1.
Grand Rapids, Michigan
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Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan, and the largest city in West Michigan. It is on the Grand River about 30 miles east of Lake Michigan, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 188,040. In 2010, the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 1,005,648, Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County, Michigan. A historic furniture-manufacturing center, Grand Rapids is home to five of the leading office furniture companies. Its more common nickname of River City refers to the landmark river for which it was named. The city and surrounding communities are diverse, based in the health care, information technology, automotive, aviation. Grand Rapids is the hometown of U. S. President Gerald Ford, for thousands of years, succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples occupied the area. Over 2000 years ago, people associated with the Hopewell culture occupied the Grand River Valley, later, a tribe from the Ottawa River traveled to the Grand River valley, fighting three battles with the Prairie Indians who were established in the area. The tribe later split, with the Chippewas settling in the lower peninsula, the Pottawatomies staying south of the Kalamazoo River. In 1740, an Ottawa man who would later be known as Chief Noonday, between 1761 and 1763, Chief Pontiac visited the area annually, gathering over 3,000 natives and asking them to volunteer to fight the British in Detroit, which would culminate into Pontiacs War. The Potawatomi attacked the Ottawa in 1765, attempting to take the Grand River territory but were defeated, by the end of the 1700s, there were an estimated 1,000 Ottawa in the Kent County area. After the French established territories in Michigan, Jesuit missionaries and traders traveled down Lake Michigan, at the start of the 19th century, European fur traders and missionaries established posts in the area among the Ottawa. They generally lived in peace, trading European metal and textile goods for fur pelts and they were French-speaking and Roman Catholic. They likely both spoke Ottawa, Madelines maternal ancestral language, La Framboise, whose mother was Ottawa and father French, later merged her successful operations with the American Fur Company. By 1810, Chief Noonday established a village on the west side of the river with about 500 Ottawa, madeline La Framboise retired the trading post to Rix Robinson in 1821 and returned to Mackinac. The first permanent European-American settler in the Grand Rapids area was Isaac McCoy, general Lewis Cass, who commissioned Charles Christopher Trowbridge to establish missions for Native Americans in Michigan, ordered McCoy to establish a mission in Grand Rapids for the Ottawa. In 1824, Baptist missionary Rev. L. Slater traveled with two settlers to Grand Rapids to perform work, the winter of 1824 proved to be difficult, with Slaters group having to resupply and return before the spring. Slater then erected the first settler structures in Grand Rapids, a log cabin for himself, in 1825, McCoy returned and established a missionary station
2.
Grand River (Michigan)
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The Grand River is the longest river in the U. S. state of Michigan. It runs 252 miles through the cities of Jackson, Eaton Rapids, Lansing, Grand Ledge, Portland, Ionia, Lowell, Grand Rapids, and Grand Haven. Native Americans who lived along the river before the arrival of the French and British called the river O-wash-ta-nong, meaning Far-away-water, because of its length. As the glacial ice receded from what is the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan around 11,000 years ago, the channel ran east to west, emptying into proglacial Lake Chicago, the ancestor of Lake Michigan. Its watershed drains an area of 5,572 square miles, the Grand River carries an average 3,800 ft³/s. It has several dams along its length but is a trout and it is estimated that 22% of the pesticide usage in the Lake Michigan watershed occurs in the Grand River drainage, which accounts for only 13% of the lakes total watershed. Much of the basin is flat, and it contains many swamps, every ten years the river is celebrated by an expedition along the entire length. The journey of discovery explores and documents the problems and opportunities of Michigans Grand River and its watershed. GRE2010 began in Liberty Center south of Jackson on July 14, continued down the 225 navigable miles through Eaton Rapids, Lansing, Grand Rapids, traditionally, some participants make the entire trip, camping along the way, while others paddle shorter stretches of the river. The watershed analysis and teaching team conducted studies and explains resulted as it moves downstream, the expedition offered presentations, displays and demonstrations to communities along the river in an attempt to interact with the river, its tributaries, and its people throughout the watershed. One of its stops was in Portland, at the riverside Verlen Kruger Memorial pavilion, Kruger traveled over 100,000 miles by paddle, was the 1990 and 2000 GRE Rivermaster, and counted the Grand as his favorite river. A 500-passenger dinner cruise ship modeled after a riverboat operates on the river in Lansing, a fish ladder installed in 1974, designed by artist, Joseph Kinnebrew, nearly replaces the location of the West Side Water Power Canal headgates removed in 1959/60. In recent years, Grand Rapids Whitewater is working toward restoring the rapids to the river in Grand Rapids, about 2,000 years ago, the Hopewell Indians settled along the Grand River near present-day Grandville. Their presence is seen in the preserved burial mounds. By the late 17th century, the Ottawa had set up villages on the west bank of the Grand River at the site of what would later become Grand Rapids. For these peoples, as well as for later explorers, fur traders and settlers and it formed part of a major demarcation of land ceded by Native Americans enabling U. S. settlers to legally obtain title to land in the area. The Grand was important to the development of West-Central Michigan during the 1850s to 1880s, as logs from Michigans rich pine. After the Civil War, many soldiers found jobs as lumberjacks cutting logs and guiding them down the river with pike poles, peaveys, the jacks earned $1 to $3 per day and all the vittles they could eat, which was usually a considerable amount
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
5.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
6.
Interstate 196
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Interstate 196 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway that runs for 80.594 miles in the US state of Michigan. It is a state highway that links Benton Harbor, South Haven, Holland. This name generally refers only to the section between Holland and Grand Rapids, there are currently three business routes related to the main freeway. There are two loops and one business spur that serve South Haven, Holland and the Grand Rapids areas. Another business spur for Muskegon had been designated relative to the I-196 number, the current freeway numbered I-196 is the second in the state to bear the number. That I-196 was built in the late 1950s and completed in the early 1960s, the first segment of the current I-196 was opened as I-96 near Benton Harbor in 1962. The gap between Holland and Grandville was filled in the 1970s, and a section of freeway runs through downtown Grand Rapids was rebuilt as a wider freeway in 2010. Like other state highways in Michigan, I-196 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation and these are the highest and lowest counts along the highway, respectively. As an Interstate Highway, all of I-196 is listed on the National Highway System, a network of important to the countrys economy, defense. In addition, the highway has been named by the Michigan Legislature the Gerald R. Ford Freeway to honor the 38th President of the United States, the freeway starts northeast of Benton Harbor at exit 34 on I-94 in Benton Charter Township in Berrien County. At the trumpet interchange, I-196 runs north from I-94 and passes to the west of the Point OWoods Golf & Country Club, US31 joins I-196 from the southwest and runs concurrently with I-196 as the freeway passes through farm fields in southwestern Michigan. The trunkline turns northwesterly near the Lake Michigan Hills Golf Course, past the river, the freeway turns northeasterly and runs roughly parallel to the Lake Michigan shoreline several miles inland. At the community of Lake Michigan Beach, I-196/US31 meets the terminus of M-63 at exit 7. North of this interchange, the freeway parallels A-2, a county road that follows the Blue Star Highway, a bit further north, I-196/US31 crosses into Van Buren County and assumes the Gerald R. Ford Freeway name. The inland side of the freeway is forested while the side is predominantly either forest or fields. As it approaches South Haven, the passes near the Palisades Nuclear Generating Station. North of the plant and park, the freeway turns farther inland to bypass the city of South Haven. There is an interchange on the side of town that provides access to Business Loop I-196
7.
Van Andel Institute
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Van Andel Institute is a 501 nonprofit medical research institute in Grand Rapids, Michigan. VAI was founded by Jay and Betty Van Andel in 1996 and is composed of two institutes, Van Andel Research Institute and Van Andel Education Institute, VARI scientists study the genetic, cellular, and molecular origins of cancer and other several other degenerative diseases, notably Parkinsons. VAEI offers various education programs for students K-12, professional development for science teachers. The research at VARI has primarily focused on cancer, but is expanding into other diseases such as osteoporosis, Parkinsons, the Institute’s Phase II building expansion included the addition of space for the new Jay Van Andel Parkinson Research Lab. VAI co-founder Jay Van Andel suffered from Parkinson disease for over 10 years before his death in 2004. From 1999 until 2009, former National Cancer Institute administrator George Vande Woude, Ph. D. served as VARI’s research director and helped to build the research programs that exist today. In the early 1980s, Dr. Vande Woude’s laboratory discovered the human MET oncogene, Van Andel Education Institute provides science education programs to inspire and prepare students to pursue science or science-related professions. In addition to internships and other opportunities for students, major programs include, Science on Saturday is a one-day program in which students and adults form two-person teams and explore some aspect of the natural world. Teachers learn alongside their students through Classroom Science Investigations, a professional development program tailored to each teacher’s needs. Van Andel Institute Graduate School is a Ph. D. program that prepares students for careers in biomedical disease research, the first graduating class was in 2012. VAIGS was accredited by the HLC on November 12,2013, the building is set into a steep hill at the beginning of the Grand Rapids Medical Mile. The structure was designed to recall images of a river, an acknowledgement of its proximity to the Grand River, notable areas include a demonstration lab and on-site cafeteria. The lobby features a 14-foot tall glass sculpture called Life created by Dale Chihuly designed to be a representation of a DNA double helix
8.
Grand Rapids Community College
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Grand Rapids Community College is a community college located in the city of Grand Rapids in the U. S. state of Michigan. GRCC offers a degree, a variety of certification programs, occupational training. GRCC offers more than 5000 classes, seminars, programs and workshops every year, Grand Rapids Junior College was established on September 21,1914, after University of Michigan faculty passed a resolution encouraging the establishment of junior colleges in Michigan. Grand Rapids Junior College was the first junior college in Michigan, the college operated out of Central High School,421 Fountain St. NE, until 1924. The course offerings, based on University of Michigan offerings, were mathematics, history, rhetoric and composition, German, Latin, biology, all of them were focused on college transfer. The colleges first graduating class numbered 49 students, who paid $60 per year for tuition, the following year, to encourage enrollment, tuition was reduced to $40 per year for Grand Rapids residents and $50 for nonresidents. In 1918 Grand Rapids Junior College received its accreditation from the North Central Association of Colleges. In 1944 the college acquired the Main Building from Grand Rapids Public Schools, Grand Rapids Public Schools Superintendent Arthur W. Krause closed Davis Technical High School to save costs and gave the building to Grand Rapids Junior College. It is still called the Main Building today, Grand Rapids Community College has several campuses located throughout West Michigan. GRCCs Main Campus in located in Grand Rapids, Michigan, gRCC’s downtown learning spaces include a Main Campus and DeVos Campus. These campuses are located adjacent to Grand Rapids Medical Mile and Heritage Hill Historic District, due to its location in Downtown Grand Rapids, GRCC is close to local festivals and art shows such as ArtPrize and Festival of the Arts. The downtown campuses are within walking distance to museums, fitness facilities, restaurants, in addition to the main campus, Grand Rapids Community College has the Lakeshore campus in Holland, Michigan. The Lakeshore campus is composed of six different buildings, thompson M-TEC, and Winding Creek Golf Course. An off-campus “Learning Corner” has been added to serve the East Hills, many professors bring their classes to the LLC both for general research and classroom instruction. The library is supported by a staff of thirteen, half of whom hold professional library degrees, study spaces are equipped with modern computer workstations, wireless technology, and flexible seating to facilitate collaboration. Collections include extensive licensed electronic resources and are enhanced through participation in MEL. The colleges teams participate in Michigan Community College Athletic Association competition with the exception of the independent mens tennis team, the school has won 70 MCCAA titles and been awarded the MCCAA All-sports Trophy 13 times. GRCC is a member of the National Junior College Athletic Association and has won numerous NJCAA district, the baseball team has won five NJCAA tournaments and the school has been national runner-up five times in five different sports
9.
Spectrum Health
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Spectrum Health System, commonly known as Spectrum Health, is a not-for-profit, integrated, managed care health care organization based in West Michigan. Spectrum Healths subsidiaries include hospitals, treatment facilities, urgent-care facilities, priority Health is a subsidiary health plan with nearly 600,000 members. The annual payroll and benefits amounted to $734 million in fiscal year 2009, Spectrum Health is Aa3 rated by Moody’s Investors Service, placing it among only 40 health care systems in the country to receive this high rating. Spectrum Health System is recognized as one of the Top 50 Integrated Health Care Networks in the United States, Spectrum Health was formally incorporated on Sept.19,1997, bringing together the resources of Butterworth Health System and Blodgett Memorial Medical Center. It became the largest and most comprehensive health care organization in West Michigan after years of planning, breon was hired to lead the organization as CEO, and sought to form an integrated health care system. In 2011, Spectrum Health implemented a program that integrates medical services, behavioral health care, addiction, a review of 296 patients involved in the program found a 45% reduction in emergency department visits and hospital admissions after 3 months and a 65% reduction after 6 months. Spectrum Health provides inpatient and outpatient services at a variety of locations throughout Michigan, the Spectrum Butterworth Hospital is located in downtown Grand Rapids. Spectrum Health also has a multispecialty physician group, which has more than 300 health care providers serving patients in more than 30 specialties, Spectrum Health Continuing Care is West Michigan’s largest provider of post-acute services, including rehabilitative, long-term acute, home and residential care. Spectrum Health has an air ambulance service, called Aeromed. Spectrum Health provided $79.4 million in community benefit during the 2009 fiscal year, as a system, Spectrum Health has earned more than 100 awards during the past 10 years
10.
Grand Valley State University
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Grand Valley State University is a public liberal arts university located in Allendale, Michigan, United States. The university was established in 1960, and its campus is situated on 1,322 acres approximately 12 miles west of Grand Rapids. Classes are also offered at the universitys growing Robert C, Pew Campus in Downtown Grand Rapids, Meijer Campus in Holland, and through centers at Muskegon and Traverse City established in cooperation with local community colleges. GVSU is a coeducational university serving more than 25,460 students as of fall 2016, from all 83 Michigan counties and dozens of other states. The university currently has alumni residing in all 50 U. S. states, Canada, for the 2010–2011 academic year, GVSU was recognized as a top producer of Fulbright Scholars for masters institutions by The Chronicle of Higher Education. GVSU has also noted for its sustainability efforts, ranking as high as 16th in the world for environment-friendly university management by GreenMetric World University Ranking in 2011. GVSUs NCAA Division II sports teams are called the Lakers, the Lakers have won 16 NCAA Division II National Championships since 2002 in seven different sports. In 1958 the Michigan Legislature commissioned a study demonstrated a need for a four-year college in the Grand Rapids area. Local businessman Bill Seidman created a committee to study the report and spearhead the planning, in the following year the Michigan Legislature established the college. A naming contest was held, and out of 2500 submissions, private donations, including $350,000 to purchase land and $1,000,000 for construction, were secured from 5,000 individuals, organizations, and business throughout West Michigan. Grand Valley State College accepted its first class of 225 students in 1963, the middle-late 1960s saw the addition of the first dormitories and construction of new academic buildings, including the Zumberge Library, named for the universitys first president, James Zumberge. In 1969, the Grand Valley Lanthorn printed an issue containing several vulgarities and obscenities, the university, then a co-ed college, sued the sheriff and prosecutor for closing the Lanthorn offices. Eventually, Michigans Attorney General settled the case out of court, which cited that the Lanthorns content was considered covered by Freedom of Speech. During the 1970s Grand Valley used a multiple college concept, College of Arts and Sciences, Thomas Jefferson College, William James College, Seidman College of Business, former Michigan Governor William Milliken signed into law for the name to be changed to Grand Valley State Colleges in 1973. However the s was dropped and the name was reverted to Grand Valley State College in 1983 when the programs were reorganized into divisions. In 1987 the Michigan Legislature passed a law renaming the college to Grand Valley State University, the 1980s and 1990s saw addition of satellite campuses or centers in downtown Grand Rapids, Muskegon, Holland and Traverse City. The fall semester of 2010 began a celebration of the universitys first 50 years of history. Grand Valley completed its first 50 years with a campaign that raised almost $100 million from over 17,000 donors
11.
Michigan State University
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Michigan State University is a public research university in East Lansing, Michigan, United States. MSU was founded in 1855 and served as a model for land-grant universities later created under the Morrill Act of 1862, the university was founded as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan, one of the countrys first institutions of higher education to teach scientific agriculture. After the introduction of the Morrill Act, the college became coeducational, today, MSU is one of the largest universities in the United States and has approximately 540,000 living alumni worldwide. MSU pioneered the studies of packaging, hospitality business, supply chain management, Michigan State frequently ranks among the top 30 public universities in the United States and the top 100 research universities in the world. U. S. MSU is a member of the Association of American Universities, the universitys campus houses the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, the W. J. The Michigan State Spartans compete in the NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference, Michigan State Spartans football won the Rose Bowl Game in 1954,1956,1988 and 2014, and a total of six national championships. Spartans mens basketball won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000, Spartans ice hockey won NCAA national titles in 1966,1986 and 2007. Classes began on May 13,1857, with three buildings, five faculty members, and 63 male students, the first president, Joseph R. Williams, designed a curriculum that required more scientific study than practically any undergraduate institution of the era. It balanced science, liberal arts, and practical training, the curriculum excluded Latin and Greek studies, since most applicants did not study any classical languages in their rural high schools. However, it did three hours of daily manual labor, which kept costs down for both the students and the College. Despite Williams innovations and his defense of education for the masses and they forced him to resign in 1859 and reduced the curriculum to a two-year vocational program. In 1860, Williams became acting lieutenant governor and helped pass the Reorganization Act of 1861 and this gave the college a four-year curriculum and the power to grant masters degrees. Under the act, a newly created body, known as the State Board of Agriculture, the college changed its name to State Agricultural College, and its first class graduated in the same year. As the Civil War had begun, there was no time for a graduation ceremony. The first alumni enlisted to the Union Army, Williams died, and the following year, Abraham Lincoln signed the First Morrill Act of 1862 to support similar colleges, making the Michigan school a national model. Shortly thereafter, on March 18,1863, the designated the college its land-grant institution making Michigan State University one of the nations first land-grant college. The college first admitted women in 1870, although at that time there were no female residence halls, the few women who enrolled boarded with faculty families or made the arduous stagecoach trek from Lansing. From the early days, female students took the same scientific agriculture courses as male students
12.
Jay Van Andel
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Jay Van Andel was an American businessman, best known as co-founder of the Amway Corporation, along with Richard DeVos. He also served as chairman of the U. S. Chamber of Commerce from 1979 to 1980 and he was also known for funding religious missions and conservative political causes, including the Republican Party. In 1949, Van Andel and DeVos became distributors of Nutrilite dietary supplements and they added cleaning products including Liquid Organic Cleaner, to their core line of products in 1958. In 1959, the “American Way Association” began in the basements of the Van Andel and DeVos homes, a converted service station became Amway’s first outside office building in 1960. Today, Amway is a direct selling multinational company that sells a variety of health, beauty, in 1996, Van Andel founded Van Andel Institute with his wife Betty. The 501 nonprofit organization is located in Grand Rapids, Michigan and focuses on disease research, researchers look for ways to better diagnose and treat diseases, primarily cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons. Education programs seek to inspire and prepare students to become the next generation of researchers, from 1985, Van Andel was a member of the Heritage Foundation, and was at the time of his death a trustee of the traditionally conservative Hillsdale College. A strong supporter of the Republican Party, Van Andel contributed $2 million to the campaign of President George W. Bush. He was noted for his friendship with former President Gerald R. Ford, a native of Grand Rapids, who lamented his death and called him a family man. Steve Forbes wrote about Van Andel, Whether in business or philanthropy, Van Andel understood that the goal was to serve the needs. He exmplified the best of America, Jay Van Andel served as a director of the Gerald R. Ford Foundation. In addition to Amway, Van Andel pursued many business ventures throughout his life. He served as chairman of the U. S. Chamber of Commerce and he was particularly interested in leaving his mark on the city of Grand Rapids, and his name appears on landmarks throughout the city. After purchasing the 65-year-old Pantlind Hotel in 1978, he and DeVos had it rebuilt with a 29-story tower and he donated substantial funds to build the Van Andel Museum Center to house the Grand Rapids Public Museum in 1994. He donated $11.5 million towards the $75 million cost of Van Andel Arena downtown, a member of the Christian Reformed Church, Van Andel had a lifelong interest in Christian causes. Van Andel and his wife Betty both died in 2004, Betty had Alzheimers disease, and Jay had Parkinsons and this article contains content from HierarchyPedia article Jay Van Andel, used here under the GNU Free Documentation License
13.
Auditorium
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An auditorium is a room built to enable an audience to hear and watch performances at venues such as theatres. For movie theatres, the number of auditoriums is expressed as the number of screens, auditoria can be found in entertainment venues, community halls, and theaters, and may be used for rehearsal, presentation, performing arts productions, or as a learning space. The audience in a theatre are usually separated from the performers by the proscenium arch. The price charged for seats in each part of the auditorium usually varies according to the quality of the view of the stage. The seating areas can include some or all of the following, Stalls, orchestra or arena, balconies or galleries, one or more raised seating platforms towards the rear of the auditorium. In larger theatres, multiple levels are stacked vertically above or behind the stalls, the first level is usually called the dress circle or grand circle. The highest platform, or upper circle is known as the gods, especially in large opera houses, where the seats can be very high. Boxes, generally placed immediately to the front, side and above the level of the stage and they are often separate rooms with an open viewing area which generally seat only a handful of people. These seats are considered the most prestigious of the house. A state box or royal box is provided for dignitaries. Seating arrangement, Seating arrangements in a seating layout will either be identified as “multiple-aisle” or “continental. ”These terms are commonly found in design standards manuals, building codes. Each size is unique, with specific guidelines governing row size, row spacing, basically, a multiple-aisle arrangement will have a maximum of 14-16 chairs per row with access to an aisle-way at both ends. In a continental arrangement, all seats are located in a central section, here the maximum quantity of chairs per row can greatly exceed the limits established in a multiple-aisle arrangement. In order to compensate for the length of rows allowed, building codes will require wider row spacing, wider aisles. Although it would seem like more space is called for, a seating plan is often not any less efficient than a multiple-aisle arrangement. In fact, if it’s carefully planned, an arrangement can frequently accommodate more seating within the same space. In other countries, sports venues have luxury boxes, where access is open to anyone who can afford tickets, auditorium Building List of concert halls Music venue Noise mitigation Smoking ban Concert hall acoustics on-line exhibition
14.
Bond (finance)
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In finance, a bond is an instrument of indebtedness of the bond issuer to the holders. The most common types of bonds include municipal bonds and corporate bonds, interest is usually payable at fixed intervals. Very often the bond is negotiable, that is, the ownership of the instrument can be transferred in the secondary market and this means that once the transfer agents at the bank medallion stamp the bond, it is highly liquid on the second market. Thus, a bond is a form of loan or IOU, the holder of the bond is the lender, the issuer of the bond is the borrower, and the coupon is the interest. Bonds provide the borrower with funds to finance long-term investments, or, in the case of government bonds. Certificates of deposit or short term commercial paper are considered to be money market instruments and not bonds, the main difference is in the length of the term of the instrument. Bonds and stocks are both securities, but the difference between the two is that stockholders have an equity stake in the company, whereas bondholders have a creditor stake in the company. Being a creditor, bondholders have priority over stockholders and this means they will be repaid in advance of stockholders, but will rank behind secured creditors in the event of bankruptcy. Another difference is that usually have a defined term, or maturity, after which the bond is redeemed. An exception is a bond, such as a consol, which is a perpetuity, that is. Bonds are issued by authorities, credit institutions, companies. The most common process for issuing bonds is through underwriting, when a bond issue is underwritten, one or more securities firms or banks, forming a syndicate, buy the entire issue of bonds from the issuer and re-sell them to investors. The security firm takes the risk of being unable to sell on the issue to end investors. Primary issuance is arranged by bookrunners who arrange the bond issue, have contact with investors and act as advisers to the bond issuer in terms of timing. The bookrunner is listed first among all participating in the issuance in the tombstone ads commonly used to announce bonds to the public. The bookrunners willingness to underwrite must be discussed prior to any decision on the terms of the issue as there may be limited demand for the bonds. In contrast, government bonds are issued in an auction. In some cases, both members of the public and banks may bid for bonds, in other cases, only market makers may bid for bonds
15.
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
16.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design is one of the most popular green building certification programs used worldwide. Developed by the non-profit U. S. LEED also has grown from six volunteers on one committee to 119,924 staff, volunteers, LEED standards have been applied to approximately 83,452 registered and certified LEED projects worldwide, covering around 13.8 billion square feet. Many U. S. federal agencies and states and local governments require or reward LEED certification, however, four states have effectively banned the use of LEED in new public buildings, preferring other industry standards that the USGBC considers too lax. Proposals to modify the LEED standards are offered and publicly reviewed by USGBCs member organizations, GBCI also certifies projects pursuing LEED. LEED has evolved since 1998 to more accurately represent and incorporate emerging green building technologies, the pilot version, LEED New Construction v1.0, led to LEED NCv2.0, LEED NCv2.2 in 2005, and LEED2009 in 2009. LEED v4 was introduced in November,2013, until October 31,2016, new projects may choose between LEED2009 and LEED v4. New projects registering after October 31,2016 must use LEED v4, LEED2009 encompasses ten rating systems for the design, construction and operation of buildings, homes and neighborhoods. Five overarching categories correspond to the available under the LEED professional program. Up to 10 additional points may be earned, four points may be received for Regional Priority Credits. Its owner must share data on the energy and water use for five years after occupancy or date of certification. Each of the categories also have mandatory measures in each category. The weighting process has three steps, A collection of buildings are used to estimate the environmental impacts of any building seeking LEED certification in a designated rating scheme. NIST weightings are used to judge the importance of these impacts in each category. Data regarding actual impacts on environmental and human health are used to assign points to individual categories and measures and this system results in a weighted average for each rating scheme based upon actual impacts and the relative importance of those impacts to human health and environmental quality. The LEED council also appears to have assigned credit and measure weighting based upon the market implications of point allocation, in 2003, the Canada Green Building Council received permission to create LEED Canada-NC v1.0, which was based upon LEED-NC2.0. Many buildings in Canada are LEED certified in part due to their Rainwater harvesting practices, LEED certification is granted by the Green Building Certification Institute, which handles the third-party verification of a projects compliance with the LEED requirements. The certification process for design teams is made up of two applications, one including design credits, and one including construction credits. All of the LEED credits in each rating system are assigned to either the design application or the construction application, the design credits include those that are the purview of the architect and the engineer, and are documented in the official construction drawings
17.
Butterworth Hospital (Michigan)
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Butterworth Hospital is a hospital in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Marks Home and Hospital, the current Butterworth Hospital is a subsidiary of Spectrum Health, the hospital is a teaching affiliate of the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine. The emergency department is a level I trauma center for adults and pediatrics
18.
Trauma center
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A trauma center is a hospital equipped and staffed to provide care for patients suffering from major traumatic injuries such as falls, motor vehicle collisions, or gunshot wounds. A trauma center may also refer to a department without the presence of specialized services to care for victims of major trauma. Official designation as a center is determined by individual state law provisions. Trauma centers vary in their capabilities and are identified by Level designation, Level-I being the highest. Lower levels of trauma centers may only be able to provide care and stabilization of a traumatic injury. The operation of a center is extremely expensive. Some areas—especially rural regions—are under-served by trauma centers because of this expense, as there is no way to schedule the need for emergency services, patient traffic at trauma centers can vary widely. A variety of methods have developed for dealing with this. A trauma center will often have a helipad for receiving patients that have been airlifted to the hospital, the trauma level certification can directly affect the patients outcome and determine if the patient needs to be transferred to a higher level trauma center. By 1947, the hospital had three teams, each including two surgeons and an anaesthesiologist, and a burns team with three surgeons. The hospital became part of the National Health Service on its formation in July 1948, according to the CDC, injuries are the leading cause of death for American children and adults ages 1–44. The leading causes of trauma are motor vehicle collisions, falls, in the United States, Drs. Robert J. Baker and Robet J. Freeark established the first civilian Shock Trauma Unit at Cook County Hospital in Chicago, IL on March 16,1966. The R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center is one of the first shock trauma centers in the world, Cook County Hospital in Chicago trauma center. Dr. David R. Boyd interned at Cook County Hospital from 1963 to 1964 before being drafted into the United States Army. Upon his release from the Army, Dr. Boyd became the first shock-trauma fellow at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Boyd returned to Cook County Hospital, where he would later serve as resident director of the Cook County Trauma Unit. In the United States, trauma centers are ranked by the American College of Surgeons, the different levels refer to the types of resources available in a trauma center and the number of patients admitted yearly. These are categories that define national standards for care in hospitals. Level I and Level II designations are also given adult and or pediatric designations, additionally, some states have their own trauma-center rankings separate from the ACS
19.
Meijer
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Meijer, Inc. is a regional American supercenter chain with its corporate headquarters in Walker, Michigan, in the Grand Rapids metropolitan area. Founded in 1934 as a chain, Meijer is credited with pioneering the modern supercenter concept in 1962. About half of the companys 200 stores are located in Michigans Lower Peninsula, with locations in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin. Meijer has no affiliation with Fred Meyer, the chain was ranked No.19 on Forbes 2015 list of Americas Largest Private Companies and 19 in Fortunes 2008 The 35 largest U. S. private companies. In 2016, Supermarket News ranked Meijer No.15 in the 2016 Top 75 U. S, & Canadian Food Retailers & Wholesalers. Based on 2015 revenue, Meijer is the 26th-largest retailer in the United States, Meijer was founded as Meijers in Greenville, Michigan, by Hendrik Meijer, a Dutch immigrant. Meijer was a barber who entered the grocery business during the Great Depression. His first employees included his 14-year-old son, Frederik Meijer, who became chairman of the company. The current co-chairmen, brothers Hank and Doug Meijer, are Hendriks grandsons, after studying trends in the grocery industry, Meijer was among the first stores to offer self-service shopping and shopping carts. He also offered staple items, such as vinegar, at bargain prices, the Greenville store went successfully, and additional Meijer groceries were opened in Ionia and Cedar Springs. By the 1960s, the company had two dozen stores located throughout West Michigan. In 1949, the first two Meijer stores opened in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in a contest, a customer suggests the name Thrifty for Meijers little Dutch boy, who becomes the corporate symbol for the next 30 years. In 1962, Meijer launched its modern format, with a store at the corner of 28th Street, at a size of 180,000 square feet, it combined grocery shopping and department store shopping in a single large store. The store was built with six-inch thick floors, so should the concept fail, New stores were built in the same manner until the mid-1970s, when an architect mentioned the extra cost to management. The second such store opened in Norton Shores later that year, followed by two more in 1964, one on Alpine Avenue in Walker, Michigan, and one on Westnedge Avenue in Portage, Michigan. This was followed by the first Mid-Michigan location in Delta Charter Township, Michigan, in 1966, Fred Meijer took over the company upon his fathers death in 1964. Under his leadership, the Thrifty Acres stores became a success and were renamed Meijer in 1986, Meijers stand-alone grocery operations continued until the early 1990s, as the larger stores became dominant. In 1985, Forbes magazine reported Wal-Mart at the time had failed in what were known as hypermarkets because Sam Walton
20.
East Grand Rapids, Michigan
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East Grand Rapids is a city in Kent County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The city is located in the Grand Rapids metropolitan area and is located on the shores of Reeds Lake, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 10,694. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.40 square miles. Reeds Lake and Fisk Lake comprise most of the water area, as of the census of 2010, there were 10,694 people,3,818 households, and 3,009 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,649.8 inhabitants per square mile, there were 3,977 housing units at an average density of 1,357.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 4% White,1. 1% African American,0. 1% Native American,1. 5% Asian,0. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 5% of the population. 17. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.21. The median age in the city was 39.8 years. 31. 6% of residents were under the age of 18, 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 5% were from 25 to 44,31. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 3% male and 51. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 10,764 people,3,835 households, and 3,021 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,678.0 per square mile, there were 3,940 housing units at an average density of 1,346.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 99% White,0. 98% African American,0. 13% Native American,0. 99% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 32% from other races, and 0. 59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 85% of the population,18. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the family size was 3.23. In the city, the population was out with 32. 5% under the age of 18,4. 6% from 18 to 24,27. 4% from 25 to 44,25. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.7 males, the median income for a household in the city was $84,772, and the median income for a family was $98,967. Males had an income of $66,528 versus $42,383 for females
21.
Helen DeVos Children's Hospital
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Helen DeVos Childrens Hospital is a pediatric hospital in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and a division of Spectrum Health. It is named for Helen DeVos, wife of Amway founder Richard DeVos, the hospital offers 40 pediatric specialty services. Magnet Recognition status by the American Nurses Credentialing Center 2009. S. to receive this recognition, the hospital built a state-of-the-art 14 story childrens hospital at 100 Michigan St. NE in downtown Grand Rapids. The building opened January 11,2011, in 2008, the hospital implemented a collaborative program with Priority Health called the Childrens Healthcare Access Program that provides children enrolled in Medicaid more access to primary care
22.
Fremont, Michigan
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Fremont is a city in Newaygo County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 4,081 at the 2010 census, the first inhabitants of the Fremont area were Native Americans. A group of settlers led by Daniel Weaver first settled the area in 1855, in November 1855, Fremont Township was established and named in honor of John C. Fremont, western explorer and Republican Party candidate for United States President, Weaver and his fellow settlers cleared the dense timber in order to farm. Early in the 1870s, Dutch immigrant families came from Holland and Muskegon, Michigan, due to rich stands of virgin timber, lumbering became a major industry, and a railroad spur soon linked Fremont to the national rail network. The lumbering industry declined in the 1860s because of the American Civil War, nevertheless, Fremont rebuilt and was even able to supply some lumber to rebuild Chicago after the Great Fire of 1871. Also in the mid-1870s, the Gerber family moved to Fremont, in the 1890s the Gerbers began processing local farm produce and formed the Fremont Canning Company. In 1928 the plant started to manufacture baby foods, and the changed its name to Gerber Products Company. Gerber now controls over 80% of the U. S. baby food market, and the plant produces baby food for over 20 foreign countries. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.72 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,081 people,1,781 households, the population density was 1,193.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,968 housing units at a density of 575.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 5% White,0. 5% African American,0. 3% Native American,1. 1% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,2. 2% from other races, and 1. 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 6% of the population,33. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the family size was 2.88. The median age in the city was 39.5 years. 25. 1% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 8% were from 25 to 44,24. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 19. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44. 7% male and 55. 3% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,224 people,1,788 households, and 1,140 families residing in the city
23.
Gerber Products Company
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Gerber Products Company is a purveyor of baby food and baby products. A formerly American-owned company headquartered in Fremont, Michigan, Gerber is now a subsidiary of Nestlé Group and its subsidiary, Gerber Life Insurance Company, is headquartered in White Plains, New York. Gerber was founded in 1927 in Fremont, Michigan, by Daniel Frank Gerber, owner of the Fremont Canning Company, at the suggestion of a pediatrician, Gerbers wife, Dorothy, began making hand-strained food for their seven-month-old daughter, Sally. Recognising a business opportunity, Gerber began making baby food, by 1928 he had developed five products for the market, beef vegetable soup and strained peas, prunes, carrots, and spinach. Six months later, Gerbers baby foods were distributed nationwide, the brand eventually became a major company in the baby food industry, offering more than 190 products in 80 countries, with labeling in 16 languages. Its primary competitors are Beech-Nut and Del Monte Foods, but Gerber controls 83 percent of the food market in the United States. In 1994 Gerber merged with Sandoz Laboratories, two years later, Sandoz merged with CIBA-Geigy to form Novartis, one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. In 2007 Gerber was sold to Nestlé for $5.5 billion, some believe that Dorothy Gerber was the initial inspiration behind their baby food products. Legend has it that she came home one day after a visit to her infant daughters pediatrician toiling in the kitchen straining fruits, a different interpretation of the story is that he was frustrated and upset having come home to find his wife looking strained and miserable in the kitchen. Not wanting to exchange his wife for this kitchen-bound monstrosity. In 1960 Gerber started selling its food in glass jars. Soon after, other such as pacifiers, baby bottles. In 2003 Gerber partially replaced the glass jars with plastic tubs for vegetables, other fruits and meats are still sold in jars. In 1967 executives at Gerber Products decided to offer a line of insurance products aimed at young families. Today, the Gerber Life Insurance Company is one of the largest purveyors of direct-marketed life insurance in the United States, Gerber Life currently has more than two million life insurance policies in force, with more than $650 million in assets. The companys term and whole life insurance products for adults and children are available in the United States, Puerto Rico, Gerber Life currently has an A rating with independent rating entity AM Best, the third-highest rating out of thirteen categories. Early in the 1990s, Gerber tried to enter into the food market with a Sugar Free Vanilla Custard flavor. The product did not see as much demand as expected, so it was dropped after a few years, Gerber also began to produce juices, which are still being sold as of March 2009
24.
Neonatal
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An infant is the more formal or specialised synonym for baby, the very young offspring of a human or other animal. A newborn is, in use, an infant who is only hours, days. In medical contexts, newborn or neonate refers to an infant in the first 28 days after birth, the term applies to premature, full term, and postmature infants, before birth, the term fetus is used. The term infant is typically applied to children under one year of age, however, definitions may vary. When a human child learns to walk, the toddler may be used instead. In British English, infant is a term that can be applied to children aged between four and seven. As a legal term, infancy continues from birth until age 18, a newborns shoulders and hips are wide, the abdomen protrudes slightly, and the arms and legs are relatively long with respect to the rest of their body. In first world nations, the total body length of newborns are 35. 6–50.8 cm. The Apgar score is a measure of a transition from the uterus during the first minutes after birth. In developed countries, the birth weight of a full-term newborn is approximately 3.4 kg. After the first week, healthy term neonates should gain 10–20 grams/day, a newborns head is very large in proportion to the body, and the cranium is enormous relative to his or her face. While the adult human skull is one seventh of the total body length. Normal head circumference for an infant is 33–36 cm at birth. At birth, many regions of the skull have not yet been converted to bone. The two largest are the anterior fontanel, located at the top front portion of the head, and the smaller triangular-shaped posterior fontanel. Later in the life, these bones will fuse together in a natural process. A protein called noggin is responsible for the delay in an infants skull fusion, during labour and birth, the infants skull changes shape to fit through the birth canal, sometimes causing the child to be born with a misshapen or elongated head. It will usually return to normal on its own within a few days or weeks, special exercises sometimes advised by physicians may assist the process
25.
Richard DeVos
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Richard Marvin DeVos Sr. is an American businessman, co-founder of Amway along with Jay Van Andel, and owner of the Orlando Magic NBA basketball team. In 2012, Forbes magazine listed him as the 60th wealthiest person in the United States, at one point, he was one of the 10 wealthiest Americans. DeVos was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the son of Ethel Ruth and Simon Cornelius DeVos and he was educated at Calvin College and is a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon Fraternity. He served in the military in World War II in the United States Army Air Corps, books written by him include Compassionate Capitalism and Hope From My Heart, Ten Lessons For Life. The latter reflects his feelings after successfully undergoing a heart transplant operation in 1997 and this was preceded by two heart-bypass operations in 1983 and 1992. In 1975, DeVos published a book about his success, co-authored with Charles Paul Conn, DeVos is the owner of the NBA team Orlando Magic, having bought the team in 1991. DeVos bought the Magic for $85 million and he became interested in the team after an unsuccessful effort to acquire a Major League Baseball expansion franchise for Orlando. In 2011, it was announced that DeVos planned to revive the Solar Bears as a franchise for the ECHL. The new franchise took the ice in October 2012, DeVos asked Orange County, Florida, to help pay for the Orlando Magics new arena using county funds and Dema Stobells Corporation money. Amway pays for the rights to Amway Center. The use of money was controversial. He sat on the board of trustees of Northwood University and has been president of the Council for National Policy and he currently serves on the board of trustees of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, which is a museum dedicated to the U. S. Constitution. Additionally, he sits on the board of Christian Leaders Institute. DeVos co-founded the Christian Leaders Institute with Henry Reyenga Jr. with his wife, Helen June, DeVos is a winner of the William E. Simon Prize for Philanthropic Leadership. He co-founded the Richard and Helen DeVos Foundation, an American conservative foundation and it is based in Grand Rapids, MI. The DeVoses are known in their philanthropy for contributing to historic causes like Mount Vernon, according to the DeVoses, however, the center core of their giving is local. A focus of our philanthropy has always been our home area and we want to create an atmosphere for everyone to improve their circumstances while advancing our community, whether through Christian compassion, education, health care, or the arts. The DeVoses have given money to organizations ranging from schools to the regional symphony
26.
Pediatric
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Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents, and the age limit usually ranges from birth up to 18-21 years of age. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician, the word pediatrics and its cognates mean healer of children, they derive from two Greek words, παῖς and ἰατρός. Pediatricians work both in hospitals, particularly working in its specialized subfields such as neonatology, and as primary care physicians. Pediatrics is known as a new modern medicine in the society today, hippocrates, Aristotle, Celsus, Soranus, and Galen, understood the differences in growing and maturing organisms that necessitated different treatment, Ex toto non sic pueri ut viri curari debent. Some of the oldest traces of pediatrics can be discovered in Ancient India where childrens doctors were called kumara bhrtya, sushruta Samhita an ayurvedic text, composed during the sixth century BC contains the text about pediatrics. Another ayurvedic text from this period is Kashyapa Samhita, a second century AD manuscript by the Greek physician and gynecologist Soranus of Ephesus dealt with neonatal pediatrics. Byzantine physicians Oribasius, Aëtius of Amida, Alexander Trallianus, islamic writers served as a bridge for Greco-Roman and Byzantine medicine and added ideas of their own, especially Haly Abbas, Serapion, Avicenna, and Averroes. The Persian scholar and doctor al-Razi published a treatise on diseases among children. The first book about pediatrics was Libellus de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium 1472 and he was born in Germany, where he received his medical training, but later practiced in New York City. The first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the Hôpital des Enfants Malades, in 1852 Britains first pediatric hospital, the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Streets. The first Childrens hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in Edinburgh, in the US, the first similar institutions were the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, which opened in 1855, and then Boston Childrens Hospital. The body size differences are paralleled by maturation changes, the smaller body of an infant or neonate is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and developmental issues are of concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians. A common adage is that children are not simply little adults, the clinician must take into account the immature physiology of the infant or child when considering symptoms, prescribing medications, and diagnosing illnesses. A major difference between the practice of pediatric and adult medicine is that children, in most jurisdictions and with certain exceptions, the issues of guardianship, privacy, legal responsibility and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. Pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances. The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world, depending on jurisdiction and university, a medical degree course may be either undergraduate-entry or graduate-entry. The former commonly takes five or six years, and has been usual in the Commonwealth, entrants to graduate-entry courses, usually lasting four or five years, have previously completed a three- or four-year university degree, commonly but by no means always in sciences
27.
Clinical trial
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Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research. Clinical trials generate data on safety and efficacy and they are conducted only after they have received health authority/ethics committee approval in the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial – their approval does not mean that the therapy is safe or effective, only that the trial may be conducted. Clinical trials can vary in size and cost, and they can involve a research center or multiple centers. Clinical study design aims to ensure the validity and reproducibility of the results. Trials can be costly, depending on a number of factors. The sponsor may be an organization or a pharmaceutical, biotechnology or medical device company. Certain functions necessary to the trial, such as monitoring and lab work, may be managed by an outsourced partner, only 10 percent of all drugs started in human clinical trials become an approved drug. Some clinical trials involve healthy subjects with no pre-existing medical conditions, other clinical trials pertain to patients with specific health conditions who are willing to try an experimental treatment. When participants are healthy volunteers who receive financial incentives, the goals are different than when the participants are sick, during dosing periods, study subjects typically remain under supervision for one to 40 nights. Usually pilot experiments are conducted to gain insights for design of the trial to follow. There are two goals to testing medical treatments, to whether they work well enough, called efficacy or effectiveness. The benefits must outweigh the risks, in the US, the elderly constitute only 14 percent of the population, while they consume over one-third of drugs. Women, children and people with unrelated medical conditions are frequently excluded. For women, a reason for exclusion is the possibility of pregnancy. If the sponsor cannot obtain enough test subjects at one location investigators at other locations are recruited to join the study, during the trial, investigators recruit subjects with the predetermined characteristics, administer the treatment and collect data on the subjects health for a defined time period. The researchers send the data to the sponsor, who then analyzes the pooled data using statistical tests. Except for small, single-location trials, the design and objectives are specified in a document called a clinical trial protocol
28.
Brownfield land
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Land that is more severely contaminated and has high concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution, such as a Superfund site, does not fall under the brownfield classification. After clean up, such an area can become a community park or business development, the term brownfields first came into use on June 28,1992, at a U. S. congressional field hearing hosted by the Northeast Midwest Congressional Coalition. Also in 1992, the first detailed analysis of the issue was convened by the Cuyahoga County Planning Commission. The United States Environmental Protection Agency selected Cuyahoga County as its first brownfield pilot project in September 1993, the term applies more generally to previously used land or to sections of industrial or commercial facilities that are to be upgraded. Brownfield land is an area of previously used or built upon, as opposed to greenfield land. Land that is severely contaminated and has high concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution, such as a Superfund site. Mothballed brownfields are properties that the owners are not willing to transfer or put to productive reuse, Brownfield status is a legal designation which places restrictions, conditions or incentives on redevelopment and use on the site. In the United Kingdom, the term brownfield has a meaning roughly equivalent to the American usage described above, i. e. vacant or derelict land or property. In terms of British Town and Country Planning, however, the meaning of brownfield is more complex, small brownfields also may be found in older residential neighborhoods, as for example dry cleaning establishments or gas stations produced high levels of subsurface contaminants. Typical contaminants found on contaminated brownfield land include hydrocarbon spillages, solvents, pesticides, heavy metals such as lead, tributyl tins, old maps may assist in identifying areas to be tested. The primary issue facing all nations involved in attracting and sustaining new uses to brownfield sites is that industries are globally oriented and this directly affects brownfield reuse, such as limiting the effective economic life of the use on the revitalized sites. United States estimates suggest there are over 500,000 brownfield sites contaminated at levels below the Superfund caliber in the country, the Clinton-Gore administration and US EPA launched a series of brownfield policies and programs in 1993 to tackle this problem. Canada has an estimated 200,000 contaminated sites across the nation, the provincial governments have primary responsibility for brownfields. The provinces´ legal mechanisms for managing risk are limited, as there are no tools such as No Further Action letters to property owners finality and certainty in the cleanup. Yet, Canada has cleaned up sites and attracted investment to contaminated lands such as the Moncton rail yards, a strip of the Texaco lands in Mississauga is slated to be part of the Waterfront Trail. However, Imperial Oil has no plans to sell the 75-acre property which has been vacant since the 1980s.9 billion. The report listed significant sites called the Big Five with a liability of $1.8 billion, Faro mine, Colomac Mine, Giant Mine, Cape Dyer-DEW line, the Port Hope, Ontario site has a liability of $1 billion. By 2010 it was projected that it would cost well over a billion dollars for the remediation project
29.
Metro Health Hospital
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Metro Health Hospital is a LEED certified hospital located in Wyoming, Michigan off of M-6 near U. S. Route 131. Located within the Metro Health Village, it is the hospital for Metro Health, University of Michigan Health. It serves more than 130,000 people in the Grand Rapids Metropolitan Area and is one of the hospitals in the area that is not located in or near the Grand Rapids Medical Mile. In the 1940s, Louis M. Monger, a physician who had been working at the Detroit Osteopathic Hospital, sought to introduce osteopathic care to the residents of Grand Rapids. Monger and a group of osteopathic physicians decided to set aside their personal resources to create a dedicated to holistic care. It was decided to purchase the home of the bishop serving for the Diocese of Grand Rapids at 1225 Lake Drive in Grand Rapids, MI. The hospitals first patient was Louisa Porcelli, wife of the hospitals Secretary-Treasurer James V. Porcelli, DO, Louisa had to be carried up the stairs and placed in the only functioning room in the hospital. In 1958, the Grand Rapids Osteopathic Hospital moved to 1919 Boston SE Grand Rapids, the hospital was originally equipped with only 28 beds. By the late 1970s, the hospital had grown to include over 200 beds, after decades of growth, the hospital was renamed Metropolitan Hospital so it could be represent the multiple specialties now working with patients. By the 1990s, Metropolitan Hospital was seeking to expand, in May 1999, a $40 million proposal to expand that included the purchase and destruction of 55 homes in the area was opposed by residents in the area. By October 2000, Spectrum Health was expanding throughout the area while the hospital still lacked neighborhood support, on March 12,2001, it was announced that the hospital was attempting to purchase 150 acres in Wyoming, MI to create a health care village. The decision was made after years of remaining landlocked on its 17 acre property in Grand Rapids with residents denying expansion, the site was located near three major freeways, M-6, U. S.131 and I-196, situated among the growing suburban area outside of Grand Rapids. It was chosen after studying population growth patterns and because of its size, in 2009, the University of Michigan Health System and the Metro Health Cancer Center initially began a partnership with cancer treatment. Over time, clinical relationships began to develop between the two entities, on December 15,2016, Metro Health officially announced its affiliation with the University of Michigan Health System. With the University of Michigan Health System having some of the most advanced resources and expertise in the United States, Metro Health Hospital has an emergency department, child birth services, neurosciences, medical care, surgical care, intensive care, and diagnostic/imaging services. Its specialty services include cardiac care, stroke center, joint replacement, inpatient rehabilitation, assisted breathing center, sports medicine and wound care
30.
Computer
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A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The ability of computers to follow a sequence of operations, called a program, such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. The Internet is run on computers and it millions of other computers. Since ancient times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations, early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century, the first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The speed, power, and versatility of computers has increased continuously and dramatically since then, conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit, and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing, peripheral devices include input devices, output devices, and input/output devices that perform both functions. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and this usage of the term referred to a person who carried out calculations or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century, from the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the first attested use of computer in the 1640s, one who calculates, the Online Etymology Dictionary states that the use of the term to mean calculating machine is from 1897. The Online Etymology Dictionary indicates that the use of the term. 1945 under this name, theoretical from 1937, as Turing machine, devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick, later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers. The use of counting rods is one example, the abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, the Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog computer, according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions and it was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC
31.
Laboratory
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A laboratory is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Laboratories used for scientific research take many forms because of the requirements of specialists in the various fields of science. A physics laboratory might contain a particle accelerator or vacuum chamber, a chemist or biologist might use a wet laboratory, while a psychologists laboratory might be a room with one-way mirrors and hidden cameras in which to observe behavior. In some laboratories, such as commonly used by computer scientists. Scientists in other fields will use other types of laboratories. Engineers use laboratories as well to design, build, and test technological devices, scientific laboratories can be found as research and learning spaces in schools and universities, industry, government, or military facilities, and even aboard ships and spacecraft. Early instances of laboratories recorded in English involved alchemy and the preparation of medicines, larger or more sophisticated equipment is generally called a scientific instrument. Both laboratory equipment and scientific instruments are increasingly being designed and shared using open hardware principles, open source labs use open source scientific hardware. The title of laboratory is used for certain other facilities where the processes or equipment used are similar to those in scientific laboratories. In many labs, though, hazards are present, in laboratories where dangerous conditions might exist, safety precautions are important. Rules exist to minimize the risk, and safety equipment is used to protect the lab user from injury or to assist in responding to an emergency. This standard is referred to as the Laboratory Standard. Under this standard, a laboratory is required to produce a Chemical Hygiene Plan which addresses the specific hazards found in its location, the CHP must be reviewed annually. Many schools and businesses employ safety, health, and environmental specialists, such as a Chemical Hygiene Officer to develop, manage, and evaluate their CHP. Additionally, third party review is used to provide an objective outside view which provides a fresh look at areas. An important element of such audits is the review of regulatory compliance, training is critical to the ongoing safe operation of the laboratory facility. Educators, staff and management must be engaged in working to reduce the likelihood of accidents, injuries, efforts are made to ensure laboratory safety videos are both relevant and engaging. The dictionary definition of laboratory at Wiktionary Media related to Laboratory at Wikimedia Commons Nobel Laureates Interactive 360° Laboratories
32.
Biology
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Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain unifying concepts within it that consolidate it into single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity. It is also understood today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable, the term biology is derived from the Greek word βίος, bios, life and the suffix -λογία, -logia, study of. The Latin-language form of the term first appeared in 1736 when Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus used biologi in his Bibliotheca botanica, the first German use, Biologie, was in a 1771 translation of Linnaeus work. In 1797, Theodor Georg August Roose used the term in the preface of a book, karl Friedrich Burdach used the term in 1800 in a more restricted sense of the study of human beings from a morphological, physiological and psychological perspective. The science that concerns itself with these objects we will indicate by the biology or the doctrine of life. Although modern biology is a recent development, sciences related to. Natural philosophy was studied as early as the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indian subcontinent, however, the origins of modern biology and its approach to the study of nature are most often traced back to ancient Greece. While the formal study of medicine back to Hippocrates, it was Aristotle who contributed most extensively to the development of biology. Especially important are his History of Animals and other works where he showed naturalist leanings, and later more empirical works that focused on biological causation and the diversity of life. Aristotles successor at the Lyceum, Theophrastus, wrote a series of books on botany that survived as the most important contribution of antiquity to the plant sciences, even into the Middle Ages. Scholars of the medieval Islamic world who wrote on biology included al-Jahiz, Al-Dīnawarī, who wrote on botany, biology began to quickly develop and grow with Anton van Leeuwenhoeks dramatic improvement of the microscope. It was then that scholars discovered spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria, investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and helped to develop the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and staining. Advances in microscopy also had a impact on biological thinking. In the early 19th century, a number of biologists pointed to the importance of the cell. Thanks to the work of Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow, however, meanwhile, taxonomy and classification became the focus of natural historians
33.
Outline of physical science
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Physical science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science. It in turn has many branches, each referred to as a physical science, in natural science, hypotheses must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as review and repeatability of findings, are amongst the criteria. Natural science can be broken into two branches, life science, for example biology and physical science. Each of these branches, and all of their sub-branches, are referred to as natural sciences, physics – natural and physical science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves. Branches of astronomy Chemistry – studies the composition, structure, properties, branches of chemistry Earth science – all-embracing term referring to the fields of science dealing with planet Earth. Earth science is the study of how the natural environment works and it includes the study of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Branches of Earth science History of physical science – history of the branch of science that studies non-living systems. It in turn has many branches, each referred to as a physical science, however, the term physical creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena. History of astrodynamics – history of the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to the problems concerning the motion of rockets. History of astrometry – history of the branch of astronomy that involves precise measurements of the positions and movements of stars, History of cosmology – history of the discipline that deals with the nature of the Universe as a whole. History of physical cosmology – history of the study of the largest-scale structures, History of planetary science – history of the scientific study of planets, moons, and planetary systems, in particular those of the Solar System and the processes that form them. History of neurophysics – history of the branch of biophysics dealing with the nervous system, History of chemical physics – history of the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics. History of computational physics – history of the study and implementation of algorithms to solve problems in physics for which a quantitative theory already exists. History of condensed matter physics – history of the study of the properties of condensed phases of matter. History of cryogenics – history of the cryogenics is the study of the production of low temperature. History of biomechanics – history of the study of the structure and function of biological systems such as humans, animals, plants, organs, History of fluid mechanics – history of the study of fluids and the forces on them
34.
Cadaver
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A cadaver, also called corpse in medical, literary, and legal usage, or when intended for dissection, is a deceased body. Observation of the stages of decomposition can help determine how long a body has been dead. The first stage is autolysis, more known as self-digestion. However, these enzymes are released into the cells because of active processes ceasing in the cells, as a result of autolysis, liquid is created that gets between the layers of skin and makes the skin peel off. During this stage, flies start to lay eggs in the openings of the body, eyes, nostrils, mouth, ears, open wounds, hatched larvae, of blowflies, subsequently get under the skin and start to eat the body. This bloating occurs largely in the abdomen, and sometimes in the mouth and this usually happens in about the second week of decomposition. Gas accumulation and bloating will continue until the body is decomposed sufficiently for the gas to escape and it is the last and longest stage. Putrefaction is where the structures of the body break down. The digestive organs, the brain, and lungs are the first to disintegrate, under normal conditions, the organs are unidentifiable after three weeks. The muscles can be eaten by bacteria or devoured by animals, eventually, sometimes after several years, all that remains is the skeleton. In acid-rich soils, the skeleton will eventually dissolve into its base chemicals, the rate of decomposition depends on many factors including temperature and the environment. The warmer and more humid the environment, the faster the body is broken down, greek physicians Herophilus and Erasistratus were among the first on record to have dissected bodies. Andreas Vesalius, author of De humani corporis fabrica, who was able to dispel many misconceptions by dissecting human cadavers, is regarded as the father of human anatomy. The tradition of dissecting criminals was carried up into the eighteenth and nineteenth century when anatomy schools became popular in England and Scotland, at that time, a greater percentage of Christians believed in the literal raising from the dead. Because the souls of dissected bodies could not go to heaven, criminals who were executed for their crimes were used as the first cadavers. From the 16th century until 1832, and the passage of the Anatomy Act, the demand for cadavers increased when the number of criminals being executed decreased. Since corpses were in high demand, it became commonplace to steal bodies from graves in order to keep the market supplied. The methods of preserving cadavers have changed over the last 200 years, at that time, cadavers had to be used immediately because there were no adequate methods to keep the body from quickly decaying
35.
Prehistory
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Prehistory means literally before history, from the Latin word for before, præ, and Greek ιστορία. Neighbouring civilisations were the first to follow, most other civilisations reached the end of prehistory during the Iron Age. The period when a culture is written about by others, but has not developed its own writing is known as the protohistory of the culture. By definition, there are no records from human prehistory. Clear techniques for dating were not well-developed until the 19th century and this article is concerned with human prehistory as defined here above. There are separate articles for the history of the Earth. However, for the race as a whole, prehistory ends when recorded history begins with the accounts of the ancient world around the 4th millennium BC. For example, in Egypt it is accepted that prehistory ended around 3200 BC, whereas in New Guinea the end of the prehistoric era is set much more recently. The three-age system is the periodization of prehistory into three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies, Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age. The notion of prehistory began to surface during the Enlightenment in the work of antiquarians who used the word primitive to describe societies that existed before written records, the first use of the word prehistory in English, however, occurred in the Foreign Quarterly Review in 1836. The main source for prehistory is archaeology, but some scholars are beginning to more use of evidence from the natural and social sciences. This view has been articulated by advocates of deep history, human population geneticists and historical linguists are also providing valuable insight for these questions. Human prehistory differs from history not only in terms of its chronology, restricted to material processes, remains and artifacts rather than written records, prehistory is anonymous. Because of this, reference terms that use, such as Neanderthal or Iron Age are modern labels with definitions sometimes subject to debate. Palaeolithic means Old Stone Age, and begins with the first use of stone tools, the Paleolithic is the earliest period of the Stone Age. The early part of the Palaeolithic is called the Lower Palaeolithic, evidence of control of fire by early humans during the Lower Palaeolithic Era is uncertain and has at best limited scholarly support. The most widely accepted claim is that H. erectus or H. ergaster made fires between 790,000 and 690,000 BP in a site at Bnot Yaakov Bridge, Israel. The use of fire enabled early humans to cook food, provide warmth, Early Homo sapiens originated some 200,000 years ago, ushering in the Middle Palaeolithic
36.
Garden
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A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials, the most common form today is known as a residential garden, but the term garden has traditionally been a more general one. Zoos, which wild animals in simulated natural habitats, were formerly called zoological gardens. Western gardens are almost universally based on plants, with garden often signifying a shortened form of botanical garden, some traditional types of eastern gardens, such as Zen gardens, use plants sparsely or not at all. Xeriscape gardens use local plants that do not require irrigation or extensive use of other resources while still providing the benefits of a garden environment. Gardens may exhibit structural enhancements, sometimes called follies, including features such as fountains, ponds, waterfalls or creeks, dry creek beds, statuary, arbors, trellises. Some gardens are for ornamental purposes only, while some also produce food crops, sometimes in separate areas. Food-producing gardens are distinguished from farms by their scale, more labor-intensive methods. Flower gardens combine plants of different heights, colors, textures, Gardening is the activity of growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professional gardener, a gardener might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment, or other public space. Landscape architecture is a professional activity with landscape architects tending to specialise in design for public. See Grad for more complete etymology, the words yard, court, and Latin hortus, are cognates—all referring to an enclosed space. The term garden in British English refers to an enclosed area of land. This would be referred to as a yard in American English, garden design is the creation of plans for the layout and planting of gardens and landscapes. Gardens may be designed by garden owners themselves, or by professionals, professional garden designers tend to be trained in principles of design and horticulture, and have a knowledge and experience of using plants. Some professional garden designers are also landscape architects, a formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree. Garden design can be divided into two groups, formal and naturalistic gardens. All of these considerations are subject to the limitations of the budget, most gardens consist of a mix of natural and constructed elements, although even very natural gardens are always an inherently artificial creation
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Greenhouse
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A greenhouse is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown. These structures range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings, a miniature greenhouse is known as a cold frame. The interior of a greenhouse exposed to sunlight becomes significantly warmer than the ambient temperature. Many commercial glass greenhouses or hothouses are high tech production facilities for vegetables or flowers, the glass greenhouses are filled with equipment including screening installations, heating, cooling, lighting, and may be controlled by a computer to optimize conditions for plant growth. Different techniques are used to evaluate optimality-degrees and comfort ratio of greenhouse micro-climate in order to reduce production risk prior to cultivation of a specific crop. The idea of growing plants in environmentally controlled areas has existed since Roman times, the Roman emperor Tiberius ate a cucumber-like vegetable daily. The Roman gardeners used artificial methods of growing to have it available for his every day of the year. Cucumbers were planted in wheeled carts which were put in the sun daily, the cucumbers were stored under frames or in cucumber houses glazed with either oiled cloth known as specularia or with sheets of selenite, according to the description by Pliny the Elder. In the 13th century, greenhouses were built in Italy to house the plants that explorers brought back from the tropics. They were originally called giardini botanici, Greenhouses in which the temperature could be manually manipulated first appeared in 15th century Korea. The 15th century treatise, the Sanga Yorok, contains descriptions of greenhouses designed to regulate the temperature and humidity requirements of plants, the concept of greenhouses also appeared in the Netherlands and then England in the 17th century, along with the plants. Some of these early attempts required enormous amounts of work to close up at night or to winterize, there were serious problems with providing adequate and balanced heat in these early greenhouses. Today, the Netherlands has many of the largest greenhouses in the world, the French botanist Charles Lucien Bonaparte is often credited with building the first practical modern greenhouse in Leiden, Holland, during the 1800s to grow medicinal tropical plants. Originally only on the estates of the rich, the growth of the science of botany caused greenhouses to spread to the universities, the French called their first greenhouses orangeries, since they were used to protect orange trees from freezing. As pineapples became popular, pineries, or pineapple pits, were built, experimentation with the design of greenhouses continued during the 17th century in Europe, as technology produced better glass and construction techniques improved. The greenhouse at the Palace of Versailles was an example of their size and elaborateness, it was more than 150 metres long,13 metres wide, a good example of this trend is the pioneering Kew Gardens. Other large greenhouses built in the 19th century included the New York Crystal Palace, Munich’s Glaspalast, in Japan, the first greenhouse was built in 1880 by Samuel Cocking, a British merchant who exported herbs. In the 20th century, the dome was added to the many types of greenhouses
United States
Michigan
