1.
Eglinton Tournament of 1839
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The Eglinton Tournament of 1839 was a re-enactment of a medieval joust and revel held in Scotland on Friday 30 August. It was funded and organized by Archibald, Earl of Eglinton, the Queen of Beauty was Georgiana, Duchess of Somerset. Many distinguished visitors took part, including Prince Louis Napoleon, the future Emperor of the French, the Tournament was a deliberate act of Romanticism, and drew 100,000 spectators. It is primarily now for the ridicule poured on it by the Whigs. Even on Wednesday, when the procession was seen to the greatest possible disadvantage, the preparations, and the many works of art commissioned for or inspired by the Eglinton Tournament, had an effect on public feeling and the course of 19th-century Gothic revivalism. Its ambition carried over to events such as the lavish Tournament of Brussels in 1905, features of the tournament were actually inspired by Walter Scotts novel Ivanhoe, it was attempting to be a living re-enactment of the literary romances. While others made a profit, Lord Eglinton had to absorb losses, the Earls granddaughter, Viva Montgomerie recalled in her memoirs that he had spent most of the wealth of the estate. The Gothic Revival and the rise of Romanticism of the late 18th, medieval-style jousts, for example, were regularly held in Sweden between 1777 and 1800. Gothic novels, such as The Castle of Otranto, by Horace Walpole, Walpole himself was one of the first in England to renovate his mansion into a mock-Gothic castle, Strawberry Hill. Medieval culture was admired as an antidote to the modern enlightenment. Plays and theatrical works perpetuated the romanticism of knights, castles, caspar David Friedrich of Germany painted magnificent Gothic ruins and spiritual allegories. Jane Austen wrote her novel Northanger Abbey as a satire on romantic affectation, the price for Hotspurs release was the building of the castle of Polnoon in Eaglesham, Renfrewshire for the Montgomeries. In 1838 Whig Prime Minister Lord Melbourne announced that the coronation of Queen Victoria would not include the traditional medieval-style banquet in Westminster Hall, king William IV had cancelled his banquet to prevent a repeat. Critics referred to Victorias slimmed-down coronation scornfully as The Penny Crowning, despite attempts to achieve economies, contemporary accounts point out that Victorias coronation in fact cost £20,000 more than that of George IV. Nevertheless, her coronation did feature an innovation, the procession from the palace to Westminster Abbey, obeisance to the past was in 1839 was not just a fad, for some, it was an urgent need. On 4 August 1838, the Court Journal printed a rumour that the Earl of Eglinton, was going to host a great jousting tournament at his castle in Scotland. At first the suggestion was that games would be held at the next private race meeting at Eglinton. In autumn of 1838 one-hundred and fifty prospective knights met in the showroom of Samuel Pratt, many backed out when they realised the astronomical costs and difficulties, but about forty were determined to try regardless
2.
Eglinton Castle
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Eglinton Castle was a large Gothic castellated mansion in Kilwinning, North Ayrshire, Scotland. The ancient seat of the Earls of Eglinton, it is located just south of the town of Kilwinning, the original Eglinton Castle was burnt by the Earl of Glencairn in 1528. Eglinton was the most notable post-Adam Georgian castle in Ayrshire and this was sold at an auction in 1925. The previous Eglington castle was described circa 1563–1566 as a fare castell, an escape tunnel is said to run from the old castle to the area of the rockery on the castle lawns. The appearance of the old waterfall may have inspired this story as it looks like a sealed doorway, the total acreage of the Earl of Eglintons holdings was 34,716 Scots Acres in 1788. This included Little Cumbrae, and lands at Southannan and Eaglesham, the Montgomerys first holdings were the Barony of Eaglesham and its Castle of Polnoon. In 1691 the Hearth Tax for Ayrshire records show 25 hearths in use and it is noted that the earl had not paid the tax. The earls house in Kilwinning, Easter Chambers or the old dwelling, had 15 hearths. Thirty-seven other dwellings were listed within the barony of Eglinton, the stables were built from stones taken from the Easter Chambers of Kilwinning Abbey, being the Abbots lodgings and later that of the Earls of Eglinton. In 1784, over a period of four months, the building was demolished, the castle is said to have had a moat. In the 1640s Alasdair Mac Colla had been sent by Montrose to suppress support for the Covenanting cause and he plundered the Ayrshire countryside for some days and then demanded financial penalties. Neil Montgomery of Lainshaw negotiated a 4,000 merks penalty for the Eglinton Estates, no evidence exists for it, although it may be related to the underground burial vault of the Montgomeries which does exist under the old abbey. A ley or a tunnel is also said to run from the castle to exit at the old waterfall near the rockery. It is reported that a tunnel ran from the castle to near the existing Castle Bridge and this tunnel was stone lined and tall enough for a man to walk through. This is likely to have been the main drain from the castle, the grounds of the castle were described in one record of the 1840s as follows, Its princely gates soon presented themselves and we thought we should easily find our way to Irvine through the park. It was a treat to wander in these extensive grounds. We soon made way through an avenue to the gardens. The hot-houses for fruits and flowers are on a magnificent scale, a glassy river with a silvery cascade came gliding gently through these fairy regions, as though conscious of the luxuriant paradise which it was watering
3.
Banner
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A banner can be a flag or other piece of cloth bearing a symbol, logo, slogan or other message. A flag whose design is the same as the shield in a coat of arms is called a banner of arms, also, a bar shape piece of non-cloth advertising material sporting a name, slogan, or other marketing message. Church banners commonly portray the saint to whom the church is dedicated, the word derives from French word bannière and late Latin bandum, a cloth out of which a flag is made. Banns has the same origin meaning an official proclamation, and abandon means to change loyalty or disobey orders, the vexillum was a flag-like object used as a military standard by units in the Ancient Roman army. The word vexillum is a diminutive of the Latin word, velum, meaning a sail, which confirms the historical evidence that vexilla were literally little sails i. e. flag-like standards. In the vexillum the cloth was draped from a crossbar suspended from the staff. A heraldic banner is usually square or rectangular, a distinction exists between the heraldic banner and the heraldic standard. The distinction, however, is often misunderstood or ignored, for example, the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom is in fact a banner of the royal arms. The prophet Isaiah was commanded to raise a banner and exalt his voice, habakkuk received a similar order to write a vision upon tables that could be read by one who runs past it. Banners in churches have, in the past, been used mainly for processions, however, the emphasis has, in recent years, shifted markedly towards the permanent or transient display of banners on walls or pillars of churches and other places of worship. A famous example of large banners on display is Liverpool R. C, cathedral, where the banners are designed by a resident artist. Banners are also used to communicate the testimony of Jesus Christ by evangelists, the same kind of banners are also used in many other countries. Many, but not all of them, have red as a dominant colour and these marches were one of the most prominent annual celebrations staged in Australia by any group. Most of these banners have not survived, the Labour Council of NSW has the largest surviving collection at Sydney Trades Hall Sydney Trades Hall in Sussex Street, Sydney. The Federated Society of Boilermakers, Iron & Steel Shipbuilders of Australia was formed in 1873, the reverse of the banner shows the warship Australia at sea. The banner is canvas and was painted by Sydney firm Althouse & Geiger, master painters and decorators, founded in 1875, the company is still in operation. The banner is a powerful tool in communicating the experience. For more on the design and making of these banners, see Banner-making, sports fans often buy or make banners to display in the grandstands
4.
The College of New Jersey
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The College of New Jersey, abbreviated TCNJ, is a public, coeducational university in the Trenton suburb of Ewing Township, New Jersey, United States. TCNJ was established in 1855 by an act of the New Jersey Legislature, the institution was the first normal school in the state of New Jersey and the fifth in the United States. Originally located in Trenton proper, the college was moved to its present location in adjacent Ewing Township during the early to mid-1930s, since its inception, TCNJ has undergone several name changes, the most recent being the 1996 change to its current name from Trenton State College. TCNJ is a selective institution, with a stated mission to keep New Jerseys most talented students in-state for higher education. TCNJ aims to combine the best practices of private institutions with a mission, resulting in an innovative. The institution is organized into seven schools, all of which offer bachelors degree programs. Emphasis is placed on liberal arts education via the general education requirements. Much of TCNJ is built in Georgian colonial architecture style on 289 tree-lined acres, for the first 73 years, the school was located in Trenton on Clinton Avenue. Beginning in 1925, the institution offered its first four-year baccalaureate degrees, in 1928, a suburban tract of 210 acres was purchased in Ewing Township, New Jersey and preparations were underway to relocate the College. The first building erected on the new campus was Green Hall, the majority of buildings now on campus reflect Green Halls architecture. In 1996, in a move spearheaded by Harold Eickhoff, The College of New Jersey adopted its current name, programs in graduate study were instituted in 1947, followed by accreditation from various national associations in the 1950s. By 1972,70 percent of entering students were selecting non-education majors, according to U. S. News & World Report’s latest annual rankings, TCNJ found a place near the top of the list in Regional Universities category for the northern region of the country. The current edition ranked TCNJ as the #1 public institution in the Northeastern United States in the Best Regional Universities category, in terms of regional universities for the North, for both public and private institutions, TCNJ ranked 3rd in the current ranking. Forbes ranks TCNJ the best NJ public college, kiplinger’s ranks TCNJ #1 Best Value Public College in New Jersey that combines outstanding education with economic value. TCNJ currently is ranked as one of the “Most Competitive” institutions in the nation by Barron’s Profiles of American Colleges, according to Bloomberg Businessweek Survey of Best Undergraduate Business Schools, TCNJ School of Business is currently #1 in NJ, and #35 nationwide. Students who graduate on the top 10% of their high school class are primarily admitted, since the 1990s, incoming students are required to participate in the TCNJ First Year Experience, a large component of the liberal arts curriculum at TCNJ. Nearly two-thirds of TCNJ students who apply to school are accepted. Many top corporations also recruit TCNJ graduates, TCNJ has the highest average freshman retention rate among institutions in the northern region
5.
University of Chicago
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The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. It holds top-ten positions in national and international rankings and measures. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,700 students in the College, Chicagos physics department helped develop the worlds first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the viewing stands of universitys Stagg Field. The university is home to the University of Chicago Press. With an estimated date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicagos curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences, the University of Chicago has many prominent alumni. 92 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university as professors, students, faculty, or staff, similarly,34 faculty members and 16 alumni have been awarded the MacArthur “Genius Grant”. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field, while the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B, Cobb who provided the funds for the campus first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Fields pledge of $100,000. Organized as an independent institution legally, it replaced the first Baptist university of the same name, william Rainey Harper became the modern universitys first president on July 1,1891, and the university opened for classes on October 1,1892. The business school was founded thereafter in 1898, and the law school was founded in 1902, Harper died in 1906, and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929. During this period, the Oriental Institute was founded to support, in 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice, several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910, in 1929, the universitys fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office, the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. In 1933, Hutchins proposed a plan to merge the University of Chicago. During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals finished construction, also, the Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created. Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression, during World War II, the university made important contributions to the Manhattan Project. The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial, in the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood
6.
Rowan University
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Rowan University is a public research university in Glassboro, New Jersey, United States, with a satellite campus in Camden, New Jersey. The school was founded in 1923 as Glassboro Normal School on a twenty-five acre site donated by the town, the school became New Jersey State Teachers College at Glassboro in the 1930s, and Glassboro State College in 1958. Starting in the 1970s, it grew into an institution, adding programs in business, communications. It was renamed Rowan College of New Jersey in 1992, after engineer Henry Rowan and his wife Betty gave the school US$100 million and it became Rowan University on March 21,1997, when it won approval for university status from the New Jersey Commission on Higher Education. It later acquired the School of Osteopathic Medicine on July 1,2013, in the early part of the 20th century, there was a shortage of properly trained teachers in the state of New Jersey. It was decided to build a two-year Normal school in the part of the state to counter the trend. The 1917 purchase price of the land was raised by the residents of the town and used to purchase a tract that belonged to the Whitney family, who owned the local glassworks during the 19th century. In 1923 the Glassboro Normal School opened, with a class of 236 female students arriving at the station in front of Bunce Hall. The college was one of the first in the country to begin programs for teachers for reading disabilities and physical therapy in 1935 and 1944, respectively. The Cold War Glassboro Summit Conference between U. S. President Lyndon Johnson and Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin took place from 23–25 June 1967, in Hollybush Mansion at Glassboro State College. The college was chosen because of its location equidistant between New York City, where Kosygin was making a speech at the U. N. and Washington, D. C. The campus was relatively quiet during the decade, despite opening the 1970–71 academic year with Black Sabbaths first US concert on October 30,1970. Peaceful student protests occurred during the Vietnam war as they did at other campuses, most issues cited poor writing by one or more of the schools administrators, usually in documents meant for wide promulgation. While not occurring on University grounds, a significant event occurred in 1986 at Glassboro High School, ronald Reagan spoke at the Glassboro High School graduation. This was the first time in American history that a sitting President spoke at a school graduation ceremony. In the speech, Reagan reflected on the Glassboro Summit Conference, the event brought a high level of media attention. Riots took place during Spring Weekend 1986, primarily off campus around the Beau Rivage townhomes, as a result, Glassboro State College was ranked as the #28 Party School in the nation in the January 1987 issue of Playboy magazine. Coincidentally, in the Greek section of that issue of Playboy
