In 1969, the M16A1 replaced the M14 rifle to become the U. S. militarys standard service rifle, the M16A1 improvements include a bolt-assist, chrome plated bore and a new 30-round magazine. In 1983, the USMC adopted the M16A2 rifle and the U. S. Army adopted it in 1986, the M16A2 fires the improved 5. Adopted in 1998, the M16A4 is the generation of the M16 series. It is equipped with a carrying handle and Picatinny rail for mounting optics. The M16 has also widely adopted by other militaries around the world. Total worldwide production of M16s has been approximately 8 million, making it the most-produced firearm of its 5.56 mm caliber. The U. S. Army has largely replaced the M16 in combat units with the shorter and lighter M4 carbine, however, early experiments with select-fire versions of the M1 Garand proved disappointing. During the Korean War, the select-fire M2 carbine largely replaced the gun in US service. However, combat experience suggested that the.30 Carbine round was under-powered, American weapons designers concluded that an intermediate round was necessary, and recommended a small-caliber, high-velocity cartridge. This culminated in the development of the 7. 62×51mm NATO cartridge, the US also adopted the M60 general purpose machine gun. Its NATO partners adopted the FN FAL and HK G3 rifles, as well as the FN MAG, the first confrontations between the AK-47 and the M14 came in the early part of the Vietnam War. Battlefield reports indicated that the M14 was uncontrollable in full-auto and that soldiers could not carry enough ammo to maintain fire superiority over the AK-47, and, while the M2 carbine offered a high rate of fire, it was under-powered and ultimately outclassed by the AK-47. A replacement was needed, a medium between the traditional preference for high-powered rifles such as the M14, and the firepower of the M2 Carbine. As a result, the Army was forced to reconsider a 1957 request by General Willard G. Wyman, continental Army Command to develop a.223 caliber select-fire rifle weighing 6 lb when loaded with a 20-round magazine. This request ultimately resulted in the development of a version of the Armalite AR-10. However, despite overwhelming evidence that the AR-15 could bring more firepower to bear than the M14, in January 1963, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara concluded that the AR-15 was the superior weapon system and ordered a halt to M14 production
37.
Muzzle booster
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A muzzle booster or recoil booster is a device affixed to the muzzle of a firearm, intended to harness the energy of the escaping propellant to augment the force of recoil on portions of the firearm. Muzzle boosters are used to improve the reliability and/or rate of fire of a recoil operated firearm. The muzzle booster is the antithesis of the brake, which is designed to use the propellant gases to reduce the recoil of the firearm. The recoil booster was first introduced in the Vickers machine gun of 1912, the Vickers, like the Maxim gun from which it was developed, uses a short-recoil action. At firing, the recoil from the cartridge pushes the barrel and this movement provides the energy required to extract and eject the spent cartridge, and compresses the recoil spring to complete the cycle. This increased the velocity of the barrel and bolt, providing more energy for the operation of the mechanism. As the bullet exits the barrel, the expanding gases follow it into the chamber created between the cup and the shroud. As it passes through the close tolerance hole in the end of the perforated tube, the pressure inside the booster rises very rapidly as the gases continue to expand in the confined space. The cup on the muzzle of the barrel provides a large, movable surface for the gas to push against, as it exerts force equally in all directions. As the outer shroud is fixed to the frame of the gun, and only the barrel is movable. The barrel continues to the rear on its own momentum, the resulting action can be seen as a composite of the recoil action and a gas action — the barrel being acted upon as if it were the piston. Muzzle boosters in other weapons act in a similar fashion, thus, the name of recoil booster can be misleading. The original use of the booster was to provide additional energy to move the large barrel/bolt mass on recoil operated machine guns. The primary German machine gun of WWI was the Maxim-based MG08, in 1915 an air-cooled version was created for use as a fixed aircraft gun, designated the lMG08. Thus, the water structure was retained, but was heavily perforated to allow cooling air-flow to reach the barrel. The World War II-era German MG42 was another machine gun which also made use of a muzzle booster. This application has fallen out of use as modern machine gun design switched to delayed blowback. The Rheinmetall MG3, essentially an MG42 modified to use the standard 7. 62×51mm NATO round, recoil boosters have found a use in suppressors on short-recoil operated semi-automatic pistols
38.
Chauchat
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The Chauchat, named after its main contributor Colonel Louis Chauchat, was the standard machine rifle or light machine gun of the French Army during World War I. Its official designation was Fusil Mitrailleur Modele 1915 CSRG, beginning in June 1916, it was placed into regular service with French infantry, where the troops called it the FM Chauchat. The Chauchat machine rifle in 8mm Lebel was also used in 1917–18 by the American Expeditionary Forces. The armies of eight other nations – Belgium, Finland, Greece, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia and it set a precedent for several subsequent 20th-century firearm projects, being a portable, yet full-power automatic weapon built inexpensively and in very large numbers. The Chauchat combined a pistol grip, a stock, a detachable magazine. Furthermore, it could be fired from the hip and while walking. The muddy trenches of northern France exposed a number of weaknesses in the Chauchats design, Construction had been simplified to facilitate mass production, resulting in low quality of many metal parts. The magazines in particular were the cause of about 75% of the stoppages or cessations of fire, they were made of metal and open on one side, allowing for the entry of mud. The weapon also ceased to function when overheated, the barrel sleeve remaining in the position until the gun had cooled off. Shortly after World War I, the French army replaced the Chauchat with the new gas-operated Mle 1924 light machine gun and it was mass manufactured during World War I by two reconverted civilian plants, Gladiator and Sidarme. The Belgian military did not experience difficulties with their Chauchats in 7. 65mm Mauser, conversely, the Chauchat version in U. S. 30-06 made by Gladiator for the A. E. F. The Model 1918, proved to be defective and had to be withdrawn from service. The Chauchat machine rifle project was initiated between 1903 and 1910 in a French Army weapon research facility located near Paris, the Atelier de Construction de Puteaux. This development was aiming at creating a light, portable automatic weapon served by one man only. The project was led from the beginning by Colonel Louis Chauchat, not less than eight trial prototypes were tested at APX, between 1903 and 1909. As a result, a series of 8 mm Lebel CS machine rifles was ordered in 1912. Because they were light, they were used temporarily during the part of World War I to arm observation crews on French military aircraft. None of these CS machine rifles have survived, either in museums or in private collections
39.
MG 42
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The MG42 is a 7. 92×57mm Mauser general purpose machine gun designed in Nazi Germany and used extensively by the Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS during the second half of World War II. It was intended to replace the earlier MG34, which was expensive and took much longer to produce. The MG42 has a record of reliability, durability, simplicity, and ease of operation. It also spawned the Swiss MG51, Zastava M53, SIG MG 710-3, Austrian MG74, and the Spanish 5. 56×45mm NATO Ameli light machine gun, and lent many design elements to the American M60 and Belgian MAG. The MG42 was adopted by several armed organizations after the war, even prior to World War I the German army was already looking forward to replacing the heavy machine guns which proved to be such a success in that war. The MG13 was one of the first developments toward a goal of producing a weapon that could perform multiple roles, the MG13 was the result of reengineering the Dreyse Water cooled machine gun to fit the new requirement. The Gast gun was developed with the goal of providing a rate of fire weapon for anti-aircraft use which was reported to have reached rates of fire as high as 1600 rpm. The concept eventually led to the development of the MG34 which was envisaged and well developed to provide coverage, highly portable infantry coverage. The MG34 was developed to use the standard German rifle round of 7.92 x 57mm Mauser, the MG34 was issued with 6 additional interchangeable barrels. The three-man crew that each weapon was also issued asbestos gloves to use when changing the barrel. As a result, the rate of fire was very high. The MG34 was so accurate that it was mounted on a tripod with a telescopic sight for sniping at very long distances. It was chambered in the standard 7. 92×57mm Mauser cartridge, in German army tactics, the machinegun was supported by the entire squad. Each man would carry belts of 7. 92×57mm Mauser for the machine gun, US tactics put the machinegun and its crew largely alone with far less support or emphasis on use. A German squads purpose was to protect the gun, while a US squads purpose used the machine gun to support the men. In addition to the 6 barrels carried for the MG34, switching between a bipod and a tripod required no special tools, as the mounting latch was spring-loaded. However, it did have its drawbacks, such as sensitivity to dirt, one attempt at improvement was the MG 34S, an incremental improvement on the basic 34 design. In order to address issues, a contest was held for a true MG34 replacement
40.
Vickers machine gun
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The Vickers machine gun or Vickers gun is a name primarily used to refer to the water-cooled.303 British machine gun produced by Vickers Limited, originally for the British Army. The machine gun typically required a six to eight-man team to operate, one fired, one fed the ammunition and it was in service from before the First World War until the 1960s, with air-cooled versions of it on many Allied World War I fighter aircraft. The weapon had a reputation for solidity and reliability. Using 100 barrels, they fired a million rounds without a failure and it was this absolute foolproof reliability which endeared the Vickers to every British soldier who ever fired one. The Vickers machine gun was based on the successful Maxim gun of the late 19th century, a muzzle booster was also added. The British Army formally adopted the Vickers gun as its machine gun on 26 November 1912. There were still great shortages when the First World War began, Vickers was, in fact, threatened with prosecution for war profiteering, due to the exorbitant price it was demanding for each gun. As a result, the price was slashed, as the war progressed, and numbers increased, it became the British Armys primary machine gun, and served on all fronts during the conflict. After the First World War, the Machine Gun Corps was disbanded, however, the Vickers remained in service with the British Army until 30 March 1968. Its last operational use was in the Radfan during the Aden Emergency and its successor in UK service is the L7 GPMG. In 1913, a Vickers machine gun was mounted on the experimental Vickers E. F. B.1 biplane, which was probably the worlds first purpose-built combat aeroplane. However, by the time the version, the Vickers F. B.5, had entered service the following year. During World War I, the Vickers gun became a weapon on British and French military aircraft. Although heavier than the Lewis, its closed bolt firing cycle made it easier to synchronize to allow it to fire through aircraft propellers. The belt feed was enclosed right up to the guns feed-way to inhibit effects from wind, steel disintegrating-link ammunition belts were perfected in the UK by William de Courcy Prideaux in mid-war and became standard for aircraft guns thereafter. The famous Sopwith Camel and the SPAD XIII types used twin synchronized Vickers, as did most British and French fighters between 1918 and the mid-1930s. Several sets of louvred slots were cut into the jacket to aid air cooling. The Gloster Gladiator was the last RAF fighter to be armed with the Vickers, the Fairey Swordfish continued to be fitted with the weapon until production ended in August 1944
41.
Blank-firing adapter
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A blank-firing adapter or blank-firing attachment, sometimes called a blank adapter or blank attachment, is a device used in conjunction with blank ammunition. Blank firing adapters are required for allowing blanks to cycle most automatic firearms and it can also be a safety feature designed so if a live round is mistakenly fired, most of the energy is spent smashing through the BFA reducing both the range and damage inflicted. A BFA may also divert the hot gases from a blank discharge out to the sides, the design of the blank firing adapter depends on the intended use. Different designs are used for different firearm actions and different user needs and this debris could cause injury to nearby personnel if the BFA has not been fitted or has fallen off. BFAs for blowback and gas-operated firearms are relatively simple and these weapons depend on high pressures in the chamber generated by the combustion of the propellant to push the breech block to the rear, allowing another round to be chambered and fired. If a blank round is used, there is no bullet to seal the barrel, simple BFAs for these firearms consist of a metal plug with screw threads. The adapter is attached to the muzzle of the firearm, a means is provided to allow some of the powder gases to escape. This can be adjustable, allowing it to regulate the amount of used to rechamber the next round. A drawback to the use of BFAs in gas-operated firearms is the amount of powder residue that builds up in the barrel, since a limited amount can escape, and the barrel can foul very quickly. Extreme care must be taken to ensure cleanliness of the barrel following BFA use to damage to the weapon. Since blank cartridges generate very little recoil, far less than that produced by a live round, BFAs used with recoil operated firearms typically replace the locked breech of a recoil operated firearm with a simple blowback system using a restricted barrel, similar to a gas operated BFA. On designs with tilting barrels there may also be a provision for tilting the barrel back, one notable exception to the design of BFAs for recoil operated firearms is machine guns based on short recoil designs, such as the German MG34 and its descendants. The M2 heavy machine gun, while it does not use a muzzle booster normally, Patent 5,585,589, Blank firing conversions for semi-automatic pistols Blank Firing Adapter
42.
.22 Long Rifle
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The.22 Long Rifle rimfire cartridge is a long-established variety of ammunition, and in terms of units sold is still by far the most common in the world today. The cartridge is often referred to simply as.22 LR and various rifles, pistols, revolvers, and even some smoothbore shotguns have been manufactured in this caliber. American firearms manufacturer J. Stevens Arms & Tool Company introduced the cartridge in 1887 by combining the casing of the.22 Long with the 40-grain bullet of the.22 Extra Long. The round owes its origin to the Flobert BB cap of 1845 through the.22 Smith & Wesson cartridge of 1857 and it is one of the few cartridges that are accepted by a large variety of rifles, as well as pistols. The.22 Long Rifle and related cartridges use a bullet, which means that the bullet is the same diameter as the case. Low cost, minimal recoil, and relatively low noise make the.22 LR an ideal cartridge for recreational shooting, initial training, small-game hunting. Used by Boy Scouts for the rifle shooting merit badge, the cartridge is popular among novice shooters, a wide variety of rimfire ammunition is available commercially, and the available ammunition varies widely both in price and performance. Bullet weights among commercially available range from 20 to 60 grains. Promotional loads for plinking can be purchased in bulk for significantly less cost than precision target rounds, the low cost of ammunition has a substantial effect on the popularity of the.22 LR. For this reason, rimfire cartridges are used for target practice. The low recoil of the cartridge makes it ideal for introductory firearms courses, novice shooters can be surprised or frightened by the recoil of more powerful rounds. Beginners shooting firearms beyond their comfort level frequently develop a habit of flinching in an attempt to counter anticipated recoil, the resulting habit impedes correct posture and follow-through at the most critical phase of the shot and is difficult to correct. With high recoil eliminated, other errors in marksmanship technique are easier to identify, available for this round are AR-15 upper receivers and M1911 slide assemblies. Many handgun manufacturers have an upper pistol conversion kit to make it shoot.22 ammunition and these rimfire conversions allow shooters to practice inexpensively while retaining the handling characteristics of their chosen firearms. Additionally.22 conversion kits allow practice at indoor ranges which prohibit high-power firearms, annual production is estimated by some at 2–2.5 billion rounds. The NSSF estimates that half of the US production of 10 billion cartridges is composed of. 22LR, performance varies between barrel length and the type of action. For example, bolt-action rifles may perform differently from semiautomatic rifles, the.22 LR is effective to 150 yd, though practical ranges tend to be less. After 150 yd, the ballistics of the round are such that it will be difficult to compensate for the large drop, the relatively short effective range, low report, and light recoil has made it a favorite for use as a target-practice cartridge
43.
David Marshall Williams
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David Marshall Williams was the American firearms designer of the floating chamber and the short-stroke piston. Both designs used the high pressure gas generated in or near the breech of the firearm to operate the action of semi-automatic firearms like the M1 Carbine. David Marshall Williams was born in Cumberland County, North Carolina and he was the eldest of seven children and the younger half brother of the five surviving children from the first marriage of James Claude Williams to Eula Lee Breece. James Claude Williams was a wealthy and influential landowner of hundreds of acres in and around Godwin, as a young boy, he worked on his familys farm. He was expelled from school during the grade by Godwin School Principal H. B. Gaston and began work in a blacksmith shop, at the age of 15 he enlisted in the Navy by claiming he was 17 years old. His Navy enlistment was short-lived when the Navy became aware of his true age, in 1917, he enrolled in Blackstone Military Academy. He failed to complete the first semester due to his expulsion for theft of government property in possession of the school, several rifles and 10,000 rounds of ammunition were found in his trunk by Col. E. S. Ligon, owner of the academy, who found Williams had shipped the stocks from the rifles home, on August 11,1918 in Cumberland County, he married Margaret Cooke and they later had one child, David Marshall, Jr. After his marriage, he obtained employment as a laborer with the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. Williams began operating a distillery near Godwin, North Carolina. On July 22,1921 the Cumberland County Sheriff and five deputies seized the still, while transporting the evidence away from the scene, the deputies came under gunfire from the woods. Riding away from the scene on the police car sideboard, Deputy Sheriff Alfred Jackson Pate was struck by two bullets and died at the scene, Williams was arrested for the murder the following day. Coroner’s Inquest testimony on August 1,1921, followed by the arraignment on August 2,1921, one of the deputies present at the shooting identified Williams as the person who fired the rifle at Deputy Pate. Williams was held to answer for First Degree Murder with the possibility of a death sentence, attorneys representing Williams then notified the court Williams could not be tried for the charges against him due to insanity. Williams and five black workers he hired to run the still were charged with operating the still, on October 11,1921, a 12-man jury was impaneled to hear the testimony and decide the issue of Williams sanity. Testimony started on October 12 and continued for four days, Williams was again identified by the deputy sheriff as the person who shot at Deputy Pate. All five workers employed by Williams testified that, as the deputies approached, they ran in a different direction than Williams, the hearing ended in a hung jury
44.
Blowback (firearms)
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Several blowback systems exist within this broad principle of operation, each distinguished by the methods used to control bolt movement. A few locked breech designs use a form of blowback to perform the unlocking function, the blowback principle may be considered a simplified form of gas operation, since the cartridge case behaves like a piston driven by the powder gases. Other operating principles for self-loading firearms include blow forward, gas operation and this rearward thrust, imparted against the breech, is a direct result of the expansion of propellant gases. The energy from the expansion of gases on firing appears in the form of energy transmitted to the bolt mechanism. The extent to which blowback is employed largely depends on the used to control the movement of the bolt. How the movement of the bolt is controlled is where blowback systems differ, relating blowback to other types of automatic firearm operation, George M. Chinn wrote that, In the larger sense, blowback might well be considered a special form of gas operation. This is reasonable because the case may be conceived of as a sort of piston driven by the powder gases. Actually, blowback involves so many problems that it is best considered to be in a class by itself. The question whether or not it should be included within the general class of gas operation or recoil operation is purely academic. The important point is that it some of the properties of both classes and, depending on the particular problem at hand, may be considered to be either one. The blowback system represents the most basic auto loading operation type, in a blowback mechanism, the bolt rests against the rear of the barrel, but is not locked in place. At the point of ignition, expanding gases push the bullet forward through the barrel while at the same time pushing the case rearward against the bolt. The expanding gases push the bolt assembly to the rear, but the motion is slowed by the mass of the bolt, internal friction, the design must ensure that the delay is long enough that bullet exits the barrel before the cartridge case clears the chamber. The empty case is ejected as the travels to the rear. The stored energy of the action spring then drives the bolt forward. A new cartridge is stripped from the magazine and chambered as the returns to its in-battery position. The blowback system is practical for firearms using relatively low-power cartridges with lighter weight bullets, higher power cartridges require heavier bolts to keep the breech from opening prematurely, at some point, the bolt becomes too heavy to be practical. Consequently, the spring is not powerful enough to keep the bolt closed when the gun is tilted up
45.
Colt Service Ace
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The Colt Ace or Colt Service Model Ace is a firearm that was designed to allow inexpensive and low-recoil practice while maintaining the feel of the military Model 1911 pistol. While the Colt 1911 was chambered in the powerful.45 ACP cartridge, accordingly, military, police, or civilian shooters could shoot the Ace without the recoil and expense of the 1911, but with similar ergonomics, recoil and sight picture. Except for the earliest models, the barrels of guns are constructed with a hinged floating rear chamber that amplifies the recoil. The floating chamber can become fouled and stuck leading to poor feeding, when field stripping the Ace, the recoil spring is removed after removing the slide. The ejector may be removed before removing the barrel and the chamber must be aligned vertically to remove the barrel from the slide. Once the barrel is removed, the chamber can be rotated and separated from the main barrel for cleaning. When the extractor is replaced into the barrel, the back of the extractor should slide into the slot of the slide
46.
M1911 pistol
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The M1911 is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the.45 ACP cartridge. It served as the sidearm for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986. It was first used in stages of the Philippine–American War, and was widely used in World War I, World War II, the Korean War. The pistols formal designation as of 1940 was Automatic Pistol, Caliber.45, M1911 for the model of 1911 or Automatic Pistol, Caliber.45, M1911A1 for the M1911A1. The designation changed to Pistol, Caliber.45, Automatic, the U. S. procured around 2.7 million M1911 and M1911A1 pistols in military contracts during its service life. The M1911 was replaced by the 9mm Beretta M9 pistol as the standard U. S. sidearm in October 1986, but due to its popularity among users, it has not been completely phased out. Modernized derivative variants of the M1911 are still in use by units of the U. S. Army Special Forces. Designed by John Browning, the M1911 is the best-known of his designs to use the short recoil principle in its basic design, the pistol was widely copied, and this operating system rose to become the preeminent type of the 20th century and of nearly all modern centerfire pistols. It is popular with civilian shooters in competitive events such as USPSA, IDPA, International Practical Shooting Confederation, compact variants are popular civilian concealed carry weapons in the U. S. because of the designs relatively slim width and stopping power of the.45 ACP cartridge. The M1911 pistol originated in the late 1890s as the result of a search for a suitable self-loading pistol to replace the variety of then in service. Maxim had designed a self-loading rifle in the 1880s, but was preoccupied with machine guns, nevertheless, the application of his principle of using cartridge energy to reload led to several self-loading pistols in 1896. The designs caught the attention of various militaries, each of which programs to find a suitable one for their forces. In the U. S. such a program would lead to a formal test at the turn of the 20th century, during the end of 1899 and start of 1900, a test of self-loading pistols was conducted, which included entries from Mauser, Mannlicher, and Colt. This led to a purchase of 1,000 DWM Luger pistols, chambered in 7. 65mm Luger, during field trials these ran into some problems, especially with stopping power. Other governments had made similar complaints, consequently, DWM produced an enlarged version of the round, the 9×19mm Parabellum, a necked-up version of the 7.65 mm round. Fifty of these were tested as well by the U. S. Army in 1903, American units fighting Moro guerrillas during the Philippine–American War using the then-standard Colt M1892 revolver. The problems prompted the then–Chief of Ordnance, General William Crozier and this led to the 1906 trials of pistols from six firearms manufacturing companies. Of the six designs submitted, three were eliminated early on, leaving only the Savage, Colt, and DWM designs chambered in the new.45 ACP cartridge and these three still had issues that needed correction, but only Colt and Savage resubmitted their designs
47.
Recoil
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Recoil is the backward movement of a gun when it is discharged. To apply this counter-recoiling force, modern mounted guns may employ recoil buffering comprising springs and hydraulic recoil mechanisms, early cannons used systems of ropes along with rolling or sliding friction to provide forces to slow the recoiling cannon to a stop. Recoil buffering allows the maximum counter-recoil force to be lowered so that strength limitations of the gun mount are not exceeded, however, the same pressures acting on the base of the projectile are acting on the rear face of the gun chamber, accelerating the gun rearward during firing. This results in the required counter-recoiling force being proportionally lower, modern cannons also employ muzzle brakes very effectively to redirect some of the propellant gasses rearward after projectile exit. This provides a force to the barrel, allowing the buffering system. The same physics affecting recoil in mounted guns and cannons applies to hand-held guns, hands, arms and shoulders have considerable strength and elasticity for this purpose, up to certain practical limits. For this reason, establishing recoil safety standards for small arms remains challenging, a change in momentum of a mass requires a force, according to Newtons first law, known as the law of inertia, inertia simply being another term for mass. That force, applied to a mass, creates an acceleration, according to Newtons second law, the law of momentum -- changing the velocity of the mass changes its momentum. It is important to understand at this point that velocity is not simply speed, velocity is the speed of a mass in a particular direction. In a very technical sense, speed is a scalar, a magnitude, in summation, the total momentum of the system equals zero, surprisingly just as it did before the trigger was pulled. There are two conservation laws at work when a gun is fired, conservation of momentum and conservation of energy, recoil is explained by the law of conservation of momentum, and so it is easier to discuss it separately from energy. The nature of the process is determined by the force of the expanding gases in the barrel upon the gun. It is also determined by the force applied to the gun. The recoil force only acts during the time that the ejecta are still in the barrel of the gun, except for the case of zero-recoil, the counter-recoil force is smaller than the recoil force but lasts for a longer time. Since the recoil force and the force are not matched. In the zero-recoil case, the two forces are matched and the gun will not move when fired. In most cases, a gun is very close to a free-recoil condition, an example of near zero-recoil would be a gun securely clamped to a massive or well-anchored table, or supported from behind by a massive wall. For example, placing the butt of a large caliber gun directly against a wall, the recoil of a firearm, whether large or small, is a result of the law of conservation of momentum
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