Gas torus
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A gas torus is a toroidal cloud of gas or plasma that encircles a planet or moon. In the Solar System, gas tori tend to be produced by the interaction of a satellite's atmosphere with the magnetic fie
Jupiter's gas toruses generated by Io (green) and Europa (blue)
Io (moon)
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Io is the innermost and second smallest of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter. Slightly larger than Earth's Moon, Io is the fourth-largest natural satellite in the Solar System, has the highest densit
Gas torus
…torus, which is produced by the ionization of roughly 1 ton per second of oxygen and sulfur from the tenuous atmosphere of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io. Before being ionized, these particles are part of a neutral torus, also centered on the orbit of Io. Energetic particle observations also suggest the…
Enhanced color image of Io from the Galileo spacecraft, taken in 1999.
Voyager 1 mosaic covering Io's south polar region. This includes two of Io's ten highest peaks, the Euboea Montes at upper extreme left and Haemus Mons at bottom.
Enhanced-color Galileo image showing a dark spot (just lower-left of center, interrupting the red ring of short-chain sulfur allotropes deposited by Pele) produced by a major eruption at Pillan Patera in 1997
Io as seen by JunoCam on 3 February 2024. Its night side is illuminated by the reflected sunlight from Jupiter.