1.
Goths
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The Goths were an East Germanic people, two of whose branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe. In the Gothic language they were called the Gut-þiuda, most commonly translated as Gothic people, gut-þiudai, or Gutans Inferred from gen. pl. gutani in Pietroassa inscription. In Old Norse they were known as the Gutar or Gotar, in Latin as the Gothi, the exact origin of the ancient Goths is unknown. Evidence of them before they interacted with the Romans is limited, Modern academics have generally abandoned this theory. Today, the Wielbark culture is thought to have developed from earlier cultures in the same area, archaeological finds show close contacts between southern Sweden and the Baltic coastal area on the continent, and further towards the south-east, evidenced by pottery, house types and graves. Rather than a migration, similarities in the material cultures may be products of long-term regular contacts. However, the record could indicate that while his work is thought to be unreliable. Sometime around the 1st century AD, Germanic peoples may have migrated from Scandinavia to Gothiscandza, early archaeological evidence in the traditional Swedish province of Östergötland suggests a general depopulation during this period. However, there is no evidence for a substantial emigration from Scandinavia. Upon their arrival on the Pontic Steppe, the Germanic tribes adopted the ways of the Eurasian nomads, the first Greek references to the Goths call them Scythians, since this area along the Black Sea historically had been occupied by an unrelated people of that name. The earliest known material culture associated with the Goths on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea is the Wielbark culture, centered on the modern region of Pomerania in northern Poland. This culture replaced the local Oxhöft or Oksywie culture in the 1st century, the culture of this area was influenced by southern Scandinavian culture beginning as early as the late Nordic Bronze Age and early Pre-Roman Iron Age. In Eastern Europe they formed part of the Chernyakhov culture and it has been suggested that the Goths maintained contact with southern Sweden during their migration. In the first attested incursion in Thrace, the Goths were mentioned as Boranoi by Zosimus, the first incursion of the Roman Empire that can be attributed to Goths is the sack of Histria in 238. Several such raids followed in subsequent decades, in particular the Battle of Abrittus in 251, led by Cniva, at the time, there were at least two groups of Goths, the Thervingi and the Greuthungs. Goths were subsequently recruited into the Roman Army to fight in the Roman-Persian Wars. The Moesogoths settled in Thrace and Moesia, the first seaborne raids took place in three subsequent years, probably 255-257. An unsuccessful attack on Pityus was followed in the year by another
2.
Youth subculture
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A youth subculture is a youth-based subculture with distinct styles, behaviors, and interests. Youth subcultures offer participants an identity outside of that ascribed by social institutions such as family, work, home, youth subcultures that show a systematic hostility to the dominant culture are sometimes described as countercultures. Youth music genres are associated with many subcultures, such as punks, emos, ravers, Juggalos, metalheads. Socioeconomic class, gender, intelligence, conformity, morality, the term scene can refer to an exclusive subculture or faction. Scenes are distinguished from the culture through either fashion, identification with specific musical genres or political perspectives. The term can be used to describe geographic subsets of a subculture, such as the Detroit drum, early studies in youth culture were mainly produced by functionalist sociologists, and focus on youth as a single form of culture. In explaining the development of the culture, they utilized the concept of anomie, talcott Parsons argued that as we move from the family and corresponding values to another sphere with differing values, we would experience an anomie situation. The generalizations involved in this theory ignore the existence of subcultures, marxist theories account for some diversity, because they focus on classes and class-fractions rather than youth as a whole. Conversely, Marxists of the Frankfurt School of social studies argue that culture is inherently consumerist. They argue that it creates generation gaps and pits groups of youths against each other, post-structuralist theories of subculture utilize many of the ideas from these other theories, including hegemony and the role of the media. In his book, Subculture, The Meaning of Style, Dick Hebdige describes subcultures as a reaction of subordinated groups that challenge the hegemony of the dominant culture and this theory accounts for factors such as gender, ethnicity and age. Youth can be seen as a group in relation to the dominant. Historical theorist Steven Mintz claims that until about 1955, youth subculture as such did not exist, children aspired to adulthood as fast as their physical development allowed. This is further supported by P. Lewis, who claims that youth culture did not originate until the 1950s, with the development of rock, however, other historians have claimed that youth culture may have developed earlier, particularly in the inter-war period. There were examples of new youth subcultures emerging throughout that period, subcultures may also be seen as extensions of crowds, subcultures that emerge within a specific school. Certain crowds are found in many, even most, high schools across the United States, most of these can be found in other western countries as well, with the exception of jocks
3.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
4.
Gothic rock
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Gothic rock is a musical subgenre of post-punk that formed during the late 1970s. Gothic rock bands grew from the ties they had to the English punk rock. Proto-gothic bands include Siouxsie and the Banshees, Joy Division, Bauhaus, the genre itself was defined as a separate movement from post-punk due to its darker music accompanied by introspective and romantic lyrics. Gothic rock then gave rise to a subculture that included clubs, fashion. Reynolds described the style as consisting of deep, droning alloys of Jim Morrison. Siouxsie and the Banshees tended to use flanging guitar effects, producing a brittle, cold, several acts used drum machines downplaying the rhythms backbeat. Gothic rock typically deals with dark themes addressed through lyrics and the musics atmosphere, the poetic sensibilities of the genre led gothic rock lyrics to exhibit literary romanticism, morbidity, existentialism, religious symbolism or supernatural mysticism. Musicians who initially shaped the aesthetics and musical conventions of gothic rock include Marc Bolan, the Velvet Underground, the Doors, David Bowie, Iggy Pop, journalist Kurt Loder would write that the song All Tomorrows Parties by the Velvet Underground is a mesmerizing gothic-rock masterpiece. However, Reynolds considers Alice Cooper as the true ungodly godfather of goth due to his theatrics, Nicos 1969 album The Marble Index is sometimes described as the first Goth album. With its stark sound, somber lyrics, and Nicos deliberate change in her look, J. G. Ballard was a strong lyrical influence for many of the early gothic rock groups, the Birthday Party drew on Arthur Rimbaud and Charles Baudelaire. In 1976, Interview with the Vampire by Anne Rice was published, the main character, although dark, wanted companionship and love. The book, according to music journalist Dave Thompson, slowly created an audience for gothic rock by word of mouth, the same year saw the punk rock band the Damned debut. The groups vocalist, Dave Vanian, was a gravedigger who dressed like a vampire. Critic John Stickney used the gothic rock to describe the music of the Doors in October 1967. Stickney wrote that the band met the journalists in the gloomy vaulted wine cellar of the Delmonico hotel, the author noted that contrary to the pleasant, amusing hippies, there was violence in their music and a dark atmosphere on stage during their concerts. In the late 1970s, the gothic was used to describe the atmosphere of post-punk bands like Siouxsie. In March 1979, Kent used the adjective in his review of Magazines second album. Kent noted that there was a new sense of authority to their music
5.
Siouxsie and the Banshees
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Siouxsie and the Banshees were an English rock band formed in London in 1976 by vocalist Siouxsie Sioux and bass guitarist Steven Severin. Initially associated with the English punk rock scene, the band evolved to create a form of post-punk discord full of daring rhythmic and sonic experimentation. With the release of Juju in 1981, the group became an important influence on the emerging gothic rock scene. They disbanded in 1996, with Siouxsie and drummer Budgie continuing to record music as the Creatures, in 2004, Siouxsie began a solo career. Siouxsie and the Banshees work places highly in both polls and music papers lists. The Times cited the group as one of the most audacious, in 2006, Mojo rated guitarist John McGeoch in their list of 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time for his work on Spellbound. Siouxsie Sioux and Steven Severin met at a Roxy Music concert in September 1975, at a time when glam rock had faded, from February 1976, Siouxsie, Severin and some friends began to follow an unsigned band, the Sex Pistols. Journalist Caroline Coon dubbed them the Bromley Contingent, as most of them came from the Bromley region of South London, There was no such thing, it was just a bunch of people drawn together by the way they felt and they looked. They were all inspired by the Sex Pistols and their uncompromising attitude, two days later, the pair appeared at the festival held in London on 20 September 1976. With two borrowed musicians at their side, Marco Pirroni on guitar and John Simon Ritchie on drums, while the band intended to split up after the gig, they were asked to play again. Two months later, Siouxsie and Severin recruited drummer Kenny Morris, after playing several gigs in early 1977, the band realised that Fenton did not fit in because he was a real rock guitarist. John McKay finally took his place in July, while the band sold out venues in London in early 1978, they still had problems getting the right recording contract that could give them complete artistic control. Polydor finally offered this guarantee and signed them in June and their first single, Hong Kong Garden, featuring a xylophone motif, reached the top 10 in the UK shortly after. The band released their album, The Scream, in November 1978. Nick Kent of NME said of the record, The band sounds like some unique hybrid of the Velvet Underground mated with much of the ingenuity of Tago Mago-era Can, if any parallel can be drawn. At the end of the article, he added this remark, Certainly, the Banshees second album, Join Hands, was released in 1979. In Melody Maker, Jon Savage described Poppy Day as a short, powerful evocation of the Great War graveyards, the Banshees embarked on a major tour to promote the album. A few dates into the tour in September, Morris and McKay left an in-store signing after an argument, in need of replacements to fulfill tour dates, the Banshees manager called drummer Budgie, formerly with the Slits, and asked him to audition
6.
The Cure
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The Cure are an English rock band formed in Crawley, West Sussex in 1976. The band has experienced several changes, with vocalist, guitarist. During the early 1980s, the increasingly dark and tormented music was a staple of the emerging gothic rock genre. After the release of Pornography in 1982, the future was uncertain. The band is estimated to have sold 27 million records as of 2004 and have released thirteen albums, ten EPs. The 1989 album Disintegration is regarded as the commercial and critical peak. That band consisted of Robert Smith on piano, Michael Mick Dempsey on guitar, Laurence Lol Tolhurst on percussion, Marc Ceccagno on lead guitar and Alan Hill on bass guitar. In January 1976 while at St. Wilfrids Comprehensive School Ceccagno formed a 5-piece rock band with Smith on guitar and Dempsey on bass and they called themselves Malice and rehearsed David Bowie, Jimi Hendrix and Alex Harvey songs in a local church hall. By late April 1976, Ceccagno and the two school friends had left, and Tolhurst, Martin Creasy, and Porl Thompson had joined the band. This lineup played all three of Malices only documented live shows during December 1976, both Malice and Easy Cure auditioned several vocalists before Smith assumed the role of Easy Cures frontman in September 1977. That year, Easy Cure won a talent competition with German label Hansa Records, although the band recorded tracks for the company, none were ever released. Following disagreements in March 1978 over the direction the band should take, Smith later recalled, We were very young. They just thought they could turn us into a teen group and they actually wanted us to do cover versions and we always refused. Thompson was dropped from the band in May, and the trio were soon renamed The Cure by Smith. Later that month, the recorded their first sessions as a trio at Chestnut Studios in Sussex. The demo found its way to Polydor Records scout Chris Parry, the Cure released their debut single Killing an Arab in December 1978 on the Small Wonder label as a stopgap until Fiction finalised distribution arrangements with Polydor. The band placed a label that denied the racist connotations on the singles 1979 reissue on Fiction. The Cure released their debut album Three Imaginary Boys in May 1979, because of the bands inexperience in the studio, Parry and engineer Mike Hedges took control of the recording
7.
Joy Division
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Joy Division were an English rock band formed in 1976 in Salford, Greater Manchester. Originally named Warsaw, the band consisted of singer Ian Curtis, guitarist and keyboardist Bernard Sumner, bass player Peter Hook, and drummer Stephen Morris. Formed by Sumner and Hook after the two attended a Sex Pistols gig, Joy Division soon moved beyond their roots to develop a sound. The bands self-released 1978 debut EP, An Ideal for Living, drew the attention of the Manchester television personality Tony Wilson, Joy Divisions debut album Unknown Pleasures, recorded with producer Martin Hannett, was released in 1979 to critical acclaim. As the bands popularity grew, singer Curtis suffered from problems that included depression, a failing marriage. He found it difficult to perform live concerts, during which he sometimes suffered seizures. In May 1980, on the eve of the bands first American tour, Curtis committed suicide, the bands second and final album, Closer, was released two months later, the album and preceding single Love Will Tear Us Apart became the bands highest charting release. After Curtiss death, the members continued as New Order. Although their career spanned less than four years, Joy Division continues to exert an influence on a variety of subsequent artists, on 20 July 1976, childhood friends Sumner and Hook separately attended a Sex Pistols show at the Manchester Lesser Free Trade Hall. The following day Hook borrowed £35 from his mother to buy his first bass guitar, Sumner later said that he felt that the Pistols destroyed the myth of being a pop star, of a musician being some kind of god that you had to worship. Inspired by the performance, Sumner and Hook formed a band with their friend Terry Mason, Sumner bought a guitar, and Mason a drum kit. They invited schoolfriend Martin Gresty to join as vocalist, but he turned them down after getting a job at a local factory, an advertisement was placed in the Virgin Records shop in Manchester for a vocalist. Ian Curtis, who knew them from earlier gigs, responded and was hired without audition, Sumner said that he knew he was all right to get on with and thats what we based the whole group on. If we liked someone, they were in, Warsaw debuted on 29 May 1977 at the Electric Circus, supporting the Buzzcocks, Penetration and John Cooper Clarke. They received immediate national exposure due to reviews of the gig in the NME by Paul Morley, Tony Tabac played drums that night after joining the band two days earlier. Mason was soon made the manager and Tabac was replaced on drums in June 1977 by Steve Brotherdale. During his tenure with Warsaw, Brotherdale tried to get Curtis to leave the band and join Panik, in July 1977, Warsaw recorded a set of five demo tracks at Pennine Sound Studios, Oldham. Uneasy with Brotherdales aggressive personality, the band fired him soon after the demo sessions, driving home from the studio, they pulled over and asked Brotherdale to check on a flat tyre, when he got out of the car, they sped off
8.
Bauhaus (band)
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Bauhaus were an English post-punk band, formed in Northampton, England in 1978. The group consisted of Peter Murphy, Daniel Ash, Kevin Haskins, the band was originally named Bauhaus 1919 in reference to the first operating year of the German art school Bauhaus, although they shortened the name within a year of formation. Generally considered one of the first gothic rock groups, Bauhaus were known for their image and gloomy sound, although they mixed many genres, including dub, glam rock, psychedelia. Peter Murphy began a career while Ash and Haskins continued as Tones on Tail and, later, reunited with David J to form Love. Both enjoyed greater success in the United States than Bauhaus had. Bauhaus eventually reunited for a 1998 tour and again from 2005 to 2008, Ash, his friend David J. Haskins, and Haskins younger brother Kevin, had played together in various bands since childhood. One of the longer-lived of these was a called the Craze. However, The Craze still split up quickly, and Ash once again tried to convince his old school friend Murphy to join him. Murphy, who was working in a factory, decided to give it a try. During their first rehearsal, he co-wrote the song In the Flat Field, Ashs old bandmate Kevin Haskins joined as the drummer. Ash made a point of not inviting David J, the force in their previous bands. Instead, Chris Barber was brought in to play bass, however, within a few weeks S. R. had dissolved, and Ash, Murphy and Haskins teamed up with David J. under the new name Bauhaus 1919. David J. had already agreed to tour American airbases with another band, with their lineup complete, the unnamed band played their first gig at the Cromwell pub in Wellingborough on New Years Eve 1978. The band had chosen the name Bauhaus 1919, a reference to the German Bauhaus art movement of the 1920s, because of its implications and associations. The band also chose the same used on the Bauhaus college building in Dessau. Bauhaus associate Graham Bentley said that the group was unlike any Northampton band of the time, Bentley videotaped a performance by the group, which was sent to several record labels, in the hope of obtaining a contract. This approach was hindered partly because many record companies at the time did not have video equipment. After only six weeks as a band, Bauhaus entered the studio for the first time at Beck Studios in Wellingborough to record a demo
9.
Gothic literature
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Gothic fiction, which is largely known by the subgenre of Gothic horror, is a genre or mode of literature and film that combines fiction and horror, death, and at times romance. Its origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, the effect of Gothic fiction feeds on a pleasing sort of terror, an extension of Romantic literary pleasures that were relatively new at the time of Walpoles novel. It originated in England in the half of the 18th century and had much success in the 19th, as witnessed by Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Another well known novel in this genre, dating from the late Victorian era, is Bram Stoker’s Dracula, the name Gothic refers to the -medieval buildings, emulating Gothic architecture, in which many of these stories take place. This extreme form of romanticism was very popular in England and Germany, the English Gothic novel also led to new novel types such as the German Schauerroman and the French Georgia. The novel usually regarded as the first Gothic novel is Horace Walpoles The Castle of Otranto, Horace Walpoles declared aim was to combine elements of the medieval romance, which he deemed too fanciful, and the modern novel, which he considered to be too confined to strict realism. Walpole published the first edition disguised as a romance from Italy discovered and republished by a fictitious translator. When Walpole admitted to his authorship in the edition, its originally favourable reception by literary reviewers changed into rejection. A romance with elements, and moreover void of didactical intention, was considered a setback. Walpoles forgery, together with the blend of history and fiction, contravened the principles of the Enlightenment and associated the Gothic novel with fake documentation. Clara Reeve, best known for her work The Old English Baron, set out to take Walpoles plot, the question now arose whether supernatural events that were not as evidently absurd as Walpoles would not lead the simpler minds to believe them possible. Ann Radcliffe developed the technique of the supernatural in which every seemingly supernatural intrusion is eventually traced back to natural causes. Among other elements, Ann Radcliffe introduced the figure of the Gothic villain. Radcliffes novels, above all The Mysteries of Udolpho, were best-sellers, however, along with most novels at the time, they were looked down upon by many well-educated people as sensationalist nonsense. Radcliffe also provided an aesthetic for the genre in an influential article On the Supernatural in Poetry, Romantic literary movements developed in continental Europe concurrent with the development of the Gothic novel. The roman noir appeared in France, by writers as François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil, Baculard dArnaud. In Germany, the Schauerroman gained traction with writers as Friedrich Schiller, with novels like The Ghost-Seer and these works were often more horrific and violent than the English Gothic novel. Matthew Gregory Lewiss lurid tale of debauchery, black magic
10.
Horror film
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Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often deal with viewers nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event. Another of his projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite. Japan made early forays into the genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei. The era featured a slew of literary adaptations, with the works of Poe and Dante, in 1908, Selig Polyscope Company produced Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first filmed version of Frankenstein, the macabre nature of the source materials used made the films synonymous with the horror film genre. Before and during the Weimar Republic era, German Expressionist filmmakers would significantly influence later productions, the first vampire-themed movie, Nosferatu, was made during this period, though it was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula. Other European countries also, contributed to the genre during this period, though the word horror to describe the film genre would not be used until the 1930s, earlier American productions often relied on horror themes. Some notable examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Phantom of the Opera, The Cat and the Canary, The Unknown, and The Man Who Laughs. Many of these films were considered dark melodramas because of their stock characters and emotion-heavy plots that focused on romance, violence, suspense. The trend of inserting an element of macabre into American pre-horror melodramas continued into the 1920s, directors known for relying on macabre in their films during the 1920s were Maurice Tourneur, Rex Ingram, and Tod Browning. Ingrams The Magician contains one of the first examples of a mad doctor and is said to have had a influence on James Whales version of Frankenstein. The Unholy Three is an example of Brownings use of macabre and unique style of morbidity, he remade the film in 1930 as a talkie, during the early period of talking pictures, Universal Pictures began a successful Gothic horror film series. Tod Brownings Dracula was quickly followed by James Whales Frankenstein and The Old Dark House, some of these films blended science fiction with Gothic horror, such as Whales The Invisible Man and featured a mad scientist, mirroring earlier German films. Frankenstein was the first in a series of remakes which lasted for years, the Mummy introduced Egyptology as a theme, Make-up artist Jack Pierce was responsible for the iconic image of the monster, and others in the series. Universals horror cycle continued into the 1940s with B-movies including The Wolf Man, the once controversial Freaks, based on the short story Spurs, was made by MGM, though the studio disowned the completed film, and it remained banned, in the UK, for thirty years
11.
Western Europe
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Western Europe, or West Europe, is the region comprising the western part of Europe. Below, some different geographic and geopolitical definitions of the term are outlined, prior to the Roman conquest, a large part of Western Europe had adopted the newly developed La Tène culture. This cultural and linguistic division was reinforced by the later political east-west division of the Roman Empire. The division between these two was enhanced during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages by a number of events, the Western Roman Empire collapsed, starting the Early Middle Ages. By contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire, mostly known as the Greek or Byzantine Empire, survived, in East Asia, Western Europe was historically known as taixi in China and taisei in Japan, which literally translates as the Far West. The term Far West became synonymous with Western Europe in China during the Ming dynasty, the Italian Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci was one of the first writers in China to use the Far West as an Asian counterpart to the European concept of the Far East. In his writings, Ricci referred to himself as Matteo of the Far West, the term was still in use in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Post-war Europe would be divided into two spheres, the West, influenced by the United States, and the Eastern Bloc. With the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain, behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Although some countries were neutral, they were classified according to the nature of their political. This division largely defined the popular perception and understanding of Western Europe, the world changed dramatically with the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. The Federal Republic of Germany peacefully absorbed the German Democratic Republic, COMECON and the Warsaw Pact were dissolved, and in 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. Several countries which had part of the Soviet Union regained full independence. Although the term Western Europe was more prominent during the Cold War, it remains much in use, in 1948 the Treaty of Brussels was signed between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. It was further revisited in 1954 at the Paris Conference, when the Western European Union was established and it was declared defunct in 2011, after the Treaty of Lisbon, and the Treaty of Brussels was terminated. When the Western European Union was dissolved, it had 10 member countries, six member countries, five observer countries. The CIA divides Western Europe into two smaller subregions, regional voting blocs were formed in 1961 to encourage voting to various UN bodies from different regional groups. The European Union is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe, some Western and Northern European countries of Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are members of EFTA, though cooperating to varying degree with the European Union
12.
New wave music
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New wave is a genre of rock music popular from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s with ties to 1970s punk rock. New wave moved away from smooth blues and rock and roll sounds to create pop music that incorporated electronic and experimental music, mod, initially new wave was similar to punk rock, before becoming a distinct genre. It subsequently engendered subgenres and fusions, including synth-pop, college rock, common characteristics of new wave music include the use of synthesizers and electronic productions, the importance of styling and the arts, as well as diversity. In the mid-1980s, differences between new wave and other genres began to blur. New wave has enjoyed resurgences since the 1990s, after a rising nostalgia for several new wave-influenced artists, subsequently, the genre influenced other genres. During the 2000s, a number of acts explored new wave and post-punk influences, such as the Strokes, Interpol, Franz Ferdinand and these acts were sometimes labeled new wave of new wave. The catch-all nature of new music has been a source of much confusion. The 1985 discography Whos New Wave in Music listed artists in over 130 separate categories, the New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock calls the term virtually meaningless, while AllMusic mentions stylistic diversity. New wave first emerged as a genre in the early 1970s, used by critics including Nick Kent and Dave Marsh to classify such New York-based groups as the Velvet Underground. It gained currency beginning in 1976 when it appeared in UK punk fanzines such as Sniffin Glue and newsagent music weeklies such as Melody Maker and New Musical Express. In November 1976 Caroline Coon used Malcolm McLarens term new wave to designate music by bands not exactly punk, the term was also used in that sense by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray in his comments about the Boomtown Rats. For a period of time in 1976 and 1977, the new wave. By the end of 1977, new wave had replaced punk as the definition for new music in the UK. As radio consultants in the United States had advised their clients that punk rock was a fad, like the filmmakers of the French new wave movement, its new artists were anti-corporate and experimental. At first, most U. S. writers exclusively used the new wave for British punk acts. Music historian Vernon Joynson claimed that new wave emerged in the UK in late 1976, in the U. S. the first new wavers were the not-so-punk acts associated with the New York club CBGB. CBGB owner Hilly Kristal, referring to the first show of the band Television at his club in March 1974, said, furthermore, many artists who would have originally been classified as punk were also termed new wave. A1977 Phonogram Records compilation album of the same name features US artists including the Dead Boys, Ramones, Talking Heads, New wave is much more closely tied to punk and came and went more quickly in the United Kingdom than in the United States
13.
Dark wave
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The label began to appear in the late 1970s in German music media, coinciding with the popularity of new wave and post-punk. Building on those principles, dark wave is used to describe dark, introspective lyrics. In the 1980s, a subculture developed primarily in Europe alongside dark wave music, the movement spread internationally, spawning such developments as French coldwave. Subsequently, different dark wave genres merged and influenced each other, e. g. synthwave with gothic rock, or used elements of post-industrial music. Attrition, In The Nursery, Party Day and Pink Industry, Clan of Xymox, Mittageisen, Parálisis Permanente and Los Monaguillosh, Die Form, German dark wave groups of the 1980s were associated with the Neue Deutsche Welle, and included Asmodi Bizarr, II. Invasion, Unlimited Systems, Mask For, Moloko †, Maerchenbraut, in the United States, Eleven Pond were the most prominent darkwave act, releasing just one album, Bas Relief, in 1986. The Italians The Frozen Autumn, Kirlian Camera, Ataraxia, and Nadezhda, the South African band The Awakening, all of these bands followed a path based on the new wave and post-punk movements of the 1980s. Other bands such as Silke Bischoff, In My Rosary, in the U. S. Projekt features bands such as Lycia, Black Tape for a Blue Girl and Love Spirals Downwards, most of these characterized by female vocals. This style took cues from 1980s bands like Cocteau Twins, the label has also had a long association with Attrition, who appeared on the labels earliest compilations. Another American label in this vein was Tess Records, which featured This Ascension and Faith, Clan of Xymox, who had returned to their 1980s sound, following almost a decade as the more dance-pop Xymox, also signed to Tess in 1997. Acts such as Love Spirals Downwards, Collide, Deleyaman and Switchblade Symphony incorporated trip hop, abney Park, synthesized worldbeat elements and gravitated to a more exotic/anachronistic sound, underpinning their evolving steampunk trajectory. Bella Morte, incorporated deathrock/heavy metal elements, while Faith & The Muse combined dark wave with shoegazing, meanwhile, The Crüxshadows, who had begun in the 1990s as a synthrock-oriented dark new wave group, added elements of techno/trance and dance pop to their electronic rock-oriented music. Others, such as Seeming, represent an evolution and continuation of earlier trends in darkwave music. Additionally, the decade saw a revival of an early, post-punk infused dark wave sound embodied by artists such as Light Asylum, She Past Away, Lebanon Hanover, Ash Code. New York, The Overlook Press,1997, neoclassical List of Darkwave releases Synthwave England Fades Away, Stylus Magazines Guide to Goth
14.
Ethereal wave
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Ethereal wave, also called ethereal darkwave, ethereal goth or simply ethereal, is a subgenre of dark wave music and is variously described as gothic, romantic, and otherworldly. Developed in the early 1980s in the UK as an outgrowth of rock, ethereal was mainly represented by 4AD bands such as Cocteau Twins. “Known for its slick, gauzy package design and quasi-Gothic bands invariably described as Ethereal, the origin of the genre term is not known with certainty. In the mid-1980s, several Cocteau Twins/This Mortal Coil records have been described as ethereal, in September 1988, Staci Bonner of Reflex magazine described the music of 4AD as gothically ethereal. Print media in the U. S. e. g, “The band began to ditch the spikiness of Garlands‘, as Guthrie developed a lush cascading guitar technique, creating a rich texture and an otherworldly feel. From this point on, music journalists found it impossible to describe the work without resorting to the word ‚Ethereal‘. ”– Peter Buckley, The Rough Guide to Rock “. ”– Rick Poynor, Vaughan Oliver, Visceral Pleasures “The Cocteau Twins remain ground zero for the Ethereal subgenre. Gave Romantigoths a soundtrack for clubbbing. ”– Liisa Ladouceur, Encyclopedia Gothica Other bands from the 1980s who spawned a similar sound were Dif Juz, Breathless, All About Eve, A Primary Industry, Vazz, and Drowning Pool. According to Heather Phares, the genre reached its first high point in 1986/87, at that time, Siouxsie and the Banshees released their studio album Tinderbox, followed by All About Eves In the Clouds, A Primary Industrys Ultramarine, and Cocteau Twins last ethereal E. P. In 1987, U. S. band Area debuted with Radio Caroline while Vazz from Scotland, in the same year, Robin Guthrie produced A. R. Kanes Lollita single that features Cocteau Twins ethereal trademark, comparable to the early records. A. R. Kane themselves called their musical style dreampop, within the gothic/dark wave subculture, the genre reached a higher level of popularity throughout the 1990s, especially in the first half of the decade. Members of British shoegazing group Slowdive have repeatedly cited being influenced by such as The Cure, Cocteau Twins, and Siouxsie. The huge irony with the bands called ‚Shoegazing‘ was that a lot of those bands really were into the Cocteau Twins. And they all used choruses, flangers and other effects pedals to create a kind of sound. ”– Kevin Shields, My Bloody Valentine Since the 1990s, ethereal is strongly associated with the Projekt label. The label features some of the most well-known names of the US scene, Other record labels that featured some of the leading lights of the movement were Tess Records, Bedazzled and Yvy Records. Many of these labels and artists ceased activities over the years or changed the direction, incorporating elements of other genres such as ambient, trip hop. There are the unexpected fringe crossovers, such as Love Spirals Downwards, “The Ethereal tradition began with singers like. Later came Liz Fraser, shrouding herself in an aura of child-woman innocence
15.
Dark ambient
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Dark ambient is a genre of post-industrial music that features foreboding, ominous, or discordant overtones, some of which were heavily inspired by elements of ambient music. The term was coined in the early 1990s by Roger Karmanik to describe the music of Raison dêtre and is associated with the Cold Meat Industry record label. Dark ambient has its roots in the 1970s, with the introduction of newer, smaller, early genre elements can be found on Throbbing Gristles 1978 album D. o. A, The Third and Final Report of Throbbing Gristle. These artists make use of principles such as noise and shock tactics. Many of these artists are eclectic in their output, with much of it falling outside of ambient industrial, dark ambient has vibrated also into contemporary classical music. The example can be some solo works of composer Vladimír Hirsch, for example, entire works may be based on radio telescope recordings, the babbling of newborn babies, or sounds recorded through contact microphones on telegraph wires. Generally the music tends to evoke a feeling of solitude, melancholy, confinement, however, while the theme in the music tends to be dark in nature, some artists create more organic soundscapes. Examples of such productions are those of Oöphoi, Alio Die, Mathias Grassow, Tau Ceti, List of dark ambient artists List of electronic music genres
16.
Industrial music
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Industrial music is a genre of experimental/electronic music that draws on transgressive or provocative sounds and themes. In general, the style is harsh and challenging, allMusic defines industrial as the most abrasive and aggressive fusion of rock and electronic music, initially a blend of avant-garde electronics experiments and punk provocation. The first industrial artists experimented with noise and aesthetically controversial topics, musically and visually, such as fascism, serial killers and their production was not limited to music, but included mail art, performance art, installation pieces and other art forms. Prominent industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Monte Cazazza, SPK, Boyd Rice, Cabaret Voltaire, Musicians also cite writers such as William S. Burroughs, and philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche as influences. These artists expanded the genre by pushing it into noisier and more electronic directions, over time, its influence spread into and blended with styles including ambient and rock, all of which now fall under the post-industrial music label. Electro-industrial music is a subgenre that developed in the 1980s. These three distinct genres are often referred to as simply industrial, Industrial music drew from a broad range of predecessors. Industrial music was created originally by using mechanical and electric machinery, monroe also argues for Suicide as an influential contemporary of the industrial musicians. Groups cited as inspirational by the founders of industrial music include The Velvet Underground, Joy Division, genesis P-Orridge of Throbbing Gristle had a cassette library including recordings by the Master Musicians of Jajouka, Kraftwerk, Charles Manson, and William S. Burroughs. P-Orridge also credited 1960s rock such as The Doors, Pearls Before Swine, The Fugs, Captain Beefheart, chris Carter also enjoyed and found inspiration in Pink Floyd and Tangerine Dream. Boyd Rice was influenced by the music of 60s girl groups, Cabaret Voltaire cited Roxy Music as their initial forerunners, as well as Kraftwerks Trans-Europe Express. Cabaret Voltaire also recorded pieces reminiscent of musique concrète and composers such as Morton Subotnick, Nurse with Wound cited a long list of obscure free improvisation and Krautrock as recommended listening. 23 Skidoo borrowed from Fela Kuti and Miles Daviss On the Corner, many industrial groups, including Einstürzende Neubauten, took inspiration from world music. Many of the industrial musicians preferred to cite artists or thinkers, rather than musicians. Simon Reynolds declares that Being a Throbbing Gristle fan was like enrolling in a university course of cultural extremism, John Cage was an initial inspiration for Throbbing Gristle. SPK appreciated Jean Dubuffet, Marcel Duchamp, Jean Baudrillard, Michel Foucault, Walter Benjamin, Marshall McLuhan, Friedrich Nietzsche, Cabaret Voltaire took conceptual cues from Burroughs, J. G. Ballard, and Tristan Tzara. Whitehouse and Nurse with Wound dedicated some of their work to the Marquis de Sade, another influence on the industrial aesthetic was Lou Reeds Metal Machine Music. Pitchfork Music cites this album as inspiring, in part, much of the contemporary avant-garde music scene—noise, the album consists entirely of guitar feedback, anticipating industrials use of non-musical sounds
17.
Punk fashion
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Punk fashion is the clothing, hairstyles, cosmetics, jewellery, and body modifications of the punk subculture. Punk fashion varies widely, ranging from Vivienne Westwood designs to styles modeled on bands like The Exploited to the look of North American hardcore. The distinct social dress of other subcultures and art movements, including rock, skinheads, rude boys, greasers. Punk fashion has likewise influenced the styles of groups, as well as those of popular culture. Many punks use clothing as a way of making a statement, Punk clothing, which was initially handmade, became mass-produced and sold in record stores and some smaller specialty clothing stores by the 1980s. Many fashion magazines and other glamour-oriented media have featured classic punk hairstyles, Punk rock was an intentional rebuttal of the perceived excess and pretension found in mainstream music, and early punk artists fashion was defiantly anti-materialistic. Generally unkempt, often short hairstyles replaced the long-hair hippie look, in the United Kingdom, a great deal of punk fashion from the 1970s was based on the designs of Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren and the Bromley Contingent. Mainstream punk style was influenced by clothes sold in Malcolm McLarens shop, McLaren has credited this style to his first impressions of Richard Hell, while McLaren was in New York City working with New York Dolls. Deliberately offensive T-shirts were popular in the punk scene, such as the DESTROY T-shirt sold at SEX, which featured an inverted crucifix. These T-shirts, like other punk clothing items, were torn on purpose. Other items in early British punk fashion included, leather jackets, customised blazers, and dress shirts randomly covered in slogans, blood, patches and controversial images. Musician PJ Harvey was noted as appear immersed in rock n roll around the time of her album Dry in 1992, due in part to her leather apparel, hair in a bun, Punk clothing sometimes incorporated everyday objects for aesthetic effect. Purposely ripped clothes were held together by safety pins or wrapped with tape, black bin liners became dresses, other items added to clothing or as jewellery included razor blades and chains. Tapered jeans, tight pants, trousers with leopard patterns. Other early punks imitated the Droogs from A Clockwork Orange by wearing bowler hats, hair was cropped and deliberately made to look messy, and was often dyed bright unnatural colours. Although provocative, these hairstyles were not as extreme as later punk hairstyle, in the 1980s, new fashion styles developed as parallel resurgences occurred in the United States and United Kingdom. What many recognize as typical punk fashions today emerged from the 1980s British scene, when punk underwent its Oi. /street punk, the US scene was exemplified by hardcore bands such as Black Flag, Minor Threat, and Fear. The 1980s American scene spawned a utilitarian anti-fashion that was raw, angry
18.
New Romantic
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New Romanticism was a pop culture movement in the United Kingdom that began as a nightclub scene around 1979 and peaked around 1981. Ultravox were also identified as New Romantics by the press although they did not exhibit the same visual styles of the movement. Japan and Adam and the Ants were also labeled as New Romantic artists by the press, there were attempts to revive the movement from the 1990s, including the short-lived romo movement. New Romanticism can be seen as a reaction to punk, and was influenced by former glam rock stars of the 1970s such as David Bowie. In terms of style it rejected the austerity and anti-fashion stance of punk, both sexes often dressed in counter-sexual or androgynous clothing and wore cosmetics such as eyeliner and lipstick, partly derived from earlier punk fashions. This gender bending was particularly evident in such as Boy George of Culture Club. Common hairstyles included quiffs, mullets and wedges, soon after they began to gain mainstream attention, however, many New Romantic bands dropped the eclectic clothes and make-up in favour of sharp suits. However, the post-punk Adam Ant himself has denied being a New Romantic. In an October 1981 interview, vocalist David Sylvian commented Theres a period going past at the moment that may make us look as though were in fashion, in another interview, he stated I dont like to be associated with them. The attitudes are so very different, of Japans fashion sense, Sylvian said For them, fancy dress is a costume. But ours is a way of life and we look and dress this way every day. Similarly, the electronic duo Soft Cell also denied any connection to the New Romantic scene and it was just a trendy London club thing with Steve Strange. While some contemporary bands, particularly those of the 2 Tone ska revival, dealt with issues of unemployment and urban decay, New Romantics adopted an escapist, as the scene moved beyond a single club the media settled on the name New Romantics. The New Romantic movement developed almost simultaneously in London and Birmingham, in London it grew out of David Bowie and Roxy Music nights, run during 1978 in the nightclub Billys in Dean Street, London. Its patrons dressed as uniquely as they could in an attempt to draw the most attention, Steve Strange worked as the clubs doorman and Egan was the DJ at the Blitz. The club became known for its exclusive door policy and strict dress code, Strange would frequently deny potential patrons admission because he felt that they were not costumed creatively or subversively enough to blend in with those inside the club. In a highly publicised incident, Mick Jagger tried to enter the club while under the influence of alcohol, the club spawned several spin-offs and there were soon clubs elsewhere in the capital and in other major British cities, including Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham. While still at Billys, Strange and Egan joined Billy Currie, before forming Culture Club, Boy George and Marilyn worked as cloakroom attendants at the Blitz
19.
Victorian fashion
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The period saw many changes in fashion, including changes in styles, fashion technology and the methods of distribution. Various movement in architecture, literature, and the decorative and visual arts as well as a perception of the traditional gender roles also influenced fashion. Under Queen Victorias rule, England enjoyed a period of growth along with technological advancement. Mass production of sewing machines in the 1850s as well as the advent of synthetic dyes introduced major changes in fashion, clothing could be made quicker and more cheaply. Advancement in printing and proliferation of fashion magazines allowed the masses to participate in the trends of high fashion, opening the market of mass consumption. During the Victorian Era, a place was at home. Unlike in the centuries when women could help their husbands and brothers in family businesses, in the nineteenth century. Their dress styles reflected their lifestyle, Victorian fashion was not intended to be utilitarian. Clothes were seen as an expression of women’s place in society and were hence, middle class women exhibited similar dress styles, however, the decorations were not as extravagant. The layering of these make them very heavy. Corsets were also stiff and restricted movement, although the clothes were not comfortable, the type of fabrics and the in-numerous layers were worn as a symbol of wealth. Neck-line Bertha is the low shoulder neck-line worn by women during the Victorian Era, the cut exposed a woman’s shoulders and it sometimes was trimmed over with a three to six inch deep lace flounce, or the bodice has neckline draped with several horizontal bands of fabric pleats. However, the exposure of neck-line was only restricted to the upper and middle class, the décolleté style made shawls to become an essential feature of dresses. Corsets lost their shoulder straps, and fashion was to produce two bodices, one closed décolletage for day and one décolleté for evening, boning Corsets were used in women’s gowns for emphasizing the small waist of the female body. They function as an undergarment which can be adjusted to bound tightly around the waist, hold and train a person’s waistline, so to slim and it also helped stop the bodice from horizontal creasing. With the corset, a small tight fitting waist would be shown. Yet, corsets have been blamed for causing lots of diseases because of the tight waist bound, ill condition examples were curvature of the spine, deformities of the ribs and birth defects. As a result, people started to oppose the use of corsets in later times, Sleeves Sleeves were tightly fit during the early Victorian era
20.
1900s in Western fashion
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Fashion in the period 1900–1909 in the Western world continued the long elegant lines of the 1890s. Tall, stiff collars characterize the period, as do womens broad hats, a new, columnar silhouette introduced by the couturiers of Paris late in the decade signaled the approaching abandonment of the corset as an indispensable garment. With the decline of the bustle, sleeves began to increase in size, the fashionable silhouette in the early 20th century was that of a confident woman, with full low chest and curvy hips. The health corset of this period removed pressure from the abdomen, in 1897, the silhouette slimmed and elongated by a considerable amount. Necklines were supported by very high boned collars, skirts brushed the floor, often with a train, even for day dresses, in mid-decade. The fashion houses of Paris began to show a new silhouette, with a thicker waist, flatter bust, by the end of the decade the most fashionable skirts cleared the floor and approached the ankle. The overall silhouette narrowed and straightened, beginning a trend that would continue into the leading up to the Great War. Unfussy, tailored clothes were worn for activities and traveling. The shirtwaist, a costume with a bodice or waist tailored like a shirt with a high collar, was adopted for informal daywear. Wool or tweed suit called tailor-mades or tailleurs featured ankle-length skirts with matching jackets, ladies of fashion wore them with fox furs and huge hats. Two new styles of headgear which became popular at the turn of the century were the motoring veil for driving an sailor hats worn for tennis matches, bicycling and croquet. This decade marked the flowering of Parisian haute couture as the arbiter of styles and silhouettes for women of all classes. Designers sent fashion models or mannequins to the Longchamp races wearing the latest styles, in 1908, a new silhouette emerged from Callot Soeurs, Vionnet at the house of Doucet, and most importantly, Paul Poiret. The styles were variously called Merveilleuse, Directoire, and Empire after the fashions of the turn of the nineteenth century, the new styles featured form-fitting gowns with high or indefined waists, or ankle-length skirts and long tunic-like jackets, and required a different straight line corset. The Paris correspondent for Vogue described this new look as straighter and straighter, less bust, less hips, and more waist. how slim, how graceful, how elegant. Huge, broadbrimmed hats were worn in mid-decade, trimmed with masses of feathers and occasionally complete stuffed birds, or decorated with ribbons, masses of wavy hair were fashionable, swept up to the top of the head and gathered into a knot. Large hats were worn with evening wear, by the end of the decade, hats had smaller drooping brims that shaded the face and deep crowns, and the overall top-heavy effect remained. Shoes were narrow and often emphasized and they had a pointed toe and a medium height heel
21.
Cosmetics
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Cosmetics, also known as make-up, are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance or fragrance of the body. Many cosmetics are designed for use of applying to the face and they are generally mixtures of chemical compounds, some being derived from natural sources, and some being synthetics. Common cosmetics include lipstick, mascara, eye shadow, foundation, rouge, skin cleansers and skin lotions, shampoo, hairstyling products, perfume and this broad definition includes any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes soap from this category, Egyptian women and men also used makeup. They were very fond of eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colors including blue, red, Ancient Sumerian men and women were possibly the first to invent and wear lipstick, about 5,000 years ago. They crushed gemstones and used them to decorate their faces, mainly on the lips, also around 3000 BC to 1500 BC, women in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization applied red tinted lipstick to their lips for face decoration. Ancient Egyptians extracted red dye from fucus-algin,0. 01% iodine, and some bromine mannite, lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales. Six thousand year old relics of the hollowed out tombs of the Ancient Egyptian pharaohs are discovered, according to one source, early major developments include, Kohl used by ancient Egypt as a protective of the eye kohl Castor oil used by ancient Egypt as a protective balm. Skin creams made of beeswax, olive oil, and rose water, vaseline and lanolin in the nineteenth century. The Ancient Greeks also used cosmetics as the Ancient Romans did, Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in 2 Kings 9,30, where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described. One of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines is the fungus Tremella fuciformis, used as a beauty product by women in China, the fungus reportedly increases moisture retention in the skin and prevents senile degradation of micro-blood vessels in the skin, reducing wrinkles and smoothing fine lines. Cosmetic use was frowned upon at many points in Western history, for example, in the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declared make-up improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors. During the sixteenth century, the attributes of the women who used make-up created a demand for the product among the upper class. As of 2016, the worlds largest cosmetics company is LOréal, the market was developed in the US during the 1910s by Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor. These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II, during the 18th century, there was a high number of incidences of lead-poisoning because of the fashion for red and white lead makeup and powder. This led to swelling and inflammation of the eyes, attacked tooth enamel, heavy use was known to lead to death. Concealer is commonly used by men, Cosmetics brands release products especially tailored for men, and men are increasingly using them. Cosmetics are intended to be applied externally, a subset of cosmetics is called make-up, refers primarily to products containing color pigments that are intended to alter the users appearance
22.
Siouxsie Sioux
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Susan Janet Ballion, better known by her stage name Siouxsie Sioux, is an English singer, songwriter, musician and producer. She is best known as the singer of the alternative rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees. Siouxsie and the Banshees released 11 studio albums and several UK Top 20 singles including Hong Kong Garden, Happy House, with the Creatures, Siouxsie recorded four studio albums and the hit single Right Now. She has also sung with such as Morrissey and John Cale. After disbanding the Creatures in the mid-2000s, she has continued as a solo artist, allMusic named Siouxsie as one of the most influential British singers of the rock era. Her songs have been covered by Jeff Buckley, Tricky and LCD Soundsystem and her records have also been praised by artists such as PJ Harvey and TV on the Radio. In 2011, she was awarded for Outstanding Contribution to Music at the Q Awards and in 2012, at the Ivor Novello Awards, Siouxsie was born Susan Janet Ballion on 27 May 1957 at Guys Hospital in Southwark, England. She is 10 years younger than her two siblings and her brother and sister were born while the family was based in the Belgian Congo. Her parents met in that colony and stayed working there for a few years and her mother, Betty, was of half Scottish and half English descent, and was a bilingual secretary who spoke French. Her father was a bacteriologist who milked venom from snakes, and was a Walloon from the French-speaking part of Belgium, in the mid-1950s, before Siouxsies birth, the family moved to England. The Ballions lived in a district in Chislehurst. Her friends invited her home, but she could not reciprocate as her father drank at home and she was aware that her family was different. The Ballions were not involved in the community and lived in a house that was different from the neighbours, elsewhere, life in all its normality was being paraded. She later said, The suburbs inspired intense hatred, at the age of 9, Susan and a friend were seriously sexually assaulted. The most damaging aspect was that the assault was ignored by her parents, the episode became an unspoken item. From that moment, she started to disrespect for adulthood. Years later, she stated, I grew up having no faith in adults as responsible people, and being the youngest in the family I was isolated – I had no-one to confide in. So I invented my own world, my own reality and it was my own way of defending myself – protecting myself from the outside world
23.
Jim Morrison
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James Douglas Jim Morrison was an American singer, songwriter, and poet, best remembered as the lead singer of the Doors. Morrison co-founded the Doors in the summer of 1965 in Venice, the band spent two years in obscurity until shooting to prominence with the #1 single in the USA, Light My Fire, taken from their first album. Morrison recorded a total of six albums with the Doors, all of which sold well. Though the Doors recorded two albums after his death, the loss of Morrison was crippling to the band. In 1993, Morrison, as a member of the Doors, was inducted into the Rock, since his death, his fame has endured as one of the popular cultures most rebellious and oft-displayed icons, representing the generation gap and youth counterculture. He was also known for improvising spoken word poetry passages while the band played live. Morrison was ranked number 47 on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, Ray Manzarek, who co-founded The Doors with him, said Morrison embodied hippie counterculture rebellion. Morrison was sometimes referred to by nicknames, such as Lizard King, Mr. Mojo Risin. Morrison developed an alcohol dependency during the 1960s, which at times affected his performances on stage and he died at the age of 27 in Paris. As no autopsy was performed, the cause of Morrisons death is not known. Morrison is interred at Père Lachaise Cemetery in eastern Paris, Morrison had a sister, Anne Robin, who was born in 1947 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and a brother, Andrew Lee Morrison, who was born in 1948 in Los Altos, California. His ancestors were Scottish, Irish, and English, in 1947, Morrison, then four years old, allegedly witnessed a car accident in the desert, in which a family of Native Americans were injured and possibly killed. Morrison believed this incident to be the most formative event of his life, and made repeated references to it in the imagery in his songs, poems and his family does not recall this incident happening in the way he told it. According to the Morrison biography No One Here Gets Out Alive, Morrisons family did drive past a car accident on an Indian reservation when he was a child, and he was very upset by it. The book The Doors, written by the members of the Doors. This book quotes his father as saying, We went by several Indians and it did make an impression on him. He always thought about that crying Indian and this is contrasted sharply with Morrisons tale of Indians scattered all over the highway, bleeding to death. In the same book, his sister is quoted as saying, He enjoyed telling that story and he said he saw a dead Indian by the side of the road, and I dont even know if thats true
24.
The Doors
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The Doors were an American rock band formed in 1965 in Los Angeles, with vocalist Jim Morrison, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, guitarist Robby Krieger, and drummer John Densmore. They were unique and among the most controversial and influential acts of the 1960s, mostly because of Morrisons lyrics and charismatic. After Morrisons death in 1971 at age 27, the members continued as a trio until disbanding in 1973. Signing with Elektra Records in 1966, The Doors released eight albums between 1967 and 1971, All but one hit the Top 10 on the Billboard 200 and went platinum or better. By the end of 1971, it was reported that The Doors had sold 4,190,457 albums domestically and 7,750,642 singles. The band had three million-selling singles in the U. S. with Light My Fire, Hello, I Love You, after Morrisons death in 1971, the surviving trio released two albums Other Voices and Full Circle with Manzarek and Krieger sharing lead vocals. The three members also collaborated on the spoken word recording of Morrisons An American Prayer in 1978, Manzarek, Krieger and Densmore reunited in 2000 for an episode of VH1s Storytellers and subsequently recorded Stoned Immaculate, The Music of The Doors with a variety of vocalists. Although the Doors active career ended in 1973, their popularity has persisted, According to the RIAA, they have sold 33 million certified units in the US and over 100 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling bands of all time. The Doors have been listed as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone, the Doors were the first American band to accumulate eight consecutive gold and platinum LPs. In 2002, Manzarek and Krieger started playing again, branding themselves as the Doors of the 21st Century. Densmore opted to sit out and, along with the Morrison estate, sued the duo over proper use of the bands name and won. After a short time as Riders On the Storm, they settled on the name Manzarek-Krieger and continued to tour until Manzareks death in 2013 at the age of 74. Three of the studio albums, the self-titled debut, L. A. Woman, and Strange Days, were featured in Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, at positions 42,362. According to The Washington Posts Martin Weil, the rose to the center of the counterculture of the 1960s. The Doors were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993, Morrison told Manzarek he had been writing songs and with Manzareks encouragement sang Moonlight Drive. The members came from a musical background of jazz, rock, blues. In August, Densmore joined the group, which had renamed the Doors. This has circulated widely since then as a bootleg recording, in mid-1965, after Manzareks two brothers left, the group recruited guitarist Robby Krieger and the best-known lineup – Morrison, Manzarek, Krieger and Densmore – was complete
25.
The Velvet Underground
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The Velvet Underground was a rock band formed in New York, America, by singer/guitarist Lou Reed, multi-instrumentalist John Cale, guitarist Sterling Morrison, and drummer Angus MacLise. The provocative subject matter, musical experimentation, and often nihilistic attitudes explored in the work would prove influential in the development of punk rock. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the band No.19 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 by Patti Smith. The foundations for what would become the Velvet Underground were laid in late 1964, singer/songwriter/guitarist Lou Reed had performed with a few short-lived garage bands and had worked as a songwriter for Pickwick Records. Reed met John Cale, a Welshman who had moved to the United States to study classical music upon securing a scholarship. Cale had worked with experimental composers Cornelius Cardew and La Monte Young, Youngs use of extended drones would be a profound influence on the bands early sound. Cale was pleasantly surprised to discover that Reeds experimentalist tendencies were similar to his own, the pair rehearsed and performed together, their partnership and shared interests built the path towards what would later become the Velvet Underground. Reed and Cale recruited Sterling Morrison—a college classmate of Reeds at Syracuse University—as a replacement for Walter De Maria, Reed and Morrison both played guitars, Cale played viola, keyboards and bass and Angus MacLise joined on percussion to complete the initial four-member unit. This quartet was first called the Warlocks, then the Falling Spikes, MacLise made a suggestion to adopt the title as the bands name. The band immediately and unanimously adopted the Velvet Underground as its new name in November 1965, the newly named Velvet Underground rehearsed and performed in New York City. Their music was much more relaxed than it would later become, Cale described this era as reminiscent of beat poetry. When he briefly returned to Britain, Cale attempted to give a copy of the tape to Marianne Faithfull, hoping shed pass it on to Mick Jagger, nothing ever came of this, but the demo was eventually released on the 1995 box set Peel Slowly and See. Manager and music journalist Al Aronowitz arranged for the groups first paying gig—$75 to play at Summit High School, in Summit, New Jersey, opening for the Myddle Class. When they decided to take the gig, MacLise abruptly left the group, protesting what he considered a sellout, he was unwilling to be told when to start. Angus was in it for art, Morrison reported, MacLise was replaced by Maureen Moe Tucker, the younger sister of Morrisons friend Jim Tucker. Her rhythms, at once simple and exotic, became a part of the groups music. The group earned a regular paying gig at the Café Bizarre, in 1965, after being introduced to the Velvet Underground by filmmaker Barbara Rubin, Andy Warhol became the bands manager and suggested they use the German-born singer Nico on several songs. Warhols reputation helped the band gain a higher profile and he helped the band secure a recording contract with MGMs Verve Records, with himself as nominal producer, and gave the Velvets free rein over the sound they created
26.
All Tomorrow's Parties
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All Tomorrows Parties is a song by The Velvet Underground and Nico, written by Lou Reed and released on the groups 1967 debut studio album, The Velvet Underground & Nico. Inspiration for the song came from Reeds observation of the Warhol clique, according to Reed, I would hear people say the most astonishing things, the craziest things, the funniest things, the saddest things. In a 2006 interview Reeds bandmate John Cale stated, The song was about a girl called Darryl, the song was Andy Warhols favorite by The Velvet Underground. The song has notably lent its name to a festival, a William Gibson novel. The song also prominently in the horror film The Lords of Salem. The song was recorded at Scepter Studios in Manhattan during April 1966 and it features a piano motif played by Cale based largely on tone clusters. The repetitive keyboard part was inspired by the style of his friend Terry Riley and it was one of the first pop songs to make use of prepared piano. The song also features the guitar tuning by Reed, by which all of the guitar strings were tuned to D. Drummer Maureen Tucker plays tambourine and bass drum while guitarist Sterling Morrison plays bass, the song was originally recorded with only one track of her vocals, they were later double-tracked for the final album version. Most versions of the album use this version of the song and this version, released on the Peel Slowly and See box set, is composed of multiple takes, which add up to a time of 18,26. An edited version of the song was released in July 1966 as a single with Ill Be Your Mirror as a B-side, the song cuts out about half of the studio version at just under three minutes. This version later became available in 2002 on the Deluxe Edition of The Velvet Underground & Nico, both Nico and Lou Reed have recorded solo versions of the song. Les Rita Mitsouko covered the song for the Velvet Underground tribute album Les Enfants du Velvet in 1985, an Israeli band, Tractors Revenge, covered it for the 50th anniversary of the album
27.
Magazine (band)
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Magazine were an English post-punk band active from 1977 to 1981, then again from 2009 to 2011. The band was formed by Howard Devoto after leaving punk band Buzzcocks in early 1977, Devoto had decided to create a more progressive and less traditional rock band. Magazine reunited in 2009 for a UK tour, with almost all the members of the classic lineup, with the exception of guitarist John McGeoch. He was replaced by Noko, who had played with Devoto in Luxuria, Magazine released an album of new material, No Thyself, in October 2011, followed by a short UK tour. Devoto formed Magazine in Manchester, shortly after he left Buzzcocks in early 1977, in April 1977, he met guitarist McGeoch, then an art student, and they began writing songs, some of which would appear on the first Magazine album. They then recruited Barry Adamson on bass, Bob Dickinson on keyboards and Martin Jackson on drums, after signing to Virgin Records, Magazine played their debut live gig at the Rafters in Manchester on 28 October 1977. Motorcade co-writer Dickinson, whose background was in classical and avant-garde music, in early 1978, the band released their first single, Shot by Both Sides, a song Magazine recorded as a quartet. It featured a sound similar to punk rock. Shortly after the release, Dave Formula, who had played with a briefly successful 1960s rock band from Manchester called St. Louis Union. Shot by Both Sides used a chord progression suggested by Pete Shelley, the Magazine single just missed the UK Top 40. The band, with Formula on keyboards, made its first major TV appearance on Top of the Pops in February 1978, following a British tour to promote their debut album Real Life, Jackson left Magazine in late July. He was replaced briefly by Paul Spencer, who performed with the band for gigs across Europe and some television appearances, including The Old Grey Whistle Test, Spencer quit partway through the tour, joining The Speedometors shortly afterwards. He was replaced in October by John Doyle, who completed the Real Life promotional tour, Magazines second album, Secondhand Daylight, was released in 1979, reaching the UK Top 40. The album featured a greater use of synthesisers and that same year, McGeoch, Adamson and Formula joined electronic project Visage, recording and releasing the single Tar. Following its release, McGeoch decided to leave the band, tired of Magazines low sales and their less guitar-oriented songs, joining Siouxsie, to replace him, the band hired Robin Simon, who had been in Ultravox and Neo. That lineup toured across Europe and Australia, recording their next release, again without a guitarist, Devoto called in his former college friend at Bolton, Ben Mandelson. A year later, After the Fact, the first Magazine compilation, was released, Adamson continued collaborating with Visage, and also began to work with Shelley, The Birthday Party and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. Jackson later played with The Chameleons, Swing Out Sister and The Durutti Column), Formula continued as a member of Visage and joined Ludus, Doyle joined The Armoury Show in Scotland in 1983, which also featured McGeoch, the latter later played guitar for Public Image Ltd
28.
Nick Kent
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Nick Kent is a British rock critic and musician. Kent, the son of a former Abbey Road studios sound engineer, began his career as a writer at age 21 in 1972, inspired by Jack Kerouac and Hunter S. Thompson. Kents writing talent was evident even at college when, after analysing James Joyces Ulysses, but after dropping out of two universities he started to make a name for himself as a music critic in Londons underground scene. He wrote for the British music publication New Musical Express, moving to The Face later on in his career, kents writing predominantly covers the lives and music of rock-and-roll musicians. His prose is laced with images of self-destruction and compassion, exploring the reality of being an artist in the twentieth century. Kents relationship with the scene was strained. Already a well-known music critic and a symbol of the music industry, in retaliation, Ant sarcastically name-checked Kent in the song Press Darlings, claiming that If passion ends in fashion, then Nick Kent is the best dressed man in town. In addition, then-Ants guitarist Matthew Ashman assaulted and humiliated Kent with a potful of strawberry jam in the queue outside Camdens Music Machine venue. In 1974, Kent began dating and moved in with Chrissie Hynde, later lead singer of the band The Pretenders, throughout the 1970s, Kent battled heroin addiction. Kent currently lives in Paris with his wife, and contributes articles occasionally to the British and French press and he is the father of James Kent, from the band Perturbator. The Dark Stuff, Selected Writings on Rock Music – foreword by Iggy Pop Apathy for the Devil, A Seventies Memoir
29.
Secondhand Daylight
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Secondhand Daylight is the second studio album by English post-punk band Magazine. It was released on 30 March 1979 by record label Virgin, one single, Rhythm of Cruelty, was released from the album. Unlike on the former album Real Life, Howard Devoto did not contribute to writing the music for all tracks. Instead, the credits were split evenly between the band members. Devoto, John McGeoch and Dave Formula each wrote songs alone, Devoto again provided lyrics for all compositions with the exception of the instrumental The Thin Air, reputedly because the group ran out of studio time. The new lineup was stable until mid-1980 and consisted of Devoto, McGeoch, Adamson, Formula, the first release with Doyle had been the Give Me Everything single from November 1978. The album was recorded in January 1979 at Good Earth Studios in London and using Virgin Records mobile studio, the album was produced and engineered by Colin Thurston. The album was Thurstons first production job, significantly, he had worked as an engineer for David Bowies Heroes, the album was originally released as an LP and as a cassette in March 1979. It peaked at No.38 on the UK Albums Chart, the album was subsequently released as a budget album on LP, cassette and CD in the late 1980s. A remastered edition of the album was released by Virgin/EMI in 2007, the original artwork featured an illustration by Ian Pollack, photography by Richard Rayner-Canham and typography by Malcolm Garrett. Upon its release, Secondhand Daylight received mixed reviews, a glowing review appeared in NME. Music journalist Nick Kent described songs like Feed the Enemy as very Low-period Bowiesque, due to the stray saxophone bleats, sounds was less positive, music journalist Gary Bushell declared that Magazine were in retreat to the 70s progressive lie. All lyrics written by Howard Devoto, with the exception of The Thin Air and I Love You, You Big Dummy
30.
Tony Wilson
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Anthony Howard Tony Wilson was an English record label owner, radio and television presenter, nightclub manager, impresario and journalist for Granada Television and the BBC. Wilson was the man some of Manchesters most successful bands. He was one of the five co-founders of Factory Records and the founder and manager of the Haçienda nightclub, Wilson was known as Mr Manchester, dubbed as such for his work in promoting the culture of Manchester throughout his career. He was portrayed by Steve Coogan in Michael Winterbottoms 2002 film 24 Hour Party People, after passing his Eleven plus exam, Wilson attended the De La Salle Grammar School in Weaste Lane, Pendleton, Salford. He developed a love of literature and language, ignited by a performance of Hamlet at Stratford upon Avon, Wilson started his professional career in 1968 at the age of 17, working as an English and Drama teacher at Blue Coat School in Oldham. He later graduated with a degree in English from Jesus College, Cambridge, after his graduation in 1971, Wilson began as a trainee news reporter for ITN, before moving to Manchester in 1973, where he secured a post at Granada Television. He went on to present Granadas culture, music and events programme, through the 1970s and 1980s he was one of the main anchors on Granada Reports, a regional evening news programme, where he worked with Richard and Judy among others. He continued in this line of work even at the height of his success in the music industry, in 1989, Wilson hosted The Other Side of Midnight, another Granada weekly regional culture slot, covering music, literature and the arts in general. Its Sunday night slot made it one of the UKs first experiments in late night weekend TV, Wilson co-presented the BBCs coverage of The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert at Wembley Stadium with Lisa IAnson in 1992. He hosted the short-lived TV quiz shows Topranko. and MTV Europes Remote Control in the 1990s, as well as the Manchester United themed quiz, Masterfan, in 2006 he became the regional political presenter for the BBCs The Politics Show. He presented a radio show on Xfm Manchester – Sunday Roast –. His final music TV show was filmed in December 2006 for Manchesters Channel M, only one episode of the programme – entitled The New Friday – was recorded before Wilson became ill. Wilsons involvement in popular music stemmed from hosting Granadas culture and music programme So It Goes and he booked them for the last episode of the first series, probably the first television showing of the then-revolutionary British strand of punk rock. He also founded and managed the Haçienda nightclub and Dry Bar, together forming a part of the music. The scene was termed Madchester in the late 1980s and early 1990s and he made little money from Factory Records or the Haçienda, despite the enormous popularity and cultural significance of both endeavours. Both Factory Records and the Haçienda came to an end in the late 1990s. A semi-fictionalised version of his life and of the era was made into the 2002 film,24 Hour Party People. After the film was produced, Wilson wrote a novelisation based on the screenplay and he played a minor role in the 2005 film, A Cock and Bull Story, in which his character interviews Steve Coogan
31.
Bela Lugosi's Dead
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Bela Lugosis Dead is a song by English post-punk band Bauhaus. This song was the bands first single, released on 6 August 1979 by record label Small Wonder and it is often considered the first gothic rock record. Bela Lugosis Dead was recorded live in the studio in a take during a six-hour session at Beck Studios in Wellingborough on 26 January 1979. Four additional songs were recorded, varying in genre, the post-punk-styled Boys, the ska/reggae crossover Harry, the punk-influenced Bite My Hip. Of these recordings, only two were released, Harry surfaced in 1982 as a B-side to the single Kick in the Eye, while Boys served as a B-side to Bela Lugosis Dead, and later was re-recorded at Beck Studios in 1979. Alternate versions of Bela Lugosis Dead also included a portion of the demo recording of their next single. All four band members are given songwriting credit on the single, vocalist Peter Murphy, guitarist Daniel Ash, drummer Kevin Haskins, the sleeve cover art was taken from the D. W. Griffith film The Sorrows of Satan. The song is over nine minutes in length, and the vocals do not start until several minutes into the track, the dub-influenced guitar sound was achieved by using partial barre chords and leaving the top E and B strings open. Bela Lugosis Dead was released in August 1979, but did not enter the UK charts and it was released on CD in 1988, and was compiled on the 1998 Bauhaus compilation album Crackle. The original 12 release was on vinyl and limited to 5,000 copies. In the 1983 horror film The Hunger, Bauhaus performed the song during the opening credits, a 7″ promotional record featuring an edited version of the song was released to theaters playing the film. The song was featured in other films and TV shows including Smallville, The Curve, Good Luck Chuck, The Collector, Fringe, Supernatural and American Horror Story. The song was used as the music for the late 1990s Saturday Night Live skit Goth Talk. Until December covered the song as the B-side of their 198612 single Heaven, italian band Opera IX covered the song on their 2000 album The Black Opera, Symphoniæ Mysteriorum in Laudem Tenebrarum. Sepultura covered the song on their 2001 album Nation, nouvelle Vague covered the song on their 2006 album Bande à part. David J, in collaboration with Jill Tracy, released Bela Lugosis Dead, a version by CHVRCHES was played during the ending credits of the 2014 movie Vampire Academy. Bela Lugosis Dead Boys Dark Entries Bauhaus Peter Murphy, vocals Daniel Ash, guitar David J, bass Kevin Haskins, drums
32.
Sound
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In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as a typically audible mechanical wave of pressure and displacement, through a transmission medium such as air or water. In physiology and psychology, sound is the reception of such waves, humans can hear sound waves with frequencies between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Sound above 20 kHz is ultrasound and below 20 Hz is infrasound, other animals have different hearing ranges. Acoustics is the science that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician, an audio engineer, on the other hand, is concerned with the recording, manipulation, mixing, and reproduction of sound. Auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described in, sound can propagate through a medium such as air, water and solids as longitudinal waves and also as a transverse wave in solids. The sound waves are generated by a source, such as the vibrating diaphragm of a stereo speaker. The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium, as the source continues to vibrate the medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the speed of sound, thus forming the sound wave. At a fixed distance from the source, the pressure, velocity, at an instant in time, the pressure, velocity, and displacement vary in space. Note that the particles of the medium do not travel with the sound wave and this is intuitively obvious for a solid, and the same is true for liquids and gases. During propagation, waves can be reflected, refracted, or attenuated by the medium, the behavior of sound propagation is generally affected by three things, A complex relationship between the density and pressure of the medium. This relationship, affected by temperature, determines the speed of sound within the medium, if the medium is moving, this movement may increase or decrease the absolute speed of the sound wave depending on the direction of the movement. For example, sound moving through wind will have its speed of propagation increased by the speed of the if the sound and wind are moving in the same direction. If the sound and wind are moving in opposite directions, the speed of the wave will be decreased by the speed of the wind. Medium viscosity determines the rate at which sound is attenuated, for many media, such as air or water, attenuation due to viscosity is negligible. When sound is moving through a medium that does not have constant physical properties, the mechanical vibrations that can be interpreted as sound can travel through all forms of matter, gases, liquids, solids, and plasmas. The matter that supports the sound is called the medium, sound cannot travel through a vacuum. Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as longitudinal waves and it requires a medium to propagate
33.
Melody Maker
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Melody Maker was a British weekly pop/rock/disco music newspaper, one of the worlds earliest music weeklies. It was founded in 1926, largely as a magazine for dance band musicians, by Leicester-born composer, publisher Lawrence Wright, in 2000 it was merged into long-standing rival New Musical Express. Originally the Melody Maker concentrated on jazz, and had Max Jones, one of the leading British proselytizers for that music and it was slow to cover rock and roll and lost ground to the New Musical Express, which had begun in 1952. MM began its Melody Maker LP charts in November 1958, two years after the Record Mirror published the first UK Albums Chart, MM had larger and more specialised advertising, soon-to-be well-known groups would advertise for musicians. It ran pages devoted to minority interests like folk and jazz, a 1968 Melody Maker poll named John Peel best radio DJ, attention which John Walters revealed may have helped Peel keep his job despite concerns at BBC Radio 1 about Peels style and record selection. Melody Maker supported glam rock and progressive rock in the 1970s, Coleman had been insistent that the paper should look like The Daily Telegraph, but Williams wanted the paper to look more contemporary. He commissioned a design, but this was rejected by Coleman. During this period Melody Maker was described as the journal. In January 1972, in a moment for rock journalism. It was during this interview that Bowie claimed, Im gay, OH YOU PRETTY THING ran the headline, and swiftly became part of pop mythology. Bowie later attributed his success to this interview, stating that, Yeah and it was that piece by Mick Watts. During his tenure at the paper, Watts also toured with and interviewed artists including Syd Barrett, Waylon Jennings, Pink Floyd, Bob Dylan, in 1980, after a strike which had taken the paper out of publication for a period, Williams left MM. Several journalists, such as Chris Bohn and Vivien Goldman, moved to NME, Coleman left in 1981, the papers design was updated, but sales and prestige were at a low ebb through the early 1980s, with NME dominant. While MM continued to devote most space to rock and indie music, it covered techno, rap and post rock, two of the papers writers, Push and Ben Turner, went on to launch IPC Medias monthly dance music magazine Muzik. The paper printed harsh criticism of Ocean Colour Scene and Kula Shaker, in 1992, they gave a French rock band called Darlin a negative review calling them a daft punky thrash. Darlin eventually became the music duo Daft Punk. The magazine retained its large classified ads section, and remained the first call for musicians wanting to form a band, Suede formed through ads placed in the paper. In early 1997, Allan Jones left to edit Uncut and he was replaced by Mark Sutherland, formerly of NME and Smash Hits, who thus fulfilled boyhood dream and stayed on to edit the magazine for three years
34.
Jon Savage
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Jon Savage is an English writer, broadcaster and music journalist, best known for his award winning history of the Sex Pistols and punk music, Englands Dreaming, published in 1991. Savage was a writer during the glory days of British punk. Savage interviewed punk, new wave and electronic music artists for Sounds, at that time, he also wrote for the West Coast fanzines Search and Destroy, Bomp. and Slash. In 1979 he moved to Melody Maker, and a year later to the newly founded pop culture magazine The Face, throughout the decade, Savage wrote for The Observer and the New Statesman, providing high-brow commentary on popular culture. In 1991, Savage designed a record sleeve for the then little-known Welsh rock band Manic Street Preachers, the single was called Feminine Is Beautiful. Englands Dreaming, published by Faber and Faber in 1991, was lauded as the history of punk music. A companion piece, The Englands Dreaming Tapes, was published in 2009, Savage continues to write on punk and other genres in a variety of publications, most notably Mojo magazine and The Observer Music Monthly. He wrote the introduction to Mitch Ikedas Forever Delayed, a photobook of the Manic Street Preachers. Savage has appeared in the documentaries Live Forever and NewOrderStory and he curated the compilation Queer Noises 1961–1978, a collection of largely overlooked pop songs from that period that carried overt or coded gay messages. His most recent compilations have included the now deleted Fame Jon Savages Secret History Of Post-Punk 78-81 on Caroline True Records and his latest curated release on the same label is Perfect Motion Jon Savages Secret History Of Second Wave Psychedelia 1988-1993. Also a limited release, this collection posited late Eighties/early Nineties Baggy music as a slight return to the ethos of 60s psychedelia. Savages book, Teenage, The Prehistory of Youth Culture, was published in 2007 and it is a history of the concept of teenagers, which begins in the 1870s and ends in 1945. Teenage aims to tell the story of youth cultures prehistory, the book was adapted into a film by Matt Wolf. In 2015, Savage published 1966 recalling the popular music and cultural turmoil of that year, contributions by Jon Savage and Glenn OBrien. Kurt Cobains last photo session and interview,1993, part 1 Very like the Sex Pistols
35.
Ian Curtis
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Ian Kevin Curtis was an English singer-songwriter and musician. He is best known as the singer and lyricist of the post-punk band Joy Division. Joy Division released their album, Unknown Pleasures, in 1979 and recorded their follow-up, Closer. Curtis was known for his voice, dance style, and songwriting filled with imagery of desolation, war, emptiness. Curtis was born on 15 July 1956, at the Memorial Hospital in Stretford and he grew up in Macclesfield in Cheshire, and from an early age he exhibited talent as a poet. He was awarded a scholarship at the age of 11 by the Kings School, despite this, he was not a dedicated pupil and did not further his education beyond O-level. Curtis was a shoplifter throughout his childhood and he had an interest in music in his teens but couldnt afford to purchase records, leading him to stealing albums from Macclesfield town centre, hiding them underneath a grey coat. He was also forced to do service by visiting the elderly as part of a school scheme. While there, he would steal prescription drugs from residents and then take them with his friends and he once had his stomach pumped after taking too many. After leaving high school, Curtis focused on the pursuit of art, literature and he was employed in a variety of jobs, including being a civil servant in Manchester and, later, Macclesfield. On 23 August 1975, Curtis married a friend, Deborah Woodruff at St Thomas Church. He was 19 and she was 18 and their daughter Natalie was born on 16 April 1979. In 1976 at a Sex Pistols gig, Curtis met Bernard Sumner and Peter Hook and they were trying to form a band, and Curtis immediately proposed himself as singer and lyricist. The trio then tried unsuccessfully to recruit several drummers before selecting Stephen Morris as their final member, initially, the band was called Warsaw, but as their name conflicted with that of another group, Warsaw Pakt, they changed it to Joy Division. The moniker was derived from a 1955 novel The House of Dolls, which featured a Nazi concentration camp with a sexual slavery wing called the Joy Division. The cover of the bands first EP depicted a drawing of a Hitler Youth beating a drum and the A-side contained a song, Warsaw, while performing with Joy Division, Curtis became known for his quiet and awkward demeanour, as well as a unique dancing style. Although predominantly a singer, Curtis also played guitar on a handful of tracks, at first Curtis played Sumners Shergold Masquerader, but in September 1979 he acquired his own guitar, a Vox Phantom Special VI which had many built-in effects used both live and in studio. After Curtis death, Sumner inherited the guitar and used it in several early New Order songs, Curtis began suffering epileptic fits around 1978, and his condition worsened throughout 1979 and 1980 amid the pressure of performances and touring
36.
Sounds (magazine)
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Sounds was a long-term UK weekly pop/rock music newspaper, published from 10 October 1970 to 6 April 1991. It was produced by Spotlight Publications, which was set up by Jack Hutton and Peter Wilkinson, who left Melody Maker to start their own company. Sounds was their first project, a paper devoted to progressive rock and described by Hutton, to those he was attempting to recruit from his former publication. Sounds was intended to be a rival to titles such as Melody Maker. It was well known for giving away posters in the centre of the paper and later for covering heavy metal, the papers editors realised the importance of its regional audience and had freelancers across the UK contributing gig reviews and articles about up-and-coming local bands. Keith Cameron wrote about Nirvana after Robb carried out the first ever interview with them. One of the trinity of British music weeklies, along with NME and Melody Maker, Sounds folded in 1991 after the parent company, United Newspapers, a legacy of Sounds was the creation of the heavy metal/rock magazine Kerrang. Which was originally issued as a supplement before being spun off as a separate publication, sutherland and Russ Carvells UT strip, Photographers Andy Phillips, Virginia Turbett, Paul Slattery, Ross Halfin, Janette Beckman. Comic strips that were published in Sounds by Alan Moore Reviews and features published in Sounds by Mick Sinclair Photos published in Sounds by Simon Clegg
37.
UK Decay
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UK Decay are an English post-punk band, based in Luton. UK Decay was born out of the ashes of another Luton band called the Resiztors, the Resiztors lineup consisted of guitarist Steve Abbo Abbott, drummer Steven David Harle, bassist Martin Segovia Smith and vocalists Ricky Smith and Paul Wilson. After the vocalists departure in the spring of 1979, the band members changed their name to UK Decay. They soon released the Split Single 7 EP in partnership with local band Pneumania. The EP featured two tracks each band, with UK Decay contributing UK Decay and Car Crash. Split Single sold extremely well, mainly thanks to a review in the NME by Danny Baker. At the same time, some UK Decay members produced their own monthly fanzine The Suss and ran their own punk record, guitarist Steve Spon was soon recruited from Pneumania, allowing Abbo to concentrate on frontman duties. The next release for Plastic Records was UK Decays The Black 45 four-song EP and it hovered in the UK Indie Chart for 15 months. Alex Howe from Fresh Records offered to license the first two singles, and signed UK Decay to the label, the first official release for Fresh was the single For My Country, issued in September 1980. For My Country received airplay from John Peel and spent eight months in the indie chart, the single was promoted by a major UK tour with hardcore punk band Dead Kennedys. By 1981, two singles had also been released, Unexpected Guest and Sexual. The former achieved the bands highest indie chart placing of No,4, and paved the way for UK Decays debut album, For Madmen Only, released by Fresh in December 1981. The album had taken a year to gestate, due to delays caused by a time-consuming US tour, when original bassist Smith left, Lorraine Lol Turvey from the Statics stood in for some UK dates and an early 1981 European tour. For the US jaunt and subsequent UK tours in spring 1981, following that stint, K-OS returned home and Eddie Twiggy Branch from Northampton joined on bass, just in time to finish the album. In early 1982, Fresh Records collapsed, and UK Decay were caught up in the management buyout by what would become Jungle Records. With the help of John Loder and Southern Studios, they managed to buy up the rights to their catalogue and set up their own label. Loder also introduced them to Penny Rimbaud from Crass, which resulted in the Rising from the Dread 12 EP being issued on Crass Corpus Christi label in August 1982. However, despite a strong showing in the independent charts and an ever-expanding fanbase, posthumous cassette-only live album A Night for Celebration was released during the summer of 1983
38.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
39.
Soho
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Soho is an area of the City of Westminster and is part of the West End of London, England. Since the 1980s, the area has undergone considerable gentrification and it is now predominantly a fashionable district of upmarket restaurants and media offices, with only a small remnant of sex industry venues. Soho is a small, multicultural area of central London, a home to industry, commerce, culture and entertainment, record shops cluster in the area around Berwick Street, with shops such as Phonica, Sister Ray and Reckless Records. On many weekends, Soho is busy enough to warrant closing off some of the streets to vehicles, Westminster City Council pedestrianised parts of Soho in the mid-1990s, but later removed much of the pedestrianisation, apparently after complaints of loss of trade from local businesses. The name Soho first appears in the 17th century, Most authorities believe that the name derives from a former hunting cry. James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, used soho as a call for his men at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685. The Soho name has been imitated by other entertainment and restaurant districts such as Soho, Hong Kong, Soho, Málaga, SOHO, Beijing, SoHo, London, Ontario, Canada, and Palermo Soho, Buenos Aires. SoHo, Manhattan, gets its name from its location SOuth of HOuston Street, however, apart from Oxford Street, all of these roads are 19th-century metropolitan improvements, so they are not Sohos original boundaries. Soho has never been a unit, with formally defined boundaries. The area to the west is known as Mayfair, to the north Fitzrovia, to the east St Giles and Covent Garden, and to the south St Jamess. According to the Soho Society, Chinatown, the area between Leicester Square to the south and Shaftesbury Avenue to the north, is part of Soho, Soho is part of the West End electoral ward which elects three councillors to Westminster City Council. In 1536, the land was taken by Henry VIII as a park for the Palace of Whitehall. In the 1660s, ownership of Soho Fields passed to Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans and he was granted permission to develop property and quickly passed the lease and development to bricklayer Richard Frith. Soho was part of the ancient parish of St Martin in the Fields, as the population started to grow a new church was provided and in 1687 a new parish of St Anne was established for it. The parish stretched from Oxford Street in the north, to Leicester Square in the south and it therefore included all of contemporary eastern Soho, including the Chinatown area. The western portion of modern Soho, around Carnaby Street was part of the parish of St James, building progressed rapidly in the late 17th century, with large properties including Monmouth House, Leicester House, Fauconberg House, Carlisle House and Newport House. Soho Square was first laid out in the 1680s on the former Soho Fields, firth built the first houses around the square, and by 1691,41 had been completed. It was originally called King Square in honour of Charles II, several upper-class families moved into the area
40.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
41.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
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. Mojo. Retrieved 10 July 2014 – via Rock's Backpages. 
. PMID 16710018.
