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Glutamate decarboxylase
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Glutamate decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. GAD uses pyridoxal-phosphate as a cof
GAD67 derived from PDB: 2okj​
GAD67 derived from PDB: 2okj​
Gad65 in red, Gad67 in green, and tyrosine hydroxylase (blue) in the ventral tegmental area of the mouse brain
Gad65 in red, Gad67 in green, and tyrosine hydroxylase (blue) in the ventral tegmental area of the mouse brain
Healthy human cerebellum stained with a reference anti-GAD65 monoclonal antibody. Thin arrows show presynaptic terminals staining with the anti-GAD65
Healthy human cerebellum stained with a reference anti-GAD65 monoclonal antibody. Thin arrows show presynaptic terminals staining with the anti-GAD65 monoclonal antibody
Reelin
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Reelin, encoded by the RELN gene, is a large secreted extracellular matrix glycoprotein that helps regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing brain by controlling cell–
Glutamate decarboxylase
…Autoantibodies to GAD might be the causative agent or a disease marker. Substantial dysregulation of GAD mRNA expression, coupled with downregulation of reelin, is observed in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The most pronounced downregulation of GAD67 was found in hippocampal stratum oriens layer in both…
As they travel through the rostral migratory stream, neuroblasts are held together, probably in part by thrombospondin-1's binding to the reelin recep
As they travel through the rostral migratory stream, neuroblasts are held together, probably in part by thrombospondin-1's binding to the reelin receptors ApoER2 and VLDLR. As they arrive to the destination, the groups are dispersed by reelin and cells strike out on their individual paths. A fragment of an illustration from Lennington et al., 2003.
Reelin controls the direction of radial glia growth. A fragment of an illustration from Nomura T. et al., 2008. Reelin-expressing cells (red) on C sti
Reelin controls the direction of radial glia growth. A fragment of an illustration from Nomura T. et al., 2008. Reelin-expressing cells (red) on C stimulate the growth of green glial fibers, while on B, where the red cells do not express reelin, radial glia is more disarrayed.
Increased reelin expression changes the morphology of migrating neurons: unlike the round neurons with short branches (C) they assume bipolar shape (D
Increased reelin expression changes the morphology of migrating neurons: unlike the round neurons with short branches (C) they assume bipolar shape (D) and attach themselves (E) to the radial glia fibers that are extending in the direction of reelin-expressing cells. Nomura T. et al., 2008.
Reelin stimulates the progenitor cells to differentiate into radial glia, inducing the expression of radial glial marker BLBP by affecting the NOTCH1
Reelin stimulates the progenitor cells to differentiate into radial glia, inducing the expression of radial glial marker BLBP by affecting the NOTCH1 cascade. A fragment of an illustration from Keilani et al., 2008.