1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
3.
Bali
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Bali is an island and province of Indonesia. The province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and it is located at the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. Its capital, Denpasar, is located in the part of the island. With a population of 3,890,757 in the 2010 census, and 4,225,000 as of January 2014, the island is home to most of Indonesias Hindu minority. According to the 2010 Census,83. 5% of Balis population adhered to Balinese Hinduism, followed by 13. 4% Muslim, Christianity at 2. 5%, Bali is a popular tourist destination, which has seen a significant rise in tourists since the 1980s. Tourism-related business makes up 80% of its economy and it is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. The Indonesian International Film Festival is held every year in Bali, in March 2017, Tripadvisor named the island the worlds top destination in its Travelers choice award. Bali is part of the Coral Triangle, the area with the highest biodiversity of marine species, in this area alone over 500 reef building coral species can be found. For comparison, this is about 7 times as many as in the entire Caribbean, most recently, Bali was the host of the 2011 ASEAN Summit,2013 APEC and Miss World 2013. Bali is the home of the Subak Irrigation System, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Bali was inhabited around 2000 BC by Austronesian people who migrated originally from Southeast Asia and Oceania through Maritime Southeast Asia. Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are closely related to the people of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the islands west. In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, namely Pasupata, Bhairawa, Siwa Shidanta, Waisnawa, Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora, each sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead. Inscriptions from 896 and 911 dont mention a king, until 914 and they also reveal an independent Bali, with a distinct dialect, where Buddhism and Sivaism were practiced simultaneously. Mpu Sindoks great-granddaughter, Mahendradatta, married the Bali king Udayana Warmadewa around 989 and this marriage also brought more Hinduism and Javanese culture to Bali. Suradhipa reigned from 1115 to 1119, and Jayasakti from 1146 until 1150, jayapangus appears on inscriptions between 1178 and 1181, while Adikuntiketana and his son Paramesvara in 1204. Balinese culture was influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly Hindu culture. The name Bali dwipa has been discovered from inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD. It was during this time that the people developed their complex irrigation system subak to grow rice in wet-field cultivation, some religious and cultural traditions still practiced today can be traced to this period
4.
Capital (political)
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A capital city is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government. In some jurisdictions, including countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements. In some cases, a distinction is made between the capital and the seat of government, which is in another place. The word capital derives from the Latin caput, meaning head, in several English-speaking states, the terms county town, county seat, and borough seat are also used in lower subdivisions. In unitary states, subnational capitals are known as administrative centres. The capital is often, but not necessarily, the largest city of its constituent, historically, the major economic centre of a state or region often becomes the focal point of political power, and becomes a capital through conquest or federation. Examples are Ancient Babylon, Abbasid Baghdad, Ancient Athens, Rome, Constantinople, Changan, Ancient Cusco, Madrid, Paris, London, Moscow, Beijing, Tokyo, Vienna, and Berlin. Some of these cities are or were also religious centres, e. g. Constantinople, Rome, Jerusalem, Ancient Babylon, Moscow, Belgrade, Paris, and Peking. A capital city that is also the economic, cultural. The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal, traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals, e. g. Nanking by Shanghai, Quebec City by Montreal, and numerous US state capitals. The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its city, as occurred at Babylon. Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time capitals have no legal designation as such, for example Bern, Edinburgh, Lisbon, London, Paris, are located in or near them. In Canada, there is a capital, while the ten provinces. The states of such countries as Mexico, Brazil, and Australia all have capital cities, for example, the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide, Brisbane, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney. In Australia, the capital cities is regularly used, to refer to the aforementioned state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra and Darwin. Abu Dhabi is the city of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. In unitary states which consist of multiple constituent countries, such as the United Kingdom or the Kingdom of Denmark, the national capitals of Germany and Russia, the Stadtstaat of Berlin and the Federal City of Moscow, are also constituent states of both countries in their own right
5.
Time in Indonesia
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The Indonesian archipelago geographically stretches across four time zones from UTC+6 in Aceh to UTC+9 in Western Papua. The border between central and eastern time zones runs north from the tip of Timor to the eastern tip of Sulawesi. Daylight saving time is not currently observed in almost all of Indonesia due to its tropical location, the only unofficial exception of this is Muara Teweh and Maurainu, which unofficially uses Western Indonesian Daylight Time. All provinces in the island of Java including major cities such as, Bandung, Surabaya, Jakarta, Semarang, two provinces in Kalimantan island, West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. Including major cities such as, Pontianak, Palangkaraya, and Sampit, Muara Teweh and Maurainu unofficially uses Western Indonesian Daylight Time, which has the same time as Central Indonesian Time. All provinces in the Lesser Sunda Islands including major cities such as, Denpasar, Mataram, three provinces in Kalimantan island, North Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and South Kalimantan, including major cities such as, Balikpapan, Banjarmasin, Samarinda, and Tarakan. IANA time zone identifier is Asia/Makassar Indonesia Eastern Standard Time is observed in, Maluku Islands including major cities such as, Ambon City, Ternate City. All provinces in West Papua including major cities such as, Jayapura, Biak, all provinces in Papua including all major islands in the province. IANA time zone identifier is Asia/Jayapura It observed since January 1,1988. Central and Southern Sumatra Time, was observed in Bengkulu, Palembang and Lampung, Java, Bali, and Borneo Time, was observed in Java, Bali, Madura and Kalimantan. Celebes Time, was observed in Sulawesi and Lesser Sunda Islands, moluccan Time, was observed in Ternate, Namlea, Ambon, Sofifi and Banda. West Irian Time was observed in West Irian and it observed during November 1,1932 to August 31,1944. Dutch New Guinea Time, was observed in West Irian during named Dutch New Guinea because Netherlands still hold West Irian. It observed from September 1,1944 to December 31,1963, Daylight saving time was observed in Jakarta from May 1,1948 to May 1,1950. Its UTC offset during daylight saving time is UTC+08,00. tab, asia/Jakarta Asia/Pontianak Asia/Makassar Asia/Jayapura ASEAN Common Time Time in Malaysia Time in the Philippines Time in Singapore UTC+8 Indonesian Standard Time
6.
Regencies of Indonesia
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This is the list of regencies and cities of Indonesia. Both regencies and cities are second-level administrative subdivision in Indonesia, immediately below the provinces, in Indonesia, both regency and city are at the same administration level, each having their own local government and legislative body. The difference between a regency and a city lies in demography, size and economy, generally, a regency comprises a rural, larger area than a city. A city usually has non-agricultural economic activities, a regency is headed by a regent, known locally as bupati, while a city is headed by a mayor. All regents, mayors and members of legislatures are elected via elections to serve for a five year term which can be renewed once. Each regency or city is divided further into districts more commonly known as kecamatan, an administrative city is a city without its own local legislatures. The mayor of a city is directly appointed by the Governor. This type of city in Indonesia is only found in Jakarta which consisted of 5 administrative cities and 1 administrative regency, following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities became the key administrative units responsible for providing most governmental services. The list below groups regencies and cities in Indonesia by provinces, each regency has an administrative centre, the regency seat. The Indonesian title of bupati is originally a loanword from Sanskrit originating in India, related titles which were also used in precolonial Indonesia are adipati and senapati. A regency is a subdivision of a province in Indonesia. The Indonesian term kabupaten is also translated as municipality. Regencies and cities are divided into Districts, the English name regency comes from the Dutch colonial period, when regencies were ruled by bupati and were known as regentschap. Bupati had been regional lords under the pre-colonial monarchies of Java, when the Dutch abolished or curtailed those monarchies, the bupati were left as the most senior indigenous authority. They were not strictly speaking native rulers because the Dutch claimed full sovereignty over their territory, regencies in Java territorial units were grouped together into Residencies headed by exclusively European Residents. After the independence of Indonesia in 1945, the terms bupati, since the start of Reformasi in 1998 a remarkable secession of district governments has arisen in Indonesia. This process has become known as pemekaran, following the surge of support for decentralisation across Indonesia which occurred following the end of the Soeharto era in 1998, key new decentralisation laws were passed in 1999. Subsequently, there was a jump in the number of regencies from around 300 at the end of 1998 to over 490 in 2008 ten years later, the agreement will be forwarded on for government approval
7.
Badung
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Badung is a regency of Bali, Indonesia. Its regency seat is in Mangupura and it has an area of 418.52 km2 and population of 543,332 and a density of 1,293.37 per square kilometer. It has undergone a boom in the last decade, and has grown into the largest of the suburban regions of Greater Denpasar. It covers Balis most heavy tourist regions, including Kuta, Legian, Seminyak, Jimbaran, Nusa Dua, Canggu, Uluwatu, Badung, and Mengwi. The northern part of the regency is relatively unpopulated, and the part near the coast and west of Denpasar from Jimbaran, ngurah Rai International Airport is located within the Regency. The Regency is divided into six districts, listed below with their 2010 Census populations and it is further subdivided into subdistricts/villages. 20 of the came from various zoos in Europe, another 3 came from Jurong Bird Park in Singapore. If the breeding program gets success, some of them will be released into the wild,4 of the stock to Koelner Zoo and 3 to Jurong Bird Park. There were currently about 500 birds throughout Bali,287 of them in breeding centers, south Bali travel guide from Wikivoyage Official site Map of Badung Regency
8.
Hindu
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Hindu refers to any person who regards themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism. It has historically used as a geographical, cultural, or religious identifier for people indigenous to South Asia. The historical meaning of the term Hindu has evolved with time, by the 16th century, the term began to refer to residents of India who were not Turks or Muslims. The historical development of Hindu self-identity within the Indian population, in a religious or cultural sense, is unclear, competing theories state that Hindu identity developed in the British colonial era, or that it developed post-8th century CE after the Islamic invasion and medieval Hindu-Muslim wars. A sense of Hindu identity and the term Hindu appears in texts dated between the 13th and 18th century in Sanskrit and regional languages. The 14th- and 18th-century Indian poets such as Vidyapati, Kabir and Eknath used the phrase Hindu dharma, the Christian friar Sebastiao Manrique used the term Hindu in religious context in 1649. In the 18th century, the European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus, in contrast to Mohamedans for Mughals, scholars state that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs is a modern phenomenon. Hindoo is a spelling variant, whose use today may be considered derogatory. At more than 1.03 billion, Hindus are the third largest group after Christians. The vast majority of Hindus, approximately 966 million, live in India, according to Indias 2011 census. After India, the next 9 countries with the largest Hindu populations are, in decreasing order, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, United States, Malaysia, United Kingdom and Myanmar. These together accounted for 99% of the worlds Hindu population, the word Hindu is derived from the Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means a large body of water, covering river, ocean. It was used as the name of the Indus river and also referred to its tributaries, the Punjab region, called Sapta Sindhava in the Vedas, is called Hapta Hindu in Zend Avesta. The 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I mentions the province of Hidush, the people of India were referred to as Hinduvān and hindavī was used as the adjective for Indian in the 8th century text Chachnama. The term Hindu in these ancient records is an ethno-geographical term, the Arabic equivalent Al-Hind likewise referred to the country of India. Among the earliest known records of Hindu with connotations of religion may be in the 7th-century CE Chinese text Record of the Western Regions by the Buddhist scholar Xuanzang, Xuanzang uses the transliterated term In-tu whose connotation overflows in the religious according to Arvind Sharma. The Hindu community occurs as the amorphous Other of the Muslim community in the court chronicles, wilfred Cantwell Smith notes that Hindu retained its geographical reference initially, Indian, indigenous, local, virtually native. Slowly, the Indian groups themselves started using the term, differentiating themselves, the poet Vidyapatis poem Kirtilata contrasts the cultures of Hindus and Turks in a city and concludes The Hindus and the Turks live close together, Each makes fun of the others religion
9.
Ubud
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Ubud is a town on the Indonesian island of Bali in Ubud District, located amongst rice paddies and steep ravines in the central foothills of the Gianyar regency. Promoted as an arts and culture centre, it has developed a tourism industry. Ubud has a population of about 30,000 people and it can be difficult for visitors to distinguish the town itself from the 13 villages that surround it. The area surrounding the town is made up of farms, rice paddies. Eighth-century legend tells of a Javanese priest, Rsi Markendya, who meditated at the confluence of two rivers at the Ubud locality of Campuan, here he founded the Gunung Lebah Temple on the valley floor, the site of which remains a pilgrim destination. The town was important as a source of medicinal herbs and plants. In the late century, Ubud became the seat of feudal lords who owed their allegiance to the king of Gianyar. The lords were members of the Balinese Kshatriya caste of Sukawati, tourism on the island developed after the arrival of Walter Spies, an ethnic German born in Russia who taught painting and music, and dabbled in dance. Spies and foreign painters Willem Hofker and Rudolf Bonnet entertained celebrities including Charlie Chaplin, Noël Coward, Barbara Hutton, H. G. Wells and Vicki Baum. They brought in some of the greatest artists from all over Bali to teach and train the Balinese in arts, a new burst of creative energy came in the 1960s after the arrival of Dutch painter Arie Smit and the development of the Young Artists Movement. The Bali tourist boom since the late 1960s has seen development in the town, however. The main street is Jalan Raya Ubud, which runs east–west through the center of town, two long roads, Jalan Monkey Forest and Jalan Hanoman, extend south from Jalan Raya Ubud. Puri Saren Agung is a palace located at the intersection of Monkey Forest. The residence of Tjokorda Gede Agung Sukawati, the last ruling monarch of Ubud, dance performances and ceremonies are held in its courtyard. The palace was one of Ubuds first hotels, opening its doors back in the 1930s. A number of Hindu temples exist, such as Pura Desa Ubud, which is the temple, Pura Taman Saraswati, and Pura Dalem Agung Padangtegal. The Gunung Kawi temple is the site of the royal tombs, goa Gajah, also known as the Elephant Cave, is located in a steep valley just outside Ubud near the town of Bedulu. The Moon of Pejeng, in nearby Pejeng, is the largest single-cast bronze kettle drum in the world and it is a popular destination for tourists interested in local culture
10.
Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung
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Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung was the Raja of Gianyar. He studied law at the Rechtshogeschool in Batavia and obtained a Doctorate of History in the Netherlands and he served as the premier for Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati, a key figure in the East Indonesian government based in Sulawesi. In this role, he played a part in the Round Table Conference that finally led to Dutch recognition of Indonesias independence. Following the transfer of sovereignty on December 27,1949, Agung served as a member of the short-lived RUSI Cabinet where he served as Minister of the Interior, due to his Federalist sympathies, he politically feuded with Sukarno who advocated a unitary Republic of Indonesia. During the Sukarno presidency, Agung served as Indonesias Foreign Minister between 1955 and 1956, and was a participant in the West New Guinea dispute, later, he was imprisoned by the Sukarno regime between 1962 and 1966 but was never brought to trial. During the New Order era, Agung served as Indonesias Ambassador to Austria, during his time overseas, Agung also authored Twenty years Indonesian foreign policy 1945-1965, a 660-page history of Indonesian foreign policy during the Sukarno era. In his book, Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung argued that Indonesian foreign policy was based on the principles of independence and action, Agung also argued that Sukarno abandoned Indonesias independent foreign policy by aligning Indonesia with China and embarking on a policy of Confrontation against Malaysia. Agung died in 1999 and he was named a National Hero of the Republic of Indonesia in 2007, Twenty years Indonesian foreign policy 1945-1965. Crows Nest, NSW, Allan & Unwin, – translated from the French to English by Waverley Root as – Challenge to terror. State, Society and Political Conflict in Bali, 1945-1946 - Indonesia, Vol.45, April,1988, pp. 1–48
11.
Badung Regency
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Badung is a regency of Bali, Indonesia. Its regency seat is in Mangupura and it has an area of 418.52 km2 and population of 543,332 and a density of 1,293.37 per square kilometer. It has undergone a boom in the last decade, and has grown into the largest of the suburban regions of Greater Denpasar. It covers Balis most heavy tourist regions, including Kuta, Legian, Seminyak, Jimbaran, Nusa Dua, Canggu, Uluwatu, Badung, and Mengwi. The northern part of the regency is relatively unpopulated, and the part near the coast and west of Denpasar from Jimbaran, ngurah Rai International Airport is located within the Regency. The Regency is divided into six districts, listed below with their 2010 Census populations and it is further subdivided into subdistricts/villages. 20 of the came from various zoos in Europe, another 3 came from Jurong Bird Park in Singapore. If the breeding program gets success, some of them will be released into the wild,4 of the stock to Koelner Zoo and 3 to Jurong Bird Park. There were currently about 500 birds throughout Bali,287 of them in breeding centers, south Bali travel guide from Wikivoyage Official site Map of Badung Regency
12.
Denpasar
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Denpasar is the capital of Bali. Situated on the Bali island, it is worldwide as a major tourist destination. The city is also a hub for cities in the Lesser Sunda Islands. With the rapid growth of the industry in Bali, Denpasar has encouraged and promoted business activities and ventures. The population of Denpasar was 834,881 in 2012, up from 788,445 at the 2010 Census, the surrounding metropolitan area has roughly 2 million residents. The municipalitys area extent, population, and density are similar to San Francisco, in the 18th and 19th century, Denpasar functioned as the capital of the Hindu Majapahit Kingdom of Badung. Thus, the city was formerly called Badung, the royal palace was looted and razed during the Dutch intervention in 1906. In 1958 Denpasar became the seat of government for the Province of Bali and it remained the administrative centre of both Badung Regency and the City of Denpasar. Both Denpasar and Badung Regency have experienced physical, economic. Denpasar has become not only the seat of government, but also the centre of commerce, education, industry, average population growth of 4. 05% per annum, accompanied by rapid development, led to a variety of urban problems. It was resolved that meeting the needs and demands of the urban community would best be addressed by giving Denpasar administrative independence from Badung Regency. Agreement was reached to raise the status of Denpasar to that of an autonomous City and it was inaugurated by the Minister of Home Affairs on 27 February 1992. On 16 November 2009, in an administrative realignment, Regulation Number 67 shifted the capital of Badung Regency from Denpasar to Mangupura. Denpasar is located at a height of 0-75 mdpl, while the total area of 127.78 km² or 2. 18% of the total area of Bali Province. From the use of land,2,768 hectares of land are paddy,10,001 hectares are dry land, Badung River divides Denpasar, after which the river empties into the Gulf of Benoa. Denpasar, located just south of the equator, has a wet and dry climate, with hot. Due to this there is little change throughout the year. Unlike many cities outside Indonesia with this climate, there is little seasonal temperature change
13.
Tampaksiring
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Tampaksiring is a town in central Bali, Gianyar Regency, Indonesia. It is the home to the Gunung Kawi Temple and archaeological site, the word Tampak in Balinese means foot, while Siring means Oblique. According to the legend the slope of the mountain where the stands today, was created by footstep of a king named Mayadenawa. Tampaksiring was also one of the kingdom during Balis pre-colonial period. The town is home to Tirta Empul Temple Villages around Tampaksiring are, Manukaya, Pejeng, Pejeng Kaja, Pejeng Kangin, Pejeng Kawan, Pejeng Kelod, Sanding, Tampaksiring is also location of one of the 6 presidential palaces in Indonesia. The Palace was built between 1957-1960 at the initiation of President Soekarno, the buildings of the complex are scattered around on an area covering 19 hectare. The main palace building are built on a higher ground overlooking Tampaksiring Tirta Empul Temple, central Bali travel guide from Wikivoyage
14.
World Surf League
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The World Surf League is a governing body for professional surfers and is dedicated to showcasing the world’s best talent in a variety of progressive formats. It was known as the Association of Surfing Professionals from 1983 to 2014, the organization was founded in 1976 by Hawaiian surfers Fred Hemmings and Randy Rarick. In 2013, the ASP was acquired by ZoSea, backed by Paul Speaker, Terry Hardy, at the start of the 2015 season, the ASP changed its name to the World Surf League. As of 2016, the WSL CEO is Paul Speaker, a non-surfer and former NFL executive who had produced the Quiksilver Pro New York. In March 2015, WSL launched a free app, which garnered more than a million downloads in its first year. The app provides real-time updates on competitions and provides personalized alerts, in April 2016, the World Surf League introduced WSL PURE, its philanthropic initiative dedicated to supporting ocean health through research, education and advocacy. WSL PURE has contributed an initial $1,1964 to 1972, International Surfing Federation held the World Surfing Championships as a single event every two years and was open to all comers. 1976 to 1982, International Professional Surfers was the world governing body of professional surfing. The predecessors of the WSL relates to what organization predominantly represented individual professional surfers at that time and this is an important point because the International Surfing Federation still functions to this day as the International Surfing Association and also refers to competition winners as world champions. Ian Cairns watched the demise of the IPS commence throughout 1982, in January 1983, Cairns launched the ASP and lured the world circuit organizers to the new organization, which effectively pushed aside the IPS who were left to operate only the Hawaiian pro events. By December 1984, the ASP had sanctioned the IPS controlled Pipeline Masters as a specialty event available to ASP members to enter for the first time, at the start of the 2015 season, the ASP changed its name to the World Surf League. The WSL has remained the predominant surfing organization and sanctioning body for professional surfers since its formation, the WSLs first world champions were Tom Carroll and Kim Mearig in 1983. Membership to the WSL is only available to individuals, WSL Big Wave Tour World Surf League =2015 The WSL World Title Race is used to determine the WSL Mens World Title and the WSL Women’s World Title. The winner is referred to as the WSL Tour Champion, in 2015, the WSL Mens World Title is given to the surfer with the most accumulated points from their respective best 9 results from the 11 WSL World Tour events. In 2015, the WSL Women’s World Title is given to the surfer with the most accumulated points from their respective best 8 results from the 10 WSL Women’s Championship Tour events. The WSL Mens Championship Tour is the elite competition consisting of the best 34 professional surfers competing in 11 events. The WSL Mens prize money for winning a CT event is $100,000 US, the WSL Womens Championship Tour is the womens elite competition consisting of the best 17 professional surfers competing in 10 events. The WSL women prize money for winning a CT event is $60,000 US, event results are converted to points and count towards the WSL World Title Race and the ultimate prize of being called the WSL World Tour Champion
15.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
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Bali United F.C.
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Bali United Football Club is a professional football club based in Gianyar Regency, Bali, Indonesia that competes in Liga 1, an official competition that replaced Indonesia Super League. Nicknamed Serdadu Tridatu, the club was founded as Putra Samarinda in 1989, changed its name to Bali United in 2015 and moved to its current stadium, Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium, the club was formed in 1989 as Putra Samarinda Football Club. Putra Samarinda competed in Galatama and later in Liga Indonesia since that competition formed in 1994/1995, Putra Samarinda experiencing financial difficulties since Galatama and Perserikatan merge into one competition. In 2003, Putra Samarinda and Persisam, Perserikatan club that funded by APBD Samarinda merged to form Persisam Putra Samarinda, the team was relocated from Samarinda, East Kalimantan to Gianyar, Bali. Another reason was due to fans in Samarinda prefer to support Pusamania Borneo F. C. more than Persisam. Bali United plays their matches at Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium after moving their homebase from Samarinda to Bali. For the primary training ground, Bali United uses Trisakti Field in Legian, the club colors are officially red, white, and black, based on the sacred color Tridatu. Their supporter is called Semeton Dewata, that comes from the word Semeton meaning brother and Dewata meaning Balis nickname, also there is Lady Dewata for female supporters. Semeton Dewata usually fill the east stand of Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium, there are two more big supporter groups, North Side Boys 12 that fill the north stand and Brigaz that fill the south stand. The mascot of Bali United is Jalbo that takes shape of Jalak Bali, shirt Sponsors Indofood Bank Ina Anker Sport Torabika Achilles Radial Mobil 1 DMID bareksa. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality, source, As Bali United Paris Saint-Germain As of April 2nd 2017
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Liga 1 (Indonesia)
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Liga 1, formerly known as the Indonesia Super League, is the highest professional level competition for football clubs in Indonesia. The Football Association of Indonesia announced in January 2017 that the ISL would be renamed Liga 1 and it was currently sponsored by Qatar National Bank in 2015, thus officially known as the QNB League in 2015. In 2017 it was renamed as Liga 1, before 2008 the highest level of professional football competition in Indonesia was the Premier Division. It used the format of double round-robin first round and single eliminations second round. A team could use four foreign players on the field each game including a least one player from the AFC confederation, List of football clubs in Indonesia List of top-division football clubs in AFC countries RSSSF. com - Indonesia - List of Champions
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Samarinda
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Samarinda is the capital of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. The city lies on the banks of the Mahakam River and it is the most populous city on the entire Borneo island, with an estimated population of 842,691, up from 726,223 at the 2010 Census. Although it is the capital of East Kalimantan, some government institutions such as the Police, Indonesian Army District VI Of Tanjung Pura, Samarinda is known for its traditional food amplang, as well as the cloth sarung samarinda. The city also has a bridge connecting its river banks, Mahakam Bridge, the city center is on one side and the other side is named Samarinda Seberang. At the start of the Gowa War, the Dutch under Admiral Speelmans command attacked Makassar from the sea, meanwhile, the Netherlands local ally Arung Palaka led a ground attack. The Kingdom of Gowa was forced to surrender and Sultan Hassanudin was made to sign the Treaty of Bongaja on 19 November 1667, the treaty did not quell all trouble for the Dutch however, since the Bugis from Gowa continued their struggle using guerilla tactics. Some Buginese moved to other close by such as Kalimantan. A few thousand led by Lamohang Daeng Mangkona or Pua Ado I, moved to East Kalimantan, known then as Kutai. The Sultan of Kutai gave the land in Kampung Melantai around the Karang Mumus River, now known as Kampung Selili. In payment, the Bugis people promised to help the Sultan defend Kutai whenever needed, the arrival of the first Bugis on 21 January 1668 was chosen to mark the citys anniversary. Samarinda was a small, sleepy town in 1942 with several oil fields in the vicinity. It was occupied by the Japanese after the Dutch East Indies had fallen, in 1955, the Apostolic Vicariate of Samarinda was established in the city. In 1961, it was promoted as the Diocese of Samarinda, in 2003, the diocese was promoted as the. At that time houses were built on a raft and generally had the same height. This provided important social symbolism of equality between residents, no house, and thus no person, was seen as higher or lower than another. They named the settlement Samarenda, meaning equal in height, after hundreds of years of use the pronunciation of the name changed slightly and the city became known as Samarinda. Samarinda Airport is one of the Kaltims busiest airports in terms of passenger and cargo movement, serving more than 126 thousand passengers,3 airlines operate at the airport and it is the primary hub of Kaltim Airlines. The territorys population in 2014 is 800,000, with an annual growth rate of 6. 7% over the previous 5 years
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East Kalimantan
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East Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the portion of Borneo. It has a population of about 3.5 million, East Kalimantan has a total area of 129,066.64 square kilometres and is the second least densely populated province in Kalimantan. The majority of the region shares a border to the east with West Sulawesi and North Sulawesi, its coastline faces the Makassar Strait. Its former northernmost region is now North Kalimantan, to its south, the province bordered Sabah before the split, but still borders Sarawak. East Kalimantan is now divided into six regencies and three cities, awang Faroek Ishak is its governor and Mukmin Faisal as its vice governor. East Kalimantan was once covered by tropical rainforest. There are several kingdoms in East Kalimantan, including the Kingdom of Kutai, Sultanate of Kutai ing Martadipura, between the years 1620-1624, kingdoms in East Kalimantan turned into an area influence of the Sultanate of Sultan Alauddin Makassar, before the Bungaya agreement. On May 4,1826, Sultan Adam al-wathiq Billah of Banjar reaffirmed the handover East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, part of West, in 1846, the Dutch began to put a Resident Assistant in East Borneo at Samarinda named H. Von Dewall. East Kalimantan is then part of the Dutch East Indies, East Kalimantan Province in addition to a unity administration, as well as ecological and historical unity. East Kalimantan as the area was established based on the Law No.25 of 1956 with the first governor is APT Pranoto. While the three Municipalities are Balikpapan, Samarinda, Bontang, East Kalimantan is one of the main gates in the eastern part of Indonesia. Provinsi River East Kalimantan is located in the most eastern island of Borneo. East Kalimantan mainland can not be separated from the hills are almost all districts, the number of lakes in the province is also quite a lot of about 18 pieces. Most lakes are located in the Kutai regency with the most extensive lake that is Lake Semayang and Melintang, such a climate of Indonesia in general, East Kalimantan tropical climate and has two seasons, dry and rainy seasons. The dry season occurs in May to October, while the rainy season in November to April. This situation continued every year interspersed with transitional season in certain months, moreover, because of its location on the equator, the climate in East Kalimantan are also affected by wind Monsoon, Monsoon wind is November–April West and East Monsoon winds from May to October. But in recent years, the situation in East Kalimantan season sometimes erratic, in the months that was supposed to rain in reality there is no rain at all, or vice versa in the months that should dry it rains with a much longer time. Temperatures somewhere high and low is determined by the area of the ocean surface, in general, East Kalimantan hot climates with temperatures in 2013 ranged from 21.6 ⁰C in Berau October to 35.6 ⁰C in Berau in September
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Gianyar Regency
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Gianyar is a regency in the Indonesian province and island of Bali, Indonesia. It has an area of 368 km2 and population of 470,380, the civil registry survey of April 2011 listed 480,447 people, of which 469,929 were classified as Hindu. The town of Ubud, a centre of art and tourism, is located in Gianyar, unlike the Badung Regency and Denpasar where condotels and apartments remain in high demand for tourist developers and investors, Gianyar Regency wants to protect local entrepreneurs. 8% Hindu. Black sandy beach in Keramas Beach, Blahbatuh district has hosted international surfing competitions in the last couple of years with limited facilities such as uneven road and no parking lots. On June 18–29,2013, Keramas Beach was on the Association of Surfing Professionals s 2013 Mens World Champhionship Tour schedule as the Oakley Bali Pro, media related to Gianyar Regency at Wikimedia Commons Central Bali travel guide from Wikivoyage
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Borneo F.C.
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Borneo Football Club is an Indonesian football club based in Samarinda, East Kalimantan. They currently compete in Liga 1, Pusamania Borneo F. C. was formed by former Putra Samarinda supporters who were dissatisfied with their teams lack of achievements. C. After beating PSGC Ciamis on penalties in the 2014 Liga Indonesia Premier Division semifinal, on November 27,2014, Pusamania Borneo won their first title by becoming champion of the 2014 Liga Indonesia Premier Division after beating Persiwa Wamena 2–1 in the final. Suzuki signed a sponsorship deal with Pusamania Borneo F. C. on April 22,2014. On May 2,2014, Bankaltim became their sponsor for home. Town Salvo Pusamania Borneo F. C. play their matches at Segiri Samarinda Stadium. They use Sempaja Stadium for training, NOTE, Starting 2016 season, PT Gelora Trisula has reduced the number of foreign players allowed to be used by clubs to only four players. As of 9 April 2017 Note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. C
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Regency (Indonesia)
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This is the list of regencies and cities of Indonesia. Both regencies and cities are second-level administrative subdivision in Indonesia, immediately below the provinces, in Indonesia, both regency and city are at the same administration level, each having their own local government and legislative body. The difference between a regency and a city lies in demography, size and economy, generally, a regency comprises a rural, larger area than a city. A city usually has non-agricultural economic activities, a regency is headed by a regent, known locally as bupati, while a city is headed by a mayor. All regents, mayors and members of legislatures are elected via elections to serve for a five year term which can be renewed once. Each regency or city is divided further into districts more commonly known as kecamatan, an administrative city is a city without its own local legislatures. The mayor of a city is directly appointed by the Governor. This type of city in Indonesia is only found in Jakarta which consisted of 5 administrative cities and 1 administrative regency, following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities became the key administrative units responsible for providing most governmental services. The list below groups regencies and cities in Indonesia by provinces, each regency has an administrative centre, the regency seat. The Indonesian title of bupati is originally a loanword from Sanskrit originating in India, related titles which were also used in precolonial Indonesia are adipati and senapati. A regency is a subdivision of a province in Indonesia. The Indonesian term kabupaten is also translated as municipality. Regencies and cities are divided into Districts, the English name regency comes from the Dutch colonial period, when regencies were ruled by bupati and were known as regentschap. Bupati had been regional lords under the pre-colonial monarchies of Java, when the Dutch abolished or curtailed those monarchies, the bupati were left as the most senior indigenous authority. They were not strictly speaking native rulers because the Dutch claimed full sovereignty over their territory, regencies in Java territorial units were grouped together into Residencies headed by exclusively European Residents. After the independence of Indonesia in 1945, the terms bupati, since the start of Reformasi in 1998 a remarkable secession of district governments has arisen in Indonesia. This process has become known as pemekaran, following the surge of support for decentralisation across Indonesia which occurred following the end of the Soeharto era in 1998, key new decentralisation laws were passed in 1999. Subsequently, there was a jump in the number of regencies from around 300 at the end of 1998 to over 490 in 2008 ten years later, the agreement will be forwarded on for government approval
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Bangli Regency
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Bangli is a regency of Bali, Indonesia. It has an area of 520.81 km2 and population of 197,210, up till 1907, Bangli was one of the nine kingdoms of Bali. The capital has a famous Hindu temple, the Pura Kehen, Bangli also has one village, lies surround a hill, Demulih. The northern part of the district included the road to the north coast passing through Kintamani. From the Demulih hill, Bali Island, particularly its southern part can be seen – Kuta, Nusa Dua, Gianyar, the regency is divided into four districts, Susut Bangli Tembuku Kintamani East Bali travel guide from Wikivoyage
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Buleleng Regency
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For the district see Buleleng, Bali Buleleng is a regency of Bali, Indonesia. It has an area of 1,365.88 km2, Buleleng was founded as a kingdom by Gusti Panji Sakti, who ruled c. He is commemorated as a heroic ancestor-figure who expanded the power of Buleleng to Blambangan on East Java, the kingdom was weakened during his successors, and fell under the suzerainty of the neighbouring Karangasem kingdom in the second half of the 18th century. It was headed by an branch of the Karangasem Dynasty in 1806-1849. The Dutch attacked Buleleng in 1846,1848 and 1849, Buleleng was incorporated in the Dutch colonial system and lost its autonomy in 1882. In 1929 a descendant of Gusti Panji Sakti, the renowned scholar Gusti Putu Jelantik, was appointed regent by the Dutch and he died in 1944, during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. His son, a well-known novelist, Anak Agung Nyoman Panji Tisna, in 1947, Anak Agung Pandji Tisna surrendered the throne to his younger brother, Anak Agung Ngurah Ketut Djelantik, known as Meester Djelantik, until 1950. In 1949-50 Buleleng, like the rest of Bali, was incorporated in the republic of Indonesia. The Regency is divided into nine kecamatan, listed below with their 2010 Census populations and it is further subdivided into kelurahan / desa or subdistricts / villages. Gerokgak 78,825 Seririt 69,572 Busung Biu 39,719 Banjar 68,960 Sukasada 72,050 Buleleng 128,899 Sawan 58,578 Kubutambahan 53,765 Tejakula 53,757 Lt. Col, wisnu Airfield, located in the Sumberkima village. By 2014 it will be used for flights after the extended runway is completed. A research of new airport had been completed in line of congestion of Ngurah Rai International Airport in 2017, the new two runways airport will be built in the east part of Buleleng Regency and will be connected by railway to the existing airport. Many big pearl producers have developed a 130.9 hectares in Gerokgak village as an area for pearl breeding and it will enlarge to 250 hectares swath of water stretching from Gerokgak to Kubutambahan. Bali, Indonesias Hindu Realm, A short history of, north Bali travel guide from Wikivoyage
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Karangasem Regency
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Karangasem Regency is a regency of Bali, Indonesia. It covers the east part of Bali, has an area of 839.54 km2, karangasem was devastated when Mount Agung erupted in 1963, killing 1,900 people. Karangasem was a kingdom before Bali was conquered by the Dutch, Saren Jawa village is home to 100 Muslims families and surrounded by Balinese Hindus villages following the Siwa-Buda belief system, an amalgamation of Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhist. The people of Saren Jawa use Balinese first names before their Muslim last names, interesting places are, The Mother Temple of Besakih Tenganan, a Bali Aga village, with inhabitants who still live according to their ancient traditions Beach town of Amed. Candidasa is a starting point for visiting places along the beautiful east coast of Bali. A little east of Candidasa, the village Bugbug is located and its inhabitants celebrate the Perang Dawa every other year at full moon of the fourth month. People of all nearby villages then climb to the top of a hill, the beach is hidden among two cliffs/hills, Bugbug Cliff and Prasi Cliff. East Bali travel guide from Wikivoyage Official site Official site
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Klungkung Regency
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Klungkung is the smallest regency of Bali, Indonesia. It has an area of 315 km2 and population of approximately 180,000, Klungkung town is easily reached from Gianyar via the highway. The regency is famous for its classic Balinese paintings which depict the story of the epics like Mahabharata or Ramayana. These classical style paintings come from the frescoes of the Balinese Palaces, semarajaya Museum is also located in the area. Some 60% of the area of Klungkung is made of the three offshore islands of Nusa Penida, Nusa Ceningan and Nusa Lembongan, which together form Nusa Penida District
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Tabanan Regency
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Tabanan is a regency of Bali, Indonesia. It has an area of 839.33 km2 and population of 386,850, lies at an altitude of 700 meters, the cool atmosphere of more original beautiful Jatiluwih is better than the most well known Tegallalang which has plenty of cafes and souvenir shops. Two routes to Jatiluwih are Denpasar>Kediri>Tabanan>Penebel>Jatiluwih or Denpasar>Mengwi>Baturiti>Jatiluwih, Jatiluwih has gain acknowledgement from UNESCO as part of the worlds cultural heritage. The administration has also decided 300-hectare protected paddy field zone with a 100-hectare housing zone lies outside the protected zone, tabanan travel guide from Wikivoyage Official site
Media related to Gianyar Regency at Wikimedia Commons 
Central Bali travel guide from Wikivoyage
