1.
Boston
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
Boston
–
From top to bottom, left to right: the
Boston skyline viewed from the
Bunker Hill Monument; the
Museum of Fine Arts;
Faneuil Hall;
Massachusetts State House;
The First Church of Christ, Scientist;
Boston Public Library; the
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;
South Station;
Boston University and the
Charles River;
Arnold Arboretum;
Fenway Park; and the
Boston Common
Boston
–
State Street, 1801
Boston
–
View of Boston from
Dorchester Heights, 1841
Boston
–
Scollay Square in the 1880s
2.
Carmel, CA
–
Carmel-by-the-Sea, often simply referred to as Carmel, is a city in Monterey County, California, United States, founded in 1902 and incorporated on October 31,1916. Situated on the Monterey Peninsula, Carmel is known for its natural scenery, the city is known for being dog-friendly, with numerous hotels, restaurants and retail establishments admitting guests with dogs. Carmel-by-the-Sea is located on the Pacific coast, about 330 miles north of Los Angeles and 120 miles south of San Francisco, communities nearby Carmel-by-the-Sea include Carmel Valley Village and Carmel Highlands. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 3,722. The Carmel-by-the-Sea area is permeated by Native American, Spanish, Mexican and American history, the first Europeans to see this land were Spanish mariners led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542, who sailed up the California coast without landing. The Spanish did not attempt to colonize the area until 1770, Portolà and Crespí traveled by land while Serra traveled with the Mission supplies aboard ship, arriving eight days later. The colony of Monterey was established at the time as the second mission in Alta California. When Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 Carmel became Mexican territory, in December 1771, the transfer was complete as the new stockade of approximately 130x200 became the new Mission Carmel. Simple buildings of plastered mud were the first church and dwellings until a more sturdy structure was built of wood from nearby pine and this too was only a temporary church until a permanent stone edifice was built. He was buried with military honors. The Mission at Carmel has significance beyond the history of Serra and it also contains the states first library. A welder, John Martin, acquired lands surrounding the Carmel mission in 1833, Carmel became part of the United States in 1848, when Mexico ceded California as a result of the Mexican-American War. Known as Rancho Las Manzanitas, the area that was to become Carmel-by-the-Sea was purchased by French businessman Honore Escolle in the 1850s, Escolle was well known and prosperous in the City of Monterey, owning the first commercial bakery, pottery kiln, and brickworks in Central California. His descendants, the Tomlinson-Del Piero Family, still live throughout the area, by 1889,200 lots had been sold. The name Carmel was earlier applied to place on the north bank of the Carmel River 13 miles east-southeast of the present-day Carmel. A post office called Carmel opened in 1889, closed in 1890, re-opened in 1893, moved in 1902, abbie Jane Hunter, founder of the San Francisco-based Womens Real Estate Investment Company, first used the name Carmel-by-the-Sea on a promotional postcard. In 1902 James Frank Devendorf and Frank Powers, on behalf of the Carmel Development Company, the Carmel post office opened the same year. In 1910, the Carnegie Institution established the Coastal Laboratory, in 1905, the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club was formed to support and produce artistic works
Carmel, CA
–
View towards the city's white-sand beach, Carmel-by-the-Sea; an old
Monterey Cypress in the foreground
Carmel, CA
–
Early mission settlement after relocation to Carmel as depicted by John Sykes in 1794
Carmel, CA
–
The Mission at Carmel, circa 1910.
Carmel, CA
–
Ocean Ave, circa 1908.
3.
Novelist
–
A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living writing novels and other fiction, Novelists come from a variety of backgrounds and social classes, and frequently this shapes the content of their works. Similarly, some novelists have creative identities derived from their focus on different genres of fiction, such as crime, while many novelists compose fiction to satisfy personal desires, novelists and commentators often ascribe a particular social responsibility or role to novel writers. Many authors use such moral imperatives to justify different approaches to writing, including activism or different approaches to representing reality truthfully. Novelist is a derivative from the term novel describing the writer of novels. However, the OED attributes the primary meaning of a writer of novels as first appearing in the 1633 book East-India Colation by C. The difference between professional and amateur novelists often is the ability to publish. Many people take up writing as a hobby, but the difficulties of completing large scale fictional works of quality prevent the completion of novels. Once authors have completed a novel, they often try to get it published. The publishing industry requires novels to have accessible profitable markets, thus many novelists will self-publish to circumvent the editorial control of publishers, self-publishing has long been an option for writers, with vanity presses printing bound books for a fee paid by the writer. The rise of the Internet and electronic books has made self publishing far less expensive, Novelists apply a number of different methods to writing their novels, relying on a variety of approaches to inspire creativity. Some communities actively encourage amateurs to practice writing novels to develop these unique practices, for example, the internet-based group, National Novel Writing Month, encourages people to write 50, 000-word novels in the month of November, to give novelists practice completing such works. In the 2010 event, over 200,000 people took part – writing a total of over 2.8 billion words, Novelists dont usually publish their first novels until later in life. However, many novelists begin writing at a young age, for example, Iain Banks began writing at eleven, and at sixteen completed his first novel, The Hungarian Lift-Jet, about international arms dealers, in pencil in a larger-than-foolscap log book. However, he was thirty before he published his first novel, the success of this novel enabled Banks to become a full-time novelist. Occasionally, novelists publish as early as their teens, for example, Patrick OBrian published his first novel, Caesar, The Life Story of a Panda-Leopard, at the age of 15, which brought him considerable critical attention. Occasionally, these works will achieve popular success as well, for example, though Christopher Paolinis Eragon, was not a great critical success, but its popularity among readers placed it on the New York Times Childrens Books Best Seller list for 121 weeks. First-time novelists of any age often find themselves unable to get published, because of a number of reasons reflecting the inexperience of the author
Novelist
–
William Faulkner's
Underwood Universal Portable typewriter in his office at
Rowan Oak, which is now maintained by the
University of Mississippi in
Oxford as a museum
Novelist
–
Novelist
James Patterson, one of the most monetarily successful contemporary novelists, who made $70 million in 2010
Novelist
–
The
Scott Monument on Edinburgh's
Princes Street.
4.
Engineer
–
Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost. The word engineer is derived from the Latin words ingeniare and ingenium, the work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life. His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a mental or physical character. It requires the exercise of original thought and judgement and the ability to supervise the technical, he/she is thus placed in a position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its applications. In due time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical advice, much of an engineers time is spent on researching, locating, applying, and transferring information. Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviours, Engineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, Engineers apply techniques of engineering analysis in testing, production, or maintenance. Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a process failure and they also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects, Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principles and processes to reveal the properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study. Most engineers specialize in one or more engineering disciplines, numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example, includes structural and transportation engineering and materials engineering include ceramic, metallurgical, mechanical engineering cuts across just about every discipline since its core essence is applied physics. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as vehicles, or in one type of technology. Several recent studies have investigated how engineers spend their time, that is, research suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers’ work, technical work, social work, computer-based work, information behaviours. Amongst other more detailed findings, a recent work sampling study found that engineers spend 62. 92% of their time engaged in work,40. 37% in social work. The time engineers spend engaged in activities is also reflected in the competencies required in engineering roles. There are many branches of engineering, each of which specializes in specific technologies, typically engineers will have deep knowledge in one area and basic knowledge in related areas. When developing a product, engineers work in interdisciplinary teams. For example, when building robots an engineering team will typically have at least three types of engineers, a mechanical engineer would design the body and actuators
Engineer
–
An electrical engineer, circa 1950
Engineer
–
Engineers conferring on prototype design, 1954
Engineer
–
NASA Launch Control Center Firing Room 2 as it appeared in the Apollo era
Engineer
–
The
Challenger disaster is held as a case study of
engineering ethics.
5.
Decadent movement
–
The Decadent Movement was a late 19th-century artistic and literary movement, centered in Western Europe, that followed an aesthetic ideology of excess and artificiality. Baudelaire referred to himself as decadent in his 1857 edition of Les Fleurs du Mal and he would later use the term decadence to include the subversion of traditional categories in pursuit of full, sensual expression. Though he was Belgian, Félicien Rops was instrumental in the development of early stage of the Decadent Movement. A friend of Baudelaire, he was also a frequent illustrator of Baudelaires writing, Rops delighted in breaking artistic convention and shocking the public with his combination of with gruesome, fantastical horror. He was explicitly interested in the Satanic, and he sought to portray the double-threat of Satan and Woman. At times, his goal was the portrayal of a woman hed observed debasing herself in the pursuit of her own pleasure. Their work was the worship of beauty disguised as the worship of evil, for both of them, mortality and all manner of corruptions were always on their mind. The ability of Rops to see and portray the world as they did. The concept of decadence lingered after that, but it wasnt until 1884 that Maurice Barrès referred to a group of writers as Decadents. He defined this group as those who had been influenced heavily by Baudelaire, though they were influenced by Gothic novels. Many were associated with Symbolism, others with Aestheticism, in his 1884 decadent novel À Rebours, Joris-Karl Huysmans overthrew the past, subordinated nature to the human creative will, and suggested the primacy of but inherent disillusion in pleasure. Not only did Against Nature define an ideology and a literature, the character of Des Esseintes explcitily heralded the work of Gustave Moreau, Jan Luyken, and Odilon Redon. None of these artists would have identified themselves as part of this movement and it has also been suggested that a dream vision that Des Esseintes describes is based the series of satanic encounters painted by Félicien Rops. Capitalizing on the momentum of Huysmans work, Anatole Baju founded the magazine Le Décadent in 1886, not everyone was comfortable with Baju and Le Décadent, even including some who had been published in its pages. Rival writer Jean Moréas published his Symbolist Manifesto, largely to escape association with the Decadent Movement, Moréas and Gustave Kahn, among others, formed rival publications to reinforce the distinction. Paul Verlaine embraced the label at first, applauding it as a brilliant marketing choice by Baju, far-fetched plots were acceptable if they helped generate the desired moments of salacious experience or glorification of the morbid and grotesque. Writers who embraced the sort of decadence featured in Le Décadent include Albert Aurier, Rachilde, Pierre Vareilles, Miguel Fernandez, Jean Lorrain, many of these authors did also publish symbolist works, however, and it unclear how strongly they would have identified with Baju as decadents. In France, the Decadent Movement is often said to have begun with either Joris-Karl Huysmans Against Nature or Baudelaires Les Fleur du Mal and this movement essentially gave way to Symbolism when Le Décadent closed down in 1889 and Anatole Baju turned toward politics and became associated with anarchy
Decadent movement
–
Pornocrates by
Félicien Rops. Etching and
aquatint
Decadent movement
–
Oscar Wilde
Decadent movement
–
Gabriele d'Annunzio
Decadent movement
–
Joris-Karl Huysmans
6.
San Francisco Bay Area
–
The San Francisco Bay Area is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California. The region encompasses the cities and metropolitan areas of San Jose, San Francisco. The Bay Areas nine counties are Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. The combined statistical area of the region is the second-largest in California, the fifth-largest in the United States, the Bay Area has the second-most Fortune 500 Companies in the United States, and is known for its natural beauty, liberal politics, entrepreneurship, and diversity. The eastern side of the bay, consisting of Alameda and Contra Costa counties, is known locally as the East Bay, the inner East Bay is more densely populated, with generally older buildings, and a more ethnically diverse population. The word Lamorinda was coined by combining the names of the cities it includes, Lafayette, Moraga, walnut Creek is situated east of Lamorinda and north of the San Ramon Valley and, together with Concord, Martinez, and Pleasant Hill comprises Central Contra Costa County. The cities of Antioch, Pittsburg, Brentwood, Oakley and the areas surrounding them comprise East Contra Costa County. The Tri-Valley consists of the Amador, the Livermore, and the San Ramon Valleys, dublin and Pleasanton comprise the Amador Valley, Livermore lies in the Livermore Valley, and the San Ramon Valley consists of Alamo, Danville, Diablo and its namesake, San Ramon. The outer East Bay is connected to the inner East Bay by BART, Interstate 580 to the south, and State Routes State Route 4 to the north, the outer East Bays infrastructure was mostly built up after World War II. This area remains largely white demographically, although the Hispanic and Filipino populations have grown significantly over the past 2–3 decades, the region north of the Golden Gate Bridge is known locally as the North Bay. This area encompasses Marin County, Sonoma County, Napa County, the city of Fairfield, being part of Solano County, is often considered the easternmost city of the North Bay. With few exceptions, this region is affluent, Marin County is ranked as the wealthiest in the state. The North Bay is relatively rural compared to the remainder of the Bay Area, with areas of undeveloped open space, farmland. Santa Rosa in Sonoma County is the North Bays largest city, with a population of 167,815 and a Metropolitan Statistical Area population of 466,891, making it the fifth-largest city in the Bay Area. The North Bay is the section of the Bay Area that is not currently served by a commuter rail service. The area from San Francisco to the Silicon Valley, geographically part of the San Francisco Peninsula, is known locally as The Peninsula, many of these families are of foreign background and have significantly contributed to the diversity of the area. Whereas the term peninsula technically refers to the entire geographical San Franciscan Peninsula, in local terms, San Francisco is surrounded by water on three sides, the north, east, and west. The city squeezes roughly 870,000 people in under 47 square miles, on any given day, there can be as many as 1 million people in the city because of the commuting population and tourism
San Francisco Bay Area
–
San Francisco
San Francisco Bay Area
–
San Jose
San Francisco Bay Area
–
Oakland
San Francisco Bay Area
–
A view of the
San Francisco skyline from the bay.
7.
Purple Cow
–
Purple Cow is a short nonsense poem by American writer Gelett Burgess. It was first published in 1895, the poem was first published in the first issue of Burgesss magazine The Lark in May 1895 and became his most widely known work. It originally had the longer title The Purple Cows projected feast/Reflections on a Mythic Beast/Whos Quite Remarkable, at Least. This publication of the poem included an illustration by Burgess featuring a cow jumping over an art nouveau fence heading towards a naked human. A poster version of his illustration is part of the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the poem became popular, eventually becoming what one commentator called he most quoted poem in twentieth-century America, after The Night Before Christmas. In addition to being widely anthologized, it was transmitted orally without credit to Burgess. Many years after its appearance, publicist Jim Moran appeared at Burgess home with a cow he had painted purple, Burgess came to resent its popularity. United States President Harry S. Truman was once asked by UFO researcher and publisher James W. Moseley if hed seen a UFO. Truman reportedly responded by reciting lines from Burgesss poem, Purple Cow is also the name of the ice cream shop found inside Meijer stores. Founder Fred Meijer handed out cards for free ice cream at any Meijer Purple Cow ice cream shop to customers as part of a promotional campaign, marketer Seth Godin has used the phrase Purple Cow for the concept of marketing a product as intrinsically different. The phrase has also used for the marketing concept of choosing a name which makes your audience stop in their tracks. A slightly modified version of the line of the poem is referenced in the book Fletch and the Man Who by Gregory Mcdonald in the line “Irwin. ”“I’d rather see one than be one. ”In which Filby is making fun of not only Fletch but his albatross of a first name
Purple Cow
–
The original "Purple Cow", from 1895
Purple Cow
–
The May 1895 issue of The Lark in which Burgess's "Purple Cow" first appeared
8.
Modern art
–
Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the style and philosophy of the art produced during that era. The term is associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation. Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with ideas about the nature of materials. A tendency away from the narrative, which was characteristic for the traditional arts, more recent artistic production is often called contemporary art or postmodern art. Matisses two versions of The Dance signified a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting, analytic cubism was jointly developed by Picasso and Georges Braque, exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, from about 1908 through 1912. Synthetic cubism is characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé, the notion of modern art is closely related to modernism. Although modern sculpture and architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the 19th century, the beginnings of modern painting can be located earlier. The date perhaps most commonly identified as marking the birth of art is 1863. Earlier dates have also proposed, among them 1855 and 1784. In the words of art historian H, harvard Arnason, Each of these dates has significance for the development of modern art, but none categorically marks a completely new beginning. A gradual metamorphosis took place in the course of a hundred years, the strands of thought that eventually led to modern art can be traced back to the Enlightenment, and even to the 17th century. The important modern art critic Clement Greenberg, for instance, called Immanuel Kant the first real Modernist but also drew a distinction, The Enlightenment criticized from the outside. The French Revolution of 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accepted with little question and this gave rise to what art historian Ernst Gombrich called a self-consciousness that made people select the style of their building as one selects the pattern of a wallpaper. The pioneers of art were Romantics, Realists and Impressionists. By the late 19th century, additional movements which were to be influential in art had begun to emerge. The advocates of realism stood against the idealism of the academic art that enjoyed public. The most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions or through public exhibitions of their own work. There were official, government-sponsored painters unions, while governments regularly held exhibitions of new fine
Modern art
–
Pablo Picasso, Dejeuner sur l'Herbe
Modern art
–
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge: Two Women Waltzing, 1892
Modern art
–
Vincent van Gogh, Country road in Provence by Night, 1889, May 1890,
Kröller-Müller Museum
Modern art
–
Paul Cézanne,
The Large Bathers, 1898–1905
9.
Goops
–
The Goops books, originally published between 1900 and 1950, were created by the artist, art critic, poet, author and humorist Gelett Burgess. The characters debuted, conceptually, in the illustrations of Burgess publication The Lark, the Goops also appeared in panels in the popular monthly childrens publication St. Nicholas, as early as 1898. The Goops series is among his most famous works, the Goops, they lick their fingers, and the Goops, they lick their knives, They spill their broth on the tablecloth, Oh, they lead disgusting lives. When you are playing with the girls, you must not pull their pretty curls, if you are gentle when you play, though widely circulated during the height of Burgess popularity, some of the Goops books have become difficult to find. Goops and How to Be Them and More Goops and How Not to Be Them are still widely available, out-of-print titles such as Goops Encyclopedia and Blue Goops and Red may be found in rare book rooms and antiquarian bookstores. In addition to the books, Burgess created the comic strip Goops in 1924. Elizabeth Metz Butterfield of Jamestown N. Y. set a number of Burgess Goop poems to music and they were published under the name The Goop Songbook. Goops and How to Be Them Juvenile More Goops and How Not to Be Them Juvenile Goop Tales Juvenile Blue Goops, Juvenile New Goops and How to Know Them Juvenile Bleiler, Everett. Syndicated Comic Strips and Artists, 1924-1995, The Complete Index
Goops
–
Gelett Burgess ' Goops (April 6, 1924)
10.
Blurb
–
A blurb is a short promotional piece accompanying a creative work. It may be written by the author or publisher or quote praise from others, Blurbs were originally printed on the back or rear dust-jacket of a book, and are now found on DVD and video cases, web portals, and news websites. A blurb may introduce a newspaper or magazine feature story, in the US, the history of the blurb is said to begin with Walt Whitmans collection, Leaves of Grass. The word blurb was coined in 1907 by American humorist Gelett Burgess and his short 1906 book Are You a Bromide. was presented in a limited edition to an annual trade association dinner. In this case the jacket proclaimed YES, this is a BLURB. the name and term stuck for any publishers contents on a books back cover, even after the picture was dropped and only the text remained. In Germany, the blurb is regarded to have been invented by Karl Robert Langewiesche around 1902, in German bibliographic usage, it is usually located on the second page of the book underneath the half title, or on the dust cover. In the 1980s, Spy ran a feature called Logrolling in Our Time which exposed writers who wrote blurbs for one anothers books. Prominent writers can receive large volumes of requests from aspiring authors. This has led writers to turn down such requests as a matter of policy. For example, Gary Shteyngart announced in The New Yorker that he would no longer write blurbs, except for certain writers with whom he had a professional or personal connection. Neil Gaiman reports that now and again I stop writing blurbs. The hiatus lasts for a year or two, and then I feel guilty or someone asks me at the right time, and I relent. Jacob M. Appel reports that he received fifteen to twenty blurb requests per week, many humorous books and films parody blurbs that deliver exaggerated praise by unlikely people and insults disguised as praise. One of the blurbs stated One of the two or three books, movie blurbs are part of the promotional campaign for films, and usually consist of positive, colorful extracts from published reviews. Movie blurbs have often been faulted for taking out of context. Luckily for consumers, there is a cavalry, blurb watchdog sites have sprung up, helping to keep studios in line these days are watchdog sites like eFilmCritic. com and The Blurbs, a Web column for Gelf magazine written by Carl Bialik of The Wall Street Journal. Slate wrote in an Explainer column, How much latitude do movie studios have in writing blurbs, theres no official check on running a misleading movie blurb, aside from the usual laws against false advertising. Studios do have to submit advertising materials like newspaper ads and trailers to the Motion Picture Association of America for approval, but the MPAA reviews the ads for their tone and content, not for the accuracy of their citations. As a courtesy, studios will often run the new, condensed quote by the critic before sending it to print, essay by Bill Morris, Feb.152011 A Brief History of the Blurb, by Alan Levinovitz, Feb.12012 Riveting
Blurb
–
The original blurb
Blurb
–
Gelett Burgess circa 1910
11.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
–
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, often cited as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II, post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the faculty and campus under James Killian. The current 168-acre campus opened in 1916 and extends over 1 mile along the bank of the Charles River basin. The Institute is traditionally known for its research and education in the sciences and engineering, and more recently in biology, economics, linguistics. Air Force and 6 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT, the school has a strong entrepreneurial culture, and the aggregated revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni would rank as the eleventh-largest economy in the world. In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General Court to use newly filled lands in Back Bay, Boston for a Conservatory of Art and Science, but the proposal failed. A charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rogers, a professor from the University of Virginia, wanted to establish an institution to address rapid scientific and technological advances. The Rogers Plan reflected the German research university model, emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars, two days after the charter was issued, the first battle of the Civil War broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MITs first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865, in 1863 under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the Massachusetts Agricultural College, which developed as the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 1866, the proceeds from sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay. MIT was informally called Boston Tech, the institute adopted the European polytechnic university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date. Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President Francis Amasa Walker. Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced, new buildings were built, the curriculum drifted to a vocational emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science. The fledgling school still suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the MIT leadership, during these Boston Tech years, MIT faculty and alumni rebuffed Harvard University president Charles W. Eliots repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard Colleges Lawrence Scientific School. There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard, in its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and funding. Eventually the MIT Corporation approved an agreement to merge with Harvard, over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students. However, a 1917 decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court effectively put an end to the merger scheme, the neoclassical New Technology campus was designed by William W. Bosworth and had been funded largely by anonymous donations from a mysterious Mr. Smith, starting in 1912. In January 1920, the donor was revealed to be the industrialist George Eastman of Rochester, New York, who had invented methods of production and processing
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
–
Stereographic card showing an MIT mechanical drafting studio, 19th century (photo by
E.L. Allen, left/right inverted)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
–
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
–
A 1905 map of MIT's Boston campus
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
–
Plaque in Building 6 honoring
George Eastman, founder of
Eastman Kodak, who was revealed as the anonymous "Mr. Smith" who helped maintain MIT's independence
12.
Bohemianism
–
Bohemianism is the practice of an unconventional lifestyle, often in the company of like-minded people, with few permanent ties, involving musical, artistic, literary or spiritual pursuits. In this context, Bohemians may or may not be wanderers, adventurers, Bohemians were associated with unorthodox or anti-establishment political or social viewpoints, which often were expressed through free love, frugality, and—in some cases—voluntary poverty. A more economically privileged, wealthy, or even aristocratic bohemian circle is sometimes referred to as haute bohème, the term Bohemianism emerged in France in the early nineteenth century when artists and creators began to concentrate in the lower-rent, lower class, Romani neighborhoods. Literary Bohemians were associated in the French imagination with roving Romani people, outsiders apart from conventional society, the term carries a connotation of arcane enlightenment, and also carries a less frequently intended, pejorative connotation of carelessness about personal hygiene and marital fidelity. The title character in Carmen, a French opera set in the Spanish city of Seville, is referred to as a bohémienne in Meilhac and her signature aria declares love itself to be a gypsy child, going where it pleases and obeying no laws. Henri Murgers collection of short stories Scènes de la Vie de Bohème, published in 1845, was written to glorify, Murgers collection formed the basis of Giacomo Puccinis opera La bohème. In England, Bohemian in this sense initially was popularised in William Makepeace Thackerays novel, Vanity Fair, public perceptions of the alternative lifestyles supposedly led by artists were further molded by George du Mauriers highly romanticized best-selling novel of Bohemian culture Trilby. The novel outlines the fortunes of three expatriate English artists, their Irish model, and two very colorful Central European musicians, in the artist quarter of Paris. In Spanish literature, the Bohemian impulse can be seen in Ramón del Valle-Incláns play Luces de Bohemia, in his song La Bohème, Charles Aznavour described the Bohemian lifestyle in Montmartre. Also reflects the Bohemian lifestyle in Montmartre at the turn of the 20th century, in the 1850s, aesthetic bohemians began to arrive in the United States. In New York City in 1857, a group of some 15–20 young and this group gathered at a German bar on Broadway called Pffaffs beer cellar. Members included their leader Henry Clapp, Jr, walt Whitman, Fitz Hugh Ludlow, and actress Adah Isaacs Menken. Similar groups in cities were broken up as well by the Civil War. During the war, correspondents began to assume the title bohemian, Bohemian became synonymous with newspaper writer. Mark Twain included himself and Charles Warren Stoddard in the category in 1867. Club member and poet George Sterling responded to this redefinition, Any good mixer of convivial habits considers he has a right to be called a bohemian, but that is not a valid claim. There are two elements, at least, that are essential to Bohemianism, the first is devotion or addiction to one or more of the Seven Arts, the other is poverty. Despite his views, Sterling associated very closely with the Bohemian Club, canadian composer Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann and poet George Frederick Cameron wrote the song The Bohemian in the 1889 opera Leo, the Royal Cadet
Bohemianism
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Pierre-Auguste Renoir,
The Bohemian (or Lise the Bohemian), 1868, oil on canvas, Berlin, Germany:
Alte Nationalgalerie
Bohemianism
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Bohemian Grove during the summer Hi-Jinks, circa 1911–1916
Bohemianism
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Gelett Burgess drew this fanciful "Map of Bohemia" for The Lark, March 1, 1896
13.
Southern Pacific Railroad
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The Southern Pacific Transportation Company, earlier Southern Pacific Railroad and Southern Pacific Company, and usually called the Southern Pacific or Espee, was an American Class I railroad. It was absorbed in 1988 by the company controlled the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. The railroad was founded as a holding company in 1865. By 1900 the Southern Pacific Company was a railroad system incorporating many smaller companies, such as the Texas and New Orleans Railroad and Morgans Louisiana. It extended from New Orleans through Texas to El Paso, across New Mexico and through Tucson, to Los Angeles, through most of California, including San Francisco, Central Pacific lines extended east across Nevada to Ogden, Utah, and reached north through Oregon to Portland. By the 1980s route mileage had dropped to 10,423 miles, in 1988 the Southern Pacific was taken over by D&RGW parent Rio Grande Industries. The combined railroad kept the Southern Pacific name due to its recognition in the railroad industry. Along with the addition of the SPCSL Corporation route from Chicago to St. Louis, by 1996 years of financial problems had dropped SPs mileage to 13,715 miles, and it was taken over by the Union Pacific Railroad. Southern Pacific founded important hospitals in San Francisco, Tucson, in the 1970s, it also founded a telecommunications network with a state-of-the-art microwave and fiber optic backbone. This evolved into Sprint, a company name that came from the acronym for Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Networking Telephony. The original aim was to construct a railroad from Galveston Bay to a point on the Red River near a trading post known as Coffees Station, the GRR built 2 miles of track in Houston in 1855. Track laying began in earnest in 1856 and on 1 September 1856 GRR was renamed the Houston and Texas Central Railway. SP acquired H&TC in 1883 but it continued to operate as a subsidiary under its own management until 1927, when it was leased to another SP-owned railroad, the Texas and New Orleans Railroad. The Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, was chartered in Texas on 11 February 1850 by a group that included General Sidney Sherman, bBB&C was the first railroad to commence operation in Texas and the first component of SP to commence operation. Surveying of the route alignment commenced at Harrisburg, Texas in 1851, the first 20 miles of track opened in August 1853. SP was founded in San Francisco, California in 1865 by a group of businessmen led by Timothy Phelps with the aim of building a connection between San Francisco and San Diego, California. The company was purchased in September 1868 by a group of known as the Big Four, Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins. The Big Four had, in 1861, created the Central Pacific Railroad, CPRR was merged into SP in 1870
Southern Pacific Railroad
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Southern Pacific routes on the Pacific Coast, 1885
Southern Pacific Railroad
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Southern Pacific Transportation Company
Southern Pacific Railroad
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A Southern Pacific train at Los Angeles'
Arcade Depot, 1891
Southern Pacific Railroad
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SP tunnel into San Francisco, ca.1900
14.
University of California at Berkeley
–
The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
University of California at Berkeley
–
View, from Memorial Glade, of Sather Tower (The Campanile), the center of UC Berkeley. The ring of its bells and clock can be heard from all over campus.
University of California at Berkeley
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Seal of the University of California, Berkeley
University of California at Berkeley
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UC Berkeley Students participate in a one-day Peace Strike opposing U.S. involvement in World War II. April 19, 1940
University of California at Berkeley
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Sather Tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and
Mount Tamalpais.
15.
Topography
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Topography is the study of the shape and features of the surface of the Earth and other observable astronomical objects including planets, moons, and asteroids. The topography of an area could refer to the shapes and features themselves. This field of geoscience and planetary science is concerned with detail in general, including not only relief but also natural and artificial features. This meaning is common in the United States, where topographic maps with elevation contours have made topography synonymous with relief. The older sense of topography as the study of place still has currency in Europe, topography in a narrow sense involves the recording of relief or terrain, the three-dimensional quality of the surface, and the identification of specific landforms. This is also known as geomorphometry, in modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in digital form. It is often considered to include the representation of the landform on a map by a variety of techniques, including contour lines, hypsometric tints. The term topography originated in ancient Greece and continued in ancient Rome, the word comes from the Greek τόπος and -γραφία. In classical literature this refers to writing about a place or places, in Britain and in Europe in general, the word topography is still sometimes used in its original sense. Detailed military surveys in Britain were called Ordnance Surveys, and this term was used into the 20th century as generic for topographic surveys, the earliest scientific surveys in France were called the Cassini maps after the family who produced them over four generations. The term topographic surveys appears to be American in origin, the earliest detailed surveys in the United States were made by the “Topographical Bureau of the Army, ” formed during the War of 1812, which became the Corps of Topographical Engineers in 1838. In the 20th century, the term started to be used to describe surface description in other fields where mapping in a broader sense is used. An objective of topography is to determine the position of any feature or more generally any point in terms of both a horizontal coordinate system such as latitude, longitude, and altitude, identifying features, and recognizing typical landform patterns are also part of the field. There are a variety of approaches to studying topography, which method to use depend on the scale and size of the area under study, its accessibility, and the quality of existing surveys. Work on one of the first topographic maps was begun in France by Giovanni Domenico Cassini, in areas where there has been an extensive direct survey and mapping program, the compiled data forms the basis of basic digital elevation datasets such as USGS DEM data. This data must often be cleaned to eliminate discrepancies between surveys, but it forms a valuable set of information for large-scale analysis. The original American topographic surveys involved not only recording of relief, remote sensing is a general term for geodata collection at a distance from the subject area. Besides their role in photogrammetry, aerial and satellite imagery can be used to identify and delineate terrain features, certainly they have become more and more a part of geovisualization, whether maps or GIS systems
Topography
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A surveying point in
Germany
Topography
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A topographic map with
contour intervals
16.
Henry Cogswell
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Dr. Henry Daniel Cogswell was an American dentist and a crusader in the temperance movement. Cogswell and his wife Caroline also founded Cogswell College in San Jose, another campus in Everett, Washington was later dedicated in his honor. Born in Tolland, Connecticut, as a youth, he worked in the New England cotton mills and he became a dentist in Providence, Rhode Island at age 26. When the California Gold Rush started, the Cogswell family decided to go west, however, they did not do any mining themselves. Instead, he offered dentistry services to miners and invested in estate and mining stocks. A pioneer in his field, Cogswell designed the vacuum method of securing dental plates and was the first in California to perform an operation using chloroform. Cogswell believed that if people had access to drinking water they wouldnt consume alcoholic beverages. It was his dream to construct one temperance fountain for every 100 saloons across the United States and these drinking fountains were elaborate structures built of granite that Cogswell designed himself. Cogswells fountains can be found in Washington, D. C, tompkins Square Park New York City, Washington Square, San Francisco Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and Rockville, Connecticut. Other examples were erected and then torn down at, Buffalo, Rochester, Boston Common, Fall River, Massachusetts, Pacific Grove, California, San Jose, California, the concept of providing drinking fountains as alternatives to saloons was later implemented by the Womens Christian Temperance Union. These grandiose statues were not well received by the communities where they were placed, Washington, DCs Temperance Fountain has been called the citys ugliest statue and spurred city councils across the country to set up fine arts commissions to screen such gifts. In Dubuque, Iowa, a statue of Cogswell that sat in Washington Park was pulled down by a group of vandals in 1900, the next day the sidewalk was poured and the object was entombed. However, when new sidewalks were laid in the early 2000s, Cogswell also designed the statue for his own tomb, a 400-ton granite tower, complete with fountains and statues of Hope, Faith, Charity and Temperance. He is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California, the diaries of Cogswell and his wife Caroline cover 37 years and are an unusually long and consistent record of busy personal and financial life in the western United States. They are kept at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, moffatt, The Intemperate Patronage of Henry D. Cogswell, Winterthur Portfolio, Vol.27, No. 2/3, pp. 123–143 Carol A. Grissom
Henry Cogswell
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Henry D. Cogswell, ca. 1850-52
Henry Cogswell
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Destruction of Cogswell's fountain in San Francisco, 1894.
San Francisco Call.
Henry Cogswell
–
Temperance Fountain, Washington, D.C.
Henry Cogswell
–
Cogswell's tomb in Oakland
17.
University of California, Berkeley
–
The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
University of California, Berkeley
–
View, from Memorial Glade, of Sather Tower (The Campanile), the center of UC Berkeley. The ring of its bells and clock can be heard from all over campus.
University of California, Berkeley
–
Seal of the University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
–
UC Berkeley Students participate in a one-day Peace Strike opposing U.S. involvement in World War II. April 19, 1940
University of California, Berkeley
–
Sather Tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and
Mount Tamalpais.
18.
Bancroft Library
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The Bancroft Library in the center of the Berkeley campus of the University of California, Berkeley, is the universitys primary special-collections library. It was acquired from its founder, Hubert Howe Bancroft, in 1905, the collection at that time consisted of 50,000 volumes of materials on the history of California and the North American West. It is the largest such collection in the world, the building the library is located in, the Doe Annex, was completed in 1950. The inception of the Bancroft Library dates back to 1859, looking through his stock he was agreeably surprised to find some 50 or 75 volumes. There was no fixed purpose at this time to collect a library, during his next visit to the eastern states, without special pains or search, he secured whatever fell under his observation in second-hand stores of New York, Boston and Philadelphia. He had collected in all not far from a 1,000 volumes and had begun to feel satisfied. When, however, I visited London and Paris, and rummaged the enormous stocks of second-hand books in the hundreds of stores of that class, my eyes began to open. And so it was, when the collection had reached one thousand volumes, I fancied I had them all, finally, special journeys were made to all parts of Europe, as well as the Americas, in the interest of his collection. And not only was every nook and corner of the world thus ramsacked, while his vague ideas of materials for writing a history gradually assumed more definite form, Bancroft had as yet no idea of writing a history himself. The bibliophile reached the determination to make his collection as complete as it was possible to make it. Neither time, nor money, nor personal attention would be spared, agents were appointed in all the leading book marts of the world, no book must be lost because of its high price, no opportunity was to be missed to obtain everything in existence on the subject. By buying up at auction in European cities individual collections, and even libraries, in 1869, it is reported that Bancroft held, including pamphlets, about 16,000 volumes. These were lodged on the floor of the Market Street building. Bancroft now decided to begin work, but the collecting went rapidly forward without interruption. He would erect on some convenient spot a fireproof library building, the library was moved to the building October 9,1881. There the library stood for years, when the question of State purchase was taken up, the Bancroft Library was said to contain from 50,000 to 60,000 volumes of books, pamphlets, maps and manuscripts. Prof. Joseph Cummings Rowell, Librarian of the State University, after personal examination. In 1887, a bill was presented in the State Legislature to purchase the library for the State for $250,000, but the proposition was quickly defeated
Bancroft Library
–
Bancroft Library, September 2010.
19.
Bruce Porter
–
Bruce Porter was an American painter, sculptor, stained-glass designer, writer, muralist, landscape designer, and art critic. Porter was raised in the East Bay town of Martinez, where his father was the editor of the local newspaper and he later received education in San Francisco, Paris, London, and Venice. His tonalist paintings, which are rare, include Man and Nature and his many murals include those at the Pacific Union Club on Nob Hill and the First Unitarian Church of San Francisco. Porters sculptures include the Robert Louis Stevenson monument at Portsmouth Square in San Francisco, some of Porters stained-glass designs can be found at St Marys Episcopal Church in Pacific Grove, California, and in San Francisco at the Swedenborgian Church, and the Le Petit Trianon mansion. Other stained-glass windows he designed are at churches in Monterey, Stockton, San Mateo, Porter also wrote art criticism columns for local newspapers. For two years,1895 to 1897, Porter, along with Gelett Burgess and William Doxey, Porter also contributed to Arts in California, a book that compiled the art works exhibited at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Artists in California 1786 -1940, Edan Milton Hughes Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors and Engravers, Mantle Fielding Arts in California, Bruce Porter, Porter Garnett, San Francisco Chronicle,26 November 1953 Saratoga Chamber of Commerce
Bruce Porter
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Bruce Porter (right), with Robert Waybur and Waybur's sons
20.
Carolyn Wells
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Carolyn Wells was an American writer and poet. Born in Rahway, New Jersey, she was the daughter of William E. and she died at the Flower-Fifth Avenue Hospital in New York City in 1942. Wells had been married to Hadwin Houghton, the heir of the Houghton-Mifflin publishing empire founded by Bernard Houghton, Wells also had an impressive collection of volumes of poetry by others. She bequeathed her collection of Walt Whitman poetry, said to be one of the most important of its kind for its completeness and rarity, after finishing school she worked as a librarian for the Rahway Library Association. Her first book, At the Sign of the Sphinx, was a collection of charades and her next publications were The Jingle Book and The Story of Betty, followed by a book of verse entitled Idle Idyls. After 1900, Wells wrote numerous novels and collections of poetry, Carolyn Wells wrote a total of more than 170 books. During the first ten years of her career, she concentrated on poetry, humor, from that point onward she devoted herself to the mystery genre. Among the most famous of her novels were the Fleming Stone Detective Stories which—according to Allen J. Hubins Crime Fiction IV, A Comprehensive Bibliography. Wellss The Clue is on the Haycraft-Queen Cornerstone list of essential mysteries and she was also the first to conduct a annual series devoted to the best short crime fiction of the previous year in the U. S. beginning with The Best American Mystery Stories of the Year. In addition to books, Wells also wrote for newspapers and her poetry accompanies the work of some of the leading lights in illustration and cartooning, often in the form of Sunday magazine cover features that formed continuing narratives from week to week. Her first known illustrated newspaper work is a two series titled Animal Alphabet, illustrated by William F. Marriner, which appeared in the Sunday comics section of the New York World. Many additional series ensued over the years, including the bizarre classic Adventures of Lovely Lilly, the last series she penned was Flossy Frills Helps Out, which appeared after her death. 18–19, 105-06 Carolyn Wells at Library of Congress Authorities, with 186 catalog records
Carolyn Wells
–
Carolyn Wells.
21.
Willis Polk
–
Willis Jefferson Polk was an American architect best known for his work in San Francisco, California. For ten years, he was the West Coast representative of D. H. Burnham & Company, in 1915, Polk oversaw the architectural committee for the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. He was born in Jacksonville, Illinois and was related to United States President James Polk and he began his architectural training when he was eight years old in a local contractors office. In his teens, he worked in his fathers shop in St. Louis. In 1887, Polk moved to Kansas City to join the firm of Van Brunt & Howe, a few years later he studied under former Van Brunt associate William Robert Ware at Columbia University in New York City. He also worked at the firm of A, in the 1890s, Polk moved to San Francisco to launch his own firm. He struggled to earn commissions, and in 1897 he declared bankruptcy, however, an opportunity presented itself in 1899. Francis Hamilton, of the local firm Percy & Hamilton, died, Polk was primarily in charge of design and employee management, while Percy focused on the business end. The partnership gave Polk a relief to his debt and the opportunity to work on commercial structures. The partnership designed five buildings, including One Lombard Street, addison Mizner was one of his apprentices and later a partner. Willis Polks early career included work with McKim, Mead & White, Polk also worked with Daniel Burnham in Chicago, and then moved to San Francisco to establish and direct Burnhams San Francisco office. Before long, Polk started his own firm and spent many years designing highly regarded California commercial and residential architecture, in 1901, Polk went on a tour of Europe and Chicago. In Chicago, he met prominent architect Daniel Burnham, from 1903 to 1913, Polk was the West Coast representative of D. H. Burnham & Company. Polk designed several of his most notable structures while associated with the firm, including the Merchants Exchange Building, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake opened up numerous opportunities for Polk to design Burnham structures. He was a member of Mayor Eugene Schmitzs Committee of Fifty leaders who undertook ambitious plans to rebuild a world-class city, Polk was tasked with convincing city officials to adopt Burnhams 1905 Plan of San Francisco. By 1910, Willis Polk was recognized as one of the most influential architects, Polk was again credited for designing the tallest building in San Francisco when his Hobart Building was completed in 1914. In 1915, Polk was appointed the chair of the planning committee for the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. When the exposition concluded, Polk led the effort to preserve Bernard Maybecks Palace of Fine Arts, One of Polks most influential commissions came in 1916, when he was tasked to design the Hallidie Building
Willis Polk
–
Contents
Willis Polk
–
Example of a Polk-designed house in San Francisco
22.
Yone Noguchi
–
Yonejirō Noguchi, was an influential Japanese writer of poetry, fiction, essays, and literary criticism in both English and Japanese. He is known in the West as Yone Noguchi and he was the father of noted sculptor Isamu Noguchi. Noguchi was born in what is now part of the city of Tsushima and he attended Keio University in Tokyo, where he was exposed to the works of Thomas Carlyle and Herbert Spencer, and also expressed interests in haiku and Zen. He lived for a time in the home of Shiga Shigetaka, editor of the magazine Nihonjin, there, Noguchi joined a newspaper run by Japanese exiles associated with the Freedom and Peoples Rights Movement and worked as a domestic servant. Noguchi weathered a plagiarism scandal in 1896 to publish two books of poetry in 1897, and remained an important fixture of the Bay Area literary scene until his departure for Chicago in 1899. He submitted articles for the edition of the New York Post. From 1900 to 1904, Noguchis primarily base was New York City and this changed with the onset of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, when Noguchis writings on various aspects of Japanese culture were suddenly in great demand among magazine editors. He was able to publish a number of articles at this time, including A Proposal to American Poets. He purchased a house in the Koishikawa neighborhood of Tokyo in November 1905, in 1907, Léonie and Isamu joined Noguchi in Tokyo, but the reunion proved short-lived, mainly because Noguchi had already married a Japanese woman, Matsu Takeda, before their arrival. He and Léonie separated for good in 1910, although Léonie, Noguchi continued to publish extensively in English after his return to Japan, becoming a leading interpreter of Japanese culture to Westerners, and of Western culture to the Japanese. His 1909 poem collection, The Pilgrimage, was admired, as was a 1913 collection of essays. In 1913, he made his trip to England to lecture on Matsuo Bashō and haiku at Magdalen College, Oxford at the invitation of poet laureate. While in London, he met with George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, in April the following year, while in Paris, he also met with Tōson Shimazaki who happened to be travelling in Europe at the time. Noguchi returned to Japan via Berlin and Moscow using the Trans-Siberian Railway, in 1919–20, Noguchi made a transcontinental lecture tour of America. Other scholars including Madoka Hori point to evidence of Noguchis success such as the May 1926 Noguchi Yonejiro special number of the magazine Nippon Shijin, Noguchis politics tended to follow prevailing Japanese tendencies. In the 1920s, following the leftist turn of Taishō democracy, he published in leftist magazines like Kaizō, Noguchi and Tagore had a bitter exchange of letters in 1938 before their friendship ended over political and philosophical differences. During the Second World War, Noguchi supported the Japanese cause, in April 1945, his house in Nakano, Tokyo was destroyed in the American Bombing of Tokyo. After the war, he succeeded in reconciling with his estranged son Isamu before dying of cancer on July 13,1947
Yone Noguchi
–
Yonejirō Noguchi
Yone Noguchi
–
American Diary of a Japanese Girl
23.
Ernest Peixotto
–
Ernest Clifford Peixotto was an American artist, illustrator, and author. Although he was mainly for his murals and his travel literature. His 1916 work Our Hispanic Southwest is famous for including the first written appearance of the ethnic slur spic, born on October 15,1869, in San Francisco, California, Peixotto was one of five children in a Sephardic Jewish family. He studied art at the Mark Hopkins Institute of Art with Emil Carlsen, taking his advice, Peixotto went to France in 1888 and studied at the Académie Julian under the tutelage of Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant, Henri Lucien Doucet and Jules Joseph Lefebvre. While in France, he visited the colony of the American Impressionists and he spent a total of six years in France, returning to San Francisco in 1894. The following year, he moved to New York City, in 1897, he married the painter Mary Glascock Hutchinson in New Orleans. Two years later the couple returned to France on a trip for Scribners and ended up staying for six years based in Fontainebleau. During this period, Peixotto illustrated Theodore Roosevelts Life of Oliver Cromwell, although he frequently returned to the United States to work, the house in Fontainebleau served as his primary residence for the remainder of his life. In the fall of 1907, he was teaching at the Art Institute of Chicago, after having been elected to the National Academy of Design in 1909, Peixottos first large commissioned mural was Le Morte dArthur for a private library for railroader Henry A. Everett in 1911. Subsequently, the majority of his work was in mural form, after the war, he remained in France as director of the United States Armys art-training center, which merged into the École des Beaux-Arts in 1923. In June 1921 he was made a Chevalier in the Légion dhonneur, for war work, however, he still served on a number of art organizations. He was the president of the National Society of Mural Painters from 1929–35, from 1935–40 he served on the Art Commission of New York City and was director of murals for the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. Peixotto died on December 6,1940, Ernest Clifford Peixotto, American Artist, A Biography. Peixotto at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Ernest Peixotto at Internet Archive Works by Ernest Peixotto at Google Books Guide to the Ernest Clifford Peixotto Papers at The Bancroft Library
Ernest Peixotto
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Ernest Peixotto, c. 1915
Ernest Peixotto
–
Peixotto's illustration of
John Singer Sargent 's mural "Triumph of Religion",
Boston Public Library, 1896.
24.
Maynard Dixon
–
Maynard Dixon was a 20th-century American artist whose body of work focused on the American West. He was married for a time to American photographer Dorothea Lange, Dixon was born in Fresno, California, into a family of aristocratic Virginia Confederates who had found a new home there after the American Civil War. His mother, a daughter of a Navy officer from San Francisco, shared her love of classic literature with the young boy. Dixon later studied briefly with the tonalist painter Arthur Mathews at the California School of Design where he became friends with Xavier Martinez. To support himself he accepted numerous illustration jobs, Great illustrators were plentiful around the turn of the century, yet Dixon obtained work from the Overland Monthly and several San Francisco newspapers. In 1900 Dixon visited Arizona and New Mexico and this was the start of his lifelong passion for roaming the West. The next year he accompanied artist Edward Borein on a trip through several Western states. In California, he illustrated books and magazines with Western themes, some of his most memorable work from these early years appeared in Clarence Mulford’s books about Hopalong Cassidy. Shortly after he began a new life in San Francisco, his first marriage ended, Dixon developed his style during this early period, and Western themes became a trademark for him. In San Francisco, Dixon was considered a character with a good sense of humor. He often dressed like a cowboy and seemed determined to impart a Western style, most often in the form of a black Stetson, boots and a bola tie. Influenced in part by the Panama Pacific International Exposition of 1915, Dixon began to search for a new expression, moving away from impressionism and into a simpler, meeting and marrying Dorothea Lange, a portrait photographer from the East, had a great influence on his art. The power of low horizons and marching cloud formations, simplified and distilled, became his own brand, in 1929 his second son was born, John Eaglefeather Dixon. During the Great Depression, Dixon painted a series of social realism depicting the prevailing politics of maritime strikes, displaced workers. Simultaneously, Lange captured on film images of the migrant workers in the Salinas Valley, in 1933 the Dixons spent the summer in Zion National Park with sojourns to the hamlet of Mount Carmel, Utah. Lange was called back to San Francisco, a separation which led to the divorce in 1935. Two years later, Dixon married San Francisco muralist Edith Hamlin, the couple left San Francisco two years later for southern Utah, the source of some of Dixon’s greatest art. In 1939, the built an summer home in Mount Carmel
Maynard Dixon
–
Maynard Dixon c. 1906
Maynard Dixon
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Adobe Town,
Tempe, Arizona, 1915. This painting reflects his early, Impressionist style.
Maynard Dixon
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Dixon contributed to the murals which adorn a banquet hall at the
Mark Hopkins Hotel. Here, Queen
Califia is shown accompanied by two of her woman warriors
Maynard Dixon
–
Maynard Dixon Home
25.
The Smart Set
–
The Smart Set was an American literary magazine, founded by Colonel William dAlton Mann and published from March 1900 to June 1930. During its heyday under the editorship of H. L. Mencken and George Jean Nathan, The Smart Set offered many up-and-coming authors their start and its headquarters was in New York City. With The Smart Set, Mann wanted to provide sophisticated content that would reinforce the values of New York’s social elite. He gave it the subtitle The Magazine of Cleverness and he published the first issue of The Smart Set on March 10,1900, under the editorship of Arthur Grissom, who also worked at Town Topics. Grissom died of fever a year later, and Marvin Dana took over as editor. Dana remained as editor until 1904, when he left The Smart Set to work in newspapers and his replacement, Charles Hanson Towne, was the magazine’s first editor to actively push to publish new literary talents, such as O. Henry and James Branch Cabell. Under Towne’s editorship, the magazine reached its peak circulation of 165,000 in 1905, however, as a result of allegations of blackmail associated with Mann’s Town Topics in 1906, The Smart Set’s popularity began to decline, and it immediately lost around 25,000 readers. Dissatisfied with the direction, Towne resigned his position as editor in 1908 to work with Theodore Dreiser on The Delineator. After Towne’s departure, Colonel Mann stepped up as editor alongside Fred Splint, as part of this revitalization, Mann started a monthly book review column, and Splint hired the Baltimore newspaperman Henry Louis Mencken to fill the position. Soon after, in 1909, George Jean Nathan became the magazine’s drama columnist, Mencken and Nathan eventually ensured the magazine’s place in literary history. With The Smart Set in perpetual decline, Mann sold the magazine in 1911 to John Adams Thayer for $100,000, however, the magazine’s ruined reputation made this difficult and his purchase left him in charge of a sinking ship. After Mencken and Nathan both declined the offer of editorship, Thayer assumed the position of editor-in-chief and appointed the magazine’s Associate Editor, Norman Boyer, as Managing Editor. An expert in advertising, Thayer added a slogan to the magazines subtitle, the new slogan was unsuccessful in restoring the magazine’s reputation and popularity, but in 1912 a younger, more rebellious audience began reading The Smart Set for that very reason. To accommodate this new demographic, Thayer, at the recommendation of Mencken, although only lasting a year, Wright’s tenure marked a period of artistic prosperity for The Smart Set. Thayer, undoubtedly regretting the decision later, appointed Wright as editor with complete control of the magazine’s content, Wright, immediately taking advantage of this position, began collecting manuscripts from new artists and hired Ezra Pound as an overseas talent scout. Predictably, Wright’s editorial decision caused a reduction in readership and angered the magazine’s advertisers. Additionally, Wright was using The Smart Set’s checkbook to overpay authors for their work and was attempting to secretly fund a prototype of a radical publication with Mencken. As a result, Thayer fired Wright in 1914 and announced an end to the magazine’s avant-garde content, by the end of Wright’s editorship, however, the magazine was in economic disrepair, and Thayer handed over ownership to Colonel Eugene Crowe in return for forgiveness of debts
The Smart Set
–
Cover of September 1911 issue.
26.
Carmel-by-the-Sea
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Carmel-by-the-Sea, often simply referred to as Carmel, is a city in Monterey County, California, United States, founded in 1902 and incorporated on October 31,1916. Situated on the Monterey Peninsula, Carmel is known for its natural scenery, the city is known for being dog-friendly, with numerous hotels, restaurants and retail establishments admitting guests with dogs. Carmel-by-the-Sea is located on the Pacific coast, about 330 miles north of Los Angeles and 120 miles south of San Francisco, communities nearby Carmel-by-the-Sea include Carmel Valley Village and Carmel Highlands. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 3,722. The Carmel-by-the-Sea area is permeated by Native American, Spanish, Mexican and American history, the first Europeans to see this land were Spanish mariners led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542, who sailed up the California coast without landing. The Spanish did not attempt to colonize the area until 1770, Portolà and Crespí traveled by land while Serra traveled with the Mission supplies aboard ship, arriving eight days later. The colony of Monterey was established at the time as the second mission in Alta California. When Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 Carmel became Mexican territory, in December 1771, the transfer was complete as the new stockade of approximately 130x200 became the new Mission Carmel. Simple buildings of plastered mud were the first church and dwellings until a more sturdy structure was built of wood from nearby pine and this too was only a temporary church until a permanent stone edifice was built. He was buried with military honors. The Mission at Carmel has significance beyond the history of Serra and it also contains the states first library. A welder, John Martin, acquired lands surrounding the Carmel mission in 1833, Carmel became part of the United States in 1848, when Mexico ceded California as a result of the Mexican-American War. Known as Rancho Las Manzanitas, the area that was to become Carmel-by-the-Sea was purchased by French businessman Honore Escolle in the 1850s, Escolle was well known and prosperous in the City of Monterey, owning the first commercial bakery, pottery kiln, and brickworks in Central California. His descendants, the Tomlinson-Del Piero Family, still live throughout the area, by 1889,200 lots had been sold. The name Carmel was earlier applied to place on the north bank of the Carmel River 13 miles east-southeast of the present-day Carmel. A post office called Carmel opened in 1889, closed in 1890, re-opened in 1893, moved in 1902, abbie Jane Hunter, founder of the San Francisco-based Womens Real Estate Investment Company, first used the name Carmel-by-the-Sea on a promotional postcard. In 1902 James Frank Devendorf and Frank Powers, on behalf of the Carmel Development Company, the Carmel post office opened the same year. In 1910, the Carnegie Institution established the Coastal Laboratory, in 1905, the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club was formed to support and produce artistic works
Carmel-by-the-Sea
–
View towards the city's white-sand beach, Carmel-by-the-Sea; an old
Monterey Cypress in the foreground
Carmel-by-the-Sea
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Early mission settlement after relocation to Carmel as depicted by John Sykes in 1794
Carmel-by-the-Sea
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The Mission at Carmel, circa 1910.
Carmel-by-the-Sea
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Ocean Ave, circa 1908.
27.
Arnold Genthe
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Arnold Genthe was born in Berlin, Prussia, to Louise Zober and Hermann Genthe, a professor of Latin and Greek at the Graues Kloster in Berlin. After emigrating to San Francisco in 1895 to work as a tutor for the son of Baron and Baroness J. Henrich von Schroeder and he also sometimes removed evidence of Western culture from these pictures, cropping or erasing as needed. About 200 of his Chinatown pictures survive, and these comprise the only known depictions of the area before the 1906 earthquake. After local magazines published some of his photographs in the late 1890s and he knew some of the citys wealthy matrons, and as his reputation grew, his clientele included Nance ONeil, Sarah Bernhardt, Nora May French, and Jack London. In 1904 he traveled to Western Europe and Tangier with the famous watercolorist, in 1906, the San Francisco earthquake and fire destroyed Genthes studio, but he rebuilt. His photograph of the aftermath, Looking Down Sacramento Street, San Francisco. Here he was able to pursue his work in color photography, of his new residence, he wrote, The cypresses and rocks of Point Lobos, the always varying sunsets and the intriguing shadows of the sand dunes offered a rich field for color experiments. In 1911 he moved to New York City, where he remained until his death of an attack in 1942. He worked primarily in portraiture, and Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and his photos of Greta Garbo were credited with boosting her career. He also photographed modern dancers, including Anna Pavlova, Isadora Duncan, and Ruth St. Denis, Genthe was an early adopter of the autochrome color photography process. He began experimenting with the process in 1905 in Carmel, California and he claimed credit for the first exhibition of color photographs in America, later scholars determined this is not accurate, but he was undoubtedly one of the earliest. His subjects included portraits, artistic nudes, and landscapes, Genthe owned a cat called Buzzer. Buzzer often appeared in portraitures with Genthes subjects, most notably Broadway actresses to whom the cat warmed, one such sitting in autochrome was with actress Ann Murdock. Text by Will Irwin, images by Arnold Genthe, Pictures of old Chinatown, New York, Moffat, Yard and Co.1908 Arnold Genthe, The Book of the Dance, Boston, Mass. 1984 ISBN 0-486-24592-6 William Bronson, The Earth Shook, The Sky Burned, Garden City, NY,1959, many images of the San Francisco earthquake and fire of 1906 taken by Arnold Genthe Mel Byars, N. Elizabeth Schlatter, Genthe, Arnold
Arnold Genthe
–
Arnold Genthe's self-portrait
Arnold Genthe
–
Left: Genthe photographing Jack London and friends in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. Right: The resulting photograph.
Arnold Genthe
Arnold Genthe
–
Caricature of Arnold Genthe by Cuban artist Conrado Massaguer
28.
Cubism
–
Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century, the term is broadly used in association with a wide variety of art produced in Paris during the 1910s and extending through the 1920s. The movement was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Andre Lhote, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris. A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of form in the late works of Paul Cézanne. The impact of Cubism was far-reaching and wide-ranging, Cubism spread rapidly across the globe and in doing so evolved to a greater or lesser extent. In essence, Cubism was the origin of a process that produced diversity. In France, offshoots of Cubism developed, including Orphism, Abstract art, in other countries Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism, De Stijl and Art Deco developed in response to Cubism. Other common threads between these movements include the faceting or simplification of geometric forms, and the association of mechanization. Cubism began between 1907 and 1911, Pablo Picassos 1907 painting Les Demoiselles dAvignon has often been considered a proto-Cubist work. Georges Braques 1908 Houses at L’Estaque prompted the critic Louis Vauxcelles to refer to bizarreries cubiques, Gertrude Stein referred to landscapes made by Picasso in 1909, such as Reservoir at Horta de Ebro, as the first Cubist paintings. A second phase, Synthetic Cubism, remained vital until around 1919, english art historian Douglas Cooper proposed another scheme, describing three phases of Cubism in his book, The Cubist Epoch. Douglas Coopers restrictive use of terms to distinguish the work of Braque, Picasso, Gris. Alternative interpretations of Cubism have therefore developed, wider views of Cubism include artists who were later associated with the Salle 41 artists, e. g. John Berger identifies the essence of Cubism with the mechanical diagram. The metaphorical model of Cubism is the diagram, The diagram being a symbolic representation of invisible processes, forces, structures. A diagram need not eschew certain aspects of appearance but these too will be treated as not as imitations or recreations. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Europeans were discovering African, Polynesian, Micronesian, artists such as Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso were intrigued and inspired by the stark power and simplicity of styles of those foreign cultures. Around 1906, Picasso met Matisse through Gertrude Stein, at a time when artists had recently acquired an interest in primitivism, Iberian sculpture, African art and African tribal masks. Picassos paintings of 1907 have been characterized as Protocubism, as seen in Les Demoiselles dAvignon
Cubism
–
Pablo Picasso, 1910, Girl with a Mandolin (Fanny Tellier), oil on canvas, 100.3 x 73.6 cm,
Museum of Modern Art, New York
Cubism
–
Pablo Picasso,
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907, considered to be a major step towards the founding of the Cubist movement
Cubism
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Pablo Picasso, 1909-10, Figure dans un Fauteuil (Seated Nude, Femme nue assise), oil on canvas, 92.1 x 73 cm,
Tate Modern, London
Cubism
–
Paul Cézanne, Quarry Bibémus, 1898-1900,
Museum Folkwang,
Essen,
Germany
29.
Proto-Cubism
–
Proto-Cubism is an intermediary transition phase in the history of art chronologically extending from 1906 to 1910. With its roots stemming from at least the late 19th century this period can be characterized by a move towards the radical geometrization of form and a reduction or limitation of the color palette. It is essentially the first experimental and exploratory phase of an art movement that would become more extreme. Proto-Cubist artworks typically depict objects in geometric schemas of cubic or conic shapes, the illusion of classical perspective is progressively stripped away from objective representation to reveal the constructive essence of the physical world. Proto-Cubist works embrace many styles, and would affect diverse individuals, groups and movements. The building blocks that lead to the construction of proto-Cubist works are diverse in nature, neither homogeneous nor isotropic, the progression of each individual artist was unique. In anticipation of Proto-Cubism the idea of form inherent in art since the Renaissance had been questioned, the romanticist Eugène Delacroix, the realist Gustave Courbet, and practically all the Impressionists had abandoned a significant portion of Classicism in favor of immediate sensation. The dynamic expression favored by these artists presented a challenge in contrast to the means of expression promoted by the Academia. The representation of fixed objects occupying a space, was replaced by dynamic colors, yet other means would be necessary to jettison completely the long-standing foundation that surrounded them. Cézanne ambiguously writes, Interpret nature in terms of the cylinder, the sphere, in addition to his preoccupation for the simplification of geometric structure, Cézanne was concerned with the means of rendering the effect of volume and space. His rather classical color-modulating system consisted of changing colors from warm to cool as the object away from the source of light. Cézannes departure from classicism, however, would be best summarized in the treatment and of application of the paint itself, the complexity of surface variations with overlapped shifting planes, seemingly arbitrary contours, contrasts and values combined to produce a strong patchwork effect. Increasingly in his works, as Cézanne achieves a greater freedom. As the color planes acquire greater formal independence, defined objects, the art critic Louis Vauxcelles acknowledged the importance of Cézanne to the Cubists in his article titled From Cézanne to Cubism. For Vauxcelles the influence had a character, both architectural and intellectual. He stressed the statement made by Émile Bernard that Cézannes optics were not in the eye, with both his courage and experience to draw from, Cézanne created a hybrid art-form. He combined on the one hand the imitative and the immobile, a left over from the Renaissance. His own generation would see in his contradictory codes nothing more than impotence, however, the next generation would see in Cézanne greatness, precisely because of this duality
Proto-Cubism
–
Pablo Picasso, 1909, Brick Factory at Tortosa (Briqueterie à Tortosa, L'Usine, Factory at Horta de Ebro), oil on canvas. 50.7 x 60.2 cm, (Source entry State Museum of New Western Art, Moscow) The State
Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg
Proto-Cubism
–
Paul Cézanne, 1888, Mardi gras (Pierot and Harlequin), oil on canvas, 102 cm × 81 cm (40 in × 32 in),
Pushkin Museum, Moscow
Proto-Cubism
–
Paul Cézanne, ca.1897, Mont Sainte-Victoire seen from the Bibémus Quarry, oil on canvas, 65 x 81 cm,
Baltimore Museum of Art. In order to express the mountain’s grandeur, Cézanne manipulated the scene by painting the mountain twice as large as it would have appeared, and tipped forward so that it would rise up rather than slope backwards
Proto-Cubism
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View of the Salon d'Automne, 1904, Salle Cézanne (Pommes et gâteaux, Mme Cézanne au chapeau vert, le plat de pommes, le vase de tulipes, etc.) photograph by
Ambroise Vollard
30.
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso, was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, Picassos work is often categorized into periods. Much of Picassos work of the late 1910s and early 1920s is in a neoclassical style and his later work often combines elements of his earlier styles. Ruiz y Picasso were included for his father and mother, respectively, born in the city of Málaga in the Andalusian region of Spain, he was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso y López. His mother was of one quarter Italian descent, from the territory of Genoa, though baptized a Catholic, Picasso would later on become an atheist. Picassos family was of middle-class background and his father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts, Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were piz, piz, a shortening of lápiz, from the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz was an academic artist and instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork, the family moved to A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. On one occasion, the father found his son painting over his sketch of a pigeon. In 1895, Picasso was traumatized when his sister, Conchita. After her death, the moved to Barcelona, where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home, Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, the student lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented a room for him close to home so he could work alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day. Picassos father and uncle decided to send the young artist to Madrids Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, at age 16, Picasso set off for the first time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and stopped attending classes soon after enrolment
Pablo Picasso
–
Picasso in 1908
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Picasso with his sister Lola, 1889
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Picasso, 1901, Old Woman (Woman with Gloves), oil on cardboard, 67 x 52.1 cm,
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Picasso, 1901-02, Femme au café (Absinthe Drinker), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm,
Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia
