1.
Lever House
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Completed in 1952, it was the second curtain wall skyscraper in New York City after the United Nations Secretariat Building. The 307-foot-tall building features a courtyard and public space. In 1959, the design was copied as the Emek Business Center in Ankara, in 1961 as the Terminal Sud of Paris-Orly. The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1982 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, the Lever House was built in 1950–1952 to be the American headquarters of the British soap company Lever Brothers. It was the pet project of Lever Brothers president Charles Luckman, in 1916, New York City had passed zoning laws designed to prevent new skyscrapers from overwhelming the streets with their sheer bulk. It required buildings to have setbacks as they rose, creating a sense of space, the building featured a glimmering 24-story blue-green heat-resistant glass and stainless steel curtain-wall. The curtain-wall was designed to reduce the cost of operating and maintaining the property and its curtain-wall is completely sealed with no operating windows. This meant that much less dirt from the city would get into the building, the heat resistant nature of the glass also helped to keep air conditioning costs down. Additionally, the property featured a roof-top window-washing gondola that moved about the wall on tracks. The curtain wall was fabricated and installed by General Bronze Corp, the ground floor contained no tenants. Instead, it featured an open plaza with garden and pedestrian walkways, only a small portion of the ground floor was enclosed in glass and marble. The ground floor featured space for displays and waiting visitors, a demonstration kitchen, the second and largest floor contained the employees lounge, medical suite, and general office facilities. On the third floor was the cafeteria and terrace. The offices of Lever Brothers and its subsidiaries occupied the remaining floors with the penthouse on the 21st floor. The top three stories contained most of the mechanical space. In 1982, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated Lever House as an official landmark, by that time, however, much of Lever Houses original brilliance had been dimmed by time. The buildings blue-green glass facade deteriorated due to weather conditions. Water seeped behind the stainless steel mullions causing the steel within the glazing pockets to rust
Lever House
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(2012)
Lever House
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External video
Lever House
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Upper stories
2.
Buffalo, New York
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Buffalo is a city in western New York state and the county seat of Erie County, on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River. As of 2014, Buffalo is New York states 2nd-most populous city after New York City, the metropolitan area has a population of 1.13 million. After an economic downturn in the half of the 20th century, Buffalos economy has transitioned to sectors that include financial services, technology, biomedical engineering. Residents of Buffalo are called Buffalonians, the citys nicknames include The Queen City, The Nickel City and The City of Good Neighbors. The city of Buffalo received its name from a creek called Buffalo Creek. British military engineer Captain John Montresor made reference to Buffalo Creek in his journal of 1764, there are several theories regarding how Buffalo Creek received its name. In 1804, as principal agent opening the area for the Holland Land Company, Joseph Ellicott, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes similar to the street system he used in the nations capital. Although Ellicott named the settlement New Amsterdam, the name did not catch on, during the War of 1812, on December 30,1813, Buffalo was burned by British forces. The George Coit House 1818 and Samuel Schenck House 1823 are currently the oldest houses within the limits of the City of Buffalo, on October 26,1825, the Erie Canal was completed with Buffalo a port-of-call for settlers heading westward. At the time, the population was about 2,400, the Erie Canal brought about a surge in population and commerce, which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832. In 1845, construction began on the Macedonia Baptist Church, an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement, Buffalo was a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario in search of freedom. During the 1840s, Buffalos port continued to develop, both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo. Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor, in 1843, the worlds first steam-powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar. Darts Elevator enabled faster unloading of lake freighters along with the transshipment of grain in bulk from barges, canal boats, by 1850, the citys population was 81,000. At the dawn of the 20th century, local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River, the city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting. It was also part of the revolution, hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow. President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6,1901, McKinley died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion as the 26th President of the United States. The Great Depression of 1929–39 saw severe unemployment, especially working class men
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York
3.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
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British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
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Flag
New York (state)
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1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
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The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
4.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
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Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
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New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
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The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
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Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
5.
Lafayette High School (Buffalo, New York)
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Although classes began off-site during construction of the school, the building was completed, and graduated its first class, in 1903. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and it is located in Buffalos Upper West Side at 370 Lafayette Avenue. Lafayette High School is currently being phased out due to low academic performance, Lafayette High School was the third high school built in Buffalo, New York. It has fallen into recent struggles with academics and has placed on New York States Watch List of Persistently Underperforming Schools. After the 2010-2011 school year, the closed and re-opened as a multicultural school with a new principal. The school also began housing seventh and eighth graders from nearby International School 45, previous assignment and reason for departure denoted in parentheses Mr. Arthur Detmers–1903-1906 Mr. Calvert King Mellen–1906-1934 Mr. Frank Gott–1934-1955 Mr. Abraham Axelrod–1955-1958 Mr. Robert C. Robert J. Donovan, Washington Bureau Chief, New York Herald Tribune, author of 12 books including PT-109. Only journalist to ever address a Joint Session of Congress, liz Dribben, first female news anchor on Buffalo television, copy writer at CBS News for Dan Rather, Walter Cronkite, and Charles Kuralt. Member of the Buffalo Broadcasting Hall of Fame, Jeremiah Goodman, artist, known simply as Jeremiah, painter of interior still lifes of famous residences. Fran Striker, author, creator of the radio serial The Lone Ranger, bruce Shanks, Pulitzer Prize-winning political cartoonist. Stanley, attorney and first member of congress to introduce legislation prohibiting discrimination in pay on account of sex Frank Kelly Freas, the Modernaires, the popular harmony group renowned for its performances on record and motion pictures with the Glenn Miller Orchestra. Tedd Lewin, artist, author and illustrator of childrens books, Edward Lawson, Edward won a landmark Supreme Court victory over racism and arbitrary stop and seizure practices by California police by defending himself before the Supreme Court of the US. Few Lafayette graduates have ever shown such personal triumph over injustice and these included Jack Smart, an artist who also played The Fat Man on 1940s radio, and Irving Jeremiah Goodman, a contemporary artist specializing in room still lifes. Turner rowed for the U. S. in the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia, was editor of The Buffalo Courier-Express. The public school is supported by the private Lafayette High School Alumni Association, in 1999, the association restored the buildings landmark lantern or cupola, which had deteriorated and been demolished for safety reasons in the 1970s. In May 2003, the association sponsored and ran a 100th Anniversary Celebration, attended by over 1,700 alumni and their guests, the funds will establish the Ramsi P. Tick media room in memory of entrepreneur Tick, an LHS alumnus, as their logos, the school and the Association use the LHS Triangle, and the Lafayette Angel
Lafayette High School (Buffalo, New York)
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Lafayette High School
Lafayette High School (Buffalo, New York)
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Loyalty, Honor, Service
Lafayette High School (Buffalo, New York)
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Lafayette High School, Entrance Detail, December 2009
6.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, often cited as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II, post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the faculty and campus under James Killian. The current 168-acre campus opened in 1916 and extends over 1 mile along the bank of the Charles River basin. The Institute is traditionally known for its research and education in the sciences and engineering, and more recently in biology, economics, linguistics. Air Force and 6 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT, the school has a strong entrepreneurial culture, and the aggregated revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni would rank as the eleventh-largest economy in the world. In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General Court to use newly filled lands in Back Bay, Boston for a Conservatory of Art and Science, but the proposal failed. A charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rogers, a professor from the University of Virginia, wanted to establish an institution to address rapid scientific and technological advances. The Rogers Plan reflected the German research university model, emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars, two days after the charter was issued, the first battle of the Civil War broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MITs first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865, in 1863 under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the Massachusetts Agricultural College, which developed as the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 1866, the proceeds from sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay. MIT was informally called Boston Tech, the institute adopted the European polytechnic university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date. Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President Francis Amasa Walker. Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced, new buildings were built, the curriculum drifted to a vocational emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science. The fledgling school still suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the MIT leadership, during these Boston Tech years, MIT faculty and alumni rebuffed Harvard University president Charles W. Eliots repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard Colleges Lawrence Scientific School. There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard, in its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and funding. Eventually the MIT Corporation approved an agreement to merge with Harvard, over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students. However, a 1917 decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court effectively put an end to the merger scheme, the neoclassical New Technology campus was designed by William W. Bosworth and had been funded largely by anonymous donations from a mysterious Mr. Smith, starting in 1912. In January 1920, the donor was revealed to be the industrialist George Eastman of Rochester, New York, who had invented methods of production and processing
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Stereographic card showing an MIT mechanical drafting studio, 19th century (photo by
E.L. Allen, left/right inverted)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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A 1905 map of MIT's Boston campus
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Plaque in Building 6 honoring
George Eastman, founder of
Eastman Kodak, who was revealed as the anonymous "Mr. Smith" who helped maintain MIT's independence
7.
Twenty-five Year Award
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The Twenty-five Year Award was first presented in 1969, and has been handed out every year from 1971 onward. In 2017, the prize was awarded to the Grand Louvre—Phase I by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners in Paris, the project receiving the award can be located anywhere in the world, but must be designed by an architect licensed in the United States. Only four buildings outside of the United States have received the award, one each in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Barcelona, Spain, London, England, and Paris, France. New York City has the most awards at five, while Boston, Chicago, New Haven, buildings to which Finnish American architect Eero Saarinen has contributed have received six awards, tied with the architectural firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Louis I. Kahn has been honored five times, buildings by Frank Lloyd Wright have received this award four times, and both Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as well as the firm Pei Cobb Freed & Partners have each had three of their buildings honored. Of the 48 projects that have received this award, only two, Eames House and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, had women as contributing architects. The Twenty-five Year Award can be awarded to any type of architectural project, most buildings nominated for this award are new structures but one winner, Faneuil Hall Marketplace, was a substantial renovation of warehouses into a festival marketplace. For a project to be eligible to win the Twenty-five Year Award and it must also have been designed by an architect licensed in the United States at the time of the project’s completion. This means that the candidate can be anywhere in the world. To be nominated the project must be in a completed form as well as in good condition. Potential candidates must not have been altered substantially since they were built, change of use is allowed by the rules, but the original intent of the structure must still be intact. These changes of use include reorganization of interior space and this was taken into account with the Price Tower, which when built was a mix of offices and apartments, but when awarded, had only one apartment remaining. The award is presented at the AIA National Convention each year, any AIA member, group of members, component, or Knowledge Community is allowed to nominate a project for the Twenty-five Year Award. A project may be nominated multiple times, as long as it complies with the eligibility requirements. Nominees are judged by todays architectural standards in their function, execution, the project and its site are judged together, with any changes in context taken into account. The Year awarded column states the year the award was handed out, stirling Prize General Twenty Five Year Award Recipients
Twenty-five Year Award
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The Broadgate Exchange House, the 2015 recipient of the award
Twenty-five Year Award
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1969
Twenty-five Year Award
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1971
Twenty-five Year Award
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1972
8.
National Institute of Arts and Letters
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The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 250-member honor society, its goal is to foster, assist, and sustain excellence in American literature, music, and art. The Academys galleries are open to the public on a published schedule, opened in 2014, a permanent exhibit is the recreated studio of composer Charles Ives. The auditorium is sought out by musicians wishing to live because the acoustics are considered among the worlds finest. The Academy was created in 1904 by the membership of the National Institute of Arts, the first seven academicians were elected from ballots cast by the entire membership. In 1908 poet Julia Ward Howe was elected, and thus became the first female academician, in 1976 the two groups combined under the name American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1992 members adopted the current organizational title, the oldest organization associated with the group was founded in 1865 at Boston. The American Social Science Association produced the National Institute of Arts, the qualification for membership in this body was to have made notable achievements in art, music, or literature. The membership was at first limited to 150, in 1904 the membership was increased by the Institutes introducing a two-tiered structure,50 elite members and 200 regular members. The people in the group were gradually elected over the next several years. The larger group was called the Institute, while the group was called the Academy. The strict two-tiered system persisted for 72 years, in 1976 members created an organization called the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. The combined Academy/Institute structure had a maximum of 250 living United States citizens as members, plus up to 75 foreign composers, artists and it also established the annual Witter Bynner Poetry Prize in 1980 to support the work of a young poet. The two-tiered system persisted until 1993, when it was completely abandoned, the Academy holds a Congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code, which means that it is one of the comparatively rare Title 36 corporations in the United States. The 1916 statute of incorporation established this institution amongst a number of other patriotic. The federal incorporation was originally construed primarily as an honor, the special recognition neither implies nor accords Congress any special control over the Academy, which remains free to function independently. Active sponsors of Congressional action were Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the process which led to the creation of this federal charter was accompanied by controversy, and the first attempt to gain the charter in 1910 failed. Sen. Lodge re-introduced legislation which passed the Senate in 1913, the Academy was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York in 1914, which factors in decision-making which resulted in Congressional approval in 1916. The Academy occupies three buildings on the west end of the Audubon Terrace complex created by Archer M. Huntington, the heir to the Southern Pacific Railroad fortune and a noted philanthropist
National Institute of Arts and Letters
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Audubon Terrace, the campus that the academy shares.
National Institute of Arts and Letters
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The bronze entrance doors to the administration building on West 155th Street were designed by Academy member
Adolph Alexander Weinman and are dedicated to the memory of
Mary E. Wilkins Freeman and to the women writers of the United States.
9.
Pritzker Architecture Prize
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Founded in 1979 by Jay A. Pritzker and his wife Cindy, the award is funded by the Pritzker family and sponsored by the Hyatt Foundation. It is considered to be one of the premier architecture prizes. The prize is said to be awarded irrespective of nationality, race, creed, the recipients receive US$100,000, a citation certificate, and since 1987, a bronze medallion. Before 1987, a limited edition Henry Moore sculpture accompanied the monetary prize, any licensed architect can also make a personal application for the prize before 1 November every year. In 1988 Gordon Bunshaft nominated himself for the award and eventually won it, the jury, each year consisting of five to nine experts. Recognized professionals in their own fields of architecture, business, education, publishing, the prize Chair is 2002 winner, Glenn Murcutt, earlier chairs were J. Carter Brown, the Lord Rothschild, and the Lord Palumbo. Inaugural winner Philip Johnson was cited for 50 years of imagination and vitality embodied in a myriad of museums, theaters, libraries, houses, gardens, the 2004 laureate Zaha Hadid was the first female prize winner. Ryue Nishizawa became the youngest winner in 2010 at age 44, partners in architecture have shared the award. In 1988, Gordon Bunshaft and Oscar Niemeyer were both honored with the award. The most recent winners, in 2017, are the Spanish architects Rafael Aranda, Carme Pigem and this was the first time three architects shared the prize. A. a Roche was born in Ireland, C Gehry was born in Canada. D Hadid was born in Iraq, E Rogers was born in Italy. Driehaus Architecture Prize List of architecture prizes General Past laureates
Pritzker Architecture Prize
Pritzker Architecture Prize
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Medal of the Pritzker Architecture Prize
Pritzker Architecture Prize
Pritzker Architecture Prize
10.
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
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The Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library is the rare book library and literary archive of the Yale University Library in New Haven, Connecticut. Situated on Yale Universitys Hewitt Quadrangle, the building was designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and completed in 1963. Established by a gift of the Beinecke family and given its own endowment, the outer walls are made of translucent veined marble panels quarried from Danby, Vermont, which transmit subdued lighting from outside, while providing protection from direct sunlight. At night, the stone panels transmit light from the interior, the outside dimensions have Platonic mathematical proportions of 1,2,3. The building has been called a jewel box, and also a laboratory for the humanities. The Modernist structure contains furniture designed by Florence Knoll, a public exhibition hall surrounds the glass stack tower, and displays among other things, one of the 48 extant copies of the Gutenberg Bible. Two basement floors extend under much of Hewitt Quadrangle, the first level down, the Court level, centers on a sunken courtyard in front of the Beinecke, which features The Garden. These are abstract allegorical sculptures by Isamu Noguchi that are said to represent time, sun and this level also features a secure reading room for visiting researchers, administrative offices, and book storage areas. The level of the two floors below ground has movable-aisle compact shelving for books and archives. The Beinecke is one of the largest buildings in the world devoted entirely to rare books, the library has room in the central tower for 180,000 volumes and room for over 600,000 volumes in the underground book stacks. During the 1960s, the Claes Oldenburg sculpture Lipstick on Caterpillar Tracks was displayed in Hewitt Quadrangle, the sculpture has since been moved to the courtyard of Morse College, one of the universitys residential dormitories. The elegance of the Beinecke later inspired the structure that protects. In the late 19th century, rare and valuable books of the Library of Yale College were placed on special shelving at the College Library, when the university received a multimillion-dollar bequest from John W. By 1958, the library owned more than 130,000 rare volumes, the amassed collection proved too large for Sterlings reading room, and the reading room unsuited to their preservation. Shortly afterward, they were joined by the James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection, now, the collection spans through to the present day, including such modern works as limited-edition poetry and artists books. The library also contains thousands of feet of archival material, ranging from ancient papyri. The library is open to all Yale University students and faculty, in order to access materials, there are a few forms and policies that users must read. For example, in 2006 the library presented Breaking the Binding, Printing and the Third Dimension, a show of flap books, pop-ups, perspective books, panoramas, and peep-shows in printed form
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
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On a bright day, the exterior enclosure of the Beinecke Library appears to float above its darkened entry level.
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
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View of the neoclassical
Hewitt Quadrangle surrounding the Beinecke
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
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Beinecke's starkly geometric exterior, with the
Yale Law School Gothic spires in the background
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
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Panoramic interior view of the Beinecke's mezzanine level (curved lines are caused by the
wide-angle lens used to take the photograph)
11.
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
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The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden is an art museum beside the National Mall, in Washington, D. C. the United States. The museum was endowed during the 1960s with the permanent art collection of Joseph H. Hirshhorn. It was designed by architect Gordon Bunshaft and is part of the Smithsonian Institution, the Hirshhorn is sited halfway between the Washington Monument and the US Capitol, anchoring the southernmost end of the so-called L’Enfant axis. The building itself is an attraction, an open cylinder elevated on four massive legs, in the late 1930s, the United States Congress mandated an art museum for the National Mall. At the time, the venue for visual art was the National Gallery of Art, which focuses on Dutch, French. During the 1940s World War II shifted the project into the background, meanwhile, Joseph H. Then, in 1955, Hirshhorn sold his uranium interests for more than $50-million. He expanded his collection to warehouses, an apartment in New York City, a 1962 sculpture show at New Yorks Guggenheim Museum awakened an international art community to the breadth of Hirshhorns holdings. Word of his collection of modern and contemporary paintings also circulated, and institutions in Italy, Israel, Canada, California, president Lyndon B. Johnson and Smithsonian Secretary S. Dillon Ripley successfully campaigned for a new museum on the National Mall. In 1966, an Act of Congress established the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, most of the funding was federal, but Hirshhorn later contributed $1-million toward construction. Joseph and his wife, Olga Zatorsky Hirshhorn, visited the White House. The groundbreaking was in 1969 and Abram Lerner was named the founding Director and he oversaw research, conservation, and installation of more than 6,000 items brought from the Hirshhorns Connecticut estate and other properties to Washington, DC. What I accomplished in the United States I could not have accomplished anywhere else in the world, one million visitors saw the 850-work inaugural show in the first six months. In 1984, James T. Demetrion, fourteen-year director of the Des Moines Art Center in Iowa, Art collector and retail store founder Sydney Lewis of Richmond, Virginia, succeeded Senator Daniel P. Moynihan as board chairman. Mr. Demetrion held the post for more than 17 years, ned Rifkin became director in February 2002, returning to the Hirshhorn after directorship positions at the Menil Collection in Texas and the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia. Rifkin was previously curator of the Hirshhorn from 1986 until 1991. In October 2003, Rifkin was named Under Secretary for Art of the Smithsonian, in 2005, Olga Viso was named director of the Hirshhorn. Viso joined the department of the Hirshhorn in 1995 as assistant curator, was named associate curator in 1998. In October 2003, Viso was named deputy director of the Hirshhorn, after two years, Ms. Viso accepted the position of Director of the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, departing in December 2007
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
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Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
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Hirshhorn Museum Sculpture Garden
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
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David Smith,
Cubi XII, 1963
12.
Manufacturers Hanover Trust Branch Bank
–
The glass-and-aluminum building was completed and opened in 1954. It was built as a bank for the Manufacturers Trust Company, the interior design was done by Eleanor H. It is this feature that caused the AIA Guide to remark that the building led the banking profession out of the cellar, in designating the interior as a landmark, Commission chairman Robert B. Tierney said that the buildings ceilings, spacious floor plans, white marble piers. In 2011, a dispute between preservationists and building owner Vornado Realty Trust over the building led to a suit in court, Vornado hired the original architects, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, to make the changes. Tenants in the building at the time included Bloomberg L. P. the company of New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg, the entry doors from Fifth Avenue are minimally detailed and fit within the original street-wall framing. Divisions between the two spaces are of clear glass for the first several feet behind the glazed facade to minimize their visual presence. The luminous ceilings, which had suffered decades of ad hoc modifications, have been replaced with components that accurately replicate the original appearance. And the Bertoia works are reinstalled in appropriate locations where they can be appreciated, the settlement was agreed to in February 2012. Following the conclusion of the renovation, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill listed the area as 12,522 square feet, the project area as 30,000 square feet. Manufacturers Hanover acquired full ownership of the underlying the building from the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York in February 1992. In 2000 or 2001, Chase sold the building to Tahl Propp Equities, the Vornado Realty Trust acquired the property in 2009. In 2010, Chase closed its branch in the building. The flagship Joe Fresh store has occupied 14,000 square feet of space on the ground floor and second-floor mezzanine since it opened in 2012. Described as a masterwork and the three-dimensional equivalent of a Jackson Pollock painting. The piece was removed from the lobby when JPMorgan Chase closed its branch, the 2012 renovation and adaptive reuse received a 2013 American Institute of Architects New York City Chapter Design Award and a 2013 Architectural Record Good Design is Good Business award. Media related to Manufacturers Trust Company Building at Wikimedia Commons Review of the 1954 Manufacturers Hanover Trust Branch Bank in NYC
Manufacturers Hanover Trust Branch Bank
–
510 Fifth Avenue in 2013.
Manufacturers Hanover Trust Branch Bank
–
The bank vault door and vault opening is now the backdrop for a clothing display
13.
Russian Jewish
–
Jews in the Russian Empire have historically constituted a large religious diaspora, the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. The presence of Jewish people in the European part of Russia can be traced to the 7th–14th centuries CE, in the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish population in Kiev, in present-day Ukraine, was restricted to a separate quarter. Evidence of the presence of Jewish people in Muscovite Russia is first documented in the chronicles of 1471, during the reign of Catherine II in the 18th century, Jewish people were restricted to the Pale of Settlement within Russia, the territory where they could live or immigrate to. Beginning in the 1880s, waves of pogroms swept across different regions of the empire for several decades. More than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920, mostly to the United States, before 1917 there were 300,000 Zionists in Russia, while the main Jewish socialist organization, the Bund, had 33,000 members. Only 958 Jews had joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917, thousands joined after the Revolution, the chaotic years of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, and the Russian Civil War had created social disruption that led to anti-Semitism. Some 150,000 Jews were killed in the pogroms of 1918–1922,125,000 of them in Ukraine,25,000 in Belarus and these were probably the largest-scale European massacres of Jews to date. The pogroms were perpetrated by anti-communist forces, sometimes, Red Army units engaged in pogroms as well. After a short period of confusion, the Soviets started executing guilty individuals, the Russian Civil War pogroms shocked world Jewry and rallied many Jews to the Red Army and the Soviet regime, and also strengthened the desire for the creation of a homeland for the Jewish people. In August 1919 the Soviet government arrested many rabbis, seized Jewish properties, including synagogues, the Jewish section of the Communist Party labeled the use of the Hebrew language reactionary and elitist and the teaching of Hebrew was banned. Zionists were persecuted harshly, with Jewish communists leading the attacks, following the civil war, however, the new Bolshevik governments policies produced a flourishing of secular Jewish culture in Belarus and western Ukraine in the 1920s. At the beginning of the 1930s, the Jews were 1.8 percent of the Soviet population, in 1934 the Soviet state established the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Russian Far East, but the region never came to have a majority Jewish population. Today, the JAO is Russias only autonomous oblast and, aside of Israel, the observance of the Sabbath was banned in 1929, foreshadowing the dissolution of the Communist Partys Yiddish-language Yevsektsia in 1930 and worse repression to come. Numerous Jews were victimized in Stalins purges as counterrevolutionaries and reactionary nationalists, the share of Jews in the Soviet ruling elite declined during the 1930s, but was still more than double their proportion in the general Soviet population. According to Israeli historian Benjamin Pinkus, We can say that the Jews in the Soviet Union took over the privileged position, in the 1930s, many Jews held high rank in the Red Army High Command, Generals Iona Yakir, Yan Gamarnik, Yakov Smushkevich and Grigori Shtern. During World War Two, an estimated 500,000 soldiers in the Red Army were Jewish, about 160,000 were decorated, and more than a hundred achieved the rank of Red Army general. Over 150 were designated Heroes of the Soviet Union, the highest award in the country, more than two million Soviet Jews are believed to have died during the Holocaust in warfare and in Nazi-occupied territories. For many years during this period, Russia had a rate of immigration to Israel than any other country
Russian Jewish
–
Marc Chagall
Russian Jewish
–
Grigori Perelman
Russian Jewish
–
Shneur Zalman of Liadi, founder of
Chabad Lubavitch
Russian Jewish
–
Victim of fanaticism. Painting by
Nikolay Pimonenko. 1899. The painting does not depict a pogrom, but actually documents an event in Ukraine, that the artist read about: a Jewish woman was attacked by members of her community for falling in love with a Christian convert. The townspeople are raising sticks and objects, and her parents are shown to the right, denouncing her.
14.
Lafayette High School (Buffalo)
–
Although classes began off-site during construction of the school, the building was completed, and graduated its first class, in 1903. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and it is located in Buffalos Upper West Side at 370 Lafayette Avenue. Lafayette High School is currently being phased out due to low academic performance, Lafayette High School was the third high school built in Buffalo, New York. It has fallen into recent struggles with academics and has placed on New York States Watch List of Persistently Underperforming Schools. After the 2010-2011 school year, the closed and re-opened as a multicultural school with a new principal. The school also began housing seventh and eighth graders from nearby International School 45, previous assignment and reason for departure denoted in parentheses Mr. Arthur Detmers–1903-1906 Mr. Calvert King Mellen–1906-1934 Mr. Frank Gott–1934-1955 Mr. Abraham Axelrod–1955-1958 Mr. Robert C. Robert J. Donovan, Washington Bureau Chief, New York Herald Tribune, author of 12 books including PT-109. Only journalist to ever address a Joint Session of Congress, liz Dribben, first female news anchor on Buffalo television, copy writer at CBS News for Dan Rather, Walter Cronkite, and Charles Kuralt. Member of the Buffalo Broadcasting Hall of Fame, Jeremiah Goodman, artist, known simply as Jeremiah, painter of interior still lifes of famous residences. Fran Striker, author, creator of the radio serial The Lone Ranger, bruce Shanks, Pulitzer Prize-winning political cartoonist. Stanley, attorney and first member of congress to introduce legislation prohibiting discrimination in pay on account of sex Frank Kelly Freas, the Modernaires, the popular harmony group renowned for its performances on record and motion pictures with the Glenn Miller Orchestra. Tedd Lewin, artist, author and illustrator of childrens books, Edward Lawson, Edward won a landmark Supreme Court victory over racism and arbitrary stop and seizure practices by California police by defending himself before the Supreme Court of the US. Few Lafayette graduates have ever shown such personal triumph over injustice and these included Jack Smart, an artist who also played The Fat Man on 1940s radio, and Irving Jeremiah Goodman, a contemporary artist specializing in room still lifes. Turner rowed for the U. S. in the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia, was editor of The Buffalo Courier-Express. The public school is supported by the private Lafayette High School Alumni Association, in 1999, the association restored the buildings landmark lantern or cupola, which had deteriorated and been demolished for safety reasons in the 1970s. In May 2003, the association sponsored and ran a 100th Anniversary Celebration, attended by over 1,700 alumni and their guests, the funds will establish the Ramsi P. Tick media room in memory of entrepreneur Tick, an LHS alumnus, as their logos, the school and the Association use the LHS Triangle, and the Lafayette Angel
Lafayette High School (Buffalo)
–
Lafayette High School
Lafayette High School (Buffalo)
–
Loyalty, Honor, Service
Lafayette High School (Buffalo)
–
Lafayette High School, Entrance Detail, December 2009
15.
Edward Durell Stone
–
Edward Durell Stone was a twentieth-century American architect and an early proponent of modern architecture in the United States. Stone was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, a college town in the northwest corner of the state. His family, early settlers of the area, owned a dry goods store. One of his friends was J. William Fulbright, the future United States Senator from Arkansas. Stone and Fulbright remained friends throughout their lives, Stone attended the University of Arkansas, where his interest in architecture was encouraged by the chairman of the art department. His older brother, James Hicks Stone, was already an architect in Boston, Massachusetts. While in Boston, Stone attended the Boston Architectural Club, Harvard University, and MIT, while studying, Stone also apprenticed in the offices of Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch and Abbott, H. H. Richardsons successor firm. Henry R. Shepley, one of the senior partners, mentored Stone while he was in Boston. While studying in Massachusetts, he won the prestigious Rotch Travelling Fellowship, other winners of the Fellowship include the architects Ralph Walker, Louis Skidmore, Wallace K. Harrison and Gordon Bunshaft. During his travels, Stone maintained sketchbooks and produced exquisite watercolor drawings in the Beaux-Arts style and he also visited buildings by some of the leading modernist architects of the day, works which would influence his early practice. While in Venice, Stone met and courted Orlean Vandiver of Montgomery and they would marry in New York City in 1930. Stone returned to New York City in October 1929, just at the onset of the Great Depression and he then moved on to work in the offices of Reinhardt, Hoffmeister, Hood & Fouilhoux, who were among the architects associated on the Rockefeller Center project. Stone was the designer on the Radio City Music Hall. His relationship with Deskey ultimately led to his first independent commission in 1933 for Richard Mandel, Stone produced a startling, volumetric modernist home in Mount Kisco, New York, for Mandel, with elements suggestive of the European modernists Erich Mendelsohn and Le Corbusier. The Richard H. Mandel House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996, the acclaim generated from this commission led to other prominent residential commissions. Similarly, his work on the Rockefeller Center project also brought him to the attention of the Centers lead architect, Wallace Harrison, Stone was selected as the design architect for the Museum in association with Philip Goodwin, the only architect on the Museums Board. It was at point that Stone formally started his architectural practice. A visit to Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin in Wisconsin encouraged Stone to seek new forms that expressed a warmer architecture that was rooted in American vernacular design
Edward Durell Stone
–
Stone (center) viewing a model of NASA's Electronics Research Center, 1964
Edward Durell Stone
–
2 Columbus Circle, New York City, before the facade was altered and the interior renovated.
Edward Durell Stone
–
Form Givers at Mid-Century an exhibition showcasing the work of Stone (1959)
Edward Durell Stone
–
North Carolina State Legislative Building in
Raleigh, North Carolina (1960)
16.
Raymond Loewy
–
Raymond Loewy was a French-born American industrial designer who achieved fame for the magnitude of his design efforts across a variety of industries. He was recognized for this by Time magazine and featured on its cover on October 31,1949 and he spent most of his professional career in the United States, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1938. The press referred to Raymond Loewy as The Man Who Shaped America, The Father of Streamlining, born in Paris in 1893, Loewy was the son of Maximilian Loewy, a Jewish journalist from Austria, and a French mother, Marie Labalme. Loewy distinguished himself early on with the design of a model aircraft. By the following year, he had sales of the plane. Loewy served in the French army during World War I, attaining the rank of captain and he was wounded in combat and received the Croix de guerre. After the war he moved to New York, where he arrived in September 1919, in 1929 he received his first industrial-design commission to contemporize the appearance of a duplicating machine by Gestetner. Further commissions followed, including work for Westinghouse, the Hupp Motor Company and it was this product that established his reputation as an industrial designer. He opened a London office in the mid-1930s that continues to operate, in 1937, Loewy established a relationship with the Pennsylvania Railroad, and his most notable designs for the firm involved some of their passenger locomotives. He designed a streamlined shroud for K4s Pacific #3768 to haul the newly redesigned 1938 Broadway Limited and he followed by styling the experimental S1 locomotive, as well as the T1 class. Later, at the Pennsylvania Railroads request, he restyled Baldwins diesels with a distinctive sharknose reminiscent of the T1, in addition to locomotive design, Loewys studios provided many designs for the Pennsylvania Railroad, including stations, passenger-car interiors, and advertising materials. By 1949, Loewy employed 143 designers, architects, and draftsmen and his business partners were A. Baker Barnhart, William Snaith, and John Breen. Loewy had a long and fruitful relationship with American car maker Studebaker, Studebaker first retained Loewy and Associates and Helen Dryden as design consultants in 1936 and in 1939 Loewy began work with the principal designer Virgil Exner. Their designs first began appearing with the late-1930s Studebakers, Loewy also designed a new logo which replaced the turning wheel which had been the trademark since 1912. During World War II, American government restrictions on in-house design departments at Ford, General Motors, because Loewys firm was independent of the fourth-largest automobile producer in America, no such restrictions applied. This permitted Studebaker to launch the first all-new postwar automobile in 1947 and his team developed an advanced design featuring flush-front fenders and clean rearward lines. The Loewy staff, headed by Exner, also created the Starlight body which featured a rear-window system wrapping 180° around the rear seat. In addition to the iconic bullet-nosed Studebakers of 1950 and 1951, the Starlight has consistently ranked as one of the best-designed cars of the 1950s in lists compiled since by Collectible Automobile, Car and Driver, and Motor Trend
Raymond Loewy
–
Loewy standing on one of his designs, the
Pennsylvania Railroad 's
S1 steam locomotive
Raymond Loewy
–
1953 Studebaker Commander Starliner hardtop
Raymond Loewy
–
A concept sketch of the 1963 Avanti by Loewy.
Raymond Loewy
–
The 1963 Studebaker Avanti in a non-standard blue color and wheels.
17.
Mies van der Rohe
–
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a German-American architect. He is commonly referred to and was addressed as Mies, his surname, along with Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of modernist architecture. Mies, like many of his post-World War I contemporaries, sought to establish a new style that could represent modern times just as Classical. He created an influential twentieth-century architectural style, stated with clarity and simplicity. His mature buildings made use of materials such as industrial steel. He strove toward an architecture with a framework of structural order balanced against the implied freedom of unobstructed free-flowing open space. He called his buildings skin and bones architecture and he sought an objective approach that would guide the creative process of architectural design, but he was always concerned with expressing the spirit of the modern era. He is often associated with his quotation of the aphorisms, less is more, Mies was born March 27,1886 in Aachen, Germany. He worked in his fathers stone carving shop and at several design firms before he moved to Berlin. Mies served as manager of the Embassy of the German Empire in Saint Petersburg under Behrens. His talent was recognized and he soon began independent commissions. He began his independent professional career designing upper-class homes, joining the movement seeking a return to the purity of early 19th-century Germanic domestic styles and he rejected the eclectic and cluttered classical styles so common at the turn of the 20th century as irrelevant to the modern times. In 1913, Mies married Adele Auguste Bruhn, the daughter of a wealthy industrialist, during his military service in 1917, Mies fathered a son out of wedlock. In 1925 Mies began a relationship with designer Lilly Reich that ended when he moved to the United States, from 1940 until his death, artist Lora Marx was his primary companion. Mies carried on a relationship with sculptor and art collector Mary Callery for whom he designed an artists studio in Huntington, Long Island. He also was rumored to have a relationship with Edith Farnsworth. Mariannes son Dirk Lohan studied under, and later worked for, after World War I, Mies began, while still designing traditional neoclassical homes, a parallel experimental effort. He joined his avant-garde peers in the search for a new style that would be suitable for the modern industrial age
Mies van der Rohe
–
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Mies van der Rohe
–
Villa Tugendhat built in 1930 in
Brno, in today's
Czech Republic, for Fritz Tugendhat
Mies van der Rohe
–
Barcelona Pavilion, 1929. (reconstruction)
Mies van der Rohe
–
IBM Plaza, Chicago, Illinois
18.
Le Corbusier
–
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930 and his career spanned five decades, he constructed buildings in Europe, Japan, India, and North and South America. Le Corbusier prepared the plan for the city of Chandigarh in India. On July 17,2016, seventeen projects by Le Corbusier in seven countries were inscribed in the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites as an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement and it was an industrial town, devoted to the manufacture of watches. His father was an artisan who enameled boxes and watches, while his mother gave piano lessons and his elder brother Albert was an amateur violinist. He attended a kindergarten that used Fröbelian methods, like his contemporaries Frank Lloyd Wright and Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier did not have formal academic training as an architect. He was attracted to the arts and at the age of fifteen he entered the municipal art school in La-Chaux-de-Fonds which taught the applied arts connected with watchmaking. Three years later he attended the course of decoration, founded by the painter Charles LEplattenier. Le Corbusier wrote later that LEplattenier had made him a man of the woods and his father took him frequently into the mountains around the town. He wrote later, we were constantly on mountaintops, we grew accustomed to a vast horizon and his architecture teacher in the Art School was the architect René Chapallaz, who had a large influence on Le Corbusiers earliest house designs. However, he reported later that it was the art teacher LEplattenier who made him choose architecture, I had a horror of architecture and architects, he wrote. I was sixteen, I accepted the verdict and I obeyed. Le Corbusier began teaching himself by going to the library to read about architecture and philosophy, by visiting museums, by sketching buildings, located on the forested hillside near Chaux-de-fonds. It was a chalet with a steep roof in the local alpine style. The success of this led to his construction of two similar houses, the Villas Jacquemet and Stotzer, in the same area. In Florence, he visited the Florence Charterhouse in Galluzzo, which made an impression on him. I would have liked to live in one of what they called their cells and it was the solution for a unique kind of workers housing, or rather for a terrestrial paradise. In 1911, he traveled again for five months, this time he journeyed to the Balkans and visited Serbia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece, as well as Pompeii and Rome. Filling nearly 80 sketchbooks with renderings of what he saw—including many sketches of the Parthenon and he spoke of what he saw during this trip in many of his books, and it was the subject of his last book, Le Voyage dOrient
Le Corbusier
–
Le Corbusier in 1933
Le Corbusier
–
Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret), 1920, Nature morte (Still Life), oil on canvas, 80.9 x 99.7 cm,
Museum of Modern Art, New York
Le Corbusier
–
Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret), 1922, Nature morte verticale (Vertical Still Life), oil on canvas, 146.3 x 89.3 cm,
Kunstmuseum Basel
Le Corbusier
–
Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret), 1920, Guitare verticale (2ème version), oil on canvas, 100 x 81 cm, Fondation Le Corbusier, Paris
19.
United States Department of State
–
The Department was created in 1789 and was the first executive department established. The Department is headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building located at 2201 C Street, NW, the Department operates the diplomatic missions of the United States abroad and is responsible for implementing the foreign policy of the United States and U. S. diplomacy efforts. The Department is also the depositary for more than 200 multilateral treaties, the Department is led by the Secretary of State, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Secretary of State is Rex Tillerson, beginning 1 February 2017, the Secretary of State is the first Cabinet official in the order of precedence and in the presidential line of succession, after the President pro tempore of the Senate. This legislation remains the law of the Department of State. In September 1789, additional legislation changed the name of the agency to the Department of State and these responsibilities grew to include management of the United States Mint, keeper of the Great Seal of the United States, and the taking of the census. President George Washington signed the new legislation on September 15, most of these domestic duties of the Department of State were eventually turned over to various new Federal departments and agencies that were established during the 19th century. On September 29,1789, President Washington appointed Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, then Minister to France, from 1790 to 1800, the State Department had its headquarters in Philadelphia, the capital of the United States at the time. It occupied a building at Church and Fifth Streets, in 1800, it moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D. C. where it first occupied the Treasury Building and then the Seven Buildings at 19th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. It moved into the Six Buildings in September 1800, where it remained until May 1801 and it moved into the War Office Building due west of the White House in May 1801. It occupied the Treasury Building from September 1819 to November 1866 and it then occupied the Washington City Orphan Home from November 1866 to July 1875. It moved to the State, War, and Navy Building in 1875, since May 1947, it has occupied the Harry S. Truman Building in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, the State Department is therefore sometimes metonymically referred to as Foggy Bottom. Madeleine Albright became the first woman to become the United States Secretary of State, condoleezza Rice became the second female secretary of state in 2005. Hillary Rodham Clinton became the female secretary of state when she was appointed in 2009. In 2014, the State Department began expanding into the Navy Hill Complex across 23rd Street NW from the Truman Building, the Executive Branch and the U. S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U. S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U. S, the Department advances U. S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the Presidents foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U. S. citizens, the total Department of State budget, together with Other International Programs, costs about 45 cents a day for each resident of the United States. Keeping the public informed about U. S. foreign policy and relations with other countries, providing automobile registration for non-diplomatic staff vehicles and the vehicles of diplomats of foreign countries having diplomatic immunity in the United States
United States Department of State
–
Harry S Truman Building, headquarters of the U.S. State Department since 1947
United States Department of State
–
Seal of the U.S. Department of State
United States Department of State
–
Secretary of State
John Kerry
United States Department of State
–
Organizational chart of the U.S. Department of State as of March 2014
20.
Office of Foreign Building Operations
–
The Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations is an agency of the United States Department of State charged with constructing, purchasing, and maintaining buildings and real estate in other countries. It is responsible for building and maintaining U. S. diplomatic mission facilities, including embassies, the organization was founded as the Office of Foreign Building Operations. In the 1950s, it achieved a profile by hiring well-known modernist architects like Ralph Rapson, Harrison & Abramovitz. In the wake of the 1983 United States Embassy bombing in Beirut, in 2001 the Bureau was given its current name when it was upgraded to Bureau level within the Department. As of 2013, the Bureaus director is Lydia Muniz
Office of Foreign Building Operations
–
Deputy Secretary of State &
Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources
21.
Consulate
–
A consul is distinguished from an ambassador, the latter being a representative from one head of state to another. In Classical Greece, some of the functions of the modern consul were fulfilled by a proxenos, unlike the modern position, this was a citizen of the host polity. The proxenos was usually a rich merchant who had ties with another city. The position of proxenos was often hereditary in a particular family, modern honorary consuls fulfil a function that is to a degree similar to that of the ancient Greek institution. Consuls were the highest magistrates of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire, the term was revived by the Republic of Genoa, which, unlike Rome, bestowed it on various state officials, not necessarily restricted to the highest. The Consolat de mar was an institution established under the reign of Peter IV of Aragon in the fourteenth century and it was primarily a judicial body, administering maritime and commercial law as Lex Mercatoria. Although the Consolat de mar was established by the Corts General of the Crown of Aragon and this distinction between consular and diplomatic functions remains to this day. Modern consuls retain limited powers to settle disputes on ships from their country. The Consulado de mercaderes was set up in 1543 in Seville as a merchant guild to control trade with Latin America, as such, it had branches in the principal cities of the Spanish colonies. The connection of consul with trade and commercial law is retained in French, in francophone countries, a juge consulaire is a non-professional judge elected by the chamber of commerce to settle commercial disputes in the first instance. Like the term embassy, the consulate may refer not only to the office of consul. The consulate may share premises with the embassy itself, a consul of the highest rank is termed a consul-general, and his or her office a consulate-general. He or she typically has one or several deputy consuls-general, consuls, vice-consuls, consulates-general need not have their offices in the capital city, but rather could have them in the most important/appropriate cities in terms of bilateral relations. In the United States, for example, most countries have a consulate-general in New York City, consuls of various ranks may have specific legal authority for certain activities, such as notarizing documents. As such, diplomatic personnel with other responsibilities may receive consular letters patent, aside from those outlined in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, there are few formal requirements outlining what a consular official must do. Nonetheless, consulates proper will be headed by consuls of various ranks, and although it is never admitted publicly, consulates, like embassies, may also gather intelligence information from the assigned country. Contrary to popular belief, although many of the staff of consulates may be career diplomats, in practice, the extension and application of consular privileges and immunities can be subject to wide discrepancies from country to country. Consulates are more numerous than diplomatic missions, such as embassies, ambassadors are posted only in a foreign nations capital
Consulate
–
Consulate-General of Indonesia in Houston is
Indonesia 's representation in
Houston,
Texas, United States
Consulate
–
Consulate of
Kazakhstan in
Omsk,
Russia
Consulate
–
Consulate of
Belgium in
San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Consulate
–
Consulate of
Portugal in
Mindelo, Cape Verde.
22.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
–
The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
–
Flag
Germany
–
Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
–
Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
23.
MoMA
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The Museum of Modern Art is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA has been important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is identified as one of the largest and most influential museums of modern art in the world. The MoMA Library includes approximately 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, over 1,000 periodical titles, the archives holds primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art. The idea for The Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller and they became known variously as the Ladies, the daring ladies and the adamantine ladies. They rented modest quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, and it opened to the public on November 7,1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash. Abby had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. At the time, it was Americas premier museum devoted exclusively to art. One of Abbys early recruits for the staff was the noted Japanese-American photographer Soichi Sunami. Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees, Sachs, the associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days as a collector of curators. Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr, under Barrs guidance, the museums holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing. Its first successful exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne. Abbys husband was opposed to the museum and refused to release funds for the venture. Nevertheless, he donated the land for the current site of the museum, plus other gifts over time. During that time it initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, the museum also gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–40, held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago. In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars, Boy Leading a Horse was briefly contested over ownership with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. In 1941, MoMA hosted the exhibition, Indian Art of the United States. His brother, David Rockefeller, also joined the board of trustees in 1948. David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the garden and name it in honor of his mother
MoMA
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Museum of Modern Art
MoMA
MoMA
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The entrance to The Museum of Modern Art
MoMA
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Stairs in the Museum of Modern Art
24.
Martha Stewart
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Martha Helen Stewart is an American businesswoman, writer, and television personality. As founder of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, she has gained success through a variety of ventures, encompassing publishing, broadcasting, merchandising. In 2004, Stewart was convicted of related to the ImClone stock trading case. There was speculation that the incident would end her media empire, although Stewart began a comeback campaign in 2005. Stewart rejoined the board of directors of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia in 2011, the company was acquired by Sequential Brands in 2015. Martha Stewart was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, on August 3,1941 and she is the second of six children born to middle-class parents, Edward Eddie Kostyra and Martha Ruszkowski Kostyra, and is of entirely Polish heritage. When Stewart was three years old, the moved to Nutley. She adopted the name Grace for her confirmation name, when Stewart was 10, she worked as the occasional babysitter for the children of Mickey Mantle, Yogi Berra, and Gil McDougald, all players for the New York Yankees. Mickey and Merlyn Mantle had four sons, for whom Stewart watched and organized birthday parties, at 15, Stewart was featured in a television commercial for Unilever. She went on to appear in commercials and in magazines. During her college years, she supplemented her scholarship money through modeling jobs at $50/hour — which was a lot of money at that time, Stewarts mother taught her how to cook and sew. Later, she learned the processes of canning and preserving when she visited her grandparents home in Buffalo and her father had a passion for gardening and passed on much of his knowledge and expertise to his daughter. Stewart was also active in extracurricular activities, such as the school newspaper. Stewart graduated from Nutley High School and she attended Barnard College, originally planning to major in chemistry, but switching to art, European History, and later architectural history. To help pay her tuition, she did fashion modeling for Chanel. During this time, she met Andrew Stewart, who finished his law degree at Yale Law School and she returned to Barnard a year after their marriage to graduate with a double major in History and Architectural History. In 1967, Martha Stewart began a career as a stockbroker, her father-in-laws profession. Meanwhile, Andrew Stewart founded a house and served as chief executive of several others
Martha Stewart
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Stewart at the 2011
Tribeca Film Festival Vanity Fair party
Martha Stewart
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Stewart at the 2010
Time 100 Gala
Martha Stewart
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Federal Prison Camp, Alderson, where Stewart was confined
Martha Stewart
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Stewart at the Metropolitan Opera opening in 2008
25.
American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters
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The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 250-member honor society, its goal is to foster, assist, and sustain excellence in American literature, music, and art. The Academys galleries are open to the public on a published schedule, opened in 2014, a permanent exhibit is the recreated studio of composer Charles Ives. The auditorium is sought out by musicians wishing to live because the acoustics are considered among the worlds finest. The Academy was created in 1904 by the membership of the National Institute of Arts, the first seven academicians were elected from ballots cast by the entire membership. In 1908 poet Julia Ward Howe was elected, and thus became the first female academician, in 1976 the two groups combined under the name American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1992 members adopted the current organizational title, the oldest organization associated with the group was founded in 1865 at Boston. The American Social Science Association produced the National Institute of Arts, the qualification for membership in this body was to have made notable achievements in art, music, or literature. The membership was at first limited to 150, in 1904 the membership was increased by the Institutes introducing a two-tiered structure,50 elite members and 200 regular members. The people in the group were gradually elected over the next several years. The larger group was called the Institute, while the group was called the Academy. The strict two-tiered system persisted for 72 years, in 1976 members created an organization called the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. The combined Academy/Institute structure had a maximum of 250 living United States citizens as members, plus up to 75 foreign composers, artists and it also established the annual Witter Bynner Poetry Prize in 1980 to support the work of a young poet. The two-tiered system persisted until 1993, when it was completely abandoned, the Academy holds a Congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code, which means that it is one of the comparatively rare Title 36 corporations in the United States. The 1916 statute of incorporation established this institution amongst a number of other patriotic. The federal incorporation was originally construed primarily as an honor, the special recognition neither implies nor accords Congress any special control over the Academy, which remains free to function independently. Active sponsors of Congressional action were Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the process which led to the creation of this federal charter was accompanied by controversy, and the first attempt to gain the charter in 1910 failed. Sen. Lodge re-introduced legislation which passed the Senate in 1913, the Academy was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York in 1914, which factors in decision-making which resulted in Congressional approval in 1916. The Academy occupies three buildings on the west end of the Audubon Terrace complex created by Archer M. Huntington, the heir to the Southern Pacific Railroad fortune and a noted philanthropist
American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters
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Audubon Terrace, the campus that the academy shares.
American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters
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The bronze entrance doors to the administration building on West 155th Street were designed by Academy member
Adolph Alexander Weinman and are dedicated to the memory of
Mary E. Wilkins Freeman and to the women writers of the United States.
26.
American Institute of Architects
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The American Institute of Architects is a professional organization for architects in the United States. The AIA also works with members of the design and construction team to help coordinate the building industry. The AIA is currently headed by Robert Ivy, FAIA as EVP/Chief Executive Officer and Thomas V. Vonier, wells, with Richard Upjohn serving as the first president. They met on February 23,1857 and decided to invite 16 other prominent architects to join them, including Alexander Jackson Davis, Thomas U. Prior to their establishment of the AIA, anyone could claim to be an architect and they drafted a constitution and bylaws by March 10,1857, under the name New York Society of Architects. Walter, of Philadelphia, later suggested the name be changed to American Institute of Architects, the members signed the new constitution on April 15,1857, having filed a certificate of incorporation two days earlier. As of 2008, AIA has more than 300 chapters, the AIA is headquartered at 1735 New York Avenue, NW in Washington, D. C. A design competition was held in the mid-1960s to select an architect for a new AIA headquarters in Washington, mitchell/Giurgola won the design competition but failed to get approval of the design concept from the United States Commission of Fine Arts. The firm resigned the commission and helped select The Architects Collaborative to redesign the building, the design, led by TAC principals Norman Fletcher and Howard Elkus, was ultimately approved in 1970 and completed in 1973. More than 90,000 licensed architects and associated professionals are members, AIA members adhere to a code of ethics and professional conduct intended to assure clients, the public, and colleagues of an architects dedication to the highest standards in professional practice. There are five levels of membership in the AIA, Architect members are licensed to practice architecture in the United States, international associate members hold an architecture license or the equivalent from a licensing authority outside the United States. Emeritus members have been AIA members for 15 successive years and are at least 65 years of age or are incapacitated, allied membership is a partnership with the AIA and the American Architectural Foundation. The AIA’s most prestigious honor is the designation of a member as a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects and this membership is awarded to members who have made contributions of national significance to the profession. Slightly more than 2,600, or 2% of all members, have elevated to the AIA College of Fellows. Foreign architects of prominence may be elected to the College as Honorary Fellows of the AIA, the AIA is governed by a Board of Directors and has a staff of over 200 full-time employees. Although the AIA functions as an organization, at its heart are some 300 local. The components are spread throughout the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, Japan, by speaking with a united voice, AIA architects influence government practices that affect the practice of the profession and the quality of American life. The AIA monitors legislative and regulatory actions and uses the power of its membership to participate in decisionmaking by federal, state
American Institute of Architects
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The Octagon House
27.
National Academy of Design
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Durand, Thomas Cole, Martin E. Thompson, and others to promote the fine arts in America through instruction and exhibition. The Academy is an honorary organization, a school. The school offers instruction, master classes, intensive critiques, various workshops. The museum houses a collection of over 7,000 works of American art from the 19th, 20th. The Academy has been located at several locations over the years, notable among them was a building built during 1863-1865, designed by architect P. B. Wight in Venetian Gothic style, which was modeled on the Doges Palace in Venice, another locale was at West 109th Street and Amsterdam Avenue in Manhattan. Since 1942 the academy has occupied a mansion that was the home of sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington and Archer Milton Huntington at Fifth Avenue. The original founders of the National Academy of Design were students of the American Academy of the Fine Arts, samuel F. B. Morse and other students set about forming the drawing association to meet several times each week for the study the art of design. Still, the association was viewed as a dependent organization of the American Academy, an attempt was made to reconcile the difference and maintain a single academy by appointing six of the artists from the association as directors of the American Academy. When four of the nominees were not elected, however, the frustrated artists resolved to form a new academy, among the teaching staff were numerous artists, including Will Hicok Low, who taught from 1889 to 1892. The famous American poet William Cullen Bryant also gave lectures, architect Alexander Jackson Davis taught at the Academy. Painter Lemuel Wilmarth was the first full-time instructor Gulian C, verplanck, a Congressman and a man of letters, gave an address at the school in 1824. and Silas Dustin was a curator
National Academy of Design
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National Academy of Design (1863-65), one of many
Gothic Revival buildings modeled on the
Doge's Palace, Venice
National Academy of Design
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The Academy's current location
National Academy of Design
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A few members in 1850 L to R.:
Henry Kirke Brown,
Henry Peters Gray and founding member
Asher Brown Durand
National Academy of Design
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Annual Reception at the National Academy of Design, New York, 1868, a
wood engraving from a sketch by W. S. L. Jewett
28.
Commission of Fine Arts
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Commission of Fine Arts is an independent agency of the federal government of the United States, and was established in 1910. The CFA has review authority over the design and aesthetics of all construction within Washington, in accordance with the Old Georgetown Act, the CFA appoints the Old Georgetown Board. The Old Georgetown Board has design authority over all semipublic. The CFA mandate does not apply to the United States Capitol, President George Washington granted the government of the District of Columbia the power to regulate architectural design and urban planning. These powers were suspended by President James Monroe in 1822, in 1900, the United States Congress created the Senate Park Commission to reconcile competing visions for the development of Washington, D. C. and especially the National Mall and nearby areas. It also proposed clearing large spaces north and south of the National Mall, realigning some streets, the commission also proposed significant expansion of the districts park system, the creation of a system of parkways, and extensive renovation and beautification of existing parks. Roosevelt wrote back the day, agreeing to the proposal. On January 19,1909, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 1010, the Council met only once, on February 9,1909, during which it approved the site for the Lincoln Memorial. William Howard Taft was inaugurated as President in March 1909, Taft revoked Executive Order 1010 on May 21,1909. There are differing explanations for Tafts actions, historians Sue Kohler and Christopher Thomas state that Taft supported the idea of a fine arts commission, but wanted it to have a basis in legislation. The newspaper said the legislation was intended to defund the Council of Fine Arts, later in 1909, Senator Elihu Root drafted legislation establishing an advisory commission of fine arts. Representative Samuel W. McCall introduced the bill, H. R.19962, the House passed the legislation on February 9,1910. The House bill made the members of the subject to approval by the Senate, gave their term of office as four years. In addition to having a capacity on all questions of art and design. Root managed the House bill through the Senate, Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon opposed the bill, and it was bottled up the Committee on the Library. But in mid-March, a group of renegade Republicans joined forces with Democrats to strip Speaker Cannon of much of his power, the fine arts commission bill quickly passed through the committee and was brought up for a vote on the Senate floor. The Senate amended the bill, and passed it on May 3,1910, one amendment, to bar statues of any person not dead 50 years, was turned down. The Senate changed the qualifications of the commissioners to seven well qualified judges of the fine arts and it struck the commissions authority to site monuments and statues, making the authority advisory only
Commission of Fine Arts
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Commission of Fine Arts logo
Commission of Fine Arts
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Members of the Commission of Fine Arts in February 2015. Standing, left to right: Standing, left to right: Mia Lehrer, Liza Gilbert, Philip Freelon, Elizabeth K. Meyer, Alex Krieger. Sitting, left to right: Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Earl A. Powell III, Thomas Luebke (the Secretary of the Commission, a staff member and chief executive officer of the agency).
29.
Museum of Modern Art
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The Museum of Modern Art is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA has been important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is identified as one of the largest and most influential museums of modern art in the world. The MoMA Library includes approximately 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, over 1,000 periodical titles, the archives holds primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art. The idea for The Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller and they became known variously as the Ladies, the daring ladies and the adamantine ladies. They rented modest quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, and it opened to the public on November 7,1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash. Abby had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. At the time, it was Americas premier museum devoted exclusively to art. One of Abbys early recruits for the staff was the noted Japanese-American photographer Soichi Sunami. Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees, Sachs, the associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days as a collector of curators. Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr, under Barrs guidance, the museums holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing. Its first successful exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne. Abbys husband was opposed to the museum and refused to release funds for the venture. Nevertheless, he donated the land for the current site of the museum, plus other gifts over time. During that time it initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, the museum also gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–40, held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago. In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars, Boy Leading a Horse was briefly contested over ownership with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. In 1941, MoMA hosted the exhibition, Indian Art of the United States. His brother, David Rockefeller, also joined the board of trustees in 1948. David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the garden and name it in honor of his mother
Museum of Modern Art
–
Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
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The entrance to The Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
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Stairs in the Museum of Modern Art
30.
Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library
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The Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library is a library located in Avery Hall on the Morningside Heights campus of Columbia University in the New York City. It is the largest architecture library in the world, the architectural, fine arts, and archival collections are non-circulating. The Ware Collection, mainly books on planning and real estate development. Avery Library is named for New York architect Henry Ogden Avery, a friend of William Robert Ware, soon after Averys death in 1890, his parents, Samuel Putnam Avery and Mary Ogden Avery, established the library as a memorial to their son. The Library now holds more than 400,000 volumes and receives approximately 900 periodicals, the librarys historic first-level reading room is a significant example of work by the New York architectural firm McKim, Mead, and White. The library building itself, also designed by McKim, Mead, in 2012, Avery, in partnership with the Museum of Modern Art, acquired the entire archive of Frank Lloyd Wright. Art Properties oversees the collection of art and cultural artifacts owned by Columbia University, more than 90% of the collection comes from donations and bequests by alumni, faculty, administrators, and students. Comprising more than 10,000 works of art in all media, displayed in buildings at each campus and held in storage, the art collection reflects all cultures and time periods. Among the larger collections of works by artists are photographs and prints by Andy Warhol and the largest collection of paintings, drawings. Works from the collection are available for consultation and curricular use. Art Properties also is responsible for the permanent installation of Chinese art in the Sackler Gallery, Low Library 207, proposed donations of works of art to the collection should be submitted to the Curator of Art Properties and will be reviewed by the Committee on Art Properties. Avery Classics is the book department of Avery Library. It contains approximately 40,000 printed volumes published over seven centuries, from Leon Battista Alberti’s De re aedificatoria to the recent limited edition volume, while an appointment is necessary, Avery Classics is open to the general public for research. Averys Drawings & Archives department is among the largest and most significant architectural archives in the world, the department also has major archives of architectural photography, including works by C. D. Arnold, George Cserna, Samuel H. Gottscho, and Joseph W. Molitor. Lastly, the department holds Antonio Lafreri’s Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae, Avery Library is also home to the Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals. The Index also includes a body of obituaries of architects. Until July 1,2009, the Getty Information Institute and later GRI co-produced the index, on that date, GRI transferred the database back to Columbia University, which continues to maintain it
Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library
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Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at
Columbia University
Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library
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Academics
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