1.
Salvador, Bahia
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Salvador, also known as São Salvador, Salvador de Bahia, and Salvador da Bahia, is the capital of the Brazilian state of Bahia. With 2.9 million people, it is the largest city proper in the Northeast Region, founded by the Portuguese in 1549 as the first capital of Brazil, Salvador is one of the oldest colonial cities in the Americas. A sharp escarpment divides its Lower Town from its Upper Town by some 85 meters, the Elevador Lacerda, Brazils first elevator, has connected the two since 1873. The Pelourinho district of the town, still home to many examples of Portuguese colonial architecture. The citys cathedral is the see of the primate of Brazil, Salvador was the first slave port in the Americas and the African influence of the slaves descendants makes it a center of Afro-Brazilian culture. The city is noted for its cuisine, music, and architecture, Porto da Barra Beach in Barra has been named one of the best beaches in the world. Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova was the site of the games during the 2014 Brazilian World Cup. Salvador forms the heart of the Recôncavo, Bahias rich agricultural and industrial maritime district and its metropolitan area, housing 3,953,290 people forms the wealthiest one in Brazils Northeast Region. Salvador lies on a small, roughly triangular peninsula that separates the Bay of All Saints from the Atlantic Ocean, the bay is the largest in Brazil and the 2nd-largest in the world. It was first reached by Gaspar de Lemos in 1501, just one year after Cabrals purported discovery of Brazil, the first European to settle nearby was Diogo Álvares Correia, who was shipwrecked off the end of the peninsula in 1509. He lived among the Tupinambá, marrying Guaibimpara and others, mistreatment of the Tupinambá by the settlers caused them to turn hostile and the Portuguese were forced to flee to Porto Seguro c. 1546. An attempted restoration of the colony the next year ended in shipwreck, the present city was established as the fortress of São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos in 1549 by Portuguese settlers under Tomé de Sousa, Brazils first governor-general. It is one of the oldest cities founded by Europeans in the Americas, from a cliff overlooking the Bay of All Saints, it served as Brazils first capital and quickly became a major port for its slave trade and sugarcane industry. Salvador was long divided into an upper and a lower city, the upper city formed the administrative, religious, and primary residential districts while the lower city was the commercial center, with a port and market. In 1572, the Governorate of Brazil was divided into the governorates of Bahia in the north. These were reunited as Brazil six years later, then redivided from 1607 to 1613, by that time, Portugal had become united with Spain and was ruled from Madrid by its kings. As Spain was then prosecuting a war against the independence of the Dutch, Salvador played a strategically vital role against Dutch Brazil, but was captured and sacked by a West India Company fleet under Jacob Willekens and Piet Hein on 10 May 1624. Johan van Dorth administered the colony before his assassination, freeing its slaves, the city was recaptured by a Luso-Spanish fleet under Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Mendoza on 1 May 1625
2.
Federal University of Bahia
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The Federal University of Bahia is a public university located mainly in the city of Salvador. It is the largest university of the state of Bahia, students can study there without paying tuition fees, as it is a public university. To join the university they must pass an examination, known as the vestibular. UFBA was created on April 8,1946, through Decree-Law 9155, the actual installation of the university took place on July 2,1946, the oldest center of higher education in the country, the School of Medicine at the Shrine of Jesus. Four years later, the Federal University of Bahia was federalized, on December 4,1950, the government enacted the 2234 law setting the Federal System of Higher Education. Since then, the university has been called the Federal University of Bahia, from that date onwards, new courses were created to meet the scientific and cultural needs of society. The work was coordinated by Edgard Santos, dean of the university from 1946 to 1961, the university has 57 undergraduate courses,82 post-graduate courses and more than 100 postgraduate courses. UFBA is one of the first universities in Brazil, having locations throughout the capital of Bahia and one inside, in 2008, there were three campuses. The candidates per vacancy average was 6.2, the UFBAs Cooperation Agreements has 32 countries
3.
Green Party (Brazil)
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One of the partys founding members was the journalist and former anti-dictatorship revolutionary Fernando Gabeira, Alfredo Sirkis and Carlos Minc. The party, however, argues to be in a position on the spectrum that supposedly goes beyond the issue left-right. Many critics also believe that the party broke the limit not to be a party set in the context of the legends of rent. The Green Party was established in January 1986, at the last legislative elections,3 October 2010, the party won 15 out of 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and no out of 81 seats in the Senate. After Lulas election as president of Brazil in 2002, the Green Party was assigned the Ministry of Culture, to which pop singer Gilberto Gil was appointed. The party is divided in the state in 21 river basins and they are bringing together the municipal executive of the party. The state chairman of the party, provisionally, is Belizário Marcos, the party is not a major political force in the country, unlike some of its similar Europeans. For a long time its sole representative in Congress was the National Deputy Federal Fernando Gabeira, another ticket highlight is deputy Zequinha Sarney, of Maranhao, former Minister of the Environment in the government Fernando Henrique Cardoso. The party also differs from similar Europeans in low turnover in partisan positions, in the meantime, it is equal to the other Brazilian political associations. After the aggregation of votes, on 3 October 2006, the Green Party reached 3. 6% of valid votes, in 2007, the National Convention was held in Brasília – DF, marked by legal challenges and complaints about the misuse of the Fund Partidário. Justice has come to stop the vote, guaranteed by point, some critics of the administration of Penna in national PV were threatened with expulsion or expelled, as Paulo Moraes and Francis of Assisi. Complaints pass and the TSE evaluates suspend the fund of the party in 2008, mr. Gabeira also speaks about reviewing the programs subtitle, which has since been widely criticised in the media
4.
World music
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The term was popularized in the 1980s as a marketing category for non-Western traditional music. Globalization has facilitated the expansion of world musics audiences and scope and it has grown to include hybrid subgenres such as world fusion, global fusion, ethnic fusion, and worldbeat. To enhance the process of learning, he invited more than a dozen visiting performers from Africa and Asia, the term became current in the 1980s as a marketing/classificatory device in the media and the music industry. There are several conflicting definitions for world music, one is that it consists of all the music in the world, though such a broad definition renders the term virtually meaningless. The term also is taken as a classification of music that combines Western popular music styles with one of many genres of music that are also described as folk music or ethnic music. However, world music is not exclusively traditional folk music and it may include cutting edge pop music styles as well. Succinctly, it can be described as music from out there. It is a nebulous term with an increasing number of genres that fall under the umbrella of world music to capture musical trends of combined ethnic style and texture. As a result, definitions of the genre have become particularly varied, similar terminology between distinctly different sub-categories under primary music genres, such as world, rock and pop can be as ambiguous and confusing to industry moguls as it is to consumers. In a report on the 2014 globalFEST National Public Radios Anastasia Tsioulcas said Even within the music community. Whats more, I believe that in peoples imaginations, world music means a kind of fairly awful, gloppy, hippy-ish. Its a problematic, horrible term that satisfies absolutely no one, the Breton musician Alan Stivell pioneered the connection between traditional folk music, modern rock music and world music with his 1972 album Renaissance of the Celtic Harp. At this time, Stivells contemporary, Welsh singer-songwriter Meic Stevens popularised Welsh folk music, more recently, other Welsh-language bands such as Calan and 9 Bach have achieved international acclaim. The broad category of music includes isolated forms of ethnic music from diverse geographical regions. These dissimilar strains of music are commonly categorized together by virtue of their indigenous roots. World fusion / Worldbeat / Ethnic fusion / Global fusion can also blend specific indigenous sounds with more blatant elements of Western pop. Depending on style and context, world music can sometimes share the music genre. Good examples are Tibetan bowls, Tuvan throat singing, Gregorian chant or Native American flute music, World music blended with new-age music is a sound, loosely classified as the hybrid genre, ethnic fusion
5.
Samba
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It is recognized around the world as a symbol of Brazil and the Brazilian Carnival. Considered one of the most popular Brazilian cultural expressions, samba has become an icon of Brazilian national identity. The Bahian Samba de Roda, which became a UNESCO Heritage of Humanity in 2005, is the root of the samba carioca. Traditionally, the samba is played by strings and various instruments such as tamborim. Influenced by American orchestras in vogue since the Second World War and the impact of US music post-war, samba began to use trombones, trumpets, choros, flutes. Anonymous community artists, including painters, sculptors, designers, and stylists, make the clothes, costumes, carnival floats, there is also a great tradition of ballroom samba in Brazil, with many styles. The Samba National Day is celebrated on December 2, the date was established at the initiative of Luis Monteiro da Costa, an Alderman of Salvador, in honor of Ary Barroso. He composed Na Baixa do Sapateiro even though he had never been in Bahia, thus 2 December marked the first visit of Ary Barroso to Salvador. Initially, this day was celebrated only in Salvador, but eventually it turned into a national holiday, Samba is a local style in Southeastern Brazil and Northeast Brazil, especially in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Salvador and Recife. The etymology of samba is uncertain, possibilites include, The Portuguese verb sambar, to do joiners work, and the Portuguese noun sambúco, a historic string instrument, a kind of harp or lyre. It is uncertain whether the African Semba dance is related to the Brazilian Samba, in only two Bantu languages does the verb-root semba mean dance, while in others it denotes unrelated things like hunger or cloth. According to Hiram Araújo da Costa, over the centuries, the festival of dances of slaves in Bahia were called samba. In Argentina, there is a dance called Zamba, a name seems to share etymological origins with the Samba. Early styles of samba - and specifically samba de roda - are traced back to the Recôncavo region of Bahia during the 17th century, and the informal dancing following a candomblé ceremony. Samba schools are large organizations of up to 5,000 people which compete annually in the Carnival with thematic floats, elaborate costumes, and original music. During the first decade of the 20th century, some songs under the name of samba were recorded, however, in 1917, Pelo Telefone was recorded, and it is considered the first true samba. The song was claimed to be authored by Ernesto dos Santos, best known as Donga, with co-composition attributed to Mauro de Almeida, actually, Pelo Telefone was created by a collective of musicians who participated in celebrations at the house of Tia Ciata. It was eventually registered by Donga and the Almeida National Library, Pelo Telefone was the first composition to achieve great success with the style of samba and to contribute to the dissemination and popularization of the genre
6.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
7.
Reggae
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Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A1968 single by Toots and the Maytals Do the Reggay was the first popular song to use the word reggae, effectively naming the genre, Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political comment. Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field, being known first as ‘Rudie Blues’, then ‘Ska’, later ‘Blue Beat’ and it is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat, and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rock steady, from the latter, stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento, calypso, African music, as well as other genres. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms, staccato chords played by a guitar or piano on the offbeats of the measure, the tempo of reggae is usually slower than ska but faster than rocksteady. The concept of call and response can be found throughout reggae music, the genre of reggae music is led by the drum and bass. The bass guitar often plays the dominant role in reggae, the bass sound in reggae is thick and heavy, and equalized so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies emphasized. The guitar in reggae usually plays on the off beat of the rhythm and it is common for reggae to be sung in Jamaican Patois, Jamaican English, and Iyaric dialects. Reggae is noted for its tradition of criticism and religion in its lyrics, although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love. Reggae has spread to countries across the world, often incorporating local instruments. Reggae en Español spread from the mainland South America countries of Venezuela, Caribbean music in the United Kingdom, including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Many reggae artists began their careers in the UK, and there have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica, Reggae in Africa was boosted by the visit of Bob Marley to Zimbabwe in 1980. In Jamaica, authentic reggae is one of the biggest sources of income, the 1967 edition of the Dictionary of Jamaican English lists reggae as a recently estab. Sp. for rege, as in rege-rege, a word that can mean either rags, ragged clothing or a quarrel, a row. Reggae as a term first appeared in print with the 1968 rocksteady hit Do the Reggay by The Maytals which named the genre of Reggae for the world. Reggae historian Steve Barrow credits Clancy Eccles with altering the Jamaican patois word streggae into reggae, however, Toots Hibbert said, Theres a word we used to use in Jamaica called streggae. If a girl is walking and the look at her and say Man, shes streggae it means she dont dress well
8.
Experimental music
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The practice became prominent in the mid-20th century, particularly in North America. John Cage was one of the earliest composers to use the term and one of experimental musics primary innovators, utilizing indeterminacy techniques and seeking unknown outcomes. Also, in America, a distinct sense of the term was used in the late 1950s to describe computer-controlled composition associated with composers such as Lejaren Hiller. Harry Partch as well as Ivor Darreg worked with other tuning scales based on the laws for harmonic music. For this music they developed a group of experimental musical instruments. Musique concrète, is a form of music that utilises acousmatic sound as a compositional resource. Elements of experimental music include indeterminate music, in which the composer introduces the elements of chance or unpredictability with regard to either the composition or its performance. The Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrète, under the leadership of Pierre Schaeffer, publication of Schaeffers manifesto was delayed by four years, by which time Schaeffer was favoring the term recherche musicale, though he never wholly abandoned musique expérimentale. John Cage was also using the term as early as 1955, according to Cages definition, an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen, and he was specifically interested in completed works that performed an unpredictable action. Rebners lecture extended the concept back in time to include Charles Ives, Edgard Varèse, nyman opposes experimental music to the European avant-garde of the time, for whom The identity of a composition is of paramount importance. David Cope also distinguishes between experimental and avant garde, describing music as that which represents a refusal to accept the status quo. That is, for the most part, experimental music studies describes a category without really explaining it and this was an attempt to marginalize, and thereby dismiss various kinds of music that did not conform to established conventions. In 1955, Pierre Boulez identified it as a new definition makes it possible to restrict to a laboratory. He concludes, There is no such thing as experimental music … and it is therefore not a genre, but an open category, because any attempt to classify a phenomenon as unclassifiable and elusive as experimental music must be partial. Furthermore, the indeterminacy in performance guarantees that two versions of the same piece will have virtually no perceptible musical facts in common. The term experimental music was used contemporaneously for electronic music, particularly in the early musique concrète work of Schaeffer, a number of early 20th-century American composers, seen as precedents to and influences on John Cage, are sometimes referred to as the American Experimental School. These include Charles Ives, Charles and Ruth Crawford Seeger, Henry Cowell, Carl Ruggles, for this music they both developed custom-built musical instruments often characterized as experimental instruments. La Monte Young is known for using this technique when he began working on his minimal drone pieces which consisted of layers of sounds in different pitches
9.
RCA
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RCA Corporation, founded as the Radio Corporation of America, was an American electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. General Electric took over the company in late 1985 and split it up the following year, after World War I began in August 1914, radio traffic across the Atlantic Ocean increased dramatically after the western Allies cut the German transatlantic telegraph cables. In 1917 the government of the United States took charge of the owned by the major companies involved in radio manufacture in the United States to devote radio technology to the war effort. All production of equipment was allocated to the U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps. The War Department and the Navy Department sought to maintain a monopoly of all uses of radio technology. The wartime takeover of all radio systems ended late in 1918, the war ended in November of that year. The ending of the governments monopoly in radio communications did not prevent the War. On 8 April 1919, naval Admiral W. H. G. Bullard, the proposal presented by the government was that if GE created an American-owned radio company, then the Army and Navy would effect a monopoly of long-distance radio communications via this company. This marked the beginning of a series of negotiations through which GE would buy the American Marconi company, the Army and the Navy granted RCA the former American Marconi radio terminals that had been confiscated during the War. Admiral Bullard received a seat on the Board of Directors of RCA for his efforts in establishing RCA, the result was federally-created monopolies in radio for GE and the Westinghouse Corporation and in telephone systems for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. The first chief officer of RCA was Owen D. Young. RCAs incorporation papers required that a majority of its stock be held by American citizens, as the years went on, RCA either took over, or produced for itself, a large number of patents, including that of the superheterodyne receiver invented by Edwin Armstrong. Over the years, RCA continued to operate international services, under its subsidiary RCA Communications, Inc. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, Westinghouse also marketed home radios through RCA until 1930. In 1929, RCA purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and this included a majority ownership of the Victor Company of Japan. The new subsidiary then became RCA Victor, with Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the Nipper His Masters Voice trademark. This trademark is used by the British music & entertainment company HMV. RCA began selling the first electronic turntable in 1930, in 1931, RCA Victor began selling 33⅓ rpm records
10.
PolyGram
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PolyGram was a Dutch entertainment company, a division of Seagram. It started as a record label recording company founded by Philips. The name was chosen to reflect the Siemens interest Polydor Records, the company traced its origins through Deutsche Grammophon back to the inventor of the flat disk gramophone, Emil Berliner. Later on, PolyGram expanded into the largest global entertainment company, creating film, in May 1998, it was sold to Seagram which owned MCA Inc. PolyGram Music Group was merged into Universal Music Group, and PolyGram Filmed Entertainment was merged into Universal Pictures. When the new company faced difficulties, its parent Seagram was sold in large part to Vivendi. Vivendi is the current owner of UMG, in February 2017, Polygram Entertainment was re-launched as the film & television division of Universal Music Group. In 1929, Decca Records licensed record shop owner H. W. Van Zoelen as a distributor in the Netherlands, by 1931, his company Hollandsche Decca Distributie had become exclusive Decca distributor for all of the Netherlands and its colonies. Over the course of the 1930s, HDD put together its own facilities for A&R, recording, HDD was commercially successful during World War II because of the absence of American and British competition. Van Zoelen wanted to sell to Philips so that HDD would have sufficient financial backing when their major competitors returned after the war and this led Philips to purchase HDD in 1942. Philips labs were developing magnetic tape and LPs, and they could support eventual new formats, after the war, Philips built a large factory in Doetinchem to produce 78 rpm records. During the late 1940s, Philips combined its various businesses into Philips Phonografische Industrie. PPIs early growth was based on alliances, a merger was first proposed with Decca of London in late 1945, but was rejected by Edward Lewis, Deccas owner. In the early 1950s, Philips set itself the goal of making PPI the largest record company in Europe, PPIs second attempt at a merger was with Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft. DGG, owned by Siemens AG, and well known for its repertoire, had been the German licensee for Decca from 1935. PPI and DGG finally merged in 1962, the alliance with DGG still left PPI without repertoire in Britain or the United States. But in 1951, after Columbia had failed to renew its international distribution agreement with EMI, Columbia became PPIs distributor within the US. This agreement ran until 1961 when Columbia set up its own European network, PPI signed a worldwide distribution deal with Mercury Records in 1961
11.
Philips Records
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Not to be confused with Phillips International Records. Philips Records is a label that was founded by the Dutch electronics company Philips. In 1946 Philips acquired the company which pressed records for British Deccas Dutch outlet in Amsterdam, the record label was started by Philips Phonographische Industrie in June 1950 when it began issuing classical recordings. Recordings were also made with artists of various nationalities and with classical artists from Germany, France. Launched under the slogan Records of the Century, the first releases in Britain appeared at the beginning of January 1953 on 1078 rpm discs, Philips also distributed recordings made by the Columbia Records in the UK and on the European continent. After the separation of the English Columbia label and American Columbia, the first single on the label to chart was Frankie Laines I Believe, which reached the No.1 chart position in the UK that April. Many of the first British recordings on the label were produced by Norman Newell until John Franz was appointed artists, in 1958 Philips created a subsidiary label, Fontana Records, which meant that American-Columbia recordings were being issued on both the Philips and Fontana labels. This arrangement lasted until April 1962 when, under pressure from Columbia in America, Philips then created a label for them. In late 1964, under the stewardship of U. S. President of Columbia Records Goddard Lieberson, CBS Records formed its own international operations, CBS Records set up their UK operation in Theobalds Road in Holborn. Singles and albums on the Philips and Fontana labels by Columbia-owned product were subsequently withdrawn, in 1962, Philips Records and Deutsche Grammophon formed the Grammophon-Philips Group joint venture, which later became PolyGram in 1972. UK pressings were manufactured at the large factory based at Walthamstow in N. E. In 1961, after Philips lost its North American distribution deal with Columbia Records, a year later, Philips US affiliate Consolidated Electronics Industries Corp. bought Mercury and its subsidiary labels, such as Smash. Philips classical, jazz and pop records were marketed by Mercury in the US under the Philips label, the Mercury Living Presence team also made classical recordings for Philips, in July 1961. 69 for cello and piano by Richter and Rostropovich, classical groups that Philips heavily recorded included the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, the Beaux Arts Trio, and the Quartetto Italiano. Violinist Arthur Grumiaux and the pianist Claudio Arrau were under contract to Philips, symphony orchestras under contract, including the LSO, were under the command of prestigious young conductors such as Colin Davis and Bernard Haitink. From 1961 until the late 1980s, Philips Records issued many classical titles in US-specific packaging, the records were pressed at Mercurys plant in Richmond, Indiana, and mastered in New York by George Piros at Fine Recording, using 2-track and mono master tapes provided by Philips. These releases were the PHS900 xxx series for stereo and the 500 xxx series for mono, clair Van Ausdal in Mercurys New York office oversaw the Philips classical US releases through the mid-1960s. These records were made through Mercurys existing jazz operations and produced by Jack Tracy, in addition to jazz and classical music, Philips also became a major player in the world of rock and pop music in the late 1950s till late 1970s
12.
Universal Music Group
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Universal Music Group is an American-French global music corporation that is a subsidiary of the Paris-based French media conglomerate Vivendi. UMGs global corporate headquarters are in Santa Monica, California and it is considered one of the Big Three record labels, along with Warner Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment. Universal Music was once the music attached to film studio Universal Pictures and its origins go back to the formation of the American branch of Decca Records in September 1934. The Decca Record Co. Ltd. of England spun American Decca off in 1939, MCA Inc. merged with American Decca in 1962. The present organization was formed when its parent company Seagram purchased PolyGram in May 1998, however, the name had first appeared in 1996 when MCA Music Entertainment Group was renamed Universal Music Group. The PolyGram acquisition included Deutsche Grammophon which traces its ancestry to Berliner Gramophone making Deutsche Grammophon UMGs oldest unit, UMGs Canadian unit traces its ancestry to a Berliner Gramophone breakaway firm the Compo Company. With the 2004 acquisition of Universal Studios by General Electric and merging with GEs NBC and this is the second time a music company has done so, the first being the separation of Time Warner and Warner Music Group. On June 25,2007, Vivendi completed its €1.63 billion purchase of BMG Music Publishing, after receiving European Union regulatory approval, doug Morris stepped down from his position as CEO on January 1,2011. Former chairman/CEO of Universal Music International Lucian Grainge was promoted to CEO of the company, Grainge later replaced him as chairman on March 9,2011. Morris became the chairman of Sony Music Entertainment on July 1,2011. With Grainges appointment as CEO at UMG, Max Hole was promoted to COO of UMGI, starting in 2011 UMGs Interscope Geffen A&M Records will be signing contestants from American Idol/Idol series. On January 2011, UMG announced it was donating 200,000 master recordings from the 1920s to 1940s to the Library of Congress for preservation, in March 2011, Barry Weiss became chairman & CEO of The Island Def Jam Music Group & Universal Republic Records. Both companies are restructuring under Weiss, in December 2011, David Foster was named Chairman of Verve Music Group. Among the other companies that had competed for the music business was Warner Music Group which was reported to have made a $2 billion bid. However, IMPALA has said it would fight the merger, coincidentally, UMG sister company StudioCanal has owned the EMI Films library for several years. On September 21,2012, the sale of EMI to UMG was approved in Europe, UMG divested Mute Records, Parlophone, Roxy Recordings, MPS Records, Cooperative Music, Now Thats What I Call Music. Jazzland, Universal Greece, Sanctuary Records, Chrysalis Records, EMI Classics, Virgin Classics, the Beatles recorded music library was allowed to remain with UMG despite being considered part of Parlophone and is now managed by UMGs reorganized Capitol Music Group worldwide. Robbie Williams, who had recorded for Chrysalis, had his transferred to Universals Island Records
13.
Sony Music
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Sony Music Entertainment is an American music company owned by Sony. It is incorporated as a partnership of Sony Music Holdings Inc. through Sony Entertainment. The company was first founded in 1929 as American Record Corporation and renamed Columbia Recording Corporation in 1938, in 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. Sony Corporation bought the company in 1987 and renamed it Sony Music Entertainment in 1991, the buyout led to the dissolution of BMG, which relaunched as BMG Rights Management. Sony Music Entertainment is one of the Big Three record companies, being the second largest after Universal Music Group, in 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several record companies. In 1934, in the midst of Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company, ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System, which, in turn, had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company, but then sold off. ARC was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company. The renamed company made Columbia its flagship label and Okeh its subsidiary label and this allowed ARCs leased labels Brunswick Records and Vocalion Records to revert to their former owner Warner Bros. which sold them to Decca Records. Columbia kept the Brunswick catalogue recorded from December 1931 onward on the Columbia label and he was succeeded by James Conkling as head of Columbia Records. In 1951, Columbia severed its ties with the EMI-owned record label of the same name, Okeh Records continued to be distributed by EMI on the Columbia label. Columbia founded Epic Records in 1953 and in 1956, Conkling left Columbia and he would help establish the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences before eventually becoming the first president of the newly launched Warner Bros. His successor, Goddard Lieberson began the first of two stints as head of the record company, and in 1958, Columbia founded another label, Date Records, which initially issued rockabilly music. In 1960, Columbia/CBS began negotiations with its international distributor Philips Records with the goal of starting its own global record company. Philips acquisition of US-based Mercury Records in 1961 paved the way for this, elsewhere, CBSs Mexican record company, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS by 1963. In 1964, Columbia set out acquiring record companies in countries for its CBS Records International Unit. EMI continued to distribute Epic and Okeh label material on the Columbia label in the UK until the deal with EMI expired in 1968 when CBS took over distribution. In late 1965, the Date subsidiary label was revived and this label released the first string of hits for Peaches & Herb and scored a few minor hits from various other artists. Dates biggest success was Time of the Season by the Zombies, the label was discontinued in 1970
14.
Caetano Veloso
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Caetano Emanuel Viana Telles Veloso, better known as Caetano Veloso, is a Brazilian composer, singer, guitarist, writer, and political activist. He has remained a constant creative influence and best-selling performing artist, Veloso has won nine Latin Grammy Awards and two Grammy Awards. On November 14,2012, Veloso was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year, Veloso was one of seven children born into the family of José Telles Velloso, a government official, and Claudionor Viana Telles Veloso, a housewife. He was born in the city of Santo Amaro da Purificação, in Bahia, a state in the area of Brazil, but moved to Salvador. Soon after the move, Veloso won a music contest and was signed to his first label and he became one of the founders of Tropicalismo with a group of several other musicians and artists—including his sister Maria Bethânia—in the same period. However the Brazilian government at the time viewed Velosos music and political action as threatening, the two eventually were exiled from Brazil, and went to London, where they lived for two years. After he moved back to his country, in 1972. Veloso was born in Santo Amaro da Purificação, Bahia, the fifth of seven children of José Teles Veloso and his childhood was influenced greatly by artistic endeavors, he was interested in both literature and filmmaking as a child, but focused mainly on music. The musical style of bossa nova and João Gilberto, one of its most prominent exponents, were influences on Velosos music as he grew up. Veloso first heard Gilberto at 17 years old, and describes the musician as his supreme master and he recognizes Gilbertos contribution to Brazilian music as new—illuminating the tradition of Brazilian music and paving the way for future innovation. Veloso moved to the Bahian port city of Salvador as a teenager, the city in which Gilberto lived, in 1965 Veloso moved again to Rio de Janeiro, with his sister Maria Bethânia, also a musician. Shortly after the move, Veloso won a lyrics contest for his composition Um Dia and was signed to Philips Records, on 21 October 1967 Veloso won fourth prize and gained a standing ovation at the third annual Brazil Popular Music Festival with his song Alegria, Alegria. During this period, Veloso, Bethânia, Gilberto Gil, Gal Costa, Tom Zé, and Os Mutantes developed Tropicalismo, Veloso describes the movement as a wish to be different - not defensive like the right-wing Brazilian military government, which vehemently opposed the movement. The albums group cover photograph depicted the collective holding a variety of objects and images, when Veloso performed in the first round of the Festivals song competition on 12 September, he was initially greeted with enthusiastic applause, but the situation soon turned ugly. The ideological conflict climaxed three days later on 15 September when Veloso returned for the round of the competition. As the performance continued, the students pelted the stage with fruit, vegetables, eggs, paper balls, Veloso then stopped singing and launched into an impassioned monologue, in which he excoriated the students for their conservatism. After being joined by Gilberto Gil, who came on stage to show his support, if you are the same in politics as you are in aesthetics, we’re done for. And declaring he would no longer compete in music festivals and he then deliberately finished the song out of tune, angrily shouted Enough. and walked off arm-in-arm with Gil and Os Mutantes
15.
Gal Costa
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Gal Costa is a Brazilian singer of popular music. Gal Costa was born on September 26,1945, in the city of Salvador and her mother, Mariah Costa Penna spent hours listening to classical music during her pregnancy in hopes that Gal would be interested in music. Gals father, Arnaldo Burgos, died when Gal was 15 years old, at the age of 10, Gal befriended sisters, Sandra and Andréia Gadelha, the future spouses of singer-songwriters Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso, respectively. At 14, she first listened to João Gilbertos Chega de Saudade on the radio and she then went on to work as a clerk on Salvadors main record store to get closer to music. At 18, she was introduced to Caetano Veloso by Andréa Gadelha, Costa debuted her professional career on the night of August 22,1964 on the concert Nós, por exemplo, where she performed alongside Veloso, Gil, Maria Bethânia and Tom Zé, among others. The concert inaugurated the Vila Velha Theatre in her hometown, during the same year, she also performed in Nova Bossa Velha, Velha Bossa Nova, at the same place and with the same singing partners. She then left Salvador to live in the house of her cousin Nívea in Rio de Janeiro, following in the footsteps of Bethânia, Costas first professional recording happened on Bethânias debut album, released in 1965. It was the duet Sol Negro written by Bethânias brother, Caetano Veloso and she then released her first singles through RCA Records, Eu vim da Bahia, written by Gil, and Sim, foi você, written by Veloso. On the following year, Costa met Gilberto personally and participated on TV Rios 1st International Music Festival performing Minha Senhora, written by Gil and it failed to captivate the Festivals audience. Costas first album Domingo was released on 1967 through Philips Records, Costa stayed on the label, which later became Polygram, until 1983. One song released from album, Coração Vagabundo, became a huge hit. On the same year, Costa also performed two songs on the 2nd International Music Festival, which was hosted by Rede Globo. They were Bom Dia, written by Gil and Nana Caymmi and Dadá Maria, the latter was performed with Sílvio César at the Festival and with Teixeira on the recording. In 1968, Costa became a part of the Tropicalismo movement and she recorded four songs on Tropicália, ou Panis et Circenses. They were Mamãe coragem, written by Veloso and Torquato Neto, Parque industrial, by Tom Zé, Enquanto seu lobo não vem, by Veloso, the latter became Costas first nationwide solo hit, becoming a classic of Brazilian popular music. On the same year, she participated in the 3rd International Music Festival, performing Gabriela Mais Bela, written by Roberto, in November, she participated on Rede Records 4th Music Festival, performing the song Divino Maravilhoso, by Gil and Veloso. The song also became a hit and a classic song of popular music. On 1969, Costa released her eponymous debut album, which included Baby
16.
Os Mutantes
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Os Mutantes are an influential Brazilian psychedelic rock band that were linked with the Tropicália movement of the late 1960s. Although the original made the most notorious breakthrough for the group. After a hiatus from the late 1970s to the early 2000s, Os Mutantes was formed in São Paulo in 1966 by two brothers, Arnaldo Baptista and Sérgio Dias Baptista, and lead singer Rita Lee. They were originally named Six Sided Rockers, the Baptistas father was a poet and mother a pianist, and the two had previously had a band called The Wooden Faces. Sérgio Dias guitar, the Golden Guitar, was created by Arnaldo and Sérgios brother, Cláudio César Dias Baptista and their current name was settled upon immediately before a performance on a Brazilian television program. Through other TV performances, the band was able to meet Gilberto Gil, a musician in the Tropicália movement. Os Mutantes released two albums influenced by Tropicália, which blended psychedelic rock with other forms of art. During this period, Os Mutantes was also threatened by the government of Brazil of that time. In 1971, bassist Arnolpho Lima Filho and drummer Ronaldo Leme officially joined the band and they released five albums together before Lee departed in 1972 to start a solo career. Rita Lees 1972 album Hoje É o Primeiro Dia do Resto da Sua Vida was actually recorded with Os Mutantes but credited to Rita Lee due to record company disagreements. Subsequently, the band moved in a rock direction with the album O A e o Z, recorded in 1973. Arnaldo left the band in that year to pursue a solo career due to differences with band members and problems with the abuse of LSD, followed by Dinho and. Arnaldo subsequently was institutionalized and jumped from the window, causing a six-week coma. Sérgio Dias, the remaining original member, led the band until its dissolution in 1978. During this time, they released one studio album, a live album. Two unreleased albums were released years later, the aforementioned O A e o Z and Tecnicolor recorded in 1970. Os Mutantes played live for the first time since 1978 at the Tropicalia exhibition at Londons Barbican Arts Centre on May 22,2006 and this performance was followed by shows in New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Denver, Chicago, and Miami. Was the first concert of drummer Dinho Leme since the end of Mutantes and they have also collaborated with British DJ JD Twitch, in a Britain/Brazil culture project in 2007, called Trocabrahma
17.
Preta Gil
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Preta Maria Gadelha Gil Moreira, known as Preta Gil, is a Brazilian singer and actress. She is the daughter of Gilberto Gil, a famous musician, in 1974, Preta Gils father, the famous singer Gilberto Gil, went to a government office to register his daughters name after his own mothers name. Upon arrival, the clerk informed him he was unable to register Preta as a name for his daughter, Gilberto Gil began to protest, Why not. Theres Bianca, Blanca, Clara and Rosa, why cant Preta be a name. The clerk conceded, only if the child was registered along with a Catholic name, so Preta Gil was registered Preta Maria. Preta lived in Rio, and at the age of one and her mother, Sandra, soon after had another daughter named Maria. Gil always believed it was lack of creativity and she had an older brother, Pedro, who was born in London, at the time of her fathers famous exile from Brazil during the Military Dictatorship, along with friend and singer Caetano. Sandras mother, was also the mother of Andréa Gadelha, known as Dedé wife of Caetano, in the situation faced, she believed her two daughters married crazy men. Gilberto Gil and Veloso were both exiled, went to live in London, and Pretas grandmother was left to raise the children, Preta has great admiration for her grandmother, who stood firm in a chaotic time in the familys life. Since childhood she has had a vivid imagination. She once had a puppy, when she was five. When her father was making a record in Los Angeles with Sergio Mendes, the moved to California. Pretas mother joked, calling the airplane that took them to L. A. as a ship, since she. Petras siblings, Maria and Pedro, both had curly hair, Caetano used to call her Filipina. She was in Rio de Janeiro at the height of the 1980s, bombando, Blitz, Paralamas, Barão Vermelho, Lulu Santos. The Brazilian music scene in the 1980s was something very striking, as a daughter of one of Brazils music icons, Preta had backstage access to the craziness that made up that scene. It all made me crazy, loved this environment, I felt comfortable, the stage was one thing that attracted me a lot. She wanted to be Chacrete and every Saturday in the theater Fenix, Pretas father, at that time, exploded in the charts, along with her uncle Veloso, and her godmother Gal Costa, who always went to the show Chacrinha
18.
Music of Brazil
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The music of Brazil encompasses various regional music styles influenced by African, European and Amerindian forms. Instrumental music is largely practiced in Brazil, with styles ranging from classical to popular. Among the later, Pixinguinha, Hermeto Pascoal and Egberto Gismonti are significant figures, notable classical composers include Heitor Villa-Lobos, Carlos Gomes and Cláudio Santoro. The country also has a community of modern/experimental composition, including electroacoustic music. The first registration of musical activity in Brazil comes from the activities of two Jesuit priests in 1549, ten years later, they had already founded settlements for indigenous people, with a musical-educational structure. One century later, the Reduções of the southern Brazil, which were founded by Spaniard Jesuits, had a cultural development. Some of the reports of time show the fascination of the indigenous people for European music. The indigenous people took part in the music, with both the construction of musical instruments and practice of vocal and instrumental performance. In the 18th century, there was intense activity in all the more developed regions of Brazil. The previously few private orchestras became more common and the churches presented a variety of music. At this time, the first outstanding Brazilian composers were revealed, the musical pieces were mostly sacred music. Some of the composers of this period were Lobo de Mesquita, Manoel Dias de Oliveira, Francisco Gomes da Rocha, Marcos Coelho Neto. All of them were active, but in many cases few pieces have survived until the present day. Some of the most famous pieces of this period are the Magnificat by Manoel Dias de Oliveira, in the city of Arraial do Tejuco, nowadays Diamantina, there were ten conductors in activity. In Ouro Preto about 250 musicians were active, and in all of the territory of Minas Gerais almost a thousand musicians were active, a crucial factor for the changes in the musical life was the arrival of the Portuguese Royal family to Rio de Janeiro in 1808. Until then, Rio de Janeiro was musically similar to other centers of Brazil but was even less important than Minas Gerais. The presence of the Portuguese Royal family, in exile, radically changed this situation, later, John VI ordered the construction of a sumptuous theater, called the Royal Theater of São João. The works of these strongly influenced the Brazilian music of this time
19.
Music of Africa
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The traditional music of Africa, given the vastness of the continent, is historically ancient, rich and diverse, with different regions and nations of Africa having many distinct musical traditions. Traditional music in most of the continent is passed down orally and is not written, the music and dance of the African diaspora, formed to varying degrees on African musical traditions, include American music and many Caribbean genres, such as soca, calypso and zouk. Latin American music genres such as the rumba, conga, bomba, cumbia and samba were also founded on the music of enslaved Africans, and have in turn influenced African popular music. North Africa is the seat of ancient Egypt and Carthage, civilizations with strong ties to the ancient Near East, eventually, Egypt fell under Persian rule followed by Greek and Roman rule, while Carthage was later ruled by Romans and Vandals. North Africa was later conquered by the Arabs, who established the region as the Maghreb of the Arab world, like the musical genres of the Nile Valley and the Horn of Africa, its music has close ties with Middle Eastern music and utilizes similar melodic modes. North African music has a range, from the music of ancient Egypt to the Berber. The regions art music has for centuries followed the outline of Arabic and Andalusian classical music, with these may be grouped the music of Sudan and of the Horn of Africa, including the music of Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. Somali music is pentatonic, using five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic scale such as the major scale. The music of the Ethiopian highlands uses a fundamental modal system called qenet, of which there are four modes, tezeta, bati, ambassel. Three additional modes are variations on the above, tezeta minor, bati major, some songs take the name of their qenet, such as tizita, a song of reminiscence. The ethnomusicological pioneer Arthur Morris Jones observed that the shared rhythmic principles of Sub-Saharan African music traditions constitute one main system, similarly, master drummer and scholar C. K. Ladzekpo affirms the profound homogeneity of sub-Saharan African rhythmic principles. African traditional music is frequently functional in nature, performances may be long and often involve the participation of the audience. None of this is performed outside its intended context and much of it is associated with a particular dance. Some of it, performed by musicians, is sacral music or ceremonial. The southern region includes the music of South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibia, the central region includes the music of Chad, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia, including Pygmy music. Southern, Central and West Africa are similarly in the broad Sub-Saharan musical tradition, besides vocalisation, which uses various techniques such as complex hard melisma and yodel, a wide array of musical instruments are used. Additionally, string instruments are used, with the lute-like oud. Other percussion instruments include many rattles and shakers, such as the kosika, rain stick, bells, also, Africa has lots of other types of drums, and lots of flutes, and lots of stringed and wind instruments
20.
Bossa nova
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Bossa nova is a genre of Brazilian music, which developed and was popularized in the 1950s and 1960s and is today one of the best-known Brazilian music genres abroad. The phrase bossa nova means literally new trend, a lyrical fusion of samba and jazz, bossa nova acquired a large following in the 1960s, initially among young musicians and college students. In Brazil, the word bossa is a slang for something that is done with particular charm. As early as 1932, Noel Rosa used the word in a samba, O samba, the exact origin of the term bossa nova remained unclear for many decades, according to some authors. Within the artistic culture of the late 1950s in Rio de Janeiro. In his book Bossa Nova, Brazilian author Ruy Castro asserts that bossa was already in use in the 1950s by musicians as a word to characterize someones knack for playing or singing idiosyncratically. Castro claims that the term bossa nova might have first been used in public for a given in 1957 by the Grupo Universitário Hebraico do Brasil. The authorship of the bossa nova is attributed to the then-young journalist Moyses Fuks. That group consisted of Sylvia Telles, Carlos Lyra, Nara Leão, Luizinho Eça, Roberto Menescal, mr. Fukss description, fully supported by most of the bossa nova members, simply read HOJE. SYLVIA TELLES E UM GRUPO BOSSA NOVA, since Sylvia Telles was the most famous musician in the group at that time, in 1959, Nara Leão also participated in more than one embryonic display of bossa nova. These include the 1st Festival de Samba Session, conducted by the student union of Pontifícia Universidade Católica and this session was chaired by Carlos Diegues, latter a prominent Cinema Novo film director, a law student whom Leão ultimately married. Bossa nova is most commonly performed on the classical guitar. Its purest form could be considered unaccompanied guitar with vocals, as created, pioneered, even in larger, jazz-like arrangements for groups, there is almost always a guitar that plays the underlying rhythm. Gilberto basically took one of the several rhythmic layers from an ensemble, specifically the tamborim. As in samba, the plays a ostinato figure on the downbeat of beat one, the ah of beat one. The clave pattern sounds very similar to the two-three or three-two son clave of Cuban styles such as mambo but is dissimilar in that the two side of the clave is pushed by an eighth note. Also important in the section for bossa nova is the cabasa. These parts are easily adaptable to the set, which makes bossa nova a rather popular Brazilian style for drummers
21.
Brazilian military government
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The Brazilian military government was the authoritarian military dictatorship that ruled Brazil from April 1,1964 to March 15,1985. The military revolt was fomented by Magalhães Pinto, Adhemar de Barros, and Carlos Lacerda, Governors of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, the coup was also supported by the Embassy and State Department of the United States. S. government. The regime adopted nationalism, economic development, and Anti-Communism as its guidelines, the dictatorship reached the height of its popularity in the 1970s, with the so-called Brazilian Miracle, even as the regime censored all media, tortured and banished dissidents. Brazilian Presidential elections of 1984 were won by opposition civilian candidates, in 1979 Figueiredo passed the Amnesty Law for political crimes committed for and against the regime. Since the 1988 Constitution was passed and Brazil returned to full democracy, Brazils political crisis stemmed from the way in which the political tensions had been controlled in the 1930s and 1940s during the Vargas Era. Each of these structural changes forced a realignment in society and caused a period of political crisis, period of right-wing military dictatorship marked the transition between populist era and the current period of democratization. The Brazilian Armed Forces acquired great political clout after the Paraguayan War, the politicization of the Armed Forces was evidenced by the Proclamation of the Republic, which overthrew the Empire, or within Tenentismo and the Revolution of 1930. While Kubitschek proved to be friendly to capitalist institutions, Goulart promised far-reaching reforms, expropriated business interests, the old hard-line army officers, seeing a chance to impose their positivist economic program, convinced the loyalists that Goulart was a communist menace. After the Presidency of Juscelino Kubitschek, the right wing opposition elected Jânio Quadros, Quadros campaign symbol was a broom, with which the president would sweep away the corruption. In the last days of August 1961, Quadros tried to break the impasse by resigning from the presidency, the Vice-president, João Goulart, member of PTB and active in politics since Vargas Era, at that time was outside the country visiting China PRC. At that time Brazils President and Vice President were elected from different party tickets, some military top brass tried to prevent Goulart from assuming the Presidency, accusing him of being communist, but the legalist campaign in support of Goulart was already strong. The core of Brazilian populism—economic nationalism—was no longer appealing to the middle classes, on April 1,1964, after a night of conspiracy, rebel troops made their way to Rio de Janeiro, considered a legalist bastion. São Paulos and Rio de Janeiros generals were convinced to join the coup, to prevent a civil war, and in knowledge that the USA would openly support the army, the President fled first to Rio Grande do Sul, and then went to exile in Uruguay. These ships had positioned off the coast of Rio de Janeiro in case Brazilian troops required military assistance during the 1964 coup. A document from Gordon in 1963 to US president John F. Kennedy also describes the ways João Goulart should be put down, and his fears of a communist intervention supported by the Soviets or by Cuba. Washington immediately recognized the new government in 1964, and hailed the coup détat as one of the forces that had allegedly staved off the hand of international communism. American mass media outlets like Henry Luces TIME also gave positive remarks about the dissolution of political parties, the victory of the hard-liners dragged Brazil into what political scientist Juan J. Linz called an authoritarian situation. However, because the hard-liners could not ignore the opinions of their colleagues or the resistance of society
22.
Bahia
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Bahia is one of the 26 states of Brazil and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast. It is the 4th-largest Brazilian state by population and the 5th-largest by area, Bahias capital is the city of Salvador, located on a spit of land separating the Bay of All Saints from the Atlantic. Once a monarchial stronghold dominated by agricultural, slaving, and ranching interests, the name of the state derives from the earlier captaincy of Bahia de Todos os Santos, named for Bay of All Saints, a major feature of its coastline. The bay itself was named by the explorer Amerigo Vespucci during his second voyage and he named it after his parish church in Florence, San Salvatore di Ognissanti. Over time, the bay became distinguished as the Bay of All Saints, the state as Bahia, Bahia is bordered on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, with its Bay of All Saints the largest in Brazil. In the north, it is now bordered by Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, in the northwest, it is bordered by Tocantins. In the southwest, it borders Goiás, and in the south it is bordered by Espírito Santo, the state is crossed from north to south by the Diamantina Tableland, which divides it into two distinct geographical zones. To the east, the soil is fertile and the rain falls regularly, the western area is more arid and its predominate vegetation the cerrado. The natural aridity was greatly worsened over the 19th century by the habit of starting wildfires each year to improve the quality of the grass. The Green Road, a road that connects Mangue Seco in the far north to Praia do Forte, for this reason, the route is sometimes more than 10 km from the beach. At Praia do Forte, the road meets the Coconut Road leading to Salvador, passing through spots, in this region is located Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport. The largest bay on the Brazilian coast, the Bay of All Saints has a number of islands with tropical beaches. It is the largest navigable bay in Brazil and one of the most favorite spots for sports, due to its regular breezes, medium annual temperature of 26 °C. Major popular events and sport activities occur throughout the year, beginning on January 1, the islands of the bay are a separate attraction. Some are privately owned, others were declared a state heritage, other islands are the patrimony of 12 municipalities located around the bay. Only a few are uninhabited and many have small communities where the live on fishing. All have common characteristics, such a sea, dense vegetation, especially coconuts. Of the 56 islands, the most important are Itaparica, Madre de Deus, Maré, Frades, Medo, the Dendê Coast, south of Salvador, is surrounded by verdant vegetation, clear waters, islands, bays, coral reefs and a very diversified fauna
23.
Marist Brothers
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The Marist Brothers of the Schools, commonly known as simply the Marist Brothers, is an international community of Catholic Religious Institute of Brothers. In 1817, St. Marcellin Champagnat, a priest from France, founded the Marist Brothers, with the goal of educating young people, especially those most neglected. The decision was inspired by an event, when as a parish priest he was called to administer the last rites to a boy named Jean Baptiste Montagne. Trying to lead the boy through his last moments in prayer, from that moment, Champagnat decided to start training brothers to meet the faith needs of the young people of France. On January 2,1817, the 23-year-old Jean Marie Granjon and Jean Baptist Audras, fourteen, Champagnat had rented for them in La Valla and which became the first Marist Brothers community. Their day consisted of prayer, work and study, their work was to make nails. Marcellin taught them reading and writing, and he looked after their formation as religious educators, other young men joined the undertaking, among them Gabriel Rivat who, as Brother François, would later become the Brothers first Superior General. They received a mandate to follow the Marist Fathers to the Pacific and administer to the new colonies of the Pacific nations. This harkens back to a Marist legend about Champagnat, from their roots in Lyons, the Brothers today have spread across the globe. Over their 200-year history, Marist Brothers have had ministries in over 100 different nations, the international Marist brotherhood is led by a Superior General, currently Br. Together with the Vicar General and a General Council, it is his job to guide the growth and administration of the ministries of the Brothers across the globe. The Marist Brothers are divided into two administrative units, either provinces or districts, depending on size. Provinces are led by a Provincial, whose job it is to oversee, there are presently 26 provinces and 5 districts. Depending on the extent of ministries within a country, there may be multiple provinces within the one country. For example, Brazil has three provinces and two districts and Australia has two, as does Mexico, mission Ad Gentes Marist District of Asia Province of East Asia. Francis Xaviers College and St. Francis Xaviers School in Hong Kong Province of Souh Asia, notable school, Maris Stella College in Negombo. The Marist Brothers first international mandate was to the Pacific, where they accompanied Marist Fathers in evangelizing, today, Marist brothers own and run many technical colleges in the Central and Western Pacific, educating young men in nations ravaged by war. Marist Brothers arrived in Australia in 1872, where they opened their first school at The Rocks, there are now over 300 Brothers working with young people in schools as teachers and administrators, in retreat houses and camps for young people and in other areas of ministry
24.
Accordion
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Accordions are a family of box-shaped musical instruments of the bellows-driven free-reed aerophone type, colloquially referred to as a squeezebox. A person who plays the accordion is called an accordionist, the concertina and bandoneón are related, the harmonium and American reed organ are in the same family. The instrument is played by compressing or expanding the bellows while pressing buttons or keys, causing pallets to open and these vibrate to produce sound inside the body. Valves on opposing reeds of each note are used to make the instruments reeds sound louder without air leaking from each reed block. The performer normally plays the melody on buttons or keys on the manual. The accordion is widely spread across the world, nevertheless, in Europe and North America, some popular music acts also make use of the instrument. Additionally, the accordion is used in cajun, zydeco, jazz music. The piano accordion is the official city instrument of San Francisco, the oldest name for this group of instruments is harmonika, from the Greek harmonikos, meaning harmonic, musical. Today, native versions of the accordion are more common. These names refer to the type of accordion patented by Cyrill Demian, accordions have many configurations and types. Similar to a bow, the production of sound in an accordion is in direct proportion to the motion of the player. The bellows is located between the right- and left-hand manuals, and is made from pleated layers of cloth and cardboard, with added leather and metal. It is used to pressure and vacuum, driving air across the internal reeds and producing sound by their vibration. These boxes house reed chambers for the right- and left-hand manuals, each side has grilles in order to facilitate the transmission of air in and out of the instrument, and to allow the sound to better project. The grille for the manual is usually larger and is often shaped for decorative purposes. The right-hand manual is used for playing the melody and the left-hand manual for playing the accompaniment. The manual mechanism of the instrument either enables the air flow, or disables it, the different types have varying components. All instruments have reed ranks of some format, the most typical accordion is the piano accordion, which is used for many musical genres
25.
Luiz Gonzaga
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The King of Baião or Gonzagão was a Brazilian singer, songwriter, musician and poet and one of the most influential figures of Brazilian popular music in the twentieth century. According to Caetano Veloso, he was the first significant cultural event with mass appeal in Brazil, Luiz Gonzaga received the Shell prize for Brazilian Popular Music in 1984 and was only the fourth artist to receive this prize after Pixinguinha, Antônio Carlos Jobim and Dorival Caymmi. Gonzagas son, Luiz Gonzaga do Nascimento Jr, known as Gonzaguinha, was also a noted Brazilian singer and composer and he was also a famous Brazilian freemason who composed Acacia Amarela. The Luiz Gonzaga Dam was named in his honor, the son of a farmer, Gonzaga was attracted to the accordion at a very early age, and he used to accompany his father at parties and religious celebrations. He later went to do his service, where he learned to play the cornet. On leaving the army he decided to remain in Rio de Janeiro, performing in the streets and in bars. After noticing that the north-eastern immigrants missed the music from their towns, he started to give listeners the sort of music they craved to hear, xaxados, baiões. At Ary Barrosos talent show, Luiz Gonzaga played his chamego Vira e Mexe and was acclaimed by the audience and by the host, after discovering this niche in the market, Gonzaga became a regular at radio shows and started making records. In 1943, he dressed up in typical north-eastern costumes for the first time to perform live, later on, as well as playing popular tunes on the accordion, he began to sing his own material, and his skills as a songwriter were revealed. His greatest hit ever, Asa Branca, was recorded in 1947 and he worked on the radio until 1954, enjoying huge popularity. He is widely recognized for taking the baião style and the accordion to a wide audience. RCA, his label, was almost exclusively dedicated to printing his singles. During the 1960s, as the public shifted to bossa nova and iê-iê-iê, he found himself increasingly stranded from big city stages, so he toured the countryside. In the 1970s and 1980s, he slowly re-emerged, partly due to covers of his songs by artists like Geraldo Vandré, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, his son Gonzaguinha. Other successful collaborations resulted in Tá Bom Demais, Danado de Bom, Dezessete e Setecentos, Gonzaga died of natural causes in 1989 at the age of 76
26.
Dorival Caymmi
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Dorival Caymmi was a Brazilian singer, songwriter, actor, and painter active for more than 70 years beginning in 1933. Equally notable are his ballads celebrating the fishermen and women of Bahia, including Promessa de Pescador, O Que É Que a Baiana Tem. Caymmi composed about 100 songs in his lifetime, and many of his works are now considered to be Brazilian classics. Both Brazilian and non-Brazilian musicians have covered his songs, Ben Ratliff of The New York Times wrote that Caymmi was perhaps second only to Antônio Carlos Jobim in establishing a songbook of century’s Brazilian identity. Throughout his career, his music about the people and culture of Bahia influenced Brazils image in the eyes of both Brazilians and foreigners. Caymmi was married to Brazilian singer Stella Maris for 68 years, and the children, Dori, Danilo. Each debuted professionally by accompanying Dorival onstage and in recordings, recently, Caymmis granddaughter Alice also began a musical career. Caymmi was born in Salvador, Bahia, to Durval Henrique Caymmi, the great-grandson of an Italian immigrant, and Aurelina Soares Caymmi and he had two younger sisters, Dinahir and Dinah, and a younger brother, Deraldo. His father, a servant, often played the piano, guitar, and mandolin at home, and his mother. He participated in his churchs choir for much of his childhood, at age 13, he left school to work as a journalist at Bahian newspaper O Imparcial. When O Imparcial went out of two years later, he took up work as a street vendor. Although he never studied music, Caymmi taught himself to play guitar in the late 1920s and began to compose, sing. He first achieved recognition in 1933, when at age 16. In 1936, at age 22, he won a songwriting contest at Salvadors annual Carnaval celebration and his prize was a pink satin lampshade. Despite his early success, he moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1938 with intentions to pursue a law degree. While employed there by the newspaper Diários Associados, he spent his time composing and singing songs on the radio show Dragão da Rua Larga. His popularity began to grow with the shows audience, many of Caymmis lyrics pay homage to the lifestyle, beaches, fishermen, and women of his native Bahia. He drew much of his inspiration from music indigenous to northeastern Brazil, especially Afro-Brazilian music and he recorded for more than five decades and released about 20 albums, sometimes singing and playing guitar as a soloist and at other times accompanied by bands and orchestras. Although active for the part of the 20th century, Caymmi wrote only about 100 songs
27.
Big band
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A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day, a big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. The terms jazz band, jazz ensemble, stage band, jazz orchestra and this does not, however, mean that each one of these names is technically correct for naming a big band specifically. The music is traditionally called charts, improvised solos may be played only when called for by the arranger. There are two periods in the history of popular bands. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then consisting of 10–25 pieces. At that time they played a form of jazz that involved very little improvisation, which included a string section with violins. A few bands also had violas and cellos, usually one or two along with them, the dance form of jazz was characterized by a sweet and romantic melody. Orchestras tended to stick to the melody as it was written and vocals would be sung, many of these artists changed styles or retired after the introduction of swing music. Although unashamedly commercial, these bands often featured front-rank jazz musicians - for example Paul Whiteman employed Bix Beiderbecke, there were also all-girl bands such as Helen Lewis and Her All-Girl Jazz Syncopators. Towards the end of the 1920s, a new form of Big Band emerged which was more authentically jazz and this form of music never gained the popularity of the sweet dance form of jazz. The few recordings made in form of jazz were labelled race records and were intended for a limited urban audience. Few white musicians were familiar with music, Johnny Mercer. The three major centres in this development were New York City, Chicago and Kansas City, some big ensembles, like the Joe King Oliver outfit played a kind of half arranged, half improvised jazz, often relying on head arrangements. Other great bands, like the one of Luis Russell became a vehicle for star instrumentalists, there the whole arrangement had to promote all the possibilities of the star, although they often contained very good musicians, like Henry Red Allen, J. C. Earl Hines became the star of Chicago with his Grand Terrace Cafe band, meanwhile, in Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Benny Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. Radio was a factor in gaining notice and fame for Benny Goodman. Soon, others challenged him, and the battles of the bands became a staple at theater performances featuring many groups on one bill
28.
Tango music
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Tango is a style of music in 2/4 or 4/4 time that originated among European immigrant populations of Argentina and Uruguay. It is traditionally played on a guitar, guitar duo, or an ensemble, known as the orquesta típica. Sometimes guitars and a clarinet join the ensemble, Tango may be purely instrumental or may include a vocalist. Tango music and dance have become popular throughout the world, the first Tango ever recorded was made by Angel Villoldo and played by the French national guard in Paris. Villoldo had to record in Paris because in Argentina at the time there was no recording studio, early tango was played by immigrants in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. The first generation of players was called Guardia Vieja. It took time to move into wider circles, in the early 20th century it was the music of thugs and gangsters who visited the brothels. The complex dances that arose from such rich music reflects how the men would practice the dance in groups, demonstrating male sexuality and causing a blending of emotion and aggressiveness. The music was played on instruments, flute, guitar and violin trios. The organito, a portable player-organ, broadened the popularity of certain songs, Eduardo Arolas was the major instrument of the bandoneóns popularization, with Vicente Greco soon standardizing the tango sextet as consisting of piano, double bass, two violins and two bandoneóns. Like many forms of music, tango was associated with the underclass. In spite of the scorn, some, like writer Ricardo Güiraldes, were fans, one song that would become the most widely known of all tango melodies also dates from this time. The first two sections of La Cumparsita were composed as an instrumental in 1916 by teen-aged Gerardo Matos Rodríguez of Uruguay. Besides the global influences mentioned above, early Tango was locally influenced by Payada, the Milonga from Argentine and Uruguay Pampas, in Argentina there was Milonga from the country since the mid eighteenth century. The first payador remembered is Santos Vega, the origins of Milonga seem to be in the Pampa with strong African influences, especially though the local Candombe. It is believed that this existed and was practised in Argentina since the first slaves were brought into the country. In 1876 a tango-candombe called El Merenguengué became very popular, after its success in the Afro-Argentines carnival held in February of that year and it is played with harp, violin and flute in addition to the Afro-Argentine Candombe drums. This has been considered as one of the strong points of departure for the birth
29.
Brazilian National Archives
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The Brazilian National Archives were created in 1838 under the name of Imperial Public Archives. They took their present name in 1911, the building housed from 1868, the old Brazilian Mint, which operated in it until 1983. It is a built in Neoclassical style with gneiss stone by the engineers Antonio Pinheiro Guimarães Francisco. Access is given through a portal of classical composition with three pediments on the facade, a solution which gives a palatial grandeur to the building. The archive collection include 1.74 million photographs and negatives,20,000 illustrations,44,000 maps,124,000 films and 4,000 videotapes. The library holds collections on history, library science and law with 43,000 volumes,900 newspapers and 6,300 rare works, List of national archives List of archives in Brazil Brazilian National Archives
30.
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
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Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band is the eighth studio album by English rock band the Beatles. Released on 1 June 1967, it was an commercial and critical success. Time magazine declared it a departure in the progress of music. It won four Grammy Awards in 1968, including Album of the Year, in August 1966, the Beatles permanently retired from touring and began a three-month holiday from recording. During a return flight to London in November, Paul McCartney had an idea for a song involving an Edwardian era military band that would form the impetus of the Sgt. In February 1967, after recording the Sgt, Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band song, McCartney suggested that the Beatles should release an entire album that would represent a performance by the fictional Sgt. This alter ego group would give them the freedom to experiment musically, during the recording sessions, the band furthered the technological progression they had made with their 1966 album Revolver. Recording was completed on 21 April 1967, the cover, depicting the Beatles posing in front of a tableau of celebrities and historical figures, was designed by the British pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth. Pepper is regarded by musicologists as a concept album that advanced the use of extended form in popular music while continuing the artistic maturation seen on the Beatles preceding releases. It has been described as one of the first art rock LPs, aiding the development of progressive rock, and credited with marking the beginning of the Album Era. An important work of British psychedelia, the album incorporates a range of influences, including vaudeville, circus, music hall, avant-garde. In 2003, the Library of Congress placed Sgt, Pepper in the National Recording Registry, honouring the work as culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. That same year, Rolling Stone magazine ranked it one in its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. As of 2011, it has more than 32 million copies worldwide. Professor Kevin J. Dettmar, writing in the Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature, described it as the most important and influential rock and it is the best selling album worldwide of the 1960s. By 1966, the Beatles had grown weary of live performance, in John Lennons opinion, they could send out four waxworks. and that would satisfy the crowds. Beatles concerts are nothing to do with music anymore, in June that year, two days after finishing the album Revolver, the group set off for a tour that started in Germany. While in Hamburg they received a telegram stating, Do not go to Tokyo
