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Group selection
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Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection acts at the level of the group, instead of at the level of the individual or gene.
Early explanations of social behaviour, such as the lekking of blackcock, spoke of "the good of the species". Blackcocks at the Lek watercolour and bo
Early explanations of social behaviour, such as the lekking of blackcock, spoke of "the good of the species". Blackcocks at the Lek watercolour and bodycolour by Archibald Thorburn, 1901.
David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober's 1994 Multilevel Selection Model, illustrated by a nested set of Russian matryoshka dolls. Wilson himself compar
David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober's 1994 Multilevel Selection Model, illustrated by a nested set of Russian matryoshka dolls. Wilson himself compared his model to such a set.
Social behaviour in honeybees looked a good candidate for group selection, but is explained by kin selection: their haplodiploid inheritance system ma
Social behaviour in honeybees looked a good candidate for group selection, but is explained by kin selection: their haplodiploid inheritance system makes workers very closely related to their queen (centre).
Humanity has developed extremely rapidly, arguably through gene-culture coevolution, leading to complex cultural artefacts like the gopuram of the Sri
Humanity has developed extremely rapidly, arguably through gene-culture coevolution, leading to complex cultural artefacts like the gopuram of the Sri Mariammam temple, Singapore.
Natural selection
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Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in the relative fitness endowed on them by their own particular complement of observable characteristi
Aristotle considered whether different forms could have appeared, only the useful ones surviving.
Aristotle considered whether different forms could have appeared, only the useful ones surviving.
Modern biology began in the nineteenth century with Charles Darwin's work on evolution by natural selection.
Modern biology began in the nineteenth century with Charles Darwin's work on evolution by natural selection.
Part of Thomas Malthus's table of population growth in England 1780–1810, from his Essay on the Principle of Population, 6th edition, 1826
Part of Thomas Malthus's table of population growth in England 1780–1810, from his Essay on the Principle of Population, 6th edition, 1826
Charles Darwin noted that pigeon fanciers had created many kinds of pigeon, such as Tumblers (1, 12), Fantails (13), and Pouters (14) by selective bre
Charles Darwin noted that pigeon fanciers had created many kinds of pigeon, such as Tumblers (1, 12), Fantails (13), and Pouters (14) by selective breeding.