A grisaille is a painting executed in shades of grey or of another neutral greyish colour. It is used in large decorative schemes in imitation of sculpture. Many grisailles include a wider colour range, like the Andrea del Sarto fresco illustrated. Paintings executed in brown are referred to as brunaille, paintings executed in green are called verdaille. A grisaille may be executed for its own sake, as underpainting for an oil painting, or as a model for an engraver to work from. "Rubens and his school sometimes use monochrome techniques in sketching compositions for engravers." Full colouring of a subject makes many more demands of an artist, working in grisaille was chosen as being quicker and cheaper, although the effect was sometimes deliberately chosen for aesthetic reasons. Grisaille paintings resemble the drawings in monochrome, that artists from the Renaissance on were trained to produce. Giotto used grisaille in the lower registers of his frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua and Robert Campin, Jan van Eyck and their successors painted grisaille figures on the outsides of the wings of triptychs, including the Ghent Altarpiece.

These were the sides on display for most of the time, as the doors were kept closed except on feast days or at the request of tourists. However today these images are invisible in museums when the tryptych is displayed open and flat against a wall. In these cases imitation of sculpture was intended. Limners had produced illuminated manuscripts in pen and wash with a limited colour-range, many artists such as Jean Pucelle and Matthew Paris specialised in such work, common in England since Anglo-Saxon times. Renaissance artists such as Mantegna and Polidoro da Caravaggio used grisaille as a classicising effect, either in imitation of the effect of a classical sculptured relief, or of Roman painting. In the Low Countries a continuous tradition of grisaille paintings can be traced from Early Netherlandish painting to Martin Heemskerck, Pieter Brueghel the Elder and Hendrik Goltzius, through the copious output of Adriaen van de Venne, to the circle of Rembrandt, Jan van Goyen; the ceiling frescoes of the Sistine Chapel have portions of the design in grisaille, as does the lower part of the great staircase decoration by Antonio Verrio at Hampton Court.

Grisaille, while less widespread in the 20th Century, continues as an artistic technique. Pablo Picasso's painting Guernica is one example. Hugo Bastidas, a contemporary American painter, has become known for black-and-white paintings that imitate the effect of grisaille and resemble black-and-white photographs. Bastidas' paintings reference architecture, water and art history, reflect his concern about the human condition and their effect on the Earth's well-being. After returning to New York from a Fulbright Fellowship in his native Ecuador in the early 1990s, Bastidas began using a restricted color-palette of black and white, his medium- and large-scale paintings allude to black-and-white photography, feature contrasting zones of high and low detail. By making thousands of marks with a size No. 1 hog's bristle brush on linen primed with rabbit-skin glue, Bastidas achieves a high level of image definition. He works in digital photography, which informs his subject matter without rendering a photo-realistic effect.

With the 20th century's emphasis on direct painting, the grisaille technique lost favour with artists of the period. This historic method is still incorporated into the curriculum of some private ateliers; the term is applied to monochrome painting in other media such as enamels, where an effect similar to a relief in silver may be intended. It is common in stained glass, where the need for sections in different colours was thereby reduced. Portions of a window may be done in grisaille — using, for example, silver stain or vitreous paint — while other sections are done in coloured glass. Brunaille Sepia tone Zorn palette ReferencesA Watercolour Demonstration Using GrisailleNotes Jan Gossart's Saint Jerome Penitent using grisaille Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and workshop, Odalisque in Grisaille

Ryuchi Matsuda was the Japanese author behind A Historical Outline of Chinese Martial Arts and a manga called Kenji. According to Dr. Kenji Tokitsu and practitioner of Japanese martial arts, Matsuda is known for introducing and publicising various Chinese martial arts in Japan; when he was young, Matsuda learned other traditional Japanese martial arts. He learned some Chinese martial arts such as Chen-style taijiquan, Baji Boxing, Northern Mantis Boxing, Bagua Palm, Yen Ching Boxing. At some point he became a Tibetan Buddhist monk, his research and writing covered both Buddhism and martial arts. A Historical Outline of Chinese Martial Arts was written in 1979 and revised when Matsuda lived in Taipei, it has appeared in a number of different editions in Chinese and Japanese and is one of eight books he has written on the martial arts

As early as 1929, two Melbourne commercial radio stations, 3UZ and 3DB were conducting experimental mechanical television broadcasts - these were conducted in the early hours of the morning, after the stations had closed down. In 1934 Dr Val McDowall at amateur station 4CM Brisbane conducted experiments in electronic television. Television broadcasting in Australia began on 16 September 1956, with the opening of TCN-9 followed by national and commercial stations in Sydney and Melbourne, all these being in 625-line black and white; the commencement date was designed so as to provide coverage of the Olympic Games in Melbourne. It has now grown to be a nationwide system that includes a broad range of public, community, subscription and amateur stations. Colour television in the PAL 625-line format was introduced in 1967 and went to a full-time basis on 1 March 1975 while subscription television, on the Galaxy platform, began in January 1995. Digital terrestrial television was introduced on 1 January 2001 in Australia's five largest capital cities.

Australia has three national public broadcasters, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, the Special Broadcasting Service, as well as more National Indigenous Television. ABC Television is a division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, established in 1956. ABC, ABC2, ABC Me and ABC News are available nationally, in addition to Australia Plus, focused at the Asia-Pacific region. ABC carries a variety of local and national news, current affairs, sports coverage, as well as Australian arts and comedy programming, it is well known for broadcasting British programming from the BBC, ITV, Channel 4. ABC Comedy, established as a second digital-only channel called ABC2 on 7 March 2005. Aimed at providing'more choice, more often', the channel provided repeats of popular ABC productions, such as Australian Story and Stateline, was prohibited by law from carrying programmes from a number of genres, it was announced by the ABC that, from 4 December 2017, ABC2 was to be replaced by ABC Comedy, ending the channel's 12-year run.

ABC Me, a third digital-only kids channel began on 4 December 2009. ABC News, a digital news channel began on 22 July 2010. ABC Kids, a digital shared channel began on 2 May 2011. SBS Television is a division of the Special Broadcasting Service, founded to provide for the estimated 20% of Australians that speak a language other than English in the home, aiming to complement the ABC. In recent years SBS TV has begun to target a broader cross-section of the Australian community, in part because of the emergence of specialty subscription television channels aimed at such minorities. In addition to its free-to-air channels, SBS has an interest in the World Movies Channel. SBS shows many non-English language films with English subtitles, each morning shows news bulletins in foreign languages from around the world in its WorldWatch timeslot. In addition to this, a great deal of programming from the PBS, Arte, BBC and CBC, Comedy Central are shown. Acquired entertainment programs include the US animated series South Park, Queer as Folk and Inspector Rex.

In addition to news and current affairs programming such as SBS World News and Dateline, the network commissions locally produced documentaries and comedy programs. Less-popular mainstream sports such as soccer and athletics are shown. SBS broadcast two channels: SBS, known as'SBS One' between 2009 and 2015, SBS Viceland, known as SBS Two between 2009 and 2016. National Indigenous Television, funded by the Commonwealth of Australia, is produced in Sydney and broadcast via Imparja Television's existing satellite capacity; the idea for a national, indigenous television service was conceived by the National Indigenous Radio Service, which lobbied the government to start a new, nationwide indigenous television network. Although no major political party championed this cause, commercial broadcaster Imparja Television stated in 2004 that it would run such a network, at least within its own licence area. In 2005 the federal Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts considered funding such a station, conducted a review process.

On 13 July 2007 NITV launched, replacing Indigenous Community Television on the Optus Aurora remote satellite service. On 12 December 2012 NITV was launched on the free to air 4th digital channel of SBS, making this channel available to all Australians wherever SBS digital television is broadcast. In order to allow for commercial licensing, the country was divided into a number of licence areas; when these were drawn up in the 1950s, each major city or regional area - about 50 in all - was considered its own market region. In each of the five major capitals, three commercial licences were granted, while smaller cities or regions were granted a single licence; the process of aggregation began in 1989. Regional markets were merged and three licences were granted in the new, area, with the exception of Tasmania and Remote & Central Australia, which got two licences; as some markets were formed by the merger of up to six different individual markets, this meant that some stations had to merge or form partnerships in order to remain competitive.

Around the same time, many remote market regions were replaced with two satellite market regions - one for regional Western Australia, one for remote central and eastern Australia - although each of these regions was only granted two licences. Some remained un-aggregated, are