1.
Death metal
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Death metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music. Building from the structure of thrash metal and early black metal. Bands such as Venom, Celtic Frost, Slayer, and Kreator were important influences on the genres creation, Possessed and Death, along with bands such as Obituary, Autopsy and Morbid Angel, are often considered pioneers of the genre. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, death metal gained more attention as popular genre niche record labels like Combat, Earache. Since then, death metal has diversified, spawning several subgenres, melodic death metal combines death metal elements with those of the new wave of British heavy metal. Technical death metal is a style, with uncommon time signatures, atypical rhythms. Death-doom combines the deep growled vocals and double-kick drumming of death metal with the slow tempos, deathgrind, goregrind and pornogrind mix the complexity of death metal with the intensity, speed, and brevity of grindcore. Deathcore combines death metal with metalcore traits, Death n roll combines death metals growled vocals and highly distorted, detuned guitar riffs with elements of 1970s hard rock and heavy metal. English heavy metal band Venom, from Newcastle, crystallized the elements of what became known as thrash metal, death metal and black metal. Their dark, blistering sound, harsh vocals, and macabre, another highly influential band, Slayer, formed in 1981. Although the band was a metal act, Slayers music was more violent than their thrash contemporaries Metallica, Megadeth. Their breakneck speed and instrumental prowess combined with lyrics about death, violence, war, according to AllMusic, their third album Reign in Blood inspired the entire death metal genre. It had a big impact on the genre such as Death, Obituary. While attributed as having a Slayer influence, current and former members of the band had actually cited Venom and Motörhead, as well as work by Exodus. Possessed arguably did more to further the cause of Death Metal than any of the acts on the scene back in the mid-late 80s. During the same period as the dawn of Possessed, an influential metal band was formed in Florida. Death, originally called Mantas, was formed in 1983 by Chuck Schuldiner, Kam Lee, in 1984 they released their first demo entitled Death by Metal, followed by several more. The tapes circulated through the tape trader world, quickly establishing the bands name, with Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene
2.
Suicide Silence
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Suicide Silence is an American deathcore band from Riverside, California. Formed in 2002, the band has released five studio albums, one EP. They have received an amount of praise, being awarded the Revolver Golden God award for Best New Talent in 2009. The group currently consists of vocalist Hernan Eddie Hermida, rhythm guitarist Chris Garza, lead guitarist Mark Heylmun, bassist Dan Kenny, Suicide Silence was founded in 2002 in Riverside, California. At the time, it was a project made up of musicians from other bands. Their first live show was performed locally in Riverside, with a line-up consisting of Chris Garza, Rick Ash, Mike Bodkins, Josh Goddard, despite being fired soon after, Womacks vocals appeared on the bands 2003 Death Awaits demo. After Death Awaits was completed, the began recording a second demo. It was by this time the members began committing more time to Suicide Silence. Soon after, they recorded and released their first studio effort and it was initially released by Third Degree Records, and later re-released in the UK through In at the Deep End Records. 2006 marked the departure of drummer Josh Goddard, who was replaced by Alex Lopez, the album was written, recorded and completed in 2007 and was mixed by Tue Madsen, produced by John Travis and features artwork by Dave McKean. The album was released on September 18,2007 and debuted at number 94 on the Billboard 200, the sales of that week ending combined with its later sales made The Cleansing one of the best-selling debut albums in Century Media history. With the success of their album, Suicide Silence were included to take part in Mayhem Festival that took place during the summer of 2008. Afterward, they toured Europe with Parkway Drive and Bury Your Dead, Suicide Silence then followed along with a tour in Australia with Parkway Drive, A Day to Remember and The Acacia Strain in mid-2008 during the time when they were included to perform at Sweat Fest. At this point Suicide Silence were beginning to gain a wide range of fans throughout the world, shortly before embarking on Mayhem Festival in summer 2008, Suicide Silences MySpace profile title read Suicide Silence, which was the first indication of ensuring the upcoming of their second album. On June 26,2008, Mitch Lucker appeared on the Headbangers Ball blog podcast, in the interview, Lucker stated that the album would be recorded through tracks as opposed of being recorded live, such as The Cleansing. He also said the new album would blow The Cleansing away, Machine was chosen by the band to be the producer of the album. The title for it was revealed as being No Time to Bleed, Suicide Silence began recording No Time to Bleed in February with production by acclaimed producer Machine and engineering by Will Putney. During Music as a Weapon as well as the bands Cleansing the Nation tour, they began to perform the songs No Time to Bleed, Your Creations, Lifted, in April they received the Revolver Golden God award for Most Innovative Band and performed at the awards show
3.
Suffocation (band)
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Suffocation is an American death metal band that was formed in 1988 in Centereach, Long Island, New York, United States. The band comprises vocalist Frank Mullen, guitarists Terrance Hobbs and Charlie Errigo, drummer Eric Morotti and bassist Derek Boyer. The bands raw death metal style uses growled vocals with a guitar sound, fast and complex guitar riffs and drumming, open chord notes, breakdowns. Suffocation was formed in 1988 on Long Island, New York, by vocalist Frank Mullen, bassist Josh Barohn, guitarists Guy Marchais and Todd German, the quintet was mainly influenced by fellow American death metal bands as well as the British band Napalm Death and Brazilian Sepultura. Smith commented on meeting Hobbs for the first time, Thats where I first noticed, Wow, the bands first EP, Human Waste, was released through Relapse Records in 1991. The full-length debut album, Effigy of the Forgotten, recorded by producer Scott Burns at Tampas Morrisound Studios, in July 1991 bassist Josh Baron was replaced by Chris Richards, as the album became substantially influential in extreme metal music. After the following album, Breeding the Spawn, was released in 1993, the 1995 release Pierced from Within, which received better production than the previous release, was followed by extensive tours in Europe, Canada, Mexico and the United States. In 1998, Suffocation released the EP Despise the Sun via Vulture Records, the EP was re-released later in 2000 and 2002 by Relapse Records. Mullen and Hobbs reformed in 2003 with Smith, Marchais and Derek Boyer of the bands Deeds of Flesh, in April 2004, Relapse Records released Souls to Deny. In 2007, the band was featured in The History Channels promotional video for The Dark Ages documentary, playing the song Bind, Torture, in 2008, the band signed to the German Nuclear Blast Records and released their album Blood Oath in 2009. The album charted on the US Billboard 200 at number 135, in 2009, Relapse released the live album entitled Close of a Chapter—Live in Québec City, that was previously self-released by the band in 2005. The release of a documentary film Legacy of Violence was set for 2010, in May 2010, Suffocation toured with Napalm Death in South America and Mexico. In February,2012, Smith left the again, to be replaced by Dave Culross. In 2012, the band was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame, since after the release of Pinnacle of Bedlam in 2013, Lead vocalist Frank Mullen announced that he will retire from full-time touring with the band due to his new job. He has since replaced by various live vocal stand ins, including Bill Robinson, John Gallagher. In January 2015 Suffocation began making posts revealing that they were in the process of recording demos for a new album with a release date of late 2015. In April 2016, the ensemble toured with Soulfly, Abnormality, Battlecross, suffocations technical death metal style is influenced by grindcore. With their debut album, Effigy of the Forgotten, Suffocation rose to prominence of death metal and created a blueprint for the genre for the 1990s, blabbermouth. net described Suffocation as American death metals most consistent and punishing standard-bearers and their style as brutal death metal
4.
Slayer
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Slayer is an American thrash metal band from Huntington Park, California, formed in 1981 by guitarist Kerry King and drummer Dave Lombardo. Slayer rose to fame with its 1986 release Reign in Blood, and is credited as one of the big four thrash metal bands, along with Metallica, Megadeth, and Anthrax. Since its debut album in 1983, the band has released studio albums. Four of the studio albums have received gold certification in the United States. The band has received five Grammy nominations, winning one in 2007 for the song Eyes of the Insane, Slayer has also played at several music festivals worldwide, including Unholy Alliance, Download and Ozzfest. Slayers musical style involves fast tremolo picking, double bass drumming, riffs in irregular scales, in the original line-up, King, Hanneman, and lead vocalist/bassist Tom Araya contributed to the bands lyrics, and all of the bands music was written by King, Hanneman and Lombardo. However, its music has been influential, often being cited by many bands as an influence musically, visually. Between 1991 and 2013, the band sold 4.9 million albums in the United States, Slayer was founded in 1981, when drummer Dave Lombardo met guitarist Kerry King. Upon meeting, the two discovered they had similar taste in music and in their aspirations. King soon introduced guitarist Jeff Hanneman and recruited Chilean-born bassist and vocalist Tom Araya, the band played cover versions of Iron Maiden and Judas Priest songs at clubs and parties in Southern California. Early shows relied on a Satanic image, which featured pentagrams, make-up, spikes, and inverted crosses. Rumors that the band was known as Dragonslayer, after the 1981 movie of the same name, were denied by King, as he stated, We never were. The band was invited to open for Bitch at the Woodstock Club in Anaheim, California, performing eight songs, six of which were covers. While playing a gig, the band was spotted by Brian Slagel, impressed with Slayer, he met with the band backstage and asked them to record an original song, Aggressive Perfector, for his upcoming Metal Massacre III compilation. The band agreed and the song created underground buzz, which led to Slagel offering the band a contract with Metal Blade. Without a recording budget, the band was forced to self-finance its debut album, combining the savings of Araya, who was employed as a respiratory therapist, and money borrowed from Kings father, the band entered the studio in November 1983. The album was rushed into release, hitting shelves three weeks after tracks were completed, the tour gave the band additional popularity, sales of Show No Mercy reached more than 20,000 in the US and another 20,000 worldwide. In August 1984, Slayer released a three song EP titled Haunting the Chapel, the EP featured a darker, more thrash-oriented style than its predecessor, and laid the groundwork for the future direction of the band
5.
Judas Priest
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Judas Priest are a British heavy metal band formed in Birmingham, England, in 1969. The band has sold close to 50 million albums to date, MTV ranked them the second greatest metal band of all time. In 1989, they were named as defendants in a lawsuit alleging that subliminal messages on the song Better By You. The bands membership has seen much turnover, including a revolving cast of drummers in the 1970s, the current line-up consists of Halford, guitarists Glenn Tipton and Richie Faulkner, bassist Ian Hill, and drummer Scott Travis. The bands best-selling album is 1982s Screaming for Vengeance with their most commercially successful line-up, featuring Halford, Tipton, Hill, guitarist K. K. Downing, and drummer Dave Holland. Their influence, while mainly Halfords operatic vocal style and the guitar sound of Downing. Their image of leather, spikes, and other articles of clothing were widely influential during the glam metal era of the 1980s. The Guardian referred to British Steel as the record that defines heavy metal, an earlier band with a different line-up had been formed in the West Midlands area in 1969 by Al Atkins, Bruno Stapenhill, John Partridge, and John Perry. Perry was killed in a car accident, according to Al Atkins. Stapenhill came up with the name Judas Priest from Bob Dylans song The Ballad of Frankie Lee and Judas Priest, the band played their first gig on 25 November 1969 at The George Hotel in Walsall and then toured Scotland in December 1969 and January 1970. The group disbanded in April 1970 after their last gig on 20 April at The Youth Centre in Cannock, the line-up that took over the name of Judas Priest included lead guitarist Kenny K. K. Downing, bassist Ian Skull Hill and drummer John Ellis. The band was founded in October 1970 in Birmingham and they agreed to join with Atkins, who suggested using his old bands name, and rehearsed at Atkins mother-in-laws house in Stone Cross. The reformed group played their first gig on 16 March 1971 at St Johns Hall, with Downing as acting leader, the band moved away from their original blues influences to play hard rock. The quartet played around Birmingham and the areas with various drummers until 1974, sometimes opening for bands such as Budgie, Thin Lizzy. Eventually, financial difficulties and problems with their management, Tony Iommis company, IMA, led to the departure of Allan Atkins, at the time, Ian Hill was dating a Walsall woman who suggested her brother, Rob Halford, as the bands singer. Halford joined them, bringing drummer John Hinch from his previous band and this line-up toured the UK, often supporting Budgie, and even headlining some shows in Norway and Germany. Before the band entered the studio to record their first album, the two guitarists worked together to adapt the existing material and Tipton also received credits as a songwriter. In August 1974, the released their debut single Rocka Rolla
6.
Black Sabbath
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The band experienced multiple line-up changes, with Iommi being the only constant member throughout its history. Originally formed as a rock band, the group soon adopted the Black Sabbath moniker and began incorporating occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics. They also composed songs about social instability, political corruption and drugs, Osbournes regular use of alcohol and other drugs led to his dismissal from the band in 1979. He was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio, in 1992, Iommi and Butler rejoined Dio and drummer Vinny Appice to record Dehumanizer. The original line-up reunited with Osbourne in 1997 and released a live album Reunion, Black Sabbaths final studio album and nineteenth overall,13, features all of the original members but Ward. A year after embarking on a tour, the band played their final concert in their home city of Birmingham on 4 February 2017. Iommi has stated, however, that he has not ruled out the possibility of new material or one-off shows under the Black Sabbath name, Black Sabbath are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music. The band helped define the genre with releases such as Black Sabbath, Paranoid and they were ranked by MTV as the Greatest Metal Band of all time, and placed second in VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list. Rolling Stone magazine ranked them number 85 in their 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and they have sold over 70 million records worldwide. Black Sabbath were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005 and they have also won two Grammy Awards for Best Metal Performance. Following the break-up of their previous band Mythology in 1968, guitarist Tony Iommi and drummer Bill Ward sought to form a blues rock band in Aston. The new group was named the Polka Tulk Blues Band, the name taken either from a brand of talcum powder or an Indian/Pakistani clothing shop. The Polka Tulk Blues Band featured slide guitarist Jimmy Phillips, a friend of Osbournes. After shortening the name to Polka Tulk, the band changed their name to Earth and continued as a four-piece without Phillips. Iommi became concerned that Phillips and Clarke lacked the dedication and were not taking the band seriously. Rather than asking them to leave, they decided to break up. While the band was performing under the Earth title, they recorded several demos written by Norman Haines such as The Rebel, Song for Jim, the demo titled Song for Jim was in reference to Jim Simpson. Jim Simpson was a manager for the bands Bakerloo Blues Line, Simpson was also a trumpet player for the group Locomotive
7.
Iron Maiden
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Iron Maiden are a British heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris. The bands discography has grown to thirty-eight albums, including sixteen studio albums, eleven albums, four EPs. Pioneers of the new wave of British heavy metal, Iron Maiden achieved initial success during the early 1980s,1 in 28 countries and receiving widespread critical acclaim. Their sixteenth studio album, The Book of Souls, was released on 4 September 2015 to similar success, the band won the Ivor Novello Award for international achievement in 2002. As of October 2013, the band have played over 2000 live shows throughout their career. For the past 35 years, the band have been supported by their famous mascot, Eddie, Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day in 1975 by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group, Smiler. Harris attributes the name to a film adaptation of The Man in the Iron Mask from the novel by Alexandre Dumas. After months of rehearsal, Iron Maiden made their debut at St. Nicks Hall in Poplar on 1 May 1976, before taking up a semi-residency at the Cart and Horses Pub in Maryland Point, Stratford. The original line-up did not last very long, however, with vocalist Paul Day being the first casualty as, according to Harris and he was replaced by Dennis Wilcock, a Kiss fan who used make-up and fake blood during live performances. Wilcocks friend Dave Murray was invited to join, to the dismay of the bands guitarists Dave Sullivan and their frustration led Harris to temporarily disband Iron Maiden in 1976, though the group reformed soon after with Murray as the sole guitarist. Steve Harris and Dave Murray remain the bands longest-standing members and have performed on all of their releases, Iron Maiden recruited yet another guitarist in 1977, Bob Sawyer, who was sacked for embarrassing the band on stage by pretending to play guitar with his teeth. Tension ensued again, causing a rift between Murray and Wilcock, who convinced Harris to fire Murray, as well as original drummer Ron Matthews. A new line-up was put together, including future Cutting Crew member Tony Moore on keyboards, Terry Wapram on guitar, and drummer Barry Purkis. A bad performance at the Bridgehouse, a pub located in Canning Town, in November 1977 was the line-ups first and only concert, at the same time, Moore was asked to leave as Harris decided that keyboards did not suit the bands sound. A few months later, Dennis Wilcock decided that he had had enough with the group and left to form his own band, V1, as he preferred to be the bands sole guitarist, Wapram disapproved of Murrays return and was also dismissed. Steve Harris, Dave Murray and Doug Sampson spent the summer, a chance meeting at the Red Lion pub in Leytonstone in November 1978 evolved into a successful audition for vocalist Paul DiAnno. Steve Harris has stated, Theres sort of a quality in Pauls voice, a raspiness in his voice, or whatever you want to call it, that just gave it this great edge. At this time, Murray would typically act as their sole guitarist, with Harris commenting, the plan was always to get a second guitarist in, but finding one that could match Davey was really difficult
8.
Metallica
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Metallica is an American heavy metal band based in San Rafael, California. The band was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles when vocalist/guitarist James Hetfield responded to an advertisement posted by drummer Lars Ulrich in a local newspaper, Metallicas current line-up comprises founding members Hetfield and Ulrich, longtime lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo. Guitarist Dave Mustaine and bassists Ron McGovney, Cliff Burton and Jason Newsted are former members of the band, the bands fast tempos, instrumentals, and aggressive musicianship placed them as one of the founding big four bands of thrash metal, alongside Anthrax, Megadeth, and Slayer. The band expanded its musical direction and achieved commercial success with its eponymous fifth album Metallica. The album was also their first to debut at number one on the Billboard 200, in 2000, Metallica joined with other artists who filed a lawsuit against Napster for sharing the bands copyright-protected material without consent from the band. A settlement was reached and Napster became a pay-to-use service, the band returned to its original musical style with the release of Death Magnetic, and in 2009, Metallica was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Metallica has released ten albums, four live albums, five extended plays,26 music videos. The band has won eight Grammy Awards and six of its albums have debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. The bands eponymous 1991 album has sold over 16 million copies in the United States, Metallica ranks as one of the most commercially successful bands of all time, having sold over 110 million records worldwide. Metallica has been listed as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone, in 2012, Metallica formed the independent record label Blackened Recordings and took full ownership of its albums and videos. The band is currently promoting Hardwired. to Self-Destruct, which was released on November 18,2016, guitarists James Hetfield and Hugh Tanner of Leather Charm answered the advertisement. Although he had not formed a band, Ulrich asked Metal Blade Records founder Brian Slagel if he could record a song for the upcoming compilation album Metal Massacre. Slagel accepted and Ulrich recruited Hetfield to sing and play rhythm guitar, the band was officially formed in October 1981, five months after Ulrich and Hetfield first met. Ulrich talked to his friend Ron Quintana, who was brainstorming names for a fanzine, Quintana had proposed the names MetalMania and Metallica. A second advertisement was placed in The Recycler for a position as lead guitarist, Dave Mustaine answered, Ulrich and Hetfield recruited him after seeing his expensive guitar equipment. In early 1982, Metallica recorded its first original song Hit the Lights for the Metal Massacre I compilation, Hetfield played bass on the song and Lloyd Grant was credited with a guitar solo. Metal Massacre I was released on June 14,1982, early pressings listed the band incorrectly as Mettallica, the bands first taste of live success came early, they were chosen to open for British heavy metal band Saxon at one gig of their 1982 US tour. Metallica recorded its first demo, Power Metal, an inspired by Quintanas early business cards in early 1982
9.
Sodom (band)
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Sodom is a German thrash metal band from Gelsenkirchen, formed in 1981. They have gone through many changes, leaving bassist/vocalist Tom Angelripper as the only constant member. Along with Kreator, Destruction and Tankard, Sodom is considered one of the Big 4 of Teutonic thrash metal, to date, Sodom has released fifteen studio albums, three live albums, two compilation albums and six EPs. They achieved their first commercial success with their studio album Agent Orange, which was the first thrash metal album to enter the German album charts. Sodom remains one of the thrash metal acts of all time. Sodoms original line-up consisted of Tom Angelripper, Bloody Monster, Arius Blasphemer, the band was initiated by Tom as a desperate attempt to get out of having to work in coal mines in his home town of Gelsenkirchen. Wulf did not last in the long, and later went. For the most part, Sodom was at first not taken seriously, Frank Blackfire Gosdzik came in to fill the guitar spot Wulf had left behind. Frank convinced Tom that thrash metal was moving beyond horror/occult/satanic themes of bands like Venom to embrace political, societal, Tom was already interested in various wars yet remained a peacenik. New inspiration culminated into Franks full-length debut with the band, Persecution Mania, the new lyrical approach and increased musicianship on the part of Frank gave the band great acclaim. They soon embarked on a tour of Europe with the Swiss thrash metal band Coroner, after touring for the better part of 1987 and 1988, the band returned to the studio to make another album. The final product, Agent Orange, sold 100,000 copies in Germany alone and this made Sodom famous, giving them worldwide critical acclaim, and secured their place alongside Kreator and Destruction as one of the great Teutonic thrash metal bands. To this date, Agent Orange has sold more than any other German thrash-metal album in the world, problems were brewing inside of the band, however. Tom and Chris descended further into alcoholism, furthermore, Frank had grown tired of composing music that his band-mates would often perform poorly live. Mille Petrozza offered Frank a position with his band Kreator, after they lost their second guitarist, Angelripper went out looking for a replacement and found Michael Hoffman, formerly of German thrashers Assassin. With this line-up, the album Better off Dead was released in 1990, during the South American tour however, Hoffman decided to stay in Brazil and was therefore forced to quit. Andy Brings replaced him, and a new album was recorded, Tapping the Vein, with more of a death metal sound. This proved to be the last album with the drummer Witchhunter, He was kicked out of the band, on September 15,1991, Sodom played in Sofia, Bulgaria
10.
Washington Wizards
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The Washington Wizards are an American professional basketball team based in Washington, D. C. The Wizards compete in the National Basketball Association, as a club of the leagues Eastern Conference Southeast Division. The team plays its games at the Verizon Center, in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington. The team now known as the Wizards began playing as the Chicago Packers in 1961, as the first modern expansion team in NBA history, an expansion prompted by Abe Sapersteins American Basketball League. Rookie Walt Bellamy was the star, averaging 31.6 points per game,19.0 rebounds per game. During the All-Star game, Bellamy represented the team while scoring 23 points, Bellamy was named the league Rookie of the Year, but was the team finished with the NBAs worst record at 18-62. The teams original nickname was a nod to Chicagos meatpacking industry, their home arena, however, it was extremely unpopular since it was the same nickname used by the NFLs Green Bay Packers, bitter rivals of the Chicago Bears. After only one year, the changed its name to the Chicago Zephyrs. Their only season as the Zephyrs boasted former Purdue star Terry Dischinger, in their first year in Baltimore, the Bullets finished fourth in a five–team Western Division. Prior to the 1964–65 NBA season the Bullets pulled off a trade, sending Dischinger, Rod Thorn and Don Kojis to the Detroit Pistons for Bailey Howell, Don Ohl, Bob Ferry. The trade worked out well, Howell proved to be a hustling, in the 1965 NBA Playoffs, the Bullets stunned the St. Louis Hawks 3–1, and advanced to the Western Conference finals. In the finals, Baltimore managed to split the first four games with the Los Angeles Lakers before losing the series 4–2. In the late 1960s, the Bullets drafted two future Hall of Fame members, Earl Monroe, in the 1967 draft, number two overall, and Wes Unseld, in the 1968 draft, also number two overall. The team improved dramatically, from 36 wins the season to 57 in the 1968–69 season. The Bullets reached the playoffs with high expectations to go far, the next season the two teams met again in the first round, and although this one went to seven games, the Knicks emerged victorious again. In the 1970–71 season, the 42–40 Bullets again met the 1970–71 Knicks and they were swept in four games by the powerful Milwaukee Bucks led by future Hall of Fame members Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Oscar Robertson. Even after the trades of Earl Monroe and Gus Johnson, the Bullets remained a playoff contender throughout the 1970s. Following a less than spectacular 1971–72 season, Baltimore acquired Elvin Hayes from the Houston Rockets and drafted Kevin Porter in the third round, out of St. Francis in Pennsylvania
