1.
Georgia Institute of Technology
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The Georgia Institute of Technology is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It is a part of the University System of Georgia and has campuses in Savannah, Georgia, Metz, France, Athlone, Ireland, Shenzhen, China. The educational institution was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States. Initially, it offered only a degree in mechanical engineering, by 1901, its curriculum had expanded to include electrical, civil, and chemical engineering. In 1948, the changed its name to reflect its evolution from a trade school to a larger and more capable technical institute. Today, Georgia Tech is organized into six colleges and contains about 31 departments/units, with emphasis on science and it is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering, computing, business administration, the sciences, design, and liberal arts. Student athletics, both organized and intramural, are a part of student and alumni life, Georgia Tech fields eight mens and seven womens teams that compete in the NCAA Division I athletics and the Football Bowl Subdivision. Georgia Tech is a member of the Coastal Division in the Atlantic Coast Conference, the idea of a technology school in Georgia was introduced in 1865 during the Reconstruction period. However, because the American South of that era was mainly populated by workers and few technical developments were occurring. In 1882, the Georgia State Legislature authorized a committee, led by Harris and they were impressed by the polytechnic educational models developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science. On October 13,1885, Georgia Governor Henry D. McDaniel signed the bill to create, in 1887, Atlanta pioneer Richard Peters donated to the state 4 acres of the site of a failed garden suburb called Peters Park. The site was bounded on the south by North Avenue, and he then sold five adjoining acres of land to the state for US$10,000. This land was near Atlantas northern city limits at the time of its founding, the surrender of the city took place on the southwestern boundary of the modern Georgia Tech campus in 1864. The Georgia School of Technology opened in the fall of 1888 with two buildings, One building had classrooms to teach students, The second building featured a shop and had a foundry, forge, boiler room, and engine room. It was designed for students to work and produce goods to sell, on October 20,1905, U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited Georgia Tech. On the steps of Tech Tower, Roosevelt delivered a speech about the importance of technological education and he then shook hands with every student. Georgia Techs Evening School of Commerce began holding classes in 1912, the evening school admitted its first female student in 1917, although the state legislature did not officially authorize attendance by women until 1920. Annie T. Wise became the first female graduate in 1919 and was Georgia Techs first female faculty member the following year
2.
1996 Summer Olympics
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A record 197 nations, all current IOC member nations, took part in the Games, comprising 10,318 athletes. The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games, Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games. Atlanta was selected on September 18,1990, in Tokyo, Japan, over Athens, Belgrade, Manchester, Melbourne, and Toronto at the 96th IOC Session. Atlantas bid to host the Summer Games that began in 1987 was considered a long-shot and this would be Torontos fourth failed attempt since 1960. The Athens bid was based on the fact that 1996 marked 100 years since the first Summer Games in Greece in 1896, though Athens would eventually host the 2004 Summer Olympics. The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics at USD4.1 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 151% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Atlanta 1996 compares with costs of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. The 1996 Olympics was predicated on the model established by the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The cost to stage the Games was US$1.8 billion, to pay for the games, Atlanta relied on commercial sponsorship and ticket sales, resulting in a profit of $10 million. Events of the 1996 Games were held in a variety of areas, a number were held within the Olympic Ring, a 3 mi circle from the center of Atlanta. Others were held at Stone Mountain, about 20 miles outside of the city, to broaden ticket sales, other events, such as soccer, occurred in various cities in the Southeast. The opening ceremony featured Céline Dion singing The Power of the Dream, the mascot for the Olympiad was an abstract, animated character named Izzy. In contrast to the tradition of mascots of national or regional significance in the city hosting the Olympiad, Izzy was an amorphous. The 1996 Olympics were the first to have two separate opening ceremony events, Savannah, because of its geographical separation from Atlanta, had its own opening ceremonies on July 18,1996. The event featured Worldwide Connection, a composed by Savannah native Jeffrey Reed and a concert by Trisha Yearwood. Atlantas Olympic slogan Come Celebrate Our Dream was written by Jack Arogeti, the slogan was selected from more than 5,000 submitted by the public to the Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau
3.
Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics
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The swimming competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics was held at the Georgia Tech Aquatic Center in Atlanta, United States, which was built for the games. There were 762 competitors from 117 countries and this was the last Olympics where swimming B-finals were held. At the time of the games, the facility had a temporary 50m warm-up pool located behind the locker rooms and entry concourse, as well as a temporary roof, the open walls allowed for temporary seating to be in place during the games. A wall and new roof have since placed on the facility. * Swimmers who participated in the only and received medals. * Swimmers who participated in the only and received medals. 762 swimmers from 117 nations competed
4.
Synchronized swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics
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At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, only the team event in synchronized swimming was contested, whereas previous Olympics had featured a solo and duet event. The duet would return to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, eight countries qualified for the Olympic Games at an Olympic qualifying event held in conjunction with the 1995 FINA Synchronized Swimming World Cup. Each team consisted of eight swimmers, the competition included two events, the technical routine program and the free routine program. The compulsory figures event, which was part of the Olympic Games since 1984, was dropped, the technical routine required entries to perform a series of required elements in prescribed order. It had a limit of two minutes and 50 seconds. Music selection and limited choreography was up to the discretion of each team, in the free routine, there were no specifications for the routine other than the five-minute time limit. In both the technical and free routines, a panel of 10 judges awarded points from 0 to 10 in one tenth point increments. When the technical merit and artistic impression scores were calculated for a score, the technical routine score was weighted to 35 percent. These two scores were combined to determine overall medal placement. All times are Beijing Standard Time UTC+8 Official Olympic Report
5.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
6.
Georgia Tech Research Institute
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The Georgia Tech Research Institute is the nonprofit applied research arm of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. GTRI employs around 1,765 people, and is involved in approximately $305 million in research annually for more than 200 clients in industry and government. To boost the struggling economy in the midst of the Great Depression, funds were found. GTRIs research spans a variety of disciplines, including defense, homeland security, public health, education, mobile and wireless technologies. Major customers for GTRI research include United States Department of Defense agencies, the state of Georgia, non-defense federal agencies, overall, contracts and grants from Department of Defense agencies account for approximately 84% of GTRIs total research funding. Since it was established, GTRI has expanded its focus to include science, economics, policy. GTRI researchers are named on 76 active patents and 43 pending patents, after being founded in 1885, Georgia Tech grew from a trade school into a university over the course of several decades. However, there was little state initiative to see the school expand significantly until 1919 and this station was established with the goal of the encouragement of industries and commerce within the state. The federal effort failed and the state did not finance the organization. In 1929, some Georgia Tech faculty members belonging to Sigma Xi started a Research Club at Tech that met once a month. One of the subjects, proposed by W. Harry Vaughan, was a collection of issues related to Georgia Tech, such as library development. Their report noted that similar organizations had been opened across the country at other engineering schools and were successful in local economic development. The Georgia Board of Regents provided the new Engineering Experiment Station with $5,000, the station started operation in April 1934. Vaughan was selected as the Engineering Experiment Stations acting director in April 1934, and hired 13 part-time faculty, the stations initial areas of focus were textiles, ceramics, and helicopter engineering. The early work of the station was conducted in the basement of the Old Shop Building next to Tech Tower, the stations name was technically the State Engineering Experiment Station, but it was generally referred to as the Engineering Experiment Station or simply the research station. By 1938, the Engineering Experiment Station was producing useful technology, consequently, the Industrial Development Council was formed. It was created by the Chancellor of the University System and the president of Georgia Power Company, the IDC later became the Georgia Tech Research Corporation, which currently serves as the sole contract organization for all Georgia Tech faculty and departments. In addition, the organization manages the intellectual property that results from research
7.
Lazy river
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A lazy river is a water ride found in water parks, hotels, resorts, and recreation centers, which usually consists of a shallow pool that flows similarly to a river. There is generally a current, usually just enough to allow guests to gently ride along lying on rafts. There may also be scenic elements added, such as small waterfalls on the edge of the river, some lead into wave pools, while some just go around in circles. A torrent river, or wave river, is a related concept, torrent rivers feature wave machines similar to those that are in wave pools, the waves then push riders around the river faster than they would be traveling in a regular lazy river. Torrent rivers appear at all of the Schlitterbahn water parks and Aquaventure in Dubai, most have a policy of no swimming-everybody must ride in a tube. A current channel is another water feature found in facilities that uses moving water for enjoyment. A current channel usually consists of water of 3–5 feet deep, water flows similarly to a lazy river but because of the depth can be used for aquatic therapy and swimming or walking against the current. El Rio de Xocomil at Parque Xocomil of IRTRA in Retalhuleu, kopiko Wai Winding Rivers at Volcano Bay in Orlando, Florida
8.
Water slide
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A water slide is a type of slide designed for warm-weather or indoor recreational use at water parks. Water slides differ in their method and therefore size. Some slides require riders to sit directly on the slide, or on a raft or tube designed to be used with the slide, a typical water slide uses a pump system to pump water to the top which is then allowed to freely flow down its surface. The water reduces friction so sliders travel down the slide very quickly, Water slides run into a swimming pool or a long run-out chute. A lifeguard is usually stationed at the top and the bottom of the slide, as the name suggests, body slides feature no mat and require the person to sit directly on the surface of the slide. There are a variety of types of body slides including simple flumes, speed slides, bowls, some slides are designed to be ridden with a tube which typically seats either 2 or 3 riders inline. Similar to a body slide, these slides include many twists and turns and come in a variety of types including bowls, funnels. The worlds longest water slide was an installation in Waimauku, New Zealand. Constructed with a length of 650 metres, of which 550 metres functioned properly and its creators claimed the previous record holder had a length of ~350 metres. The longest multi-person water-coaster is the 1,763 foot long Mammoth at Holiday World in Santa Claus, the first known existence of a looping water slide was at Action Park in Vernon, New Jersey in the mid-1980s. Their water slide featured a loop but was repeatedly closed due to safety concerns. In the late 2000s, Austrian manufacturer Aquarena developed the worlds first safe looping water slide and their engineering featured an inclined loop rather than a standard vertical one. The slide is currently licensed and distributed by Canadian water slide manufacturer WhiteWater West, there are nearly 20 AquaLoop installations around the world. The first installation was in Slovenia in 2008, the largest collection is located at WetnWild Water World in Australia which houses 4 AquaLoops that opened in 2010. WetnWild Water World was also the first to install more than one AquaLoop at a single location, the AquaLoop uses a trap-door to release riders down a 17-metre near-vertical descent at a speed of up to 60 kilometres per hour. Riders experience 2.5 Gs in less than 2 seconds, the whole ride is over within 7 seconds. A bowl is a type of water slide where riders descend a steep drop into a round bowl and they then circle the outer area of the bowl before exiting down through the middle. This style of water comes in various styles and is manufactured by ProSlide, WhiteWater West
9.
The Technique
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As of the Fall semester of 2011, the Technique has a weekly circulation of 10,000, distributed to numerous locations on the Georgia Tech campus and a handful of locations in the surrounding area. The first issue of the Technique was published on November 17,1911, the paper publishes weekly throughout the regular school year and primarily covers news, events and issues specific to the Georgia Tech community. In 2004 it was one of 25 collegiate newspapers to receive the Pacemaker award from the Associated Collegiate Press, a publication known as The Georgia Tech was Georgia Techs first student newspaper. It was established in 1894 and was the student publication to be established on campus. The Georgia Tech published a Commencement Issue that reviewed sporting events, the Commencement Issue was likely similar to the Techniques Freshman Issue. The Technique was founded in 1911, its first issue was published on November 17,1911 by editors Albert Blohm, turner, and the content revolved around the upcoming rivalry football game against the University of Georgia. The first issue featured an article by legendary football coach John Heisman. The Technique has been published ever since, except for a brief period that the paper was published twice weekly. This period ran from January 14,1948 to September 6,1956, the Georgia Tech and the Technique operated separately for several years following the Techniques establishment, though the two publications eventually merged in 1916. Several sources claim that The Technique is among a number of student organizations to be founded by the ANAK Society. The Technique is published weekly during the Fall and Spring semesters, with the exceptions of Dead Week, finals week, as of the 2005-2006 publication year, the paper has also taken a hiatus the week prior to Spring Break. General staff meetings are held on Tuesdays, when the majority of story assignments are made to a mostly volunteer writing staff, deadline is on Wednesday nights during weeks when the paper is published, and the copy is sent to the printer on Thursday morning. The paper is distributed around the campus on the Friday of that week. The Techniques office is located in the northwest corner of the Student Services Building, the paper is operated by a staff of approximately 50 paid and unpaid students, as well as two permanent, paid, non-student staff members. As Georgia Tech has no school, the Technique welcomes all students within the Institute to contribute to its content. The Technique is funded primarily by advertisements, and to an extent by Techs Student Government Association. The Technique is generally between 16 and 40 pages long, the length of an issue being dependent upon the number of advertisements purchased for a given week, the paper is organized into five sections, News Includes Georgia Tech-specific crime reports and news. Entertainment Includes reviews of music, movies, performance arts, and video games, cartoons, a crossword puzzle, opinions Includes editorials, an editorial cartoon, op-eds, and letters to the editor
10.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
11.
Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics
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For the 1996 Summer Olympics, a total of twenty-nine sports venues were used. Several sports venues for the 1996 Olympics were built before the 1960s as college venues, the first professional teams in Atlanta came in 1966, when Major League Baseballs Atlanta Braves moved from Milwaukee and the NFL added the Atlanta Falcons as an expansion team. In 1968, the NBA came to the city when the Atlanta Hawks arrived from St. Louis, the Braves and Falcons shared Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium from 1966 through 1991, after which the Falcons moved into the then-newly built Georgia Dome. The Braves would remain at the stadium through the 1996 season. After the 1979–80 season, the Flames left for their current home of Calgary, bidding for the 1996 Games was held in 1990. Seventy-five percent of the used for the 1996 Games were owned by the state of Georgia. The Georgia World Congress Center hosted the dramatic weightlifting 64 kg event that involved national tensions between Greece and Turkey, after the Olympics, the Olympic Stadium, as intended from its construction, was converted into a baseball park known as Turner Field, which opened in 1997. That same year, both Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium and the Omni Coliseum were imploded, Philips Arena was built upon the former Omnis footprint and opened in 1999, while the area where Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium stood is now a parking lot near Turner Field. Legion Field hosted the SEC Championship Game for the first two seasons of 1992 and 1993 before the venue moved to Atlanta and the Georgia Dome in 1994 where it has remained as of 2013. Three years after Legion Field was completed, Sanford Stadium opened on the University of Georgia campus in Athens and has undergone several expansions since its opening, the Citrus Bowl in Orlando, Florida opened in 1936 and has undergone several expansions of its own. In Miami the following year, the Orange Bowl opened, Alexander Memorial Coliseum on the Georgia Tech campus opened in 1956. In 1961, the District of Columbia Stadium opened in Washington, Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium opened on April 12,1966 with the Braves MLB franchise debuting following their move from Milwaukee after the 1965 season with a 3-2 loss to the Pittsburgh Pirates. That same year in the NFL, the expansion Atlanta Falcons debuted with a 19-14 loss to the Los Angeles Rams, Fulton County Stadium would serve as host to the Peach Bowl from 1971 to 1991 before moving to the Georgia Dome where it has remained to this day. In baseball, Fulton County Stadium hosted the 1972 MLB All-Star Game, the Stadium would host three World Series in the 1990s before the Olympics, losing twice and winning once. The Falcons would remain at Fulton County Stadium until the 1991 NFL season, then move to the Georgia Dome the following season, the Georgia Dome hosted Super Bowl XXVIII where the Buffalo Bills lost 30-13 to the Dallas Cowboys. It was the Bills second straight Super Bowl loss to the Cowboys, the same year that the Falcons debuted in the NFL, the Miami Dolphins made their debut in the American Football League at the Orange Bowl. The Dolphins would join the NFL in 1970 following the AFL–NFL merger and they would remain at the Orange Bowl until the 1987 NFL season when they moved to Joe Robbie Stadium the following year where they have remained to this day. Five of the first thirteen Super Bowls took place at the Orange Bowl, following the 1967–68 National Basketball Association season, the Hawks franchise moved from St. Louis, Missouri to Atlanta for the 1968–69 season
12.
McCamish Pavilion
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McCamish Pavilion, nicknamed The Thrillerdome and originally known as Alexander Memorial Coliseum, is an indoor arena located on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia. It is the home of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets mens basketball, the venue previously hosted the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association from 1968 to 1972 and again from 1997 to 1999. Techs womens volleyball team uses the facility as well, primarily for NCAA tournament games. The 270-foot-diameter Alexander Coliseum opened in 1956 at the intersection of 10th Street, the building was named for William A. Alexander, Georgia Techs football coach from 1920 to 1944 and the third athletic director, his tenure as coach included the 1928 Rose Bowl team. The huge dome was constructed in a way in there are no support pillars to obstruct the view of any fans during games. It served as a replacement for the Third Street Gymnasium on the campus of Georgia Tech, the arenas original capacity was 6,996 seats, though crowds larger than that sometimes assembled for big games. Between 1956 and 1996, the Coliseum had undergone three major renovations, in 1986,2,150 seats were added in what was previously an upper walkway around the rim of the arena. In 1989–1990,750 seats were added in the end zone areas, the last major renovation was during 1995–1996, prior to the 1996 Summer Olympics. The floor was lowered 4 feet to increase seating,12 luxury suites were added, sightlines were also improved for those sitting in the first few rows of the side of the court opposite the benches. Connected to the end of the Coliseum are the Luck Building. During the latter period, the Hawks played most of their games at the Georgia Dome with the remainder at the Coliseum. During the 1996 Summer Olympics, the hosted the Olympic boxing tournament. For most of its life, the Coliseum has hosted rounds of the Georgia High School Association mens and womens state tournament games. The first integrated high school tournament in Georgia history was played there before record overflow crowds in 1967. The arena received its nickname, The Thrillerdome, from former Tech color radio announcer and former ESPN broadcaster Brad Nessler, in 2003, the playing surface was renamed Cremins Court in honor of Bobby Cremins, Georgia Techs head coach from 1979 to 2000. The decision to cancel the game was based on the fact that officials at the game could not find where the water was coming through, the game was delayed for about a half-hour, and then ultimately postponed until March 3,2008. On March 14,2008, a tornado ripped through downtown Atlanta, causing damage to the CNN Center, Philips Arena, during the weekend, the SEC was set to play at the Georgia Dome on Thursday through Sunday. The tornado struck while the third of four games was in overtime
13.
Georgia Dome
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The Georgia Dome was a domed stadium located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, between downtown to the east and Vine City to the west. It was owned and operated by the State of Georgia as part of the Georgia World Congress Center Authority and it was primarily the home stadium for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League and the Georgia State Panthers football team from Georgia State University. Also, it has hosted the Peach Bowl from 1992 until 2016, in addition, the Georgia Dome has also hosted several soccer matches since 2009 that have drawn over 50,000 fans. The Dome was accessible by rail via MARTAs Blue and Green lines, in 1992, the Georgia Dome was completed at a cost of $214 million, which came from the Georgia General Assembly, making it one of the largest state-funded construction projects in Georgia history. For most Georgia State football games, the dome was configured with 28,155 seats, with tickets for only the bulk of the lower level, the record for overall attendance at the Georgia Dome is 80,892 for the 2008 SEC Championship Game in football. The dome was the largest cable-supported dome in the world and its roof was made of teflon-coated fiberglass fabric and had an area of 374,584.08 square feet. From its completion until the December 31,1999 opening of the 20-acre Millennium Dome in London, the Georgia Dome originally used AstroTurf artificial surface for its football events. In 2003, Arthur Blank, the new owner of Atlanta Falcons, in 2006, the Atlanta Falcons and the Georgia World Congress Center Authority announced a $300 million renovation to the Georgia Dome. The project was separated into two stages, the first stage, which took place before the 2007 NFL season, focused on updating the premium seating areas, including the creation of eight super-suites as well as an owners club. The entrance gates and concourses were also renovated and updated before the 2008 football season, in 2009, the video screens in both endzones were relocated to a new exterior monument sign on Northside Drive. The interior endzones each received a new and considerably wider High Definition video screen that significantly enhances views of replays, as well as graphics, a new sound system was installed in the same year, replacing the previous system that was nearly 20 years old. Three years after the completion of the Dome, the integrity of its roof became an issue. During a Falcons pre-season game in August 1995, a rainstorm caused water to pool on the fabric, tearing part of the material. The collapse occurred after fans left the stadium, and no one was injured during the incident, the roof was eventually repaired in a way that prevented similar incidents from occurring in the future. The quarterfinal game to follow between the Kentucky Wildcats and Georgia Bulldogs was postponed until the following day, the resulting damage forced the rest of the tournament to be moved to the Alexander Memorial Coliseum, now known as Hank McCamish Pavilion, at Georgia Tech. The Falcons final football game in the Dome was the 2016 NFC Championship Game on January 22,2017, the stadiums final public event took place on March 4 and 5,2017 with back-to-back Monster Jam events. Salvage operations and interior demolition will take place throughout the spring, the Georgia Dome site will become greenspace for tailgating at Mercedes-Benz Stadium and other community events, a 600-car parking garage and a convention center hotel is also planned for the site. The stadium also hosted Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 and Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000, the new incarnation of Turner Field is now tentatively known as Georgia State Stadium
14.
GSU Sports Arena
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The Georgia State University Sports Arena is an indoor arena located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is the home of the teams of Georgia State University. Georgia States womens volleyball team uses the facility as well, the Georgia State Sports Arena consists of four stories. The gymnasium floor is on the level and is the home court for mens and womens basketball. Basketball seating is available on the third and fourth floors, locker rooms are located on the third floor under the fourth floor seating. The Georgia State University athletics department is located on the first floor of the building, also in the building is a Student-Athlete Learning Lab. The main court has a four-sided scoreboard hanging from the ceiling as well as a Jumbotron style video signage board on the end wall. Construction of the began in 1972 as class space for physical education classes. Mens basketball began using it as its home court in 1973, on December 12,2003, the main court was named the Charles Lefty Driesell Court after the former mens basketball coach. A ceremony was held during the halftime of an 88-57 victory over the University of South Alabama, renovations in 2004 replaced the playing floor of the main court as well as painting the walls. During the 2002-03 season, a scoreboard was added hanging from the ceiling as well as a jumbotron style screen on the south wall. More recently, a 225 Student-Athlete Learning Lab was opened on the first floor providing athlete advisement, study halls, tutorials, and computer labs. Prior to the 2013 mens and womens basketball seasons, the rooms were moved from the 2nd floor to the 3rd floor. Renovations included the additions of a lounge and conference hall, as well as stylized graphics lining the hallways. A new center-hung videoboard was installed during the summer of 2015 following the Panthers NCAA tournament run, on May 31,2012, the Georgia State University athletics department released a new master plan, including renovations to the existing Sports Arena. These renovations would remove the current escalator entrance to the sports arena, new entrances will lead to a plaza on the first floor of the arena. The current trophy case will be replaced by a new walk of fame leading through a corridor towards the courts, also, a new team store will replace the current administrative offices. Two new escalators and elevators will be erected at the hall of fame and team store, the current court will be rotated 90 degrees to allow for 700 new seats
15.
Georgia World Congress Center
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The Georgia World Congress Center is a convention center in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Enclosing some 3.9 million ft2 in exhibition space and hosting more than a million each year. Opened in 1976, the GWCC was the first state-owned convention center established in the United States, the authority later developed the Georgia Dome and Centennial Olympic Park. The Georgia Dome was closed on March 5,2017 and is scheduled for demolition, in addition to convention and trade shows, the GWCC often coordinates with the Georgia Dome to host activities in conjunction with major events being held at the dome. Every year, the center hosts SEC Football Fanfare, a two-day fan festival for the thousands of Southeastern Conference football fans in the city for the SEC Championship Game, the center played host to a similar event in tandem with WrestleMania XXVII, WrestleMania Axxess. Family Feud started taping at Georgia World Congress Center in 2016, the GWCC is located in downtown Atlanta at 285 Andrew Young International Boulevard NW, adjacent to CNN Center and Philips Arena. Public transportation is serviced by the Dome/GWCC/Philips Arena/CNN Center MARTA station, delta Air Lines previously had a ticket office in the lobby of the complex. Though similarly named, the Georgia International Convention Center is a smaller unrelated facility located near Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the GWCC is made up of three adjacent buildings, Buildings A, B, and C. In total these buildings have twelve exhibit halls,105 meeting rooms, Building A has three exhibit halls and the Sidney Marcus auditorium seating 1,740. Building B, the largest, contains five halls and the 33,000 square-foot Thomas B. Murphy Ballroom. The newest building, Building C, has four exhibit halls, freight rail tracks run through the middle of the complex and under the parking decks. The complex incorporates pedestrian bridges to connect exhibit halls on opposite sides of the tracks, see article,2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak. Designed by Atlanta-based architects tvsdesign, the GWCC opened in 1976 with 350,000 square feet of exhibit space, additional phases opened in 1985,1992, and 2002. During the 1996 Summer Olympics, the GWCC hosted handball, fencing, judo, table tennis, weightlifting, wrestling, the International Broadcast Centre for the worldwide media was also set up inside the GWCC. On November 8,2001, President George W. Bush made a speech at the GWCC in which he exhorted the crowd of police, firefighters, and politicians, My fellow Americans, Lets roll. He would use the words again in the 2002 State of the Union address, For too long our culture has said, “If it feels good, do it. ”Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed, “Let’s roll. ”The center also hosted the 2009 Soul Train Music Awards, the first held outside of the Los Angeles area. On March 14,2008, a tornado struck Atlanta, including the downtown area, the Georgia World Congress Center was heavily damaged by the storm, including roof and water damage. In addition to rain pouring in from the holes in the roof, there was water damage from the sprinkler system
16.
Herndon Stadium
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Alonzo Herndon Stadium, named for Alonzo Herndon, is a 15, 011-seat stadium on the campus of Morris Brown College in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is the only two-sided stadium in the Atlanta University Center and it is one block over from the locally known Herndon Home, and sits above the MARTA East-West rail line. During the 1996 Summer Olympics, Herndon Stadium hosted field hockey and it was also used as the stand-in for the demolished Fairfield Stadium in Huntington, West Virginia during filming of the 2006 movie We Are Marshall. The stadium was the home to the former Georgia Mustangs and the former Atlanta Beat womens soccer club of the defunct WUSA league, as of October 2015, the stadium is in an extreme state of disrepair, having been heavily damaged by looters. Map of Morris Brown College including Herndon Stadium, a Shell of A Stadium, Morris Browns Herndon Stadium Is An HBCU Football Graveyard
17.
Centennial Olympic Stadium
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Centennial Olympic Stadium was the 85, 000-seat main stadium of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games and the 1996 Summer Paralympic Games in Atlanta. Construction of the began in 1993, and it was complete and ready for the Opening Ceremony in July 1996, where it hosted track and field events. After the Olympics and Paralympics, it was reconstructed into the baseball-specific Turner Field, meanwhile, Carl Lewis won his fourth consecutive Olympic title in the long jump, becoming only the second person, after Al Oerter, to win the same athletics event at four consecutive Games. After the closing ceremony of the 1996 Paralympics, the stadium was leased by the Atlanta Braves. Private entities, including NBC and other Olympic sponsors, agreed to pay a sum of the cost to build Centennial Olympic Stadium. The Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games sought to build the stadium in a way that it could be converted to a new baseball stadium, the Braves had already been exploring opportunities for a new venue to replace Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium. The Atlanta Fulton County Recreation Authority owned Turner Field, and the Atlanta Braves occupied the stadium from 1997 until 2016. The Braves vacated the facility at the end of their lease in 2016, the southwest corner of the Olympic Stadium was built to accommodate the future baseball infield and seating. This is easily seen in aerial views and diagrams of the stadium in its Olympic configuration, Reconstruction was complete in 1997, and the facility was renamed Turner Field. Afterward, the 1960s-era Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium, the Braves previous home, the Atlanta Track Clubs annual Fathers Day four-mile road race ends inside the stadium near the warning track where the finish line was located for the Olympics. Interactive diagram at Clems Baseball site showing both Olympic and Braves configurations Aerial View of Olympic Stadium Reconstruction into Baseball Stadium 1996 Summer Games
18.
Omni Coliseum
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Omni Coliseum was an indoor arena in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Completed in 1972, the arena seated 16,378 for basketball and 15,278 for hockey and it was part of the Omni Complex, now known as the CNN Center. It was mainly used as the arena for the Atlanta Hawks. It also hosted the 1977 NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament, the arena was considered an architectural marvel that combined innovative roof, seating, and structural designs. The logo is based on the seating arrangement. The exterior was made of Cor-Ten weathering steel, which was supposed to seal itself by continuing to rust, the Omni was noted for its distinctive space frame roof, often joked about as looking like an egg crate or a rusty waffle iron. Designed by the firm of tvsdesign with structural engineering work by the firm of Prybylowski and Gravino, the only remaining part of the Omni is the scoreboard that hangs in the pavilion of the Philips Arena. American Sign and Indicator built the basketball-specific scoreboard in the early 1990s to replace the original hockey-specific scoreboard that Daktronics maintained during the 1980s, the arena also had four message boards on each end zone, two of which were animation boards. The Omni was a hotbed for professional wrestling and it was considered the home base for the NWAs Georgia Championship Wrestling since its opening, Jim Crockett Promotions in the late 1980s, and WCW. The WWE also held shows at the Omni when they were known as the WWF. The Omni was also home of the NHL Atlanta Flames from 1972 to 1980, in 1994, the Knights became the only pro team to win a championship in the building when they won the Turner Cup. The Omni was the home of the Atlanta Chiefs of the North American Soccer League as well as the Atlanta Attack of the American Indoor Soccer Association. Elvis Presley performed 12 times between 1973 and 1976, led Zeppelin performed at the Omni on April 23,1977, on their critically and commercially successful final tour of the United States. Gary Painter and the Northwest Jazz Band performed at a couple of Hawks games in the 1980s, frank Sinatra performed at the Omni in 1974,1988, and 1994. The Bee Gees played two concerts during their 1979 Spirits Having Flown Tour. Van Halen The band first performed at the Omni on November 13,1978, scalped tickets for the bands later shows often sold for up to 100 dollars. The Police performed two shows during their Synchronicity Tour on November 2–3,1983, with The Fixx as their opening act. Excerpts from these shows appeared on the 1984 Synchronicity Concert VHS, def Leppard performed four shows during their Hysteria World Tour on December 18,1987, with Tesla as their opening act and October 7–9,1988, with Queensrÿche as their opening act
19.
Atlanta metropolitan area
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Its economic, cultural and demographic center is Atlanta, and it had a 2015 estimated population of 5.7 million people according to the U. S. Census Bureau. The metro area forms the core of a trading area. The Combined Statistical Area spans up to 39 counties in north Georgia and had an estimated 2015 population of 6.3 million people, Atlanta is considered an alpha world city. It is the third largest metropolitan region in the Census Bureaus Southeast region behind Greater Washington and South Florida. By U. S. Census Bureau standards, the population of the Atlanta region spreads across an area of 8,376 square miles – a land area comparable to that of Massachusetts. Because Georgia contains more counties than any state except Texas. As of the 2000 census, fewer than one in ten residents of the area lived inside Atlanta city limits. A2006 survey by the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce counted 140 cities, six cities – Johns Creek, Milton, Chattahoochee Hills, Dunwoody, Peachtree Corners, and Brookhaven – have incorporated since then, following the lead of Sandy Springs in 2005. The Atlanta metropolitan area was first defined in 1950 as Fulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, Cobb, the CSA also abuts the Macon and Columbus MSAs. The region is one of the metropolises of the Southeastern United States, the above-listed counties are included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville CSA. However, most other entities define a much smaller metropolitan area by including only the counties which have the densest suburban development. Fulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, Cobb, and Clayton were the five original counties when the Atlanta metropolitan area was first defined in 1950, and continue to be the core of the metro area. These five counties along with five more are members of the Atlanta Regional Commission, the ten ARC counties and five more are part of the Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District, created in 2001. The 14 counties listed above with under 60,000 residents are not included in any other metropolitan definition except the OMB/Census Bureaus CSA. Hall County was originally the Gainesville, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, Cumberland Perimeter Center Hartsfield-Jackson area More than one half of metro Atlantas population is in unincorporated areas or areas considered a census-designated-place by the census bureau. Metro Atlanta includes the incorporated and unincorporated suburbs, exurbs. 420,003 Places with 75,000 to 99,999 inhabitants Sandy Springs pop,76,728 Places with 50,000 to 74,999 inhabitants Alpharetta pop. 51,271 Places with 25,000 to 49,999 inhabitants Dunwoody pop,25,636 Places with 24, 999- inhabitants The area sprawls across the low foothills of the Appalachian Mountains to the north and the Piedmont to the south
20.
Georgia International Horse Park
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The Georgia International Horse Park is located in Conyers, Georgia, United States,30 miles east of Atlanta. The City of Conyers, Georgia, found 1,139 acres of land on Georgia State Route 138 north of Interstate 20 that would have been suitable for land application. This led to a change in plans from a city park to the development of the land that would become the Georgia International Horse Park. As a result, a task force was developed to have the park developed. The proposed site was visited on August 7,1991, with details about the land, the proposed facilities, the Georgia International Horse Park became reality when it was approved by ACOG on October 21,1991. Some of the scenes for the Netflixs highly acclaimed Stranger Things were filmed in the park in late 2015. Among the event competitors who would gain fame ten years later were Kateřina Neumannová, Matz earned a silver in Team show jumping event, and as a trainer, has two wins in Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing events and a Breeders Cup win. After the 1996 Summer Olympics, the area around the Georgia International Horse Park experienced growth surrounding the facility, the venue also offers facilities for private social events, such as weddings, receptions, showers, birthday parties and more. The venue hosted several concerts over the years, primarily utilizing the main horse park arena, the facility hosted several high-profile concerts in the years following the Olympics. The first was a performance by the Allman Brothers Band on July 4,1997, the legendary Southern rock band played a lengthy 21 song set, that was followed by an Independence Day fireworks show. Atlanta Alternative rock music radio station 99X produced two editions of their Big Day Out radio festival concerts at the Horse Park, on September 1,2007, the park played host to the Celebrate Freedom 2007 concert, including evangelist Luis Palau. Among the sponsors were Ford Motor Company, Bugaboo Creek Steak House, the event was televised by the Gospel Music Channel. Included were kid activities which also featured the VeggieTales, including The Pirates Who Dont Do Anything, on August 30,2008, the park hosted the Celebrate Freedom 2008 concert. Training involved for field ministers took place on the evening of August 27,2008 at the First Baptist Church, the Georgia International Horse Park is not only the home of many equine events throughout the year, but hosts a number of outdoor sporting events. The Georgia International Horse Parks trail system offers scenic trails for mountain bike races, trail races, the Horse Park has hosted Spartan Race, Ragnar Trail Atlanta, BattleFrog, Rugged Maniac and Down and Dirty Obstacle Course Race over the years. Georgia Perimeter College planned on constructing a facility nearby by 2008, the college instead constructed a facility in neighboring Newton County, Georgia
21.
Lake Lanier
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Lake Lanier is a reservoir in the northern portion of the U. S. state of Georgia. It was created by the completion of Buford Dam on the Chattahoochee River in 1956, and is also fed by the waters of the Chestatee River. The lake encompasses 38,000 acres or 59 square miles of water, and 692 miles of shoreline at normal level, a full summer pool of 1,071 feet above mean sea level. Named for American poet Sidney Lanier, it was built and is operated by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers for flood control and it is patrolled by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, as well as local law enforcement. The states of Georgia, Alabama and Florida all have rights to the water of the reservoir, the Corps of Engineers has responsibilities to regulate flow for flood control and water use. In addition, it has to ensure water is available to fulfill such federal mandates as under the Endangered Species Act. The rapid suburbanization of the Atlanta region, in particular, has greatly increased water consumption by private homeowners for lawns and gardens, during droughts of the 21st century, Lake Lanier reached record lows, and regional actions have been needed to reduce area water usage. The lake is in Hall, Forsyth, Dawson, Gwinnett, and Lumpkin counties, split about 60%, 30%, 5%, 4%, and 1% respectively, filling the valley into numerous small arms and fingers. The former thalweg of the Chestatee and the Chattahoochee south of it form the county line between Hall and a corner of Gwinnett to the east, and Dawson and Forsyth counties to the west. One of the purposes of the lake is flood control of the Chattahoochee River downstream. Since the construction of Buford Dam, there have only three major flooding events on the downstream section. The most severe flooding event was in 2009, following a two-year drought, the lakes original purposes were to provide hydroelectricity, navigation, and flood control of the Chattahoochee River, and water supply for the city of Atlanta. The $1 billion project was approved, with breaking in 1950. Approximately 700 families were moved from the area after their properties were bought by the USCOE, in order to flood the area, a stretch of Georgia Highway 53 had to be abandoned that ran too close to the planned shoreline. Gainesvilles Looper Speedway was also condemned and abandoned, more than $2 million had been spent by the Corps on preliminary construction when the House Committee on Appropriations refused to provide more funds in June 1951. Hartsfield returned to Washington in 1955 to lobby for $11 million more for the dam, Congress approved the funds, and the dam was completed and opened on schedule. Lake Lanier began filling in 1956, and in 1957,20 miles downstream, Morgan Falls Dam was raised to regulate the flow from Buford Dam and regulate the flow of water to Atlanta. Since the 1990s, the Corps of Engineers, Florida, Georgia, Federal law mandates that when a river flows between two or more states, each state has a right to an equal share of the water
22.
Stone Mountain
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Stone Mountain is a quartz monzonite dome monadnock and the site of Stone Mountain Park in Stone Mountain, Georgia. At its summit, the elevation is 1,686 feet MSL and 825 feet above the surrounding area, Stone Mountain is well-known not only for its geology, but also for the enormous rock relief on its north face, the largest bas-relief in the world. The carving depicts three Confederate figures during the Civil War, Stonewall Jackson, Robert E. Lee, Stone Mountain was once owned by the Venable Brothers and was the site of the founding of the second Ku Klux Klan in 1915. It was purchased by the State of Georgia in 1958, Stone Mountain is more than 5 miles in circumference at its base. The summit of the mountain can be reached by a trail on the west side of the mountain or by the Skyride aerial tram. Stone Mountain is a pluton, a type of igneous intrusion, primarily composed of quartz monzonite, the dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains around 300-350 million years ago, part of the Appalachian Mountains. It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earths crust and this magma solidified to form granite within the crust five to ten miles below the surface. Stone Mountain pluton continues underground 9 miles at its longest point into Gwinnett County, numerous reference books and Georgia literature have dubbed Stone Mountain as “the largest exposed piece of granite in the world. This misconception is most likely a result of misrepresentation by granite companies, Stone Mountain, though often called a pink granite dome, actually ranges in composition from quartz monzonite to granite and granodiorite. The minerals within the rock include quartz, plagioclase feldspar, microcline and muscovite, with amounts of biotite. Embedded in the granite are xenoliths or pieces of foreign rocks entrained in the magma, the granite intruded into the metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont region during the last stages of the Alleghenian Orogeny, which was the time when North America and North Africa collided. Over time, erosion exposed the present mountain of more resistant igneous rock. This intrusion of granite also gave rise to Panola Mountain and Arabia Mountain, on some days, the top of the mountain is shrouded in a heavy fog, and visibility may be limited to only a few feet. The clear freshwater pools of the form by rainwater gathering in eroded depressions. The tiny shrimp appear only during the rainy season, through the process of cryptobiosis, the tiny shrimp eggs can remain dormant for years in the dried out depressions, awaiting favorable conditions. The mountains lower slopes are wooded, the rare Georgia oak was first discovered at the summit, and several specimens can easily be found along the walk-up trail and in the woods around the base of the mountain. In the fall, the extremely rare Confederate yellow daisy flowers appear on the mountain, growing in rock crevices, the entire carved surface measures 1.57 acres. The carving of the three men towers 400 feet above the ground, measures 76 by 158 feet, and is recessed 42 feet into the mountain, the deepest point of the carving is at Lees right elbow, which is 12 feet to the mountains surface
23.
Camping World Stadium
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The Citrus Bowl, also known as the Buffalo Wild Wings Citrus Bowl for sponsorship purposes, is an annual college football bowl game played at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida. It was previously known as the Tangerine Bowl, the Florida Citrus Bowl, the bowl is operated by Florida Citrus Sports, a non-profit group that also organizes the Russell Athletic Bowl and Florida Classic. Since becoming one of the bowls, the Citrus Bowl is typically played at 1 p. m. EST on New Years Day, immediately before the Rose Bowl. When January 1 is a Sunday, the game has played on January 2 or December 31. As of 2015, at $4.25 million per team, in nearly every year since 1985, the game has featured two teams ranked in the Top 25. The game, which play in 1947, is one of the oldest of the non-CFP bowls, along with the Gator Bowl. By 1952, the game was dubbed the Little Bowl with the Big Heart, from 1964 through 1967, it was one of the four regional finals in the College Division, along with the Pecan, Grantland Rice, and Camellia bowls. In 1968, the Boardwalk Bowl in Atlantic City took over as a final. In 1986, it was one of the bowl games considered for the site of the winner take all championship game between Penn State and Miami, before the Fiesta Bowl was eventually chosen. The 1990 season game had national implications, Georgia Tech won the Florida Citrus Bowl, finished 11–0–1. The 1997 season game, which featured nearby Florida beating Penn State, in 2004, the bowl bid to become the fifth BCS game, but was not chosen, primarily due to the stadiums aging condition. Following the 2014 game, Capital One ceased its sponsorship of the bowl, Buffalo Wild Wings was announced as the new title sponsor of the bowl game in 2014. Buffalo Wild Wings had previously been the sponsor of what is now the Cactus Bowl. The 2016 season game was played on December 31, the first time in 30 years that the game was not played on January 1st or 2nd. From 1968 through 1975, the featured the Mid-American Conference champion against an opponent from the Southern Conference. MAC teams were 6–2 during those games, from the 1987 season through the 1991 season, the bowl featured the Atlantic Coast Conference champion against an at-large opponent. ACC teams were 3–2 during those games, from the 1992 season through the 2015 season, the bowl featured an SEC vs. Big Ten matchup – the SEC won 14 of those games, during the 1990s, the second-place finisher in the SEC typically went to this bowl
24.
Orlando, Florida
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Orlando is a city in the U. S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 4,000,002, according to U. S. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida. The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola, Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States, with the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015, in 2010, Orlando was listed as a Gamma− level of world-city in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study. Fort Gatlin, as the Orlando area was known, was established at what is now just south of the city limits by the 4th U. S. Artillery under the command of Ltc, alexander C. W. Fanning on November 9,1838 during the construction of a series of fortified encampments across Florida during the Second Seminole War. The fort and surrounding area were named for Dr. John S. Gatlin, king Phillip and Coacoochee frequented this area and the tree was alleged to be the place where the previous 1835 ambush that had killed over 100 soldiers had been planned. When the U. S. military abandoned the fort in 1839 the surrounding community was built up by settlers, prior to being known by its current name, Orlando was once known as Jernigan. Aarron Jernigan became Orange Countys first State Representative in 1845 but his pleas for military protection went unanswered. Fort Gatlin was briefly reoccupied by the military for a few weeks during October and November 1849, a historical marker indicates that by 1850 the Jernigan homestead served as the nucleus of a village named Jernigan. One of the countys first records, a grand jurys report, mentions a stockade where it states homesteaders were driven from their homes, Aaron Jernigan led a local volunteer militia during 1852. Jernigan appears on an 1855 map of Florida and by 1856 the area had become the county seat of Orange County and it is known for certain that the area was renamed Orlando in 1857. The move is believed to be sparked, in part, by Aaron Jernigans fall from grace after he was relieved of his command by military officials in 1856. His behavior was so notorious that Secretary of War Jefferson Davis wrote, in 1859, Jernigan and his sons were accused of committing a murder at the towns post office
25.
Golden Park
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Golden Park is a 5, 000-seat baseball stadium in Columbus, Georgia, United States, that opened in 1926. Located on the Chattahoochee River in Downtown Columbus, it currently is not home to any professional baseball team, the exterior of the Golden Park is a red brick façade and has many well-landscaped sidewalks that connect to the Chattahoochee RiverWalk. Doug Redmond led the park to the most successful park attendance record in 1992, Golden Park is named after Theodore Earnest Golden SR, co-founder of Goldens Foundry and Machine Co. Golden led the effort in Columbus for the citys first South Atlantic League team, the Taiwan Homerun Team beat the Austin Blackhawks by a score of 5-2. Golden Park Golden Park views - Ballparks of the Minor Leagues Baseball in Columbus, Georgia, by Cecil Darby
26.
Columbus, Georgia
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Columbus is a city in the U. S. state of Georgia and the county seat of Muscogee County, with which it is consolidated. According to the 2013 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, Columbus has a population of 202,824 residents, with 316,554 in the greater Columbus-Phenix City metropolitan area. The metro area joins the nearby Alabama cities of Auburn and Opelika to form the Columbus-Auburn-Opelika Combined Statistical Area, Columbus is directly to the east across the Chattahoochee River from Phenix City, Alabama. Situated at the heart of the Chattahoochee Valley, Columbus is Georgias second-largest city, Columbus lies 100 miles southwest of Atlanta. Fort Benning, home of the United States Army Infantry School, Columbus is home to museums and tourism sites, including the National Infantry Museum, dedicated to the United States Armys Infantry Branch. It has the longest urban whitewater rafting course in the world constructed on the Chattahoochee River and this was for centuries and more the traditional territory of the Creek Indians, who became known as one of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast after European contact. Those who lived closest to white-occupied areas conducted considerable trading and adopted some European-American ways, the city was named for Christopher Columbus, its founders likely influenced by the writings of Washington Irving. The plan for the city was drawn up by Dr. Edwin L. DeGraffenried, the citys commercial importance increased in the 1850s with the arrival of the railroad. In addition, textile mills were developed along the river, bringing industry to an area reliant upon agriculture. By 1860, the city was one of the important industrial centers of the South, earning it the nickname the Lowell of the South. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, the industries of Columbus expanded their production, during the war, Columbus ranked second to Richmond in the manufacture of supplies for the Confederate army. In addition to textiles, the city had an ironworks, a factory. Wilson attacked the city and burned many of the industrial buildings, john Stith Pemberton, who later developed Coca-Cola in Columbus, was wounded in this battle. After becoming addicted to morphine, Pemberton sought out a replacement for his addiction, after creating Coca-Cola, he carried it to Atlanta before he died in 1888. Col. Charles Augustus Lafayette Lamar, owner of the last slave ship in America, was killed here. A historic marker has been erected in Columbus and it notes that this was the site of the Last Land Battle in the War from 1861 to 1865. Reconstruction began almost immediately and prosperity followed, factories such as the Eagle and Phenix Mills were revived and the industrialization of the town led to rapid growth, the city outgrew its original plan. The Springer Opera House was built on 10th Street, attracting such notables as British writer Oscar Wilde, the Springer is now the official State Theater of Georgia
27.
Legion Field
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Legion Field is a stadium in Birmingham, Alabama, United States, primarily designed to be used as a venue for American football, but is occasionally used for other large outdoor events. The stadium is named in honor of the American Legion, a U. S. organization of military veterans, since the 2004 removal of the upper deck, Legion Field seats approximately 71,594 spectators. At its peak it seated 83,091 people for football and had the name Football Capital of the South emblazoned from the facade on its upper deck, Legion Field is colloquially called The Old Gray Lady and The Gray Lady on Graymont. The stadiums current primary tenant are the University of Alabama at Birmingham Blazers, construction of a 21,000 seat stadium began in 1926 at the cost of $439,000. It was completed in 1927 and named Legion Field in honor of the American Legion, in the stadiums first event,16,800 fans watched Howard College shut out Birmingham-Southern College 9–0 on November 19,1927. Over the years, the stadium grew, the expansions didnt follow the designers initial intent on the stadium becoming a monumental horseshoe-shaped amphitheater. Capacity was increased to 25,000 in 1934 and to 45,000 in 1948, in 1961, a 9,000 seat upper deck was added to the east side of the stadium, increasing capacity to 54,600. In 1965, a new box was built in the stadium. The first nationally televised college football game at Legion Field was between Ole Miss and Alabama on October 4,1969. In 1970, the grass turf was replaced with Poly-Turf. Seating capacity was increased to 75,808 in 1977 and further increased to 83,091 in 1991, the turf was changed to Bermuda grass in 1995 in order to host soccer events for the Summer Olympics taking place in Atlanta. In 2006, the field went back to an artificial surface, in 2004, a structural evaluation determined that the 9,000 seat upper deck would need major remediation to meet modern building codes. With little prospect of adequate repairs on the way, the University of Alabama withdrew the few home games it scheduled for Birmingham. The city removed the deck in 2005 since the capacity was greater than the need for its tenants. In 2015, renovations took place including general improvements and overall renovations including a new and larger video scoreboard along with a new, Legion Field served as the home field of the UAB Blazers, members of Conference USA, from 1991 until the programs cessation in 2014. The Blazers will continue play at Legion Field after announcing on June 1,2015 that they begin the process to reinstate football. Play is expected to resume for the 2017 season, Legion Field was well known for hosting the regular season-ending rivalry game between Alabama and Auburn each year from 1948 to 1988. Because of Birminghams major industry of iron and steel manufacturing, the became known as the Iron Bowl
28.
Birmingham, Alabama
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Birmingham is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Jefferson County. The citys population was 212,237 in the 2010 United States Census, the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of about 1,128,047 according to the 2010 Census, which is approximately one quarter of Alabamas population. Birmingham was founded in 1871, during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period and it was named for Birmingham, England, one of the UKs major industrial cities. The Alabama city annexed smaller neighbors and developed as an industrial and railroad center, based on mining, the new iron and steel industry. Most of the settlers who founded Birmingham were of English ancestry. From its founding through the end of the 1960s, Birmingham was an industrial center of the southern United States. Its growth from 1881 through 1920 earned its nicknames as The Magic City and its major industries were iron and steel production, plus a major component of the railroading industry. Rails and railroad cars were manufactured in Birmingham. The two primary hubs of railroading in the Deep South have been nearby Atlanta and Birmingham, since the 1860s, the economy has diversified since industrial restructuring in the latter half of the 20th century. Banking, telecommunications, transportation, electrical transmission, medical care, college education. Except for coal mining, the industry has declined in the Birmingham area, Birmingham ranks as one of the most important business centers in the Southeastern United States and as one of the largest banking centers in the nation. In higher education, Birmingham has been the location of the University of Alabama School of Medicine, since that time it has also gained the University of Alabama at Birmingham, one of three main campuses of the University of Alabama System. It is also home to three institutions, Samford University, Birmingham-Southern College, and Miles College. In total, the Birmingham area has major colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, physical therapy, pharmacy, law, engineering, the city has three of the states five law schools, Cumberland School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, and Miles Law School. Birmingham is also the headquarters of the Southwestern Athletic Conference, and Southeastern Conference, Birmingham was founded on June 1,1871, by the Elyton Land Company, whose investors included cotton planters, bankers and railroad entrepreneurs. It sold lots near the crossing of the Alabama & Chattanooga and South & North Alabama railroads. The first business at that crossroads was the trading post and country store operated by Marre, the site of the railroad crossing was notable for its proximity to nearby deposits of iron ore, coal, and limestone – the three main raw materials used in making steel. Birmingham is the only place worldwide where significant amounts of all three minerals can be found in close proximity, from the start the new city was planned as a center of industry
29.
Ocoee Whitewater Center
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A1,640 foot stretch of the Upper Ocoee River was narrowed by two-thirds to create the drops and eddies needed for a slalom course. Today, the course is watered only on weekends,34 days a year, for use by guided rafts. When the river has water,24 commercial rafting companies take more than 750 raft passengers through the course each day, no longer used for slalom, the hanging slalom gates have been permanently removed. Because the river is dry most of the year, the Center, now operated by the U. S. Forest Service, also serves as a site for hiking, mountain biking, conferences, weddings and it receives about 300,000 visitors a year. Since most Olympic host cities are located far from usable whitewater, the 1996 Atlanta Games produced the third such venue by modifying the then-dry streambed of the Upper Ocoee River. As the only in-river Olympic venue, it had the greatest water volume, the highest drop, and the steepest slope. The more recent Olympic venues, built closer to their host cities, rely entirely on pumped water and use smaller concrete channels designed to minimize the energy cost of running the pumps. Levees built along the shore of the Ocoee River, and covered with rock, reduced its width from 200 feet to 70 feet. The proposed river modifications were tested on a 1-to-10 scale model, with water, constructed outdoors near the base of Ocoee Dam #1, at 35. 0967°N84. 652°W /35.0967, -84.652. Despite the fact that the Ocoee is watered by rainfall and gravity, the Upper Ocoee, the 3.5 mi section of the river between Dam #3 and its powerhouse, is normally dewatered except during flood control releases, usually during the winter and spring. Lake water is taken by tunnel and penstock, at the rate of 1,050 cu ft/s and this water flow and vertical drop generate 23 megawatts of electricity. Any water in the river must come directly from the dam, the popular rafting industry generates enough revenue to partially compensate the Tennessee Valley Authority for lost electricity, but slalom athletes need a cheaper place to practice. In 2006, the U. S. National Whitewater Center was built in Charlotte, North Carolina, for the final slalom race of the 1996 Olympic games, there were 25 gates,6 upstream and 19 downstream. The 500 meter course was twice the length of the Lee Valley course used in the 2012 London Olympics, at Ocoee, racers had to sprint between the widely separated gates at the top and then maneuver through the closely spaced gates around the Humongous rapid at the bottom. Humongous is the steepest and most constricted rapid, with a train on the left side of a midstream boulder. Olympic upstream gate #23 was placed on the bank in the small eddy between the two drops. Commercial rafts often go down the side at Humongous for the two-drop roller coaster ride. The power generation system for Dam #2 is similar to that for Dam #3, in both cases water is drained from the lake behind the dam and transported with little loss in elevation to a penstock and powerhouse several miles downstream
30.
Polk County, Tennessee
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Polk County is a county located in the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 16,825, the county was created November 28,1839 from parts of Bradley and McMinn counties. The county was named after then-governor James K. Polk, Polk County is included in the Cleveland, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Chattanooga-Cleveland-Dalton, TN-GA-AL Combined Statistical Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 442 square miles. The total area is 1. 65% water, located in the extreme southeastern corner of Tennessee, it is the states only county to share borders with both Georgia and North Carolina. Much of the terrain of eastern Polk County is mountainous, including Big Frog Mountain, large tracts of Polk County are part of the Cherokee National Forest. The Ocoee River, site of whitewater slalom events in the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympic Games, runs through Polk County and is vital to one of the major industries. The calmer Hiwassee River, a tributary of the Tennessee River which flows through northern Polk County, is used for rafting and tubing. Monroe County Cherokee County, North Carolina Fannin County, Georgia Murray County, the population density was 38.7 people per square mile. There were 7,991 housing units at a density of 18.4 per square mile. 25. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.96. The median age was 42.5 years, in 2000, the median income for a household in the county was $29,643, and the median income for a family was $36,370. Males had an income of $27,703 versus $21,010 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,025, about 9. 70% of families and 13. 00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 80% of those under age 18 and 18. 40% of those age 65 or over. Polk County is home to two schools, Copper Basin and Polk County. Polk County High School holds one of the most active FFA Chapters in the State, additionally, the school has won multiple national titles, such as the Future Business Leaders of America Web Development, and E-Business championship. Also home of the Milk Squad, Polk Countys other schools are Benton Elementary, Copper Basin Elementary, and South Polk Elementary, Coalhill Elementary School
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Miami Orange Bowl
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The Miami Orange Bowl was an outdoor athletic stadium in Miami, west of downtown in Little Havana. Considered a landmark, it was the stadium for the Miami Hurricanes college football team. It also hosted the professional Miami Dolphins for their first 21 seasons, the stadium was the temporary home of the FIU Golden Panthers while its FIU Stadium underwent expansion during the 2007 season. From 1966 to 1968, and again in the 1970s, a dolphin was situated in a water tank in the open end of the Orange Bowl. He would jump in the tank to celebrate touchdowns and field goals, the tank that was set up in the 1970s was manufactured by Evan Bush and maintained during the games by Evan Bush and Dene Whitaker. Flipper was removed from the Orange Bowl after 1968 to save costs, the event was moved to Pro Player Stadium beginning on December 31,1996. In 1999, the game was hosted at the Orange Bowl for one final time due to a scheduling conflict. The minor league Miami Marlins baseball team played games in the Orange Bowl from 1956 to 1960. The stadium was on a block bounded by Northwest 3rd Street, Northwest 16th Avenue, Northwest 6th Street. The Orange Bowl was demolished in 2008 and the site is now occupied by Marlins Park, the stadium was built by the City of Miami Public Works Department. Construction began in 1936 and was completed in December 1937 and featured stadium lights, the stadium opened for Miami Hurricanes football on December 10,1937. From 1926 to 1937 the University of Miami played in a stadium near Tamiami Park, the Orange Bowl was originally named Burdine Stadium after Roddy Burdine, one of Miamis pioneers and the owner of the Burdines department store chain. It originally seated 23,739 people along the corresponding to the lower level of the sideline seats in the stadiums final configuration. Attendance for its first Orange Bowl in January 1938 was under 19,000, seating was added in the end zones in the 1940s, and by the end of the 1950s the stadium was double-decked on the sidelines. In 1966, the AFL expansion Miami Dolphins played their regular season game in the stadium on September 2. The west end zone upper deck section was added in the 1960s. On January 1,1965, the Orange Bowl Game was the first college game to be televised in prime time. In 1977, the permanent seats in the east end zone were removed, the city skyline was visible to the east through the open end, over the modern scoreboard and palm trees
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Miami
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
33.
Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium
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Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium, commonly known as RFK Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Washington, D. C. located about two miles due east of the U. S. Capitol building. It is the current home of D. C, United of Major League Soccer and the AT&T Nations Football Classic. The U. S. mens national team has played 22 matches there from 1977 to 2013. The stadium opened 56 years ago as District of Columbia Stadium in October 1961, armory Board and the U. S. Department of the Interior. It is now owned and operated by Events DC, an organization affiliated with the city government under a long-term lease from the National Park Service. The previous venue for baseball and football in Washington was Griffith Stadium and it has hosted international soccer matches in the 1994 World Cup,1996 Summer Olympics, and 2003 Womens World Cup. It also hosted a college bowl game, the Military Bowl, before its move in 2013 to Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium in Annapolis. The stadium was renamed in January 1969 for U. S, Senator and presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy, who had been assassinated in Los Angeles the previous June. The announcement was made by Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall on January 18, RFK was one of the first major stadiums designed specifically as a multi-sport facility for both football and baseball. As a professional venue, RFK Stadium was home to the NFLs Redskins for 36 seasons. The teams return to prominence as a football power began the year that the original baseball Senators played their final season. The Redskins first game in D. C, Stadium was a 24–21 loss to the New York Giants on October 1,1961. The Beatles performed their last concert in Washington, D. C. on August 15,1966, the teams first win in the stadium was over its future archrival, the Dallas Cowboys, on December 17. This was the win in a 1–12–1 season, and it came on the final weekend of the regular season. The Redskins last win at RFK was a 37–10 victory over the Cowboys on December 22,1996, in its twelfth season, RFK saw its first pro football playoff game on Christmas Eve 1972, a 16–3 win over the Green Bay Packers. The stadium hosted the NFC Championship Game five times and the Redskins won them all, in the Super Bowls that followed, Washington won three of the five. The expansion Washington Senators of the American League played at RFK Stadium from 1962 through 1971 and they played their first season in 1961 at Griffith Stadium, now the site of the medical center for Howard University. In its ten seasons as the Senators home field, RFK Stadium was known as a hitters park
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Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
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Sanford Stadium
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Sanford Stadium is the on-campus playing venue for football at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, United States. The 92, 746-seat stadium is the tenth-largest stadium in the NCAA, architecturally, the stadium is known for its numerous expansions over the years that have been carefully planned to fit with the existing look of the stadium. Games played there are said to be played Between the Hedges due to the field being surrounded by privet hedges, the current hedges were planted in 1996 after the originals were taken out to accommodate soccer for the 1996 Summer Olympics. The stadium is the 11th largest stadium in the United States, the stadium is named for Dr. Steadman Vincent Sanford, an early major force behind UGA athletics. Sanford arrived at the University of Georgia as an English instructor in 1903 and he later became the faculty representative to the athletics committee and would eventually become president of the University and Chancellor of the entire University System of Georgia. In 1911, he moved the universitys football venue from its first location, Herty Field, in those early years of football, Georgia played a series of controversial games against in-state rival Georgia Tech. Sanford Field was too small to accommodate the crowds, forcing Georgia to travel to Techs Grant Field in Atlanta every year. Sanford wanted Georgia to have a venue that would equal Techs, and it was alleged that Tech watered the field all night to slow UGAs running backs. Afterwards, Sanford vowed to build a bigger than Tech. To fund his vision, Sanford had an idea that members of the association would sign notes guaranteeing a bank loan to fund the stadium construction. Those guarantors would be granted lifetime seats, the response was overwhelming, and in 1928 a loan of $150,000 supported by fans and alumni allowed construction to begin on a stadium whose total cost was $360,000. The architect for the stadium was TC Atwood of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, the 30, 000-seat stadium was built in large part with convict labor, as were many public works projects of that era. While the location was, then as now, preferable for construction, the stadium was completed on time, and UGA convinced perennial powerhouse Yale, which has historically maintained close ties with UGA, to be their first opponent in the new stadium. On October 12,1929, a capacity crowd of over 30,000 paid $3 per ticket to watch the Bulldogs, under coach Harry Mehre, beat Yale 15–0 in Sanford Stadiums dedication game. The crowd was at the time the largest to witness a football game in the South. Yale donated its half of the receipts to UGA to help pay off the construction loans. Dr. Sanford also was at this game, and attended many Georgia games at the named in his honor until his death on September 15,1945. Sanford Stadiums hedges have encircled the field since the stadiums first game against Yale in 1929, the idea to put hedges around the field came from the Business Manager of the UGA Athletic Department, Charlie Martin
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Athens, Georgia
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Athens is a consolidated city–county in the U. S. state of Georgia, in the northeastern part of the state, comprising the former city of Athens proper and Clarke County. The University of Georgia, the flagship public research university, is located in this college town. In 1991, after a vote the preceding year, the city abandoned its charter to form a unified government with Clarke County. As of the 2010 census, the consolidated city-county had a population of 115,452. Athens is the sixth-largest city in Georgia, and the city of the Athens-Clarke County, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. Athens-Clarke County has the smallest geographical area of a county in Georgia, in the late 18th century, a trading settlement on the banks of the Oconee River called Cedar Shoals stood where Athens is located today. On January 27,1785, the Georgia General Assembly granted a charter by Abraham Baldwin for the University of Georgia as the first state-supported university. Sixteen years later, in 1801, a committee from the board of trustees selected a site for the university on a hill above Cedar Shoals in what was then Jackson County. On July 25, John Milledge, one of the trustees and later governor of Georgia, bought 633 acres from Daniel Easley, Milledge named the surrounding area Athens after the city that was home to the academy of Plato and Aristotle in Greece. The first buildings on the University of Georgia campus were made from logs, the town grew as lots adjacent to the college were sold to raise money for the additional construction of the school. By the time the first class graduated from the university in 1804, completed in 1806 and named in honor of Benjamin Franklin, Franklin College was the University of Georgias and the City of Athens first permanent structure. This brick building is now known as Old College, Athens officially became a town in December 1806 with a government made up of a three-member commission. The university continued to grow, as did the town, with cotton mills fueling the industrial and commercial development, Athens became known as the Manchester of the South after the city in England known for its mills. The university essentially created a reaction of growth in the community which developed on its doorstep. During the American Civil War, Athens became a significant supply center when the New Orleans armory was relocated to what is now called the Chicopee building, fortifications can still be found along parts of the North Oconee River between College and Oconee St. In addition, Athens played a part in the ill-fated Stoneman Raid when a skirmish was fought on a site overlooking the Middle Oconee River near what is now the old Macon Highway. As in many towns, there is a Confederate memorial. It is located on Broad Street, near the University of Georgia Arch, during Reconstruction, Athens continued to grow
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Stegeman Coliseum
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Stegeman Coliseum is a 10, 523-seat multi-purpose arena in Athens, Georgia, United States. It is home to the University of Georgia Bulldogs basketball and gymnastics teams and it was also the venue of the rhythmic gymnastics and preliminary indoor volleyball matches during the 1996 Summer Olympics, as well as the 1989,1995, and 2008 NCAA gymnastics championships. It replaced Woodruff Hall, a 3, 000-seat field house built in 1923, the ceiling is barrel-shaped, with the Sanford Drive side being curved as well. The resulting inside seating is in a U shape, with the flat end, the Sanford Drive side was decorated with the Olympic insignia and other markings for the 1996 Olympics. Also, the roof is a structure from the coliseum itself. The roof has four outward supports in an arc style, which were used in fraternity initiations until gated off. The university has undertaken several renovations, originally, Stegeman Coliseum had a stage at one end. Today, a scoreboard, a new section for student seating, in anticipation of the 1996 Olympic Games, Stegeman Coliseum received new scoreboard systems, including the first video replay board in an SEC basketball venue. In 2000, all of the old, wooden seats in the level were removed, the concrete was resealed. More recently, new LED ribbon boards have been installed around the ring of the Coliseum. The building has undergone several cosmetic changes to the exterior in the past few years. Currently, the university has plans to undertake a drastic overhaul of the building, including dropping the event level down several feet to increase capacity. In October 2006, a practice facility for mens and womens basketball. The Coliseum underwent a $13 million expansion and renovation after the 2009–10 season, also included were 10,000 square feet of expanded lobby space and 30,000 square feet of renovated concourse, restrooms, and concessions. Renovations began on May 12,2010, and were complete in time for the 2010–11 basketball season. The expansion was dedicated on January 18,2011. Georgia upset arch-rival Georgia Tech in the Coliseums first game on February 22,1964, 81–68, the inaugural game set an attendance record of 13,200 that has never been surpassed. The original design afforded the Coliseum 11,200 seats, but in the excitement of the opening of The Jewel of North Georgia and this would be the first and the last time that this was done
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Wassaw Sound
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Wassaw Sound is a bay of the Atlantic Ocean on the coast of Georgia, United States near Savannah at the mouth of the Wilmington River. It was the location of an American Civil War naval battle between the CSS Atlanta and Union ships in 1863 and it is the location of a hydrogen bomb lost by a B-47 Stratojet bomber in 1958. This lost hydrogen bomb is also known as the Tybee Bomb, on the night of February 5,1958 a B-47 Stratojet bomber carrying a hydrogen bomb on a night training flight off the Georgia coast collided with an F-86 Saberjet fighter at 36,000 feet. The collision destroyed the fighter and severely damaged a wing of the bomber, the bombers pilot, Maj. Howard Richardson, was instructed to jettison the H-bomb before attempting a landing. The Pentagon recorded the incident in a top secret memo to the chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. The memo has been declassified, A B-47 aircraft with a nuclear weapon aboard was damaged in a collision with an F-86 aircraft near Sylvania, Georgia. The B-47 aircraft attempted three times unsuccessfully to land with the weapon, the weapon was then jettisoned visually over water off the mouth of the Savannah River. Soon search and rescue teams were sent to the site, Wassaw Sound was cordoned off by United States Air Force troops. For six weeks, the Air Force looked for the bomb without success, underwater divers scoured the depths, troops tromped through nearby salt marshes, and a blimp hovered over the area attempting to spot a hole or crater in the beach or swamp. Then just a later, the search was abruptly halted. The Air Force sent its forces to Florence, South Carolina, the bombs 200 pounds of TNT exploded on impact, sending radioactive debris across the landscape. The explosion caused extensive property damage and several injuries on the ground, fortunately, the weapon itself didnt detonate. The search teams never returned to Tybee Island, and the missing H-bomb was declared lost. The end of the search was noted in a declassified memo from the Pentagon to the AEC. The search for this weapon was discontinued on 4-16-1958 and the weapon is considered irretrievably lost and it is requested that one weapon be made available for release to the United States Department of Defense as a replacement. The bomb was searched for in 2001 and not found. A satirical news website ran a story in February 2015 stating the bomb was found by vacationing Canadian divers, the fake story spread widely via social media. The sound served as the venue for the 1996 Summer Olympics
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Savannah, Georgia
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Savannah is the oldest city in the U. S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County. Established in 1733 on the Savannah River, the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia, a strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War, Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport. It is Georgias fifth-largest city and third-largest metropolitan area, Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe. Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta. On February 12,1733, General James Oglethorpe and settlers from the ship Anne landed at Yamacraw Bluff and were greeted by Tomochichi, the Yamacraws, Mary Musgrove often served as an interpreter. The city of Savannah was founded on that date, along with the colony of Georgia, in 1751, Savannah and the rest of Georgia became a Royal Colony and Savannah was made the colonial capital of Georgia. By the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, Savannah had become the southernmost commercial port of the Thirteen Colonies, British troops took the city in 1778, and the following year a combined force of American and French soldiers failed to rout the British at the Siege of Savannah. The British did not leave the city until July 1782, Savannah, a prosperous seaport throughout the nineteenth century, was the Confederacys sixth most populous city and the prime objective of General William T. Shermans March to the Sea. Early on December 21,1864, local authorities negotiated a surrender to save Savannah from destruction. Savannah was named for the Savannah River, which derives from variant names for the Shawnee. The Shawnee destroyed another Native people, the Westo, and occupied their lands at the head of the Savannah Rivers navigation on the fall line and these Shawnee, whose Native name was Ša·wano·ki, were known by several local variants, including Shawano, Savano, Savana and Savannah. Still other theories suggest that the name Savannah originates from Algonquian terms meaning not only southerners, Savannah lies on the Savannah River, approximately 20 mi upriver from the Atlantic Ocean. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 108.7 square miles. Savannah is the port on the Savannah River and the largest port in the state of Georgia. It is also located near the U. S. Intracoastal Waterway, Georgias Ogeechee River flows toward the Atlantic Ocean some 16 miles south of downtown Savannah. Savannahs climate is classified as humid subtropical, in the Deep South, this is characterized by long and almost tropical summers and short, mild winters. Savannah records few days of freezing temperatures each year, due to its proximity to the Atlantic coast, Savannah rarely experiences temperatures as extreme as those in Georgias interior. Nevertheless, the temperatures have officially ranged from 105 °F, on July 20,1986, down to 3 °F
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Diving at the 1904 Summer Olympics
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At the 1904 Summer Olympics, in St. Louis, diving debuted as an official two-event Olympic sport, exclusive for men. The competitions were held on Monday, September 5,1904 and on Wednesday and it included the only Olympic appearance of the plunge for distance event. A total of ten divers from two nations competed at the St. Louis Games, Germany United States Olympic Medal Winners
41.
Forest Park (St. Louis)
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Forest Park is a public park located in the western portion of the city of St. Louis, Missouri, United States. It is a prominent civic center and covers 1,371 acres, opened in 1876, more than a decade after its proposal, the park has hosted several significant events, including the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 and the 1904 Summer Olympics. Since the early-2000s, it has carried out a $100 million restoration of its facilities through a public-private partnership aided by its Master Plan, changes have extended to improving landscaping and habitat as well. The parks acreage includes meadows and trees and a variety of ponds, manmade lakes, for several years, the park has been restoring prairie and wetlands areas of the park. It has reduced flooding and attracted a greater variety of birds and wildlife. An 1864 plan for a park in the city limits was rejected by St. Louis voters. In 1872, St. Louis developer Hiram Leffingwell proposed a 1, the next year another developer, Andrew McKinley, prepared another proposal that met legal challenges. The tract selected that became Forest Park included a heavily forested 1, using McKinleys proposal as a guide, in 1874 the General Assembly passed the Forest Park Act, which established the park and created a county-wide property tax to fund it. In November 1874, the Missouri Supreme Court upheld the new law and referred all questions of land ownership and value to the circuit court. The largest parcels of land needed for the park belonged to Thomas Skinker, Charles P. Chouteau, Julia Maffitt, and William Forsyth, the city purchased the land for a price of $849,058, with another million dollars dedicated to maintenance and improvement. The state of the parkland in 1876 was rural, on the eastern and western edges of the park were unpaved roads. Flowing through the lowlands and turning southeast in the park was the River des Peres. The southwestern part of the park was heavily forested land, a railroad right-of-way cut through the northeast corner of the park. Maximillian G. Kern and Julius Pitzman, the Prussian-born St. Louis Surveyor, the park was dedicated June 24,1876 with a crowd of about 50,000 in attendance. Officials and a band occupied a music stand and podium, and dedicated a statue of Edward Bates, by the early 1890s, streetcar lines reached the park, carrying nearly 3 million visitors a year. After the closing of the city zoo during this period, its animals were moved to a facility in the park, in 1901, Forest Park was selected as the location of the 1904 Worlds Fair, known as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The fair opened April 30,1904 and closed December 1,1904, in addition to the fair, the park hosted the diving, swimming, and water polo events for the 1904 Summer Olympics. Fifteen sports offered Olympic competition events, but women could compete only in archery, the 1904 Games were the first time that African Americans were allowed to compete
