1.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
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Maharishi Mahesh Yogi was born Mahesh Prasad Varma and became known as Maharishi and Yogi as an adult. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi became a disciple and assistant of Swami Brahmananda Saraswati, the Maharishi credits Brahmananda Saraswati with inspiring his teachings. In 1955, the Maharishi began to introduce his Transcendental Deep Meditation to India and his first global tour began in 1958. His devotees referred to him as His Holiness, and because he often laughed in TV interviews he was referred to as the giggling guru. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Maharishi achieved fame as the guru to the Beatles, The Beach Boys, in the late 1970s, he started the TM-Sidhi programme that claimed to offer practitioners the ability to levitate and to create world peace. The Maharishis Natural Law Party was founded in 1992, and ran campaigns in dozens of countries and he moved to near Vlodrop, the Netherlands, in the same year. In 2000, he created the Global Country of World Peace, a non-profit organization, in 2008, the Maharishi announced his retirement from all administrative activities and went into silence until his death three weeks later. His initiatives include schools and universities with campuses in countries including India, Canada, the United States. The Maharishi, his family and close associates created charitable organisations and for-profit businesses including health clinics, mail-order health supplements and organic farms. The birth name, birth date, and caste of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi are not known with certainty, in part because of the tradition of ascetics, many accounts say he was born Mahesh Prasad Varma into a Kayastha family living in the Central Provinces of British India. A different name appears in the Allahabad University list of distinguished alumni, Srivastava. and an obituary says his name was Mahesh Srivastava. Various accounts give the year of his birth as 1911,1917 or 1918, authors Paul Mason and William Jefferson say that he was born 12 January 1917 in Jabalpur, Central Provinces. The place of birth given in his passport is Pounalulla India, Mahesh came from an upper-caste family, being a member of the Kayastha caste, a high-status caste whose traditional profession is writing. Mahesh studied physics at Allahabad University and earned a degree in 1942, Coplin refers to bala brahmachari as both a title and a name, and considers that it identified him as a fully dedicated student of spiritual knowledge and life-long celibate ascetic. The Maharishi recalls how it took two and a half years to attune himself to the thinking of Brahmananda Saraswati and to gain a very genuine feeling of complete oneness. At first Brahmachari Mahesh performed common chores but gained trust and became Guru Devs personal secretary and he was trusted to take care of the bulk of Swami Brahmananda Saraswatis correspondence without direction, and was also sent out to give public speeches on Vedic themes. Brahmachari Mahesh remained with Swami Brahmananda Saraswati until the latter died in 1953, although Brahmachari Mahesh was a close disciple, he could not be the Shankaracharyas spiritual successor because he was not of the Brahmin caste. The Shankaracharya, at the end of his life, charged him with the responsibility of travelling and teaching meditation to the masses, later the technique was renamed Transcendental Meditation
2.
Transcendental Meditation
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Maharishi Mahesh Yogi introduced the TM technique and TM movement in India, in the mid-1950s. The Maharishi taught thousands of people during a series of tours from 1958 to 1965, expressing his teachings in spiritual. TM became more popular in the 1960s and 1970s, as the Maharishi shifted to a technical presentation. At this time, he began training TM teachers and created specialized organizations to present TM to specific segments of the such as business people. By the early 2000s, TM had been taught to millions of people, and the worldwide TM organization had grown to include programs, health products. The TM technique involves the use of a sound or mantra and it is taught by certified teachers through a standard course of instruction, which costs a fee that varies by country. According to the Transcendental Meditation movement, it is a method for relaxation, stress reduction, varying views on whether the technique is religious or non-religious have been expressed including by sociologists, scholars, and a New Jersey court. TM is one of the most widely practiced and researched meditation techniques, Transcendental Meditation dates its origin back to the Vedic traditions of India. The Transcendental Meditation program and the Transcendental Meditation movement originated with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, founder of the organization, the Maharishi initiated thousands of people, then developed a TM teacher training program as a way to accelerate the rate of bringing the technique to more people. He also inaugurated a series of tours which promoted Transcendental Meditation. These factors, coupled with endorsements by celebrities who practiced TM and claims that research had validated the technique. By the late 2000s, TM had been taught to millions of individuals, despite organizational changes and the addition of advanced meditative techniques in the 1970s, the Transcendental Meditation technique has remained relatively unchanged. Among the first organizations to promote TM were the Spiritual Regeneration Movement, the successor to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and leader of the Global Country of World Peace, is Tony Nader. The meditation practice involves the use of a mantra for 15–20 minutes twice per day while sitting with the eyes closed and it is reported to be one of the most widely practiced, and among the most widely researched, meditation techniques, with hundreds of published research studies. The technique is available worldwide by certified TM teachers in a seven-step course. Beginning in 1965, the Transcendental Meditation technique has been incorporated into selected schools, universities, corporations, and prison programs in the US, Latin America, Europe, the technique has since been included in a number of educational and social programs around the world. Advanced courses supplement the TM technique and include a meditation program called the TM-Sidhi program. The Transcendental Meditation movement refers to the programs and organizations connected with the Transcendental Meditation technique, Transcendental Meditation was first taught in the 1950s in India and has continued since the Maharishis death in 2008
3.
Tony Nader
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Tony Nader is a Lebanese neuro-scientist, researcher, university president, author and leader of the Transcendental Meditation movement. Nader worked with Deepak Chopra at the Maharishi Ayurveda Health Center in Massachusetts and in 1994, published his first book, Human physiology, Expression of Veda and he is president of both Maharishi University of Management and Maharishi Open University. Nader published his book, Ramayan In Human Physiology in 2011. In 2015 Nader founded the International Journal of Mathematics and Consciousness and is serving as the editor-in-chief. D, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the field of Brain and Cognitive Science and became a visiting physician at their Clinical Research Center. His post-doctoral work was as a clinical and research fellow at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Nader said he learned about the field of spiritual or non-physical, or non-material and how it expresses itself in the universe from the Maharishi. As a professor and director, Nader has conducted Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health programs, in 1986 Nader was criticized for overstating his post graduate connections to MIT and implying that his research was sanctioned by his alma mater. In 1987, Nader worked at the Maharishi Ayurveda Health Center in Lancaster and he also said he discovered similarities between the astrological influence of the planets and parts of the human brain. This body of work is reported to have derived from the Maharishis ideas. The gold was given to Nader as a scientific award to support his continued research. Nader performed the first research on Maharishi Vedic Vibration Technology, which aims to enliven the inner intelligence of the body, during these transitions, Nader was reportedly given various titles including Vishwa Prashasak Raja Raam, Adhi Raam, and Raja Nader Raam. In 2002, Nader was invited by the mayor of Maharishi Vedic City to take residence at The Mansion Hotel, in 2008, a spokesman said Nader would reign in silence and communicate through his governing council. Nader says that his study does not conclude that the Ramayana belongs to any one religion or race or belief system, rather, the Ramayana is the story of Natural Law and how it unfolds in every individual and the universe. In 2012, Nader was the speaker on a tour of 10 cities in North American, entitled A New Paradigm, Veda, Consciousness, the Ramayana. His presentation in Chicago to 650 Indian Americans received a standing ovation, during the tour, Nader gave presentations on “Embodying Totality” and “Introductory Seminar on the Ramayan in Human Physiology. During his 2014 course, Hacking Consciousness, at Stanford University, he presented its mathematical framework
4.
Iowa
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Iowa is a U. S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. Surrounding states include Wisconsin and Illinois to the east, Missouri to the south, Nebraska and South Dakota to the west, in colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana, its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is the 26th most extensive in area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines, Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Its nickname is the Hawkeye State, Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west, Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers. Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two, the state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County. Iowas bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east, in northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c.500 million years ago. Iowa is generally not flat, most of the consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone, consisting of steep hills, several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa. To the east lies Clear Lake, man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The states northwest area has remnants of the once common wetlands. Iowas natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture, crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands cover 30%, as of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U. S. states in public land holdings. Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Meads milkweed, prairie bush clover, the explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality. Iowa has a continental climate throughout the state
5.
Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa
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Maharishi Vedic City is a city in Jefferson County, Iowa, United States. The population was 259 at the 2010 census, the city was first incorporated in 2001 as Vedic City but then officially changed its name to Maharishi Vedic City five months later. It was the first city to incorporate in Iowa since 1982, Maharishi Vedic City consists of approximately one square mile, located about four miles north of Fairfield, the home of Maharishi University of Management. The city plan and buildings are based on Maharishi Sthapatya Veda and its goals are to protect, nourish, and satisfy everyone, upholding the different social, cultural, and religious traditions while maintaining the integrity and progress of the city as a whole. The concept of a Vedic City was conceived by the Maharishi, the first resolution of the city council proclaimed the constitution of the city to be the same as the Constitution of the Universe — Total Natural Law — RK Veda. More than a dozen developers purchased 50 farms totaling 3,000 acres, together, they planned a city arranged in ten circles totaling about one square mile, along with paved roads, utilities, sewage and Internet. They then began the first phase of construction, which included two hotels, various houses and office buildings, after one year,46 structures had been built and more than $35 million spent on development. Planners expected the city to have a population of over 1,000 by 2010, in the early stages of development, Vedic City set aside 50 acres as land for conservation and preservation. This acreage was then transformed from fields to native prairies, wetlands. In 2002, a known as The Mansion became a headquarters for the Global Country of World Peace. The Mayor of MVC is Bob Wynne, who is also the GCWPs Raja of the Center of Vedic America, in November 2002, the city council passed an ordinance banning the sale of non-organic food within its borders. In 2003, the city began offering tours to the public and has several thousand visitors per year, the city has an organic farm and sells produce to retail outlets such as the Whole Foods Market. According to city officials in 2004, more than $200 million of capital had been invested in Fairfield. By 2006, the city consisted of more than 200 buildings, the city council voted to ban the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers within the city limits in April 2005, becoming the first all-organic city in the country. The citys residents include about 1,000 pandits from India who live on a campus on the edge of the city, the 2010 census counted 259 people, placing the pandit campus outside the city. However, city officials said the pandits were mistakenly counted as county residents rather than part of the citys population, according to the New York Times, the count was then increased to 1,294 by the Census Bureau to reflect misplaced housing. In October 2011, a show titled Americas Most Unusual Town aired on the Oprah Winfrey Network on March 25,2012. A large fenced compound houses between 300 and 1000 Pandit meditators at the edge of Vedic City as part of a program to foster peace through meditation that began in 2007
6.
Micronation
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Several micronations have issued coins, flags, postage stamps, passports, medals, and other items. These items are rarely accepted outside of their own community but may be sold as novelties to help raise money or collected by enthusiasts, the earliest known micronations date from the beginning of the 19th century. The differences between such Internet micronations, other kinds of social networking groups, and role-playing games are difficult to define. The term micronation to describe those entities dates at least to the 1970s, the term micropatrology is sometimes used to describe the study of both micronations and microstates by micronationalists, some of whom refer to sovereign nation-states as macronations. The term micronation literally means small nation and it is a neologism originating in the mid-1970s to describe the many thousands of small unrecognised state-like entities that have mostly arisen since that time. The term has also come to be used retrospectively to refer to earlier unrecognized entities. Amongst supporters of micronations the term macronation is in use to refer to any internationally recognised sovereign nation-state. Not all micronations are small, some can be rather large, Micronations generally have a number of common features, although these may vary widely. They may have a similar to established sovereign states, including territorial claims, government institutions, official symbols and citizens. Micronations may also issue formal instruments such as stamps, coins, banknotes and passports. The Montevideo Convention was one attempt to create a definition distinguishing between states and non-states. Some micronations meet this definition, while some do not, nine main types of micronations are prevalent, Social, economic, or political simulations. Exercises in personal entertainment or self-aggrandisement, vehicles for the promotion of an agenda. These micronations tend to have a serious intent, and often involve significant numbers of people interested in recreating the past or simulating political or social processes. Nova Roma, a group claiming a membership of several thousand that has minted its own coins, maintains its own wiki. Embassy of Heaven, a Christian church that can be considered a micronation, Grand Duchy of Flandrensis, a Belgian micronation with claims over some territories of Antarctica. The micronation is also a simulation and cultural organization. In 2012, the micronation was composed of 114 citizens from 21 different nationalities, holy Empire of Reunion, a Brazilian micronation founded in 1997 as an online constitutional monarchy simulation
7.
Bloomberg L.P.
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Bloomberg L. P. is a privately held financial software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Bloomberg L. P. was founded by Michael Bloomberg in 1981 with the help of Thomas Secunda, Duncan MacMillan, Charles Zegar, in 1981, Salomon Brothers was acquired, and Michael Bloomberg, a general partner, was given a $10 million partnership settlement. Bloomberg, having designed in-house computerized financial systems for Salomon, used his $10 million severance check to start Innovative Market Systems, Bloomberg developed and built his own computerized system to provide real-time market data, financial calculations and other financial analytics to Wall Street firms. In 1983, Merrill Lynch invested $30 million in IMS to help finance the development of the Bloomberg terminal computer system and by 1984, in 1986, the company was renamed Bloomberg L. P. and 5,000 terminals had been installed in subscribers offices. Within a few years, ancillary products including Bloomberg Tradebook, the Bloomberg Messaging Service, Bloomberg launched its news services division in 1990. Bloomberg. com was first established on September 29,1993 as a portal with information on markets, currency conversion, news and events. In late 1996, Bloomberg bought back one-third of Merrill Lynchs 30 percent stake in the company for $200 million, Bloomberg L. P. has remained a private company since its founding, the majority of which is owned by Michael Bloomberg. To run for the position of Mayor of New York against Democrat Mark Green in 2001, Bloomberg gave up his position of CEO, in 2008, Fenwick became the CEO of Bloomberg Ventures, a new venture capital division. Daniel Doctoroff, former deputy mayor in the Bloomberg administration, now serves as president, in September 2014, Bloomberg sold its Bloomberg Sports analysis division to the data analysis firm STATS LLC for a fee rumored to be between $15 million and $20 million. On July 9,2014, Bloomberg L. P. acquired RTS Realtime Systems, in 1992, Bloomberg L. P. purchased New York Radio station WNEW for $13.5 million. The station was converted into a format, known as Bloomberg Radio. Bloomberg L. P. bought weekly business magazine, BusinessWeek, following the acquisition, BusinessWeek was renamed Bloomberg Businessweek. In 2010, Bloomberg L. P acquired Eagle Eye Publishing and this acquisition became part of Bloomberg Government which was launched in early 2011. In 2009, Bloomberg L. P. purchased New Energy Finance, New Energy Finance was created by Michael Liebreich in 2004 to provide news, data and analysis on carbon and clean energy markets. Bloomberg L. P. acquired the company to become a resource for information to support low-carbon energy solutions. Liebreich continued to lead the company, serving as the executive officer until 2014. Bloomberg L. P. purchased Arlington, Virginia-based Bureau of National Affairs in August 2011 for $990 million to bolster its existing Bloomberg Government, BNA publishes specialized online and print news and information for professionals in business and government. On 16 December 2015 it was announced that Barclays had agreed to sell its business, Barclays Risk Analytics and Index Solutions Ltd, to Bloomberg L. P. for £520 million
8.
Bearer bond
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A bearer bond is a bond or debt security issued by a business entity such as a corporation, or a government. As a bearer instrument, it differs from the common types of investment securities in that it is unregistered – no records are kept of the owner. Whoever physically holds the paper on which the bond is issued owns the instrument and this is useful for investors who wish to retain anonymity. Recovery of the value of a bond in the event of its loss, theft. Some relief is possible in the case of United States public debt, bearer bonds have historically been the financial instrument of choice for money laundering, tax evasion, and concealed business transactions in general. In response, new issuances of bearer bonds have been curtailed in the United States since 1982. In the United States all the bonds issued by the U. S. Treasury have matured. They no longer pay interest to the holders, as of May 2009, the approximate amount outstanding is $100 million. In June 2009, Italian financial police and custom guards seized documents purporting to be U. S. bearer bonds, the bonds were in $500 million and $1 billion denominations, although the highest denomination ever issued by the US Treasury was $10,000. It was unclear what the purpose of the bonds was. In the United States, the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 substantially curtailed the issue of debt in bearer form, in contrast, registered bonds retained the tax-exempt treatment
9.
Local currency
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In economics, a local currency is a currency that can be spent in a particular geographical locality at participating organisations. A regional currency is a form of local currency encompassing a larger geographical area, a local currency acts as a complementary currency to a national currency, rather than replacing it, and aims to encourage spending within a local community, especially with locally-owned businesses. The currency may not be backed by a government or be legal tender. About 300 complementary currencies, including local currencies, are listed in the Complementary Currency Resource Center worldwide database, local currency - a complementary currency used in a locality. Regional currency - a local currency where the locality is a larger region, auxiliary currency, microcurrency, Eco-Money - less common synonyms for community or local currency. Private currency - a currency issued by an individual, business or non-governmental organization, Complementary currencies are a type of private currency. Sectoral currency - a complementary currency used within one economic sector, the Wörgl experiment illustrates some of the common characteristics and major benefits of local currencies. Local currencies with negative interest rate or demurrage tend to much more rapidly than national currencies. The same amount of currency in circulation is employed more times and it produces greater benefit per unit. The higher velocity of money is a result of the negative interest rate which encourages people to spend the more quickly. Local currencies enable the community to fully utilize its existing productive resources, especially unemployed labor. They are based on the premise that the community is not fully utilizing its productive capacities, the alternative currency is utilized to increase demand, resulting in a greater exploitation of productive resources. Since local currencies are accepted within the community, their usage encourages the purchase of locally produced and locally-available goods. Thus, for any level of activity, more of the benefit accrues to the local community. For instance, construction work undertaken with local currencies employs local labor, the enhanced local effect becomes an incentive for the local population to accept and utilize the scrips. Some forms of currency can promote fuller utilization of resources over a much wider geographic area. The Fureai kippu system in Japan issues credits in exchange for assistance to senior citizens, family members living far from their parents can earn credits by offering assistance to the elderly in their local community. The credits can then be transferred to their parents and redeemed by them for local assistance, airline frequent flyer miles are a form of complementary currency that promotes customer-loyalty in exchange for free travel
10.
Cato Institute
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The Cato Institute is an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D. C. It was founded as the Charles Koch Foundation in 1974 by Ed Crane, Murray Rothbard, in July 1976, the name was changed to the Cato Institute. Cato was established to have a focus on advocacy, media exposure. According to the 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report, Cato is number 16 in the Top Think Tanks Worldwide, Cato also topped the 2014 list of the budget-adjusted ranking of international development think tanks. The institute was founded in December 1974 in Wichita, Kansas as the Charles Koch Foundation, the other members of the first board of directors included co-founder Murray Rothbard, libertarian scholar Earl Ravenal, and businessmen Sam H. Husbands Jr. and David H. Padden. Cato relocated first to San Francisco, California in 1977, then to Washington, D. C. in 1981, the Institute moved to its current location on Massachusetts Avenue in 1993. Various Cato programs were ranked in a survey published by the University of Pennsylvania in 2012. The Cato Institute publishes numerous policy studies, briefing papers, periodicals, peer-reviewed academic journals include the Cato Journal and Regulation. Other periodicals include Catos Letter, Cato Supreme Court Review, Cato published Inquiry Magazine from 1977 to 1982 and Literature of Liberty from 1978 to 1979. S. Federal Government and recommendations for decreasing various programs, libertarianism. org is a website focused on the theory and practice of libertarianism. Cato Unbound, a publication that features a monthly open debate between four people. The conversation begins with one lead essay, followed by three response essays by separate people, after that, all four participants can write as many responses and counter-responses as they want for the duration of that month. PoliceMisconduct. net contains reports and stories from Catos National Police Misconduct Reporting Project, overlawyered is a law blog on the subject of tort reform run by author Walter Olson. HumanProgress. org is an interactive data web project that increases in prosperity driven by the free market. Social media sponsored by Cato includes Daily Podcasts, plus pages on Facebook, Twitter, Google+, speakers at Cato have included Federal Reserve Chairmen Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke, and International Monetary Fund Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato. In 2009 Czech Republic President Václav Klaus spoke at a conference, many Cato scholars advocate support for civil liberties, liberal immigration policies, drug liberalization, and the repeal of Dont Ask Dont Tell and laws restricting consensual sexual activity. The Cato Institute officially resists being labeled as part of the movement because conservative smacks of an unwillingness to change. In 2006, Markos Moulitsas of the Daily Kos proposed the term Libertarian Democrat to describe his particular liberal position, Cato has stated on its About Cato page, The Jeffersonian philosophy that animates Catos work has increasingly come to be called libertarianism or market liberalism
11.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
12.
Fairfield, Iowa
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Fairfield is a city in, and the county seat of, Jefferson County, Iowa, United States. It has a population totaling 9,464 people according to the 2010 census and it is a Midwestern city surrounded by rolling farmlands filled with corn, soybean, cattle, and hogs with a median family income of $46,138. The city became the county seat in 1839 with 110 residents and its library was established in 1853, and it held its first fair in 1854. Early architecture includes work by George Franklin Barber and Barry Byrne, the city has an “abundance of start-up companies” and has been called one of the states economic superstars. It has received The Grassroots Rural Entrepreneurship Award, been nicknamed “silicorn valley, ” and was featured in a 2012 episode of the TV show, Oprahs Next Chapter. It has been the home of Maharishi University of Management since 1974 and has referred to as the worlds largest training center for practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation technique. The city includes the $6 million Fairfield Arts & Convention Center, in 2010, it was named one of six Iowa Great Places. It was named by Smithsonian magazine as one of The 20 Best Small Towns to Visit in 2013, the city has 12 public parks and recreation areas consisting of more than 1,300 acres and is governed by a seven-member city council. The Fairfield Community School District is home to nearly 2,500 students, teachers, administrators, the city has two private schools, Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment and Cornerstone Primary School. Fairfield has its own airport, several radio stations, a local public-access television station. The area now known as Jefferson County was first settled in 1836, the name was suggested by Nancy Bonnifield, one of the settlers, because it aptly described the fair fields of the area. But also author Susan Welty suggests it was a play of words on her own name, by 1840, Fairfield had a population of 110 and grew to 650 in 1847. The city was the site of the first and second Iowa State Fairs, Fairfields library was established in 1853, and was the first library in the state of Iowa. It was first housed in a room off the city square. Fairfields library became the first Carnegie Library outside of Pennsylvania or Scotland funded by Andrew Carnegie, the Carnegie building on the corner of Washington and Court streets became the librarys home on November 28,1893. Then in May 1996, the moved to its present location on West Adams Street. The library has over 220,000 items and received accreditation from the State Library of Iowa in 2009, the first fair was held October 25–27,1854 on 6 acres of land surrounded by a 10-foot-high fence. The total cost to hold the fair was around $320, and it is estimated that between 7,000 and 10,000 fair goers attended this historical event
13.
Vlodrop
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Vlodrop is a town in the south-eastern part of The Netherlands in the municipality of Roerdalen. The town is situated near the German border, about 8 km southeast of Roermond, Vlodrop was a separate municipality until 1991, when it was merged with Melick en Herkenbosch. In 2001, Vlodrop had 1995 inhabitants, the built-up area of the town was 0.51 km², and contained 850 residences. The world-famous roller coaster manufacturer Vekoma is based in Vlodrop, J. Kuyper, Gemeente Atlas van Nederland, 1865-1870, Vlodrop. Map of the municipality, around 1868
14.
American Bank Note Company Building
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The American Bank Note Company Building is a historical building located at 70 Broad Street, New York, New York. The building is a New York City landmark built by architects Kirby and it is a neo-classical five-story structure with 20,000 square feet consisting of office space and luxury apartments on the upper floors. According to a New York City realtor, the building is a residential, office, another Bank Note Company building, also a designated NYC Landmark, on Garrison Avenue in the Bronx borough of New York City, was the companys printing plant until the 1960s. It was built in 1908 as the home of the American Bank Note Company, the building was sold in 1988 The Bank of Tokyo sold the building in 1995 and in 1996 it was remodeled into a restaurant and was given historical landmark status in 1997. It was purchased for USD$5. 5m in 2004 by Maharishi Mahesh Yogis organization and it was sold to an unnamed Chinese construction and investment company for $18 million in 2010. The Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance used to be located in the building
15.
Smith Center, Kansas
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Smith Center is a city in and the county seat of Smith County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 1,665, Smith Center was founded in 1871. The first post office in Smith Center was established in January 1873, like Smith County, Smith Center was named for Maj. J. Nelson Smith, a casualty of the Civil War. Smith Center is located at 39°46′43″N 98°47′7″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.24 square miles, all land. Smith Center is located at the junction of U. S, routes 281 and 36, approximately 100 miles south of Grand Island, Nebraska and 77 miles north of Russell and Interstate 70. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,665 people,779 households, the population density was 1,342.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 928 housing units at a density of 748.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 7% White,0. 1% African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 1% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander,0. 4% from other races, and 1. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 0% of the population,36. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 21. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the family size was 2.71. The median age in the city was 48.7 years. 20. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,5. 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 18% were from 25 to 44,26. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 28. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 2% male and 52. 8% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,931 people,852 households, and 534 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,659.9 people per square mile, there were 987 housing units at an average density of 848.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 99. 17% White,0. 21% Native American,0. 26% Pacific Islander,0. 10% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 47% of the population. 34. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 21. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.77. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 21. 0% under the age of 18,4. 7% from 18 to 24,21. 7% from 25 to 44,20. 5% from 45 to 64, the median age was 47 years. For every 100 females there were 84.3 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.2 males
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Smith County, Kansas
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Smith County is a county located in the U. S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,853 and its county seat is Smith Center. The county is named in memory of Maj. J. Nelson Smith, the geographic center of the contiguous United States is located within the county, near Lebanon. For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans, from the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, in 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre. In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U. S. state, in 1872, Smith County was established. The first homestead in Smith County was in 1871 and there were 3,800 inhabitants by 1875, the county grew to 15,000 people by 1889. Corn was the crop at first but drought and grasshopper plagues severely hurt the crops. When hardy Winter wheat was introduced to Kansas by Russian settlers, the population of the county has slowly declined since 1900 due in large part because of advanced farming techniques that require less human labor. Dr. Brewster Higley wrote the song Home on the Range in 1871 in a cabin 8 miles north of Athol and it later became the Kansas State song. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 897 square miles. The county is divided into 25 townships, each of which is listed below in the section of this article. The geographic center of the 48 contiguous states is located within the county, the geographic center of North America is located in neighboring Osborne County. The Solomon River runs through the part of the county and provides a flat basin. There are two major highways serving the county, the main east-west route is U. S. Highway 36, which travels through Athol, Kensington, and Smith Center. The main north-south route is U. S. Highway 281, Kansas state highways K-8, K-9 and K-180 serve other areas of the county. The population density was 5 people per square mile, there were 2,326 housing units at an average density of 3 per square mile
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Maharishi Peace Palace
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Maharishi Peace Palace is a type of pre-engineered building designed to house the educational and meditational activities of the Transcendental Meditation movement. Each Peace Palace is built using standardized plans compatible with Maharishi Sthapatya Veda design principles, in 2000, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi announced his aspiration to build thousands of Peace Palaces around the world. As of 2013, eight peace palaces have been completed in the United States, in 2000, the Maharishi announced his aspirations to build one or more Peace Palaces in each of the 3,000 largest cities around the world. A2006 prospectus for the TM movements RAAM bond specified 5,000 peace palaces worldwide, another plan called for 2,400 buildings but was later reduced to 100 or 200 in the USA and 14 in Canada. Maharishi Peace Palace is described as a pre-engineered, MSV-designed building, plans are available for four sizes, the medium option being a 12, 000-square-foot, two-story building with a white, painted or marble-clad exterior. Depending on its size and other factors, a peace palace might include a spa facility, dormitory, meditation room, lecture hall, meeting room, a Maharishi Ayurveda shop, and a library. The peace palaces are intended to replace rental properties currently housing the TM movements teaching centers, retail outlets and they have been called Maharishi Enlightment Centers or Maharishi Invincibility Centers or Peace Palaces. Some could be connected with organic farming operations, either on-site or at nearby rural locations, film director and TM advocate David Lynch said a Peace Palace is a peace factory rather than a pretty building. An article in The New York Times described a palace as an Indian temple crossed with a Southern plantation mansion with their consistent appearance being part of a branding effort. Critics claim that the plan is aimed at increasing the Maharishis financial assets, while a possible lack of interest in the Peace Palaces might be attributed to the Maharishis death. A spokesman at the Maharishis funeral in 2008 said that the construction of peace palaces would remain a top priority, in 2007, The New York Times reported that 52 parcels had been acquired for Peace Palaces. They are being built in the US by the Global Country of World Peace and overseen by the Maharishi Vedic Education Development Corporation, David Lynch initiated an effort in 2003 to raise $1 billion for palace construction. The GCWP would be responsible for the debt and interest, in order to get IRS approval for the tax-exempt bond, the GCWP had to get endorsements from the city councils or state authorities of the jurisdictions where it planned to build. A2008 report states that $40 million was borrowed to build nine Peace Palaces and those who finance the construction of Peace Palaces are called Founders of World Peace. In at least some cases, the Palaces are intended to run on a basis with returns going to investors. Two or three Palaces have been built by private individuals, Peace Palaces have been completed in at least seven locations, Lexington, Kentucky. Located on the University of Kentuckys Coldstream Research Campus, it opened in April 2003 and it was built by TM-advocate and oil broker Howard Settle at a cost of $4 million. It also houses his corporate offices, the Woodlands, Texas It was also built by Settle and he has office space there
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Bethesda, Maryland
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Bethesda is a census-designated place in southern Montgomery County, Maryland, United States, located just northwest of the U. S. capital of Washington, D. C. It takes its name from a church, the Bethesda Meeting House. In Aramaic, ܒܝܬ ܚܣܕܐ beth ḥesda means House of Mercy and in Hebrew, the National Institutes of Health main campus and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center are in Bethesda, as are a number of corporate and government headquarters. In 2014 it placed first in Forbes list of Americas most educated small towns, as an unincorporated area, Bethesda has no official boundaries. The United States Census Bureau defines a place named Bethesda whose center is located at 38°59′N 77°7′W. The United States Geological Survey has defined Bethesda as an area whose center is at 38°58′50″N 77°6′2″W, other definitions are used by the Bethesda Urban Planning District, the United States Postal Service, and other organizations. According to estimates released by the U. S. Census Bureau in 2013, Most of Bethesdas residents are in Maryland Legislative District 16. Bethesda is situated along a thoroughfare that was originally the route of an ancient Native American trail. Henry Fleet, an English fur trader, was the first European to travel to the area, Most early settlers in Maryland were tenant farmers who paid their rent in tobacco. A small settlement grew around a store and tollhouse along the turnpike, by 1862, the community was known as Darcys Store after the owner of a local establishment, William E. Darcy. The church burned in 1849 and was rebuilt the same year about 100 yards south at its present site. Throughout most of the 19th century, Bethesda never developed beyond a small village, consisting of a post office, a blacksmith shop, a church and school. It was not until the installation of a line in 1890. Until that time, dependence on proximity to rail lines insulated Bethesda from growth, the arrival of the personal automobile ended this dependency, and Bethesda planners grew the community with the newest transportation revolution in mind. Subdivisions began to appear on old farmland, becoming the neighborhoods of Drummond, Woodmont, Edgemoor, further north, several wealthy men made Rockville Pike famous for its mansions. These included Brainard W. Parker, James Oyster, George E. Hamilton, wilson, Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, and George Freeland Peter. In 1930, Dr Armistead Peters pioneering manor house Winona became the clubhouse of the original Woodmont Country Club, merle Thorpes mansion, Pooks Hill —on the site of the current neighborhood of the same name—became the home-in-exile of the Norwegian Royal Family during World War II. That war, and the expansion of government that it created, both the National Naval Medical Center and the NIH complex were built just to the north of the developing downtown
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Houston
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Houston is the most populous city in the state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million within an area of 667 square miles, it also is the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County. Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico, it is the city of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land. Houston was founded on August 28,1836, near the banks of Buffalo Bayou and incorporated as a city on June 5,1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded, the burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the citys population. Houstons economy has an industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics. Leading in health care sectors and building equipment, Houston has more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits than any city except for New York City. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled, the city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has a visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District. In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs from New York, Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen, purchased 6,642 acres of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the general at the Battle of San Jacinto. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the slave trade. New Orleans was the center of trade in the Deep South. Thousands of enslaved African Americans lived near the city before the Civil War, many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. Houston was granted incorporation on June 5,1837, with James S. Holman becoming its first mayor, in the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County and the temporary capital of the Republic of Texas
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Austin, Texas
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Austin is the capital of the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. It is the 11th-most populous city in the U. S. and it is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. As of the U. S. Census Bureaus July 1,2015 estimate and it is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1,2016. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River, in 1839, the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republics first secretary of state. The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into a city and, by the 1980s, it emerged as a center for technology. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including Amazon. com, cisco, eBay, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Texas Instruments, 3M, and Whole Foods Market. Dells worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin, residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to an influx of technology. In the late 1800s, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown because of the glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name, Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars. The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U. S. for the year 2012, U. S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U. S. in 2017. Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9200 BC. When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area, the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, in 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in area for only about seven months
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Saint Paul, Minnesota
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Saint Paul is the capital and second-most populous city of the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of 2015, the estimated population was 300,851. Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County, the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota. The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Minneapolis, the states largest city. Known as the Twin Cities, the two form the core of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.52 million residents. Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center, the Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska. Though Minneapolis is better-known nationally, Saint Paul contains the state government, regionally, the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center, home of the Minnesota Wild, and for the Science Museum of Minnesota. As a business hub of the Upper Midwest, it is the headquarters of such as Ecolab. Saint Paul, along with its Twin City, Minneapolis, is known for its literacy rate. It was the city in the United States with a population of 250,000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007. The settlement originally began at present-day Lamberts Landing, but was known as Pigs Eye after Pierre Pigs Eye Parrant established a tavern there. Burial mounds in present-day Indian Mounds Park suggest that the area was inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about two thousand years ago. From the early 17th century until 1837, the Mdewakanton Dakota and they called the area I-mni-za ska dan for its exposed white sandstone cliffs. Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, a U. S. Army officer named Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100,000 acres of land from the local Dakota tribes in 1805 in order to establish a fort. The negotiated territory was located on banks of the Mississippi River, starting from Saint Anthony Falls in present-day Minneapolis, to its confluence with the Saint Croix River. Fort Snelling was built on the territory in 1819 at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, the 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all local tribal land east of the Mississippi to the U. S. Government. Taoyateduta moved his band at Kaposia across the river to the south, fur traders, explorers, and missionaries came to the area for the forts protection. Many of the settlers were French-Canadians who lived nearby, however, as a whiskey trade flourished, military officers banned settlers from the fort-controlled lands
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Lexington, Kentucky
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Lexington, consolidated with Fayette County, is the second-largest city in Kentucky and the 61st largest in the United States. Known as the Horse Capital of the World, it is the heart of the states Bluegrass region, with a mayor-alderman form of government, it is one of two cities in Kentucky designated by the state as first-class, the other is the states largest city of Louisville. In the 2016 U. S. Census Estimate, the population was 318,449, anchoring a metropolitan area of 506,751 people. Lexington ranks tenth among US cities in college education rate, with 39. 5% of residents having at least a bachelors degree and this area of fertile soil and abundant wildlife was long occupied by varying tribes of Native Americans. European explorers began to trade with them but settlers did not come in force until the late 18th century, Lexington was founded by European Americans in June 1775, in what was then considered Fincastle County, Virginia,17 years before Kentucky became a state. A party of frontiersmen, led by William McConnell, camped on the Middle Fork of Elkhorn Creek at the site of the present-day McConnell Springs, upon hearing of the colonists victory in the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19,1775, they named their campsite Lexington. It was the first of what would be many American places to be named after the Massachusetts town, the risk of Indian attacks delayed permanent settlement for four years. In 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, Col. Robert Patterson and 25 companions came from Fort Harrod and they built cabins and a stockade, establishing a settlement known as Bryan Station. In 1780, Lexington was made the seat of Virginias newly organized Fayette County, colonists defended it against a British and allied Shawnee attack in 1782, during the last part of the American Revolutionary War. The town was chartered on May 6,1782, by an act of the Virginia General Assembly, the First African Baptist Church was founded c. 1790 by Peter Durrett, a Baptist preacher and slave held by Joseph Craig. Durrett helped guide The Travelling Church, a migration of several hundred pioneers led by the preacher Lewis Craig and Captain William Ellis from Orange County. It is the oldest black Baptist congregation in Kentucky and the third oldest in the United States, I would suppose it contains about five hundred dwelling houses, many of them elegant and three stories high. The country around Lexington for many miles in every direction, is equal in beauty and fertility to anything the imagination can paint and is already in a state of cultivation. Residents have fondly continued to refer to Lexington as The Athens of the West since Espys poem dedicated to the city, in the early 19th century, planter John Wesley Hunt became the first millionaire west of the Alleghenies. London Ferrill, second preacher of First African Baptist, was one of three clergy who stayed in the city to serve the suffering victims, additional cholera outbreaks occurred in 1848–49 and the early 1850s. Cholera was spread by using contaminated water supplies, but its transmission was not understood in those years. Often the wealthier people would flee town for outlying areas to try to avoid the spread of disease, planters held slaves for use as field hands, laborers, artisans, and domestic servants. In the city, slaves worked primarily as servants and artisans, although they also worked with merchants, shippers
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Goshen, New York
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Goshen is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 13,687 at the 2010 census, the town is named after the Land of Goshen. The Town of Goshen contains a village also called Goshen, the county seat of Orange County, the town is centrally located in the county. Settlement began around 1714, even plans for its settlement were made around 1654. The town was established in 1789, in 1830, part of Goshen was used to form the new Town of Hamptonburgh, and, in 1845, another part was used to form the Town of Chester. The region was important in the development of harness racing and it is the birthplace of the former Army Chief of Staff, and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Martin Dempsey. Weed has been distributed throughout this town for centuries. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 44.0 square miles. As of the Census of 2000, there were 12,913 people,4,074 households, the population density was 294.5 people per square mile. There were 4,320 housing units at a density of 98.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 88. 69% White,6. 72% Black or African American,0. 16% Native American,1. 71% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 82% from other races, and 0. 86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 36% of the population, Goshen is also home to a Yiddish speaking community, which operates several farms in the area. 24. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.27. In the town, the population was out with 24. 4% under the age of 18,7. 2% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,23. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, the gender makeup of the town was relatively equal, as for every 100 females, there were 100.4 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males. The median income for a household in the town was $60,066, males had a median income of $50,768 versus $32,648 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,275, about 2. 7% of families and 4. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 1% of those under age 18 and 8. 8% of those age 65 or over. Big Island – A location near the town line
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Pleasant Dale, Nebraska
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Pleasant Dale is a village in Seward County, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Lincoln, Nebraska Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 205 at the 2010 census. Pleasant Dale was laid out in 1883 and it was named from its scenic setting in the Middle Creek valley. Pleasant Dale is located at 40°47′30″N 96°55′59″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.11 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 205 people,92 households, the population density was 1,863.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 105 housing units at a density of 954.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 93. 2% White,0. 5% Asian,0. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 0% of the population. 30. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.76. The median age in the village was 41.3 years. 22% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 4% were from 25 to 44,28. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 18. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50. 2% male and 49. 8% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 245 people,105 households, and 72 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,830.4 people per square mile, there were 111 housing units at an average density of 1,282.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 97. 96% White,1. 22% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 82% of the population. 20. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.73. In the village, the population was out with 18. 8% under the age of 18,9. 4% from 18 to 24,29. 8% from 25 to 44,29. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 107.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.3 males, as of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $43,438, and the median income for a family was $48,958. Males had an income of $27,500 versus $26,250 for females
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Clew Bay
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Clew Bay is a natural ocean bay in County Mayo, Republic of Ireland. It contains Irelands best example of sunken drumlins, the bay is overlooked by Croagh Patrick to the south and the Nephin Range mountains of North Mayo. Clare Island guards the entrance of the bay, from the southwest part of the bay eastwards are Louisburgh, Lecanvey, Murrisk, and Westport, north of Westport is Newport, and westwards from there lies Mulranny, gateway to Achill. From the south side of the bay, between Clare Island and Achill, Bills Rocks can be seen, Clew Bay was the focus of the OMalley family possessions in the Middle Ages, and is associated especially with Grace OMalley or Granuaile. She is known as the Pirate Queen who commanded a fleet of ships and maintained several castles, including those on Clare Island, Achill and Rockfleet. During the Irish Civil War in July 1922,400 Free State troops were landed at Clew Bay to take Westport, stands on Inishgort island 5 km from Murrisk. In recent years there has been controversy over fish-farming in the bay, the Organic Salmon Company is based in Clare Island. The bay is home to Dorinish, a private island purchased by John Lennon in 1967. Glenans Ireland, a sailing school, had a branch on Collanmore Island where sailing was taught. Legend has it that Clew Bay has 365 islands in it—an island for every day of the year, the large number of drumlins at the east end of the bay gave rise to this myth, but in fact there are not so many. This chart shows the positions of the islands, sandbars. Wild Atlantic Way Media related to Clew Bay at Wikimedia Commons Skippered charters on Clew Bay, with photos and information
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Rota (island)
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Rota also known as the Friendly Island, is the southernmost island of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and the second southernmost of the Marianas Archipelago. It lies approximately 40 nautical miles north-northeast of the United States territory of Guam, Sinapalo village is the largest and most populated followed by Songsong village. Rota is 12.3 miles long and 4.2 mi wide and its coastline is about 38 mi long. The highest point on Rota is Mt. Sabana which is 495.56 meters, Rota is 47 nmi north of Guam,63 nmi south of Tinian and 73 nmi south of Saipan. Rota has diverse flora and fauna, in 1521, the first European to see Rota was the lookout on Ferdinand Magellans ship Victoria, Lope Navarro. As with the islands of the northern Marianas, Rota was sold to the German Empire under the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899. In World War I, the islands were occupied by the Japanese Empire, in 1919, the League of Nations formally recognized Japanese control under the South Pacific Mandate. The refinery was not economical, and it was closed three years later, during the final stages of the war, Rota was occasionally bombed by aircraft of the U. S. On September 2,1945, one hour after the surrender of Japan, marines arrived on Rota to accept the surrender of the Japanese garrison, which numbered 947 Imperial Japanese Army and 1853 Imperial Japanese Navy. After the end of World War II, Rota became part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, since 1978, the island has been a part of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The current mayor is Efraim Manglona Atalig, Rota has an airport, Rota International Airport. Since its inception in August 1986, the Rota Instructional Site has assisted people who chose to pursue college education locally over the high cost of post-secondary education elsewhere. The results are positive, and the community has depended on NMC for quality education, Rota has two public schools, Dr. Rita Hocog Inos Junior & Senior High School. In August 2011, Rotas junior and senior schools were merged due to budget concerns. They are now Dr. Rita Hocog Inos Junior & Senior High School, with this merger, the junior high now consists only of the 7th and 8th grades. The 6th grade was moved to Sinapalo Elementary in Sinapalo Village, RHIJSHS is located on the former junior high school campus in Songsong Village. Sinapalo Elementary School is located in Sinapalo village, Rotas elementary school and junior high school were formerly located in the same area and shared class buildings at Songsong village. After the new school was built in Sinapalo, the Songsong village school ground was reopened as Rota Junior High
27.
Suriname
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Suriname, officially known as the Republic of Suriname, is a sovereign state on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America. It is bordered by French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, at just under 165,000 square kilometers, it is the smallest country in South America. Suriname has a population of approximately 566,000, most of live on the countrys north coast, in and around the capital and largest city. Long inhabited by cultures of indigenous tribes, Suriname was explored and contested by European powers before coming under Dutch rule in the late 17th century. In 1954, the country one of the constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its indigenous peoples have been active in claiming land rights and working to preserve their traditional lands. Suriname is considered to be a culturally Caribbean country, and is a member of the Caribbean Community, while Dutch is the official language of government, business, media, and education, Sranan, an English-based creole language, is a widely used lingua franca. Suriname is the territory outside Europe where Dutch is spoken by a majority of the population. The people of Suriname are among the most diverse in the world, spanning a multitude of ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups. This area was occupied by cultures of indigenous peoples long before European contact, remnants of which can be found in petroglyph sites at Werehpai. The name Suriname may derive from a Taino indigenous people called Surinen, British settlers, who founded the first European colony at Marshalls Creek along the Suriname River, spelled the name as Surinam. When the territory was taken over by the Dutch, it part of a group of colonies known as Dutch Guiana. The official spelling of the countrys English name was changed from Surinam to Suriname in January 1978, a notable example is Surinames national airline, Surinam Airways. The older English name is reflected in the English pronunciation, /ˈsʊrᵻnæm/ or /ˈsʊrᵻnɑːm/, in Dutch, the official language of Suriname, the pronunciation is, with the main stress on the third syllable and a schwa terminal vowel. Indigenous settlement of Suriname dates back to 3,000 BC, the largest tribes were the Arawak, a nomadic coastal tribe that lived from hunting and fishing. They were the first inhabitants in the area, the Carib also settled in the area and conquered the Arawak by using their superior sailing ships. They settled in Galibi at the mouth of the Marowijne River, while the larger Arawak and Carib tribes lived along the coast and savanna, smaller groups of indigenous peoples lived in the inland rainforest, such as the Akurio, Trió, Warrau, and Wayana. Beginning in the 16th century, French, Spanish, and English explorers visited the area, a century later, Dutch and English settlers established plantation colonies along the many rivers in the fertile Guiana plains
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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
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Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland, and it is a member of the United Nations Development Group. The UNHCR has won two Nobel Peace Prizes, once in 1954 and again in 1981, following the demise of the League of Nations and the formation of the United Nations the international community was acutely aware of the refugee crisis following the end of World War II. In 1947, the International Refugee Organization was founded by the United Nations, the IRO was the first international agency to deal comprehensively with all aspects of refugees lives. Preceding this was the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, which was established in 1944 to address the millions of people displaced across Europe as a result of World War II. In the late 1940s, the IRO fell out of favor, however, the organization was only intended to operate for 3 years, from January 1951, due to the disagreement of many UN member states over the implications of a permanent body. UNHCRs mandate was set out in its statute, annexed to resolution 428 of the United Nations General Assembly of 1950. This mandate has been broadened by numerous resolutions of the General Assembly and its Economic. According to UNHCR, mandate is to provide, on a non-political and humanitarian basis, international protection to refugees, soon after the signing of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, it became clear that refugees were not solely restricted to Europe. In 1956, UNHCR was involved in coordinating the response to the uprising in Hungary, the responses marked the beginning of a wider, global mandate in refugee protection and humanitarian assistance. By the end of the decade, two-thirds of UNHCRs budget was focused on operations in Africa and in just one decade, the organizations focus had shifted from an almost exclusive focus on Europe. In 1967, the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees was ratified to remove the geographical and temporal restrictions of UNHCR under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. In the 1970s, UNHCR refugee operations continued to spread around the globe, adding to the woes in Asia was the Vietnam war, with millions fleeing the war-torn country. The 1980s saw new challenges for UNHCR, with member states unwilling to resettle refugees due to the sharp rise in refugee numbers over the 1970s. Often, these refugees were not fleeing wars between states, but inter-ethnic conflict in newly independent states, the targeting of civilians as military strategy added to the displacement in many nations, so even minor conflicts could result in a large number of displaced persons. As a result, the UNHCR became more involved with assistance programs within refugee camps. The end of the Cold War marked continued inter-ethnic conflict and contributed heavily to refugee flight, UNHCR was established on 14 December 1950 and succeeded the earlier United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. The agency is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect refugees and its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees. UNHCR maintains a database of information, ProGres, which was created during the Kosovo War in the 1990s
29.
Tuvalu
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It comprises three reef islands and six true atolls spread out between the latitude of 5° to 10° south and longitude of 176° to 180°, west of the International Date Line. Tuvalu has a population of 10,640, the total land area of the islands of Tuvalu is 26 square kilometres. The first inhabitants of Tuvalu were Polynesians, in 1568, Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to sail through the archipelago, sighting the island of Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis. In 1819 the island of Funafuti was named Ellices Island, the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay. A referendum was held in December 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands, as a consequence of the referendum, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony ceased to exist on 1 January 1976 and the separate British colonies of Kiribati and Tuvalu came into existence. Tuvalu became fully independent within the Commonwealth on 1 October 1978, on 5 September 2000 Tuvalu became the 189th member of the United Nations. The origins of the people of Tuvalu are addressed in the theories regarding migration into the Pacific that began about 3000 years ago, during pre-European-contact times there was frequent canoe voyaging between the nearer islands including Samoa and Tonga. Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited, thus the name, Tuvalu, possible evidence of fire in the Caves of Nanumanga may indicate human occupation for thousands of years. The stories as to the ancestors of the Tuvaluans vary from island to island, on Niutao, Funafuti and Vaitupu the founding ancestor is described as being from Samoa, whereas on Nanumea the founding ancestor is described as being from Tonga. Mendaña made contact with the islanders but was unable to land, during Mendañas second voyage across the Pacific he passed Niulakita on 29 August 1595, which he named La Solitaria. Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin, Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Chambers and Doug Munro identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, mourelles map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal, however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century, the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay. In 1820 the Russian explorer Mikhail Lazarev visited Nukufetau as commander of the Mirny, Louis Isidore Duperrey, captain of La Coquille, sailed past Nanumanga in May 1824 during a circumnavigation of the earth. A Dutch expedition found Nui on the morning of 14 June 1825, whalers began roving the Pacific, although visiting Tuvalu only infrequently because of the difficulties of landing on the atolls. Captain George Barrett of the Nantucket whaler Independence II has been identified as the first whaler to hunt the waters around Tuvalu, in November 1821 he bartered coconuts from the people of Nukulaelae and also visited Niulakita. A shore camp was established on Sakalua islet of Nukufetau, where coal was used to melt down the whale blubber, the Rev. A. W. Elekana began proselytising Christianity. He was trained at Malua Theological College, a London Missionary Society school in Samoa, in 1865 the Rev. A. W. Murray of the LMS – a Protestant congregationalist missionary society – arrived as the first European missionary where he too proselytised among the inhabitants of Tuvalu
30.
Northern Mariana Islands
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The CNMI includes all islands in the Mariana Archipelago except Guam which is the southernmost island of the chain and a separate U. S. territory. The United States Department of the Interior cites a landmass of 183.5 square miles, according to the 2010 United States Census,53,883 people were living in the CNMI at that time. The vast majority of the population resides on Saipan, Tinian, the administrative center is Capitol Hill, a village in northwestern Saipan. However, most publications consider Saipan to be the capital because the island is governed as a single municipality, the first people of the Mariana Islands immigrated at some point between 4000 BC and 2000 BC from Southeast Asia. After first contact with Spaniards, they became known as the Chamorros, a Spanish word similar to Chamori. The ancient people of the Marianas raised colonnades of megalithic capped pillars called latte stones upon which they built their homes, the first European explorer of the area, the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, arrived in 1521. He landed on Guam, the southernmost island of the Marianas, the Spanish ships were met offshore by the native Chamorros, who delivered refreshments and then helped themselves to a small boat belonging to Magellans fleet. This led to a clash, in Chamorro tradition, little property was private and taking something one needed, such as a boat for fishing. The Spanish did not understand this custom, and fought the Chamorros until the boat was recovered, three days after he had been welcomed on his arrival, Magellan fled the archipelago. Spain regarded the islands as annexed and later made part of the Spanish East Indies. In 1734, the Spanish built a palace in Guam for the governor of the islands. Its remains are visible even in the 21st century, see the Plaza de España article, Guam operated as an important stopover between Manila and Mexico for galleons carrying gold between the Philippines and Spain. Some galleons sunk in Guam remain, in 1668, Father Diego Luis de San Vitores renamed the islands Las Marianas in honor of his patroness the Spanish regent Mariana of Austria, widow of Felipe IV. Most of the native population died from Spanish diseases or married non-Chamorro settlers under Spanish rule. New settlers, primarily from the Philippines and the Caroline Islands, were brought to repopulate the islands, the Chamorro population gradually recovered, and Chamorro, Filipino, and Carolinian languages and other ethnic differences remain in the Marianas. During the 17th century, Spanish colonists forcibly moved the Chamorros to Guam, by the time they were allowed to return to the Northern Marianas, many Carolinians from present-day eastern Yap State and western Chuuk State had settled in the Marianas. Both languages, as well as English, are now official in the Commonwealth, the Northern Marianas experienced an influx of immigration from the Carolines during the 19th century. Both this Carolinian subethnicity and Carolinians in the Carolines archipelago refer to themselves as the Refaluwasch, the indigenous Chamoru word for the same group of people is gupalao
31.
Costa Rica
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It has a population of around 4.5 million, of whom nearly a quarter live in the metropolitan area of the capital and largest city, San José. Costa Rica was sparsely inhabited by people before coming under Spanish rule in the 16th century. Since then, Costa Rica has remained among the most stable, prosperous, following a brief civil war, it permanently abolished its army in 1949, becoming one of only a few sovereign nations without a standing army. Costa Rica is a member of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. The country has consistently performed favourably in the Human Development Index, placing 69th in the world as of 2015 and its rapidly developing economy, once heavily dependent on agriculture, has diversified to include sectors such as finance, pharmaceuticals, and ecotourism. Costa Rica is known for its environmental policies, being the only country to meet all five UNDP criteria established to measure environmental sustainability. Costa Rica officially plans to become a country by 2021. In 2012, it became the first country in the Americas to ban recreational hunting, historians have classified the indigenous people of Costa Rica as belonging to the Intermediate Area, where the peripheries of the Mesoamerican and Andean native cultures overlapped. More recently, pre-Columbian Costa Rica has also described as part of the Isthmo-Colombian Area. The oldest evidence of occupation in Costa Rica is associated with the arrival of various groups of hunter-gatherers about 10,000 to 7,000 years BCE in the Turrialba Valley. The presence of Clovis culture type spearheads and arrows from South America opens the possibility that, in this area, agriculture became evident in the populations that lived in Costa Rica about 5,000 years ago. They mainly grew tubers and roots, for the first and second millennia BCE there were already settled farming communities. These were small and scattered, although the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture as the livelihood in the territory is still unknown. The earliest use of pottery appears around 2,000 to 3,000 BCE, shards of pots, cylindrical vases, platters, gourds and other forms of vases decorated with grooves, prints, and some modelled after animals have been found. The impact of indigenous peoples on modern Costa Rican culture has been small compared to other nations. Costa Rica was described as the poorest and most miserable Spanish colony in all America by a Spanish governor in 1719, for all these reasons, Costa Rica was, by and large, unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. Costa Rica became a democracy with no oppressed mestizo or indigenous class. It was not long before Spanish settlers turned to the hills, where they found rich volcanic soil, like the rest of Central America, Costa Rica never fought for independence from Spain
32.
Cordillera de Talamanca
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The Cordillera de Talamanca is a mountain range that lies on the border between Costa Rica and Panama. Much of the range and the area around it is included in the La Amistad International Park, much of the Caribbean areas of the range are still unexplored. The range is covered by the Talamancan montane forests to elevations of approximately 3000 m, much of it is covered by rainforests. Above elevations of 1800 m these are dominated by oak trees. Above 3000 m, the transition to enclaves of sub-páramo, a sort of shrub and dwarf bamboo Chusquea dominated scrub, above 3,400 m this becomes Costa Rican páramo. The sub-páramo and páramo vegetation are subject to regular frosts at night, temperatures at 3200 m reach –5 Celsius, the region has been extensively studied by paleolimnologists to reconstruct the changes in climate, vegetation and fire frequencies. An intended hydroelectricity project threatens the existence of the Tabasara Rain Frogs, several national parks and reservations are located in the Talamanca mountain range, including Chirripó National Park. The Cordillera de Talamanca and La Amistad national parks have been designated by UNESCO a World Heritage site It is also the first binational biosphere reserve, the two parks comprise 2,400 square km of land. Unesco World Heritage Convention, The Talamanca Range + La Amistad Reserves and National Park
33.
Raja
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Raja, is a title for a Monarch or princely ruler in South and Southeast Asia. The female form Rani applies equally to the wife of a Raja, usually as queen consort and occasionally as regent. The title has a history in the Indian subcontinent and South East Asia, being attested from the Rigveda, where a rājan- is a ruler, see for example the dāśarājñá. Sanskrit rājan- is cognate to Latin rēx King, Gaulish rīx, Gaelic rí, etc. originally denoting heads of petty kingdoms and it is believed to be ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European *h3rēǵs, a vrddhi formation to the root *h3reǵ- to straighten, to order, to rule. The Sanskrit n-stem is secondary in the title, apparently adapted from the female counterpart rājñī which also has an -n- suffix in related languages. Cognates of the word Raja in other Indo-European languages include English reign, rather common, practically equivalent variants in Rajasthani, Marathi and Hindi, used as equivalent royal style in parts of India include Rana, Rao, Raol, Rawal and rawat and Yuvraj prince heir. Maharaja, or great king, is literally a title for more significant rulers in India, hence during the British raj, precedence was rather determined by the gun salute. Raja රජ means King in Sri Lanka, Rajamanthri is the Prince lineage of Kings generation in Sri Lanka. Rajamanthri title is aristocracy of the Kandiyan Kingdom මහනුවර in Sri Lanka, badan Singh was styled Raja Mahendra and founded the city and state Bharatpur, which his dynasty ruled as Maharajas. Raja Sahib was the style in Bansda until its upgrade from c.1829 to higher counterpart Maharaja Sahib. Raja-i Rajgan was notably the royal style of, the former Rajas of Jind from * until their 1911 upgrade to Maharaja, the former Rajas of Kapurthala from 1861 until their 1911 upgrade to Maharaja. Two consecutive rulers of Patiala, the first of which was originally styled Maharaja, Raja Bahadur, and remained the rulers of Raigarh. as 1763 upgrade from the family title Raja Sar Desai in Maratha state Savantvadi. e. Third prince in line for succession, there were many more Rajas among the feudatory states, such as jagirs. In Pakistan, Raja is still used by Muslim Rajput clans as hereditary titles, Raja is also used as a given name by Hindus and Sikhs. Most notably Raja is used in Hazara division of Pakistan for the descendants of a Turkic dynasty and these Rajas ruled that part of Pakistan for decades and they still possess huge land in Hazara division of Pakistan and actively participate in the politics of the region. In Sinhalese, the title Raja means King of Sri Lanka, Rajamanthri is the Prince lineage of Kings generation especially Rajamanthri is aristocracy of the Kingdom of Kandy in Sri Lanka history. Indonesian has the word raja for king, leaders of local tribes and old Hindu kingdoms had that title before Indonesia became an independent nation. Various traditional princely states in Indonesia still style their ruler Raja, in the Malay language, the word raja also means king
34.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
35.
John Hagelin
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John Samuel Hagelin is the leader of the Transcendental Meditation movement in the United States. He is president of the Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, Iowa, the university was established in 1973 by the TM movements founder, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, to deliver a consciousness-based education. A physicist by training, Hagelin was a researcher at the European Organization for Nuclear Research and he has argued that the supersymmetric flipped SU model, a unified field theory that he helped to develop, is identical to the unified field of consciousness posited by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. This view is rejected by other physicists, Hagelin stood as a candidate for President of the United States for the Natural Law Party, a party founded by the TM movement, in the 1992,1996 and 2000 elections. He is the author of Manual for a Perfect Government, which sets out how to apply law to matters of governance. Hagelin is also president of the David Lynch Foundation, which promotes TM, Hagelin was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the second of four sons, to Mary Lee Hagelin, née Stephenson, a school teacher, and Carl William Hagelin, a businessman. He was raised in Connecticut, and won a scholarship to the Taft School for boys in Watertown, in July 1970, while at Taft, he was involved in a motorcycle crash that led to a long stay, in a body cast, in the school infirmary. During his time there he began reading about quantum mechanics, and was introduced to TM by a practitioner, Rick Archer, who had been invited to the school to talk about it. After Taft, Hagelin attended Dartmouth College, and at the end of his freshman year studied TM in Vittel, France, in 1975 he obtained his A. B. in physics with highest honors from Dartmouth. He went on to physics at Harvard University under Howard Georgi, earning a masters degree in 1976. By the time he had received his Ph. D. he had published papers on particle theory. In 1981 Hagelin became a researcher at the European Center for Particle Physics in Switzerland. He left SLAC in 1983, reportedly because of personal problems, a year later he joined Maharishi International University, later named the Maharishi University of Management, as chair of its physics department. Two of Hagelin collaborators, Dmitri Nanopolous and John Ellis, were uncomfortable with his move to MIU, while at MIU, Hagelin received funding from the National Science Foundation. Hagelin became a trustee of MUM and, in 2016, its president, during his time at CERN, SLAC and MUM, Hagelin worked on supersymmetric extensions of the standard model and grand unification theories. In the years 1979–1996, Hagelin published over 70 papers about particle physics, electroweak unification, grand unification, supersymmetry and cosmology, most of them in academic scientific journals. In a 2012 interview in Science Watch, co-author Keith Olive said that his work for the 1984 study was one of the areas that had given him the greatest sense of accomplishment. A1984 paper by Hagelin and John Ellis in Nuclear Physics B and this, he argued, is the experience of the unified field of physics
36.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
37.
Spartanburg Herald-Journal
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The Spartanburg Herald-Journal is a daily newspaper, and the primary newspaper for Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States. The origins of the paper began with The Spartan, a weekly paper reportedly first printed in about 1842–43, in 1844, it was renamed The Carolina Spartan. In about 1900, the paper was bought by The Journal Publishing Company. In 1872, The Spartanburg Herald began publishing, in 1890, the Herald began daily publication, the Journal followed suit in 1903. The Herald purchased the Journal in 1914, the Herald was a morning paper, while the Journal covered evenings, with joint editions published on the weekend. Though under common ownership, the Herald and Journal did not completely merge into one paper until October 1982. In 1929, owner The Herald-Journal Publishing Company sold the papers to its distributor, the International Paper and Power Company, who sold them to A. G. Keeney in 1936. Charles Edward Marsh brought the papers in 1946, and donated them to the non-profit Public Welfare Foundation he had created in 1947, a 1969 federal tax law requiring non-profits to sell newspaper holdings eventually required the sale of the paper. The New York Times acquired the Herald-Journal from the Public Welfare Foundation in 1985, at which time its daily circulation was 47,500, on January 6,2012, Halifax Media Group completed its purchase of the Herald-Journal and 15 other newspapers from The New York Times. In 2015, Halifax was acquired by New Media Investment Group
38.
History of Transcendental Meditation
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The History of Transcendental Meditation and the Transcendental Meditation movement originated with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, founder of the organization, and continues beyond his death. The Maharishi initiated thousands of people, then developed a TM teacher training program as a way to accelerate the rate of bringing the technique to more people and he also inaugurated a series of world tours which promoted Transcendental Meditation. These factors, coupled with endorsements by celebrities who practiced TM, along with research that validated the technique. By the late 2000s, TM had been taught to millions of individuals, despite organizational changes and the addition of advanced meditative techniques in the 1970s the Transcendental Meditation technique has remained relatively unchanged. Among the first organizations to promote TM were the Spiritual Regeneration Movement, the successor to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and head of the Global Country of World Peace, is Tony Nader. Later the technique was renamed Transcendental Meditation, in 1958, Brahmachari Mahesh, now called Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, began a number of worldwide tours promoting and disseminating Transcendental Meditation. The first tour began in Rangoon, Burma, the Maharishi remained in the Far East for about six months teaching his meditation. In 1959, the Maharishi taught the Transcendental Meditation technique in Hawaii, San Francisco, Los Angeles, London and Germany. He founded the Spiritual Regeneration Movement in Los Angeles, in 1959 and established an office there, in 1960, the Maharishi founded the International Meditation Society and trained his first TM teacher, Henry Nyburg of England. The Maharishi lectured at Caxton Hall in London and the talk was attended by Leon MacLaren, in the 1950s, he first TM teacher in the U. S. was a who was joined by a male instructor in 1966. The first international Teacher Training Course was held near Rishikesh, India, in 1961, over 60 meditators from India, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Britain, Malaya, Norway, the United States, Australia, Greece, Italy and the West Indies attended the course. Teachers continued to be trained as time progressed and by 1978, the Maharishi appeared on BBC television and gave a lecture to 5,000 people at the Royal Albert Hall in London in 1974. According to a written by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi,21 members of the Indian Parliament issued a public statement endorsing TM in 1963. According to the Maharishi, news articles on the technique appeared in Canadian newspapers such as the Daily Colonist, Calgary Herald, the Students International Meditation Society began in Germany in 1964, was incorporated in the USA in 1965 and continues to function in some countries. Another organization, the American Foundation for the Science of Creative Intelligence taught TM to business people at Connecticut General Life Insurance Co, General Foods, Blue Cross/Blue Shield and AT&T. In 1967, the TM movement really took off when the Maharishi became the advisor to The Beatles. In 1968, the Maharishi announced that he would stop his activities and instead begin the training of TM teachers at his new global headquarters in Seelisberg. In 1970, the Maharishi held a TM teacher training course at a Victorian hotel located in Poland Springs, later that year, he held a similar four-week course at Humboldt State College in Arcata, California
39.
Maharishi Vastu Architecture
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MVA has strict rules governing the orientation and proportions of a building. The most important factor is the entrance, which must be either due east or due north. The MVA architect also considers the slope and shape of the lot, exposure to the sun, location of nearby bodies of water. MVA emphasizes the use of natural or green building materials, MVA homes are marketed in the US by Maharishi Global Construction, LLC, and by MVA Homes in the UK, both arms of the Transcendental Meditation movement. Several communities around the world have been developed using MVA principles, the plans for Peace Tower, which would have been the worlds tallest building, followed MVA specifications. According to Lipman, Vedic architecture and feng shui have a common root, Lipman says that MVA is derived from lost and misunderstood principles, natural law, whereby the entire universe is created, galaxies, planets, human beings along with buildings and cities. Craig Pearson, Executive Vice President of Maharishi University of Management, proponents say that MVA homes have escaped wildfires that burned neighboring homes, and that businesses located in MVA office buildings have greater profit and lower absenteeism. Residents of MVA homes in Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa say they felt vitality, calm, a mother says that her boys are more orderly. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi has said, Living in a proper vastu can eliminate 60 to 80 percent of the problems we encounter in life, Peter Warburton, Raja of England, says that the practice of Maharishi’s Vedic peace technologies is more powerful with Vastu buildings. Yale University architecture professor Keller Easterling says that MVA is fueled by a desire to create outposts for broadcasting the Maharishi Effect, Maharishi Sthapatya Veda is considered to be an element of the Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health, and the main modality of MVAH for improving the immediate environment. Auspicious locations have water to the east or north, if water is in an inauspicious location then it can be balanced with fountains on the north side. Items in the environment that generate electro-magnetic fields, such as high tension wires. The slope, if any, should be towards the east, the principles of orientation in Maharishi Sthapatya Veda are based on the position of the sun, considered by MVA to be the most powerful natural influence on Earth. Aligning a structure with the sun is considered by MVA adherents to be auspicious for the buildings inhabitants. According to the principles of MVA, the three cardinal directions also have their corresponding influences. For example, homes with entrances facing west invite poverty, lack of creativity and vitality, according to the MVA official website, the north direction has the influence of prosperity and happiness and the south direction has the influence of negativity, problems and suffering. Proper orientation is said to increase business productivity. Rooms are placed to take in the light as it passes overhead
40.
Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health
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Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health is a form of alternative medicine founded in the mid-1980s by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, who developed the Transcendental Meditation technique. Distinct from traditional ayurveda, it emphasizes the role of consciousness, a 2008 study published in JAMA reported that two of the 19 Maharishi Ayurveda products tested contained heavy metals. A1991 British case found two physicians guilty of professional misconduct for using MVAH in the unsuccessful treatment of HIV. Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health uses a model for understanding health, according to MVAH researcher Hari Sharma, MVAH views the body as an abstract pattern of intelligence whereas he feels modern medicine views the body as a machine. Sharma says that Vedic thought discusses a unified field of pure, non-material intelligence, disease results from losing connection with this underlying field of intelligence. The approach does not use modern medicine or biology, according to Hari Sharma, MVAH views the body as an abstract pattern of intelligence. Proponents claim that through MVAH, the Maharishi revived the ancient Vedic system of health care, MVAH identifies 40 approaches, each said to be based on one of the 40 branches of Vedic literature. Most of these cost several hundred dollars but some cost thousands, the TM technique is the main modality which proponents say improves mental health and promotes collective health in MVAH. Another review did find a reduction in diastolic and systolic blood pressure in those who practiced TM compared to controls, the review and its primary author were partially funded by Howard Settle, a proponent of TM. Practitioners utilize pulse diagnosis, which they say is like plugging into the intelligence of the body. Based on imbalances, recommendations related to preparations, diet, daily and seasonal routines, exercise. Proponents say that the pulse can be used to detect imbalances at early stages when there may be no clinical signs. According to Deepak Chopra and Sharma, pulse diagnosis can detect a variety of diseases, including those unrelated to the system, including asthma, cancer. MVAH health centers and spas offer a series of therapies including a purification therapy called panchakarma. Panchakarma means five actions, and is intended to clear impurities from the body, the first preparatory step is called snehana, involving the ingestion of prescribed quantities of ghee over several days, followed by a purgative. Additional therapies generally undertaken in association with panchakarma are Maharishi Gandharva Veda music therapy and aromatherapy. Typical panchakarma treatments take 2 hours per day, over the course of 3 to 14 days, some ayurvedic herbal formulas are called rasayanas that use whole plants in various combinations. It uses a combination of dozens of different herbs and fruits, a 2008 study by Robert B
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Transcendental Meditation in education
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Transcendental Meditation in education is the application of the Transcendental Meditation technique in an educational setting or institution. These educational programs and institutions have been founded in the USA, United Kingdom, Australia, India, Africa, the Maharishi International University was established in 1973 in the USA and began offering accredited, degree programs. This dismantled the TM programs use of government funding in U. S. public schools, a number of educational institutions have been founded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the Transcendental Meditation movement and its supporters. The Students International Meditation Society incorporated in 1965/1966 and focused on offering the TM technique to students and faculty at schools, the UCLA chapter had 1,000 members and was co-founded by researcher and physiologist, Robert Keith Wallace, the first president of Maharishi International University. By 1974,14 states had encouraged local schools to teach TM in the classroom, and it was taught at 50 universities. Among the public school systems where TM was taught were Shawnee Mission, Kansas, Maplewood, Paterson, Union Hill and West New York, New Jersey, Eastchester, New York and North York, Ontario. The organization was described as a success and continues to function in some countries including the U. S. A. The court ruled that, although SCI/TM is not a religion, it deals with issues of ultimate concern, truth. State action was involved because the SCI/TM course and activities involved the teaching of a religion, according to religious scholar Cynthia Ann Humes the Malnak decision dismantled the TM programs use of government funding to incorporate Transcendental Meditation into public schools. However, according to religious scholars Douglas E. Cowan and David G, since 1979, schools and universities in the U. S. and abroad have introduced the Transcendental Meditation technique using private, non-governmental funding. The technique has been introduced on a basis, with parental consent. Often referred to as the Quiet Time Program, the students, the program consists of TM instruction and follow-up, as well as training of school faculty and staff to supervise the TM sessions offered at the school. The Fletcher Johnson Educational Center, a school with 1,500 students in Washington. Its principal, George H. Rutherford, is a member of the DLFs Board of Advisors, the Ideal Academy Public Charter School began its program with the approval of the Washington, D. C. The 2005–2006 pilot project at Ideal Academy was conducted along with research to document the effects of the program, the Nataki Talibah Schoolhouse] in Detroit began using the program for students in the fifth through eighth grade in 1996 and was featured on the Today Show in 2003. The school has since been classified by the Skillman Foundation as a High-Performing Middle School, over the years, the program at Nitaki Talibah has been funded by various foundations including General Motors, Daimler Chrysler, the Liebler Foundation and the DLF. The program at the school has been researched by Rita Benn of the University of Michigans Complementary, the Chelsea School, a private school in of Silver Spring, Maryland, offers the program to its fifth through twelfth graders who have attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. The program was part of a pilot study conducted by William R. Stixrud
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Transcendental Meditation technique
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The Transcendental Meditation technique is a specific form of mantra meditation developed by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. It is often referred to as Transcendental Meditation, or simply TM, the meditation practice involves the use of a mantra and is practiced for 15–20 minutes twice per day while sitting with ones eyes closed. It is reported to be one of the most-widely practiced, and among the most widely researched meditation techniques, with over 340 peer-reviewed studies published. Beginning in 1965, the Transcendental Meditation technique has been incorporated into schools, universities, corporations, and prison programs in the USA, Latin America, Europe. The technique has since been included in a number of educational and social programs around the world, the technique has been described as both religious and non-religious, as an aspect of a new religious movement, as rooted in Hinduism, and as a non-religious practice for self-development. Advanced courses supplement the TM technique and include an advanced meditation called the TM-Sidhi program, in 1970 the Science of Creative Intelligence, described as modern science with ancient Vedic science, became the theoretical basis for the Transcendental Meditation technique. The technique is recommended for 20 minutes twice per day, other authors describe the technique as an easy, natural technique or process, and a wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. Practice of the technique includes a process called unstressing which combines effortless relaxation with spontaneous imagery, TM teachers caution their students not to be alarmed by random thoughts and to attend to the mantra. Scottish chess grandmaster Jonathan Rowson has said that his TM practice gives a feeling of serenity, energy and balance, but does not provide any powerful insight into your own mind. Laura Tenant, a reporter for The Independent, said that her TM experience includes going to a place which was neither wakefulness, sleeping or dreaming, worldwide, as many as four to ten million people are reported to be practitioners. The TM technique consists of repeating a mantra with gentle effortlessness while sitting comfortably with eyes closed. The mantra is said to be a vehicle that allows the individuals attention to travel naturally to a less active, one author discusses neurological theories about the importance of selecting the correct mantra. According to these, the mantra enters the nervous system via the brains speech area. TM meditators are instructed to keep their secret to ensure maximum results, to avoid confusion in the mind of the meditators. The Maharishi is reported to have standardized and mechanized the mantra selection process by using a set of mantras. Professor of psychiatry, Norman E. Rosenthal writes that during the training given by a certified TM teacher, each student is assigned a specific mantra or sound, TM students are therefore given a specially suited mantra. Author George D. Chryssides writes that, according to the Maharishi, using just any mantra can be dangerous, gordon Melton and Bainbridge write that the mantras are assigned by age and gender. In 1984,16 mantras were published in Omni magazine based on information from disaffected TM teachers, according to Chryssides, TM teachers say that the promised results are dependent on a trained Transcendental Meditation teacher choosing the mantra for their student
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David Lynch Foundation
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The David Lynch Foundation For Consciousness-Based Education and World Peace is a global charitable foundation with offices in New York City, Los Angeles, and Fairfield, Iowa. It was founded by director and Transcendental Meditation practitioner David Lynch in 2005 to fund the teaching of TM in schools. Over the years it has expanded its focus to include other populations such as the homeless, U. S. military veterans, African war refugees. The Foundation is reported to have sponsored between 70,000 and 150,000 students in 350 schools throughout the U. S. and it has held several benefits to inspire charitable contributions. A2009 benefit concert featured Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr and a 2013 event featured Dr. Oz, the Foundation also sponsors research on the TM program. S. Veterans and African war refugees with post-traumatic stress disorder, inner city students, American Indians, homeless, DLF. TV is the Foundations production wing and online television channel that provides video content and web casts. Concerned about school violence and increasing stress and problems for students and that year, Lynch, DLF president John Hagelin, and Maharishi University of Management researcher Fred Travis went on a lecture tour titled Consciousness, Creativity, and the Brain. Tour dates included the University of Southern California, UC Berkeley, the University of Oregon in Eugene, the University of Washington, Emerson College, Yale University, in 2005, Lynch offered to fund peace studies courses at several universities with TM instruction being included in each course. By 2006, six schools in the U. S. had been awarded $25,000 by the David Lynch Foundation. That year DLF funded the TM program at two schools in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, in April 2013, Lynch released the film Meditation, Creativity, Peace which documents his 2007 speaking engagements at European and Middle Eastern film schools in 16 countries. According to Lynch, profits from the distribution of the film would benefit DLFs meditation instruction for students around the world, the film was described by one reviewer as a fragmented, self-important film noir. With the goal of teaching TM to 1 million high risk youth, the Foundation held its second Change Begins Within benefit event, titled Operation Warrior Wellness, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in December 2010. Participants included Lynch, actor Clint Eastwood, designer Donna Karan, comedian Russell Brand, in April 2011, the Foundation launched David Lynch Foundation Music with their Download for Good campaign through PledgeMusic. Items available for pledges included collectors items from Shepard Fairey and original art created by Daniel Edlen which was signed by the donating musicians. In July 2011 the DLF released a fund raising boxed set of music, in June 2012 Jerry Seinfeld hosted a DLF fundraiser called A Night of Comedy honoring George Shapiro which was held in Beverly Hills, California, USA. Performers and guests included Russell Brand, Sarah Silverman, Garry Shandling, Jason Alexander, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Chris Rock, in January 2013 DLF sponsored a benefit jazz concert in New York City. The program featured comments by TV hosts Mehmet Oz and George Stephanopoulos, musical performances included Herbie Hancock, Corrine Bailey Rae and Wynton Marsalis. In February, it sponsored another Operation Warrior Wellness fund raiser at the New York Athletic Club in New York City, in 2013 the DLF founded a charity based music label called Transcendental Music, to raise funds and awareness for its programs
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Maharishi Heaven on Earth Development
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Maharishi Heaven on Earth Development Corp. is a for-profit real estate developer associated with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and his Transcendental Meditation movement. The US arm planned to work with developers to build 50 Maharishi Cities of Immortals in the US, the Canadian arm bought and renovated the Fleck/Paterson House in Ottawa in 2002, earning the adaptive use award of excellence from the City. A subsidiary purchased land to build Maharishi Veda Land theme parks in Orlando, Florida and Niagara Falls, the Dutch arm negotiated with the presidents of Zambia and Mozambique to acquire a quarter of the land in those countries in exchange for solving their problems. Maharishi Heaven on Earth Development Corp. was founded in Malibu, California in 1988 by its first president and it was initially financed by Guild, who donated his shares to Maharishi University of Management. MHOED announced in 1988 that it planned to build 50 low-density Maharishi Cities of Immortals across the U. S. and Canada. Each City of Immortals development would include a pond or lake, a Maharishi elementary school, a for-profit Maharishi Ayurvedic health clinic, a hall. The walled and gated developments would include from 100 to 200 homes, the lots would be 1-acre or larger and an equal amount of space would be devoted to common areas, like parks, lakes, and gardens. Internal combustion vehicles would be parked at the perimeter and only electric carts or bicycles would be used inside the development, the individual homes would be built using Maharishi Sthapatya Veda specifications with non-toxic materials and natural ventilation. MSV design principles say that, with proper placement and orientation, one naturally feels hungry in a dining room and sleepy in a bedroom. According to developer, Curtis McDonald, What we are striving for is a restructuring of the world. With the Maharishis Cities of Immortals, our plan is to establish a new way of life, Guild planned a 29-city tour to recruit developers. 5% of the construction costs, plus 1% of the retail costs, plus a sales commission. Half of the profits would go to financing Ideal Villages in the Third World, the homes were expected to cost at least 10% more than comparable properties in normal developments. In the San Francisco area, the said that homes prices were expected to be between $300,000 and $1 million, depending on land costs. At a later presentation in Canada, prices were predicted to be from $130,000 to $150,000, a developer attending a presentation said a home with the listed amenities would cost several times that amount. One announcement said that the developments would also include subsidized homes, the areas where developments might be built included Malibu, Houston, Austin, Toronto, Hartford, Connecticut, and Denver. In 1989, it announced that it had signed contracts with developers for projects in eight of those cities, a parcel near Austin, Texas was described as a 30-home prototype. It was adjacent to a development built in 1981 called Radiance which was populated with TM practitioners. However after two and a half years the project remained stalled for a lack of financing, construction was begun at a site owned by MHOED on Mount Shefford near Bromont, Quebec in June 1991, and 30 of the 100 lots were reported to have sold
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Natural Law Party
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The Natural Law Party is a transnational party founded in 1992 on the principles of Transcendental Meditation, the laws of nature, and their application to all levels of government. At its peak, it was active in up to 74 countries, it continues in India, the party defines natural law as the organizing intelligence which governs the natural universe. The Natural Law Party advocates using the Transcendental Meditation technique and the TM-Sidhi program as tools to enliven natural law, prominent candidates included John Hagelin for U. S. president and Doug Henning as representative of Rosedale, Toronto, Canada. George Harrison performed a concert in support of the party in 1992. Electoral success was achieved by the Ajeya Bharat Party in India, which elected a legislator to the assembly, and the Croatian NLP. In the USA its organization was reported to rival that of other established third parties. The American branch of the party was founded later that year in Fairfield, Iowa U. S. A. by educators, business leaders, lawyers, the party was active in many countries and delegates from 60 countries attended an international convention in Bonn, Germany in 1998. The party became inactive in the United States in 2004 and was discontinued in the Netherlands in 2007. In Scotland and Wales, party advertisements proclaimed that natural law which governs the whole universe in perfect order. The Scotland and Wales branch of the party promised reduced pollution, the elimination of genetically modified crops and they also supported free college education and the use of the Transcendental Meditation technique in the school system. In the UK, NLP candidate Geoffrey Clements advocated the use of Transcendental Meditation and its platform included clean energy, labeling of genetically modified foods, a ban on the construction of nuclear energy plants, and an end to political action committees. In 1993, Bevan Morris campaigned for a seat in a district in suburban Adelaide for the Australian House of Representatives on the NLP ticket, the party contested several federal and state elections between 1990 and 1997. The Natural Law Party was active in the Canadian federal elections of 1993,1997 and 2000 and in elections in Ontario and Quebec during this period. In Croatia a party member was elected to an assembly in 1993. Benoît Frappé of France was the candidate for the European Parliament. The Natural Law Party in India is known as the Ajeya Bharat Party or Invincible India Party and it promotes a Vedic way of life. It was formed in late 1998 as the wing of the Maharishi Vedic Vishwa Prashasan. The Maharishi was said to be interested in building a political base in his native province
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