Giotto

Giotto di Bondone
Possible image of Giotto from the Peruzzi Chapel (digitally restored)
Born	Giotto di Bondone c. 1267 near Florence, Republic of Florence, in present-day Italian Republic
Died	January 8, 1337 Florence, Republic of Florence, now in Italy
Nationality	Italian
Known for	Painting, fresco, architecture
Notable work	Scrovegni Chapel frescoes, Campanile
Movement	Late Gothic Proto-Renaissance

Nativity, from the Scrovegni Chapel

Giotto di Bondone (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒɔtto di bonˈdoːne]; c. 1267 – January 8, 1337),^[1][2] known mononymously as Giotto (English: /ˈdʒɒtoʊ/) and Latinised as Giottus, was an Italian painter and architect from Florence during the Late Middle Ages. He worked during the Gothic/Proto-Renaissance period.^[3]

Giotto's contemporary, the banker and chronicler Giovanni Villani, wrote that Giotto was "the most sovereign master of painting in his time, who drew all his figures and their postures according to nature" and of his publicly recognized "talent and excellence".^[4]

In his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, Giorgio Vasari described Giotto as making a decisive break with the prevalent Byzantine style and as initiating "the great art of painting as we know it today, introducing the technique of drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for more than two hundred years".^[5]

Giotto's masterwork is the decoration of the Scrovegni Chapel, in Padua, also known as the Arena Chapel, which was completed around 1305. The fresco cycle depicts the Life of the Virgin and the Life of Christ. It is regarded as one of the supreme masterpieces of the Early Renaissance.^[6]

That Giotto painted the Arena Chapel and that he was chosen by the Commune of Florence in 1334 to design the new campanile (bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral are among the few certainties about his life. Almost every other aspect of it is subject to controversy: his birth date, his birthplace, his appearance, his apprenticeship, the order in which he created his works, whether or not he painted the famous frescoes in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi and his burial place.

Early years[edit]

Tradition holds that Giotto was born in a farmhouse, perhaps at Colle di Romagnano or Romignano.^[7] Since 1850, a tower house in nearby Colle Vespignano has borne a plaque claiming the honor of his birthplace, an assertion that is commercially publicized. However, recent research has presented documentary evidence that he was born in Florence, the son of a blacksmith.^[8] His father's name was Bondone. Most authors accept that Giotto was his real name, but it is likely to have been an abbreviation of Ambrogio (Ambrogiotto) or Angelo (Angelotto).^[9]

A portrait of Dante by Giotto

The year of his birth is calculated from the fact that Antonio Pucci, the town crier of Florence, wrote a poem in Giotto's honour in which it is stated that he was 70 at the time of his death. However, the word "seventy" fits into the rhyme of the poem better than any longer and more complex age so it is possible that Pucci used artistic license.^[9]

Vasari states that Giotto was a shepherd boy, a merry and intelligent child who was loved by all who knew him. The great Florentine painter Cimabue discovered Giotto drawing pictures of his sheep on a rock. They were so lifelike that Cimabue approached Giotto and asked if he could take him on as an apprentice.^[5] Cimabue was one of the two most highly renowned painters of Tuscany, the other being Duccio, who worked mainly in Siena.

Vasari recounts a number of such stories about Giotto's skill as a young artist. He tells of one occasion when Cimabue was absent from the workshop, and Giotto painted a remarkably-lifelike fly on a face in a painting of Cimabue. When Cimabue returned, he tried several times to brush the fly off.

Vasari also relates that when the Pope sent a messenger to Giotto, asking him to send a drawing to demonstrate his skill, Giotto drew a red circle so perfect that it seemed as though it was drawn using a pair of compasses and instructed the messenger to send it to the Pope. The messenger departed ill pleased, believing that he had been made a fool of. The messenger brought other artists' drawings back to the Pope in addition to Giotto's. When the messenger related how he had made the circle without moving his arm and without the aid of compasses the Pope and his courtiers were amazed at how Giotto's skill greatly surpassed all of his contemporaries.^[5]

Many scholars today are uncertain about Giotto's training and consider Vasari's account that he was Cimabue's pupil as legend; they cite earlier sources that suggest that Giotto was not Cimabue's pupil.^[10]

About 1290, Giotto married Ciuta (Ricevuta), the daughter of Lapo del Pela of Florence. The marriage produced four daughters and four sons, one of whom became a painter.^[11] By 1301, Giotto owned a house in Florence, and when he was not traveling, he would return there and live in comfort with his family.

Frescoes of the Upper Church at Assisi[edit]

From Rome, Cimabue went to Assisi to paint several large frescoes at the new Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi, and it is possible but not certain that Giotto went with him. The attribution of the fresco cycle of the Life of St. Francis in the Upper Church has been one of the most disputed in art history. The documents of the Franciscan Friars that relate to artistic commissions during this period were destroyed by Napoleon's troops, who stabled horses in the Upper Church of the Basilica so scholars have debated over the attribution to Giotto. In the absence of documentary evidence to the contrary, it has been convenient to ascribe every fresco in the Upper Church that was not obviously by Cimabue to Giotto, whose prestige has overshadowed that of almost every contemporary.

One of the Legend of St. Francis frescoes at Assisi, the authorship of which is disputed.

An early biographical source, Riccobaldo Ferrarese, mentions that Giotto painted at Assisi but does not specify the St Francis Cycle: "What kind of art [Giotto] made is testified to by works done by him in the Franciscan churches at Assisi, Rimini, Padua..."^[12] Since the idea was put forward by the German art historian, Friedrich Rintelen in 1912,^[13] many scholars have expressed doubt that Giotto was the author of the Upper Church frescoes.

Without documentation, arguments on the attribution have relied upon connoisseurship, a notoriously unreliable "science";^[14] but technical examinations and comparisons of the workshop painting processes at Assisi and Padua in 2002 have provided strong evidence that Giotto did not paint the St. Francis Cycle.^[15] There are many differences between the Francis Cycle and the Arena Chapel frescoes that are difficult to account for by the stylistic development of an individual artist. It is now generally accepted that four different hands are identifiable and that they came from Rome. If this is the case, Giotto's frescoes at Padua owe much to the naturalism of the painters.^[9]

Other attributions[edit]

The authorship of a large number of panel paintings ascribed to Giotto by Vasari, among others, is as broadly disputed as the Assisi frescoes.^[16] According to Vasari, Giotto's earliest works were for the Dominicans at Santa Maria Novella. They include a fresco of The Annunciation and the enormous suspended Crucifix, which is about 5 metres (16 feet) high.^[5] It has been dated to about 1290 and is thought to be contemporary with the Assisi frescoes.^[17] Earlier attributed works are the San Giorgio alla Costa Madonna and Child, now in the Diocesan Museum of Santo Stefano al Ponte, Florence, and the signed panel of the Stigmata of St. Francis housed in the Louvre.

The Crucifixion of Rimini

In 1287, at the age of about 20, Giotto married Ricevuta di Lapo del Pela, known as "Ciuta". The couple had numerous children (perhaps as many as eight), one of whom, Francesco, became a painter.^[9] Giotto worked in Rome in 1297–1300, but few traces of his presence there remain today.

The Archbasilica of St. John Lateran houses a small portion of a fresco cycle, painted for the Jubilee of 1300 called by Boniface VIII. In this period Giotto also painted the Badia Polyptych, now in the Uffizi, Florence.^[5]

Giotto's fame as a painter spread. He was called to work in Padua and also in Rimini, where there remains only a Crucifix painted before 1309 and conserved in the Church of St. Francis.^[5] It influenced the rise of the Riminese school of Giovanni and Pietro da Rimini. According to documents of 1301 and 1304, Giotto by this time possessed large estates in Florence, and it is probable that he was already leading a large workshop and receiving commissions from throughout Italy.^[9]

Scrovegni Chapel[edit]

Around 1305, Giotto executed his most influential work, the interior frescoes of the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua. Enrico degli Scrovegni commissioned the chapel to serve as a family worship, burial space ^[18] and as a backdrop for an annually performed mystery play.^[19]

The Scrovegni Chapel

The theme is Salvation, and there is an emphasis on the Virgin Mary, as the chapel is dedicated to the Annunciation and to the Virgin of Charity. As was common in the decoration of the medieval period in Italy, the west wall is dominated by the Last Judgement. On either side of the chancel are complementary paintings of the angel Gabriel and the Virgin Mary, depicting the Annunciation. The scene is incorporated into the cycles of The Life of the Blessed Virgin Mary and The Life of Christ. Giotto's inspiration for The Life of the Virgin cycle was probably taken from The Golden Legend by Jacopo da Voragine and The Life of Christ draws upon the Meditations on the Life of Christ. The frescoes are more than mere illustrations of familiar texts, however, and scholars have found numerous sources for Giotto's interpretations of sacred stories.^[20]

Details of figures at the Golden Gate in the Meeting of Anna and Joachim

Sequence[edit]

The cycle is divided into 37 scenes, arranged around the lateral walls in three tiers, starting in the upper register with the story of St. Joachim and St. Anne, the parents of the Virgin, and continuing with her story. The life of Jesus occupies two registers. The Last Judgment fills the entire pictorial space of the counter-façade.

The top right tier deals with the lives of Mary's parents, the left with her early life and the middle tier with the early life and miracles of Christ.

The bottom tier on both sides is concerned with the Passions of Christ. He is depicted mainly in profile, as was the custom historically to depict persons of importance. His eyes point continuously to the right, perhaps to guide the viewer onwards in the episodes. The kiss of Judas near the end of the sequence signals the close of this left-to-right procession.

Kiss of Judas (1304–06), fresco, Scrovegni Chapel

Below the narrative scenes in colour, Giotto also painted the allegories of seven Virtues and their counterparts in monochrome grey. The monochrome frescoes appear as marble statues. Furthermore, the allegories of Justice and Injustice in the middle of the sequence oppose two specific types of government: peace leading to a festival of Love and tyranny resulting in wartime rape.^[21]

Much of the blue in the fresco has been worn away by time. The expense of the ultramarine blue pigment used made Enrico degli Scrovegni order that it should be painted on top of the already-dry fresco (secco fresco) to preserve its brilliance. That is why it has disintegrated faster than the other colours, which have been fastened within the plaster of the fresco. An example of the decay can clearly be seen on the robe of Christ, as he sits on the donkey.

Between the scenes are quatrefoil paintings of Old Testament scenes, like Jonah and the Whale that allegorically correspond and perhaps foretell the life of Christ.

Style[edit]

While Cimabue painted in a manner that is clearly medieval, having aspects of both the Byzantine and the Gothic, Giotto's style drew on the solid and classicizing sculpture of Arnolfo di Cambio. Unlike those by Cimabue and Duccio, Giotto's figures are not stylized or elongated and do not follow the Byzantine models of his contemporaries. They are solidly three-dimensional, have faces and gestures that are based on close observation and are clothed, not in swirling formalized drapery, but in garments that hang naturally and have form and weight. He also took bold steps in foreshortening and with having characters face inwards, with their backs towards the observer creating the illusion of space.

Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ), Cappella degli Scrovegni

The figures occupy compressed settings with naturalistic elements, often using forced perspective devices so that they resemble stage sets. This similarity is increased by Giotto's careful arrangement of the figures in such a way that the viewer appears to have a particular place and even an involvement in many of the scenes. That can be seen most markedly in the arrangement of the figures in the Mocking of Christ and Lamentation in which the viewer is bidden by the composition that Giotto has created to become mocker in one and mourner in the other.

Famous narratives in the series include the Adoration of the Magi, in which a comet-like Star of Bethlehem streaks across the sky. Giotto is thought to have been inspired by the 1301 appearance of Halley's comet, which led to the name Giotto being given to a 1986 space probe to the comet.

Giotto's depiction of the human face and emotion sets his work apart from that of his contemporaries. When the disgraced Joachim returns sadly to the hillside, the two young shepherds look sideways at each other. The soldier who drags a baby from its screaming mother in the Massacre of the Innocents does so with his head hunched into his shoulders and a look of shame on his face. The people on the road to Egypt gossip about Mary and Joseph as they go. Of Giotto's realism, the 19th-century English critic John Ruskin said, "He painted the Madonna and St. Joseph and the Christ, yes, by all means... but essentially Mamma, Papa and Baby".^[9]

Besides his pivotal contribution to the development of a new realistic visual language, Giotto might have been also responsible for the reintroduction of true fresco technique to Western art. The technological development allowed the creation of more-durable murals with unprecedented colours and brilliance.^[22]

Other works in Padua[edit]

Among those frescoes in Padua that have been lost are those in the Basilica of. St. Anthony^[23] and the Palazzo della Ragione.^[24]

Numerous painters from northern Italy were influenced by Giotto's work in Padua, including Guariento, Giusto de' Menabuoi, Jacopo Avanzi, and Altichiero.

Mature works[edit]

The Nativity in the Lower Church, Assisi

From 1306 to 1311 Giotto was in Assisi, where he painted the frescoes in the transept area of the Lower Church of the Basilica of St. Francis, including The Life of Christ, Franciscan Allegories and the Maddalena Chapel, drawing on stories from the Golden Legend and including the portrait of Bishop Teobaldo Pontano, who commissioned the work. Several assistants are mentioned, including Palerino di Guido. However, the style demonstrates developments from Giotto's work at Padua.^[9]

In 1311, Giotto returned to Florence. A document from 1313 about his furniture there shows that he had spent a period in Rome some time beforehand. It is now thought that he produced the design for the famous Navicella mosaic for the courtyard of the Old St. Peter's Basilica in 1310, commissioned by Cardinal Giacomo or Jacopo Stefaneschi and now lost to the Renaissance church except for some fragments and a Baroque reconstruction. According to the cardinal's necrology, he also at least designed the Stefaneschi Triptych, a double-sided altarpiece for St. Peter's, now in the Vatican Pinacoteca. However, the style seems unlikely for either Giotto or his normal Florentine assistants so he may have had his design executed by an ad hoc workshop of Romans.^[25]

Ognissanti Madonna, (c. 1310) Tempera on wood, 325 by 204 centimetres (128 by 80 inches) Uffizi, Florence

Ognissanti Madonna[edit]

In Florence, where documents from 1314 to 1327 attest to his financial activities, Giotto painted an altarpiece, known as the Ognissanti Madonna, which is now on display in the Uffizi, where it is exhibited beside Cimabue's Santa Trinita Madonna and Duccio's Rucellai Madonna.^[9] The Ognissanti altarpiece is the only panel painting by Giotto that has been universally accepted by scholars, despite the fact that it is undocumented. It was painted for the church of the Ognissanti (all saints) in Florence, which was built by an obscure religious order, known as the Humiliati.^[26] It is a large painting (325 x 204 cm), and scholars are divided on whether it was made for the main altar of the church, where it would have been viewed primarily by the brothers of the order, or for the choir screen, where it would have been more easily seen by a lay audience.^[27]

He also painted around the time the Dormition of the Virgin, now in the Berlin Gemäldegalerie, and the Crucifix in the Church of Ognissanti.^[28]

Peruzzi and Bardi Chapels at Santa Croce[edit]

According to Lorenzo Ghiberti, Giotto painted chapels for four different Florentine families in the church of Santa Croce, but he does not identify which chapels.^[29] It is only with Vasari that the four chapels are identified: the Bardi Chapel (Life of St. Francis), the Peruzzi Chapel (Life of St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist, perhaps including a polyptych of Madonna with Saints now in the Museum of Art of Raleigh, North Carolina) and the lost Giugni Chapel (Stories of the Apostles) and the Tosinghi Spinelli Chapel (Stories of the Holy Virgin).^[30] As with almost everything in Giotto's career, the dates of the fresco decorations that survive in Santa Croce are disputed. The Bardi Chapel, immediately to the right of the main chapel of the church, was painted in true fresco, and to some scholars, the simplicity of its settings seems relatively close to those of Padua, but the Peruzzi Chapel's more complex settings suggest a later date.^[31]

Peruzzi Chapel, The Ascension of St John the Evangelist

The Peruzzi Chapel is adjacent to the Bardi Chapel and was largely painted a secco. The technique, quicker but less durable than true fresco, has resulted in a fresco decoration that survives in a seriously-deteriorated condition. Scholars who date the cycle earlier in Giotto's career see the growing interest in architectural expansion that it displays as close to the developments of the giottesque frescoes in the Lower Church at Assisi, but the Bardi frescoes have a new softness of colour that indicates the artist going in a different direction, probably under the influence of Sienese art so it must be later.^[32]

Details of figures from the Raising of Drusiana in the Peruzzi Chapel

The Peruzzi Chapel pairs three frescoes from the life of St. John the Baptist (The Annunciation of John's Birth to his father Zacharias; The Birth and Naming of John; The Feast of Herod) on the left wall with three scenes from the life of St. John the Evangelist (The Visions of John on Ephesus; The Raising of Drusiana; The Ascension of John) on the right wall. The choice of scenes has been related to both the patrons and the Franciscans.^[33] Because of the deteriorated condition of the frescoes, it is difficult to discuss Giotto's style in the chapel, but the frescoes show signs of his typical interest in controlled naturalism and psychological penetration. The Peruzzi Chapel was especially renowned during Renaissance times. Giotto's compositions influenced Masaccio's frescos at the Brancacci Chapel, and Michelangelo is also known to have studied them.

Bardi Chapel: the Mourning of St. Francis

The Bardi Chapel depicts the life of St. Francis, following a similar iconography to the frescoes in the Upper Church at Assisi, dating from 20 to 30 years earlier. A comparison shows the greater attention given by Giotto to expression in the human figures and the simpler, better-integrated architectural forms. Giotto represents only seven scenes from the saint's life, and the narrative is arranged somewhat unusually. The story starts on the upper left wall with St. Francis Renounces his Father. It continues across the chapel to the upper right wall with the Approval of the Franciscan Rule, moves down the right wall to the Trial by Fire, across the chapel again to the left wall for the Appearance at Arles, down the left wall to the Death of St. Francis, and across once more to the posthumous Visions of Fra Agostino and the Bishop of Assisi. The Stigmatization of St. Francis, which chronologically belongs between the Appearance at Arles and the Death, is located outside the chapel, above the entrance arch. The arrangement encourages viewers to link scenes together: to pair frescoes across the chapel space or relate triads of frescoes along each wall. The linkings suggest meaningful symbolic relationships between different events in St. Francis's life.^[34]

Stefaneschi Triptych[edit]

In 1320, Giotto painted the Stefaneschi Triptych, now in the Vatican Museum, for Cardinal Giacomo (or Jacopo) Gaetano Stefaneschi. It shows St Peter enthroned with saints on the front, and on the reverse, Christ is enthroned, framed with scenes of the martyrdom of Saints Peter and Paul. It is one of the few works by Giotto for which firm evidence of a commission exists.^[35] The cardinal also commissioned Giotto to decorate the apse of St. Peter's Basilica with a cycle of frescoes that were destroyed during the 16th-century renovation. According to Vasari, Giotto remained in Rome for six years, subsequently receiving numerous commissions in Italy, and in the Papal seat at Avignon, but some of the works are now recognized to be by other artists.

The verso of The Stefaneschi Altarpiece

Later works[edit]

In 1328 the altarpiece of the Baroncelli Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence, was completed. Previously ascribed to Giotto, it is now believed to be mostly a work by assistants, including Taddeo Gaddi, who later frescoed the chapel. Giotto was called by King Robert of Anjou to Naples where he remained with a group of pupils until 1333. Few of Giotto's Neapolitan works have survived: a fragment of a fresco portraying the Lamentation of Christ in the church of Santa Chiara and the Illustrious Men that is painted on the windows of the Santa Barbara Chapel of Castel Nuovo, which are usually attributed to his pupils. In 1332, King Robert named him "first court painter", with a yearly pension.

After Naples, Giotto stayed for a while in Bologna, where he painted a Polyptych for the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli and, according to so E sources, a lost decoration for the Chapel in the Cardinal Legate's Castle.^[5]

Campanile di Giotto (Florence)

In 1334, Giotto was appointed chief architect to Florence Cathedral. He designed the bell tower, known as Giotto's Campanile, begun on July 18, 1334. It was not completed entirely to his design.^[9]

Before 1337, he was in Milan with Azzone Visconti, but no trace of works by him remain in the city. His last known work was with assistants' help: the decoration of Podestà Chapel in the Bargello, Florence.^[9]

Later life[edit]

In his final years, Giotto had become friends with Giovanni Boccaccio and Sacchetti, who featured him in their stories. In The Divine Comedy, Dante acknowledged the greatness of his living contemporary by the words of a painter in Purgatorio (XI, 94–96): "Cimabue believed that he held the field/In painting, and now Giotto has the cry,/ So the fame of the former is obscure."^[6] Giotto died in January 1337.

Legacy[edit]

According to Vasari,^[5] Giotto was buried in the Cathedral of Florence, on the left of the entrance and with the spot marked by a white marble plaque. According to other sources, he was buried in the Church of Santa Reparata. The apparently-contradictory reports are explained by the fact that the remains of Santa Reparata are directly beneath the Cathedral and the church continued in use while the construction of the cathedral proceeded in the early 14th century.

During an excavation in the 1970s, bones were discovered beneath the paving of Santa Reparata at a spot close to the location given by Vasari but unmarked on either level. Forensic examination of the bones by anthropologist Francesco Mallegni and a team of experts in 2000 brought to light some evidence that seemed to confirm that they were those of a painter, particularly the range of chemicals, including arsenic and lead, both commonly found in paint, which the bones had absorbed.^[36]

The bones were those of a very short man, little over four feet tall, who may have suffered from a form of congenital dwarfism. That supports a tradition at the Church of Santa Croce that a dwarf who appears in one of the frescoes is a self-portrait of Giotto. On the other hand, a man wearing a white hat who appears in the Last Judgement at Padua is also said to be a portrait of Giotto. The appearance of this man conflicts with the image in Santa Croce, in regards to stature.^[36]

Vasari, drawing on a description by Boccaccio, a friend of Giotto, says of him that "there was no uglier man in the city of Florence" and indicates that his children were also plain in appearance. There is a story that Dante visited Giotto while he was painting the Scrovegni Chapel and, seeing the artist's children underfoot asked how a man who painted such beautiful pictures could have such plain children. Giotto, who, according to Vasari was always a wit, replied, "I had them in the dark."^[5]

Forensic reconstruction of the skeleton at Santa Reperata showed a short man with a very large head, a large hooked nose and one eye more prominent than the other. The bones of the neck indicated that the man spent a lot of time with his head tilted backwards. The front teeth were worn in a way consistent with frequently holding a brush between the teeth. The man was about 70 at the time of death.^[36]

While the Italian researchers were convinced that the body belonged to Giotto and it was reburied with honour near the grave of Filippo Brunelleschi, others have been highly skeptical.^[37] Franklin Toker, a professor of art history at the University of Pittsburgh, who was present at the original excavation in 1970, says that they are probably "the bones of some fat butcher".^[38]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Eimerl, Sarel. The World of Giotto, Time-Life Books, (1967), ISBN 0-900658-15-0
• Previtali, G. Giotto e la sua bottega (1993)
• Vasari, Giorgio.
  • Le vite de più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architetti (1568)
  • Lives of the Artists, trans. George Bull, Penguin Classics, (1965) ISBN 0-14-044164-6
• White, John. Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250 to 1400, London, Penguin Books, 1966, 2nd edn 1987 (now Yale History of Art series). ISBN 0140561285

Further reading[edit]

• Agapiou, Natalia, L'autoritratto di Andrea Mantegna nella Camera dipinta del castello di San Giorgio a Mantova: le peripezie di un motivo ornamentale, Studi Umanistici Piceni, XXXII, ISSN 1126-4764.
• Bandera Bistoletti, Sandrina, Giotto: catalogo completo dei dipinti (I gigli dell'arte; 2) Cantini, Firenze 1989. ISBN 88-7737-050-5.
• Basile, Giuseppe (a cura di), Giotto: gli affreschi della Cappella degli Scrovegni a Padova, Skira, Milano 2002. ISBN 88-8491-229-6.
  • Giotto: le storie francescane, (I capolavori dell'arte) Electa, Milano 1996. ISBN 88-435-5678-9
• Bellosi, Luciano, La pecora di Giotto, (Saggi; 681). Einaudi, Torino 1985. ISBN 88-06-58339-5.
• Bokody, Péter, After Paradigm: Iconography and Giotto, IKON: Journal of Iconographic Studies 7 (2014): 131–141.
  • Justice, Love and Rape: Giotto’s Allegories of Justice and Injustice in the Arena Chapel, Padua, In The Iconology of Law and Order, ed. Anna Kerchy and others, 55-66. Szeged: JATE Press, 2012.
  • Bokody, Péter, Mural Painting as a Medium: Technique, Representation and Liturgy, in Image and Christianity: Visual Media in the Middle Ages, ed. Péter Bokody (Pannonhalma: Pannonhalma Abbey, 2014), 136–151.
• Bologna, Ferdinando, Novità su Giotto: Giotto al tempo della Cappella Peruzzi (Saggi; 438). Einaudi, Torino 1969.
• Carrà, Carlo, Giotto, (Biblioteca moderna Mondadori; 227-228). A. Mondadori, Milano 1951.
• Cavalcaselle, Giovan Battista, e Joseph A. Crowe, Storia della pittura in Italia dal secolo II al secolo XVI, 1: Dai primi tempi cristiani fino alla morte di Giotto 2. ed. con aggiunta di un'appendice. Le Monnier, Firenze 1886.
• Cecchi, Emilio, Giotto (3rd ed.). (Valori plastici) Hoepli, Milano 1942 (3rd ed. 1950).
• Ciatti, Marco e Max Seidel (a cura di), Giotto: La Croce di Santa Maria Novella, Edifir, Firenze 2000. ISBN 88-7970-107-X.
• Coletti, Luigi, I primitivi, vol. 1 Dall'arte benedettina a Giotto, Istituto geografico De Agostini, Novara 1941.
• Crowe, Joseph A., A history of painting in Italy: Umbria, Florence and Siena from the second to the sixteenth century, vol. 2: Giotto and the giottesques. J. Murray, London 1903.
• de Castris, Pierluigi Leone, Giotto a Napoli, Electa Napoli, Napoli 2006. ISBN 88-510-0386-6.
• Flores D'Arcais, Francesca, Giotto, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 1995. ISBN 88-7179-092-8 (ed. 2001).
• Frugoni, Chiara, L'affare migliore di Enrico. Giotto e la cappella degli Scrovegni, (Saggi; 899). Einaudi, Torino 2008. ISBN 978-88-06-18462-9.
• Fry, Roger, Giotto, a cura di Laura Cavazzini ; traduzione di Electra Cannata, (Miniature; 63). ed. Abscondita, Milano 2008 ISBN 978-88-8416-161-1.
• Gioseffi, Decio, Giotto architetto, Edizioni di Comunità, Milano 1963.
• Gnudi, Cesare, Giotto, (I sommi dell'arte italiana) Martello, Milano 1958.
• Horak, Marco, Giotto e i giotteschi. Pareri discordanti sull'attribuzione di una delicata Madonna con il Bambino di influenza giottesca: Pacino di Bonaguida, Lippo di Benivieni o il Maestro del Trittico Horne? in Panorama Musei, Anno XVIII, n.2, 2013
• Ladis, Andrew, Giotto's O: Narrative, Figuration, and Pictorial Ingenuity in the Arena Chapel, Pennsylvania State UP, University Park, Pennsylvania 2009. ISBN 9780271034072.
• Land, Norman,, Giotto as an Ugly Genius: A Study in Self-Portrayal, in Andrew Ladis, ed., Giotto as a Historical and Literary Figure: Miscellaneous Studies, 4 vols. (Vol. 1: Giotto and the World of Early Italian Art), Garland Publishing, New York, 1998: 183–196.
• Longhi, Roberto, Giotto spazioso, in Paragone n 31, 1958.
• Meiss, Millard, Giotto and Assisi, University Press, New York 1960.
• Milizia, Umberto M., Il ciclo di Giotto ad Assisi: struttura di una leggenda (L'arco muto; 9). De Rubeis, Anzio 1994. ISBN 88-85252-18-4
• Moleta, Vincent. From St. Francis to Giotto, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1984. ISBN 978-0-8199-0853-7.
• Pisani, Giuliano,
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External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Giotto.

• Note: while reproductions of Giotto's paintings at external websites are valuable, attributions may be misleading. Any website that shows, without question, the frescoes of the Upper Church of St. Francis of Assisi as being the work of Giotto, is ignoring modern scholarship on the matter. Any website that claims Giotto was placed in charge of the decoration of the Upper Church or was selected as the "most suitable" artist for its decoration is making a claim based on lack of evidence.
• Giotto at Encyclopædia Britannica
• Page at Web Gallery of Art
• smARThistory: The Epiphany
• Giotto - Biography, Style and Artworks
• Giotto in Panopticon Virtual Art Gallery
• Video of Giotto's Scrovegni Chapel
• BBC video about Giotto frescoes in the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
• Detailed history of Giotto and high resolution photos of works (in Italian)