1.
Taiwanese cuisine
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In addition to the following representative dishes from the people of Hoklo ethnicity, there are also Aboriginal, Hakka, and local derivatives of Chinese cuisines such as beef noodle soup. A notable Japanese influence also exists due to the period when Taiwan was under Japanese rule, pork, seafood, chicken, rice, and soy are very common ingredients. Beef is far less common, and some Taiwanese still refrain from eating it, however, due to influences from the influx of out of province Chinese in the early 1900s, the Taiwanese version of beef noodle soup is now one of the most popular dishes in Taiwan. Taiwans cuisine has also influenced by its geographic location. Living on an island, the Taiwanese had to look aside from the farmlands for sources of protein. As a result, seafood figures prominently in their cuisine and this seafood encompasses many different things, from large fish such as tuna and grouper, to sardines and even smaller fish such as anchovies. Crustaceans, squid, and cuttlefish are also eaten, because of the islands sub-tropical location, Taiwan has an abundant supply of various fruit, such as papayas, starfruit, melons, and citrus fruit. A wide variety of fruits, imported and native, are also enjoyed in Taiwan. Other agricultural products in general are rice, corn, tea, pork, poultry, beef, fish, fresh ingredients in Taiwan are readily available from markets. In many of their dishes, the Taiwanese have shown their creativity in their selection of spices, an important part of Taiwanese cuisine are xiaochi, substantial snacks along the lines of Spanish tapas or Levantine meze. The Taiwanese xiaochi has gained much reputation internationally, many travelers go to Taiwan just for xiǎochī. The most common place to enjoy xiǎochī in Taiwan is in a night market, each night market also has its own famous xiǎochī. Moreover, the Taiwanese xiǎochī has been improving to a higher level, nowadays, Taiwanese xiǎochī not only served in night markets but some luxury and high-end restaurants. The prices usually jump 100% or even higher in the restaurants, also, the Taiwanese government supports the Taiwanese xiǎochī and has held national xiǎochī events in Taiwan regularly. Vegetarian restaurants are commonplace with a variety of dishes, mainly due to the influence of Buddhism. These vegetarian restaurants vary in style from all-you-can-eat to pay-by-the-weight and of course the regular order-from-a-menu, there is a type of outdoor barbecue called khòng-iô. To barbecue in this manner, one first builds a hollow pyramid up with dirt clods, next, charcoal or wood is burnt inside until the temperature inside the pyramid is very high. The ingredients to be cooked, such as taro, yam, or chicken, are placed in cans, finally, the pyramid is toppled over the food until cooked
2.
Traditional Chinese characters
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Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong. Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities. Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text. They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters. Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan. Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting. For example, while the name of Taiwan is written as 臺灣, similarly, in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese has been the legal written form since colonial times. In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government. This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage. In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications like the Chinese Commercial News, World News, and United Daily News still use traditional characters, on the other hand, the Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified. Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. In case of film or television subtitles on DVD, the Chinese dub that is used in Philippines is the same as the one used in Taiwan and this is because the DVDs belongs to DVD Region Code 3. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters. A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world
3.
Snack food
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A snack is a portion of food, smaller than a regular meal, generally eaten between meals. Snacks come in a variety of forms including packaged foods and other processed foods. Traditionally, snacks are prepared from ingredients commonly available in the home, often cold cuts, fruits, leftovers, nuts, sandwiches, and the like are used as snacks. The Dagwood sandwich was originally the result of a cartoon characters desire for large snacks. With the spread of convenience stores, packaged snack foods became a significant business, snack foods are typically designed to be portable, quick, and satisfying. Processed snack foods, as one form of food, are designed to be less perishable, more durable. They often contain amounts of sweeteners, preservatives, and appealing ingredients such as chocolate, peanuts. Beverages, such as coffee, are not generally considered snacks though they may be consumed along with or in lieu of snack foods, a snack eaten shortly before going to bed or during the night may be called a night snack. In the United States, the first snack food was the peanut, peanuts first arrived from South America via slave ships, and became incorporated into African-inspired cooking on southern plantations. After the Civil War, the taste for peanuts spread north, along with popcorn, snacks bore the stigma of being sold by unhygienic street vendors. The middle-class etiquette of the Victorian era categorized any food that did not require proper usage of utensils as lower-class, pretzels were introduced to North America by the Dutch via New Amsterdam in the 17th century. In the 1860s, the snack was still associated with immigrants, unhygienic street vendors, due to loss of business during the Prohibition era, pretzels underwent rebranding to make them more appealing to the public. Packaging revolutionized snack foods, allowing sellers to reduce contamination risk while making it easy to advertise brands with a logo, pretzels boomed in popularity, bringing many other types of snack foods with it. By the 1950s, snacking had become a pastime, becoming an internationally recognized emblem of middle American life. Healthy snacks include those that have significant vitamins, are low in saturated fat and added sugars, a 2010 study showed that children in the United States snacked on average six times per day, approximately twice as often as American children in the 1970s. This represents consumption of roughly 570 calories more per day than U. S. children consumed in the 1970s, America, just one long snack bar. Wikibooks Cookbook – A collection of recipes from around the world
4.
Steamed bread
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Steamed bread is a kind of bread, typically made from wheat, that is prepared by steaming instead of baking. Steamed bread is produced and consumed all around the world, in Chinese cuisine, mantou is a staple food of northern China, where up to 70% of flour production in the region is used to make it. But now there are variations about mantou in China for example wholemeal mantou, milk mantou. Wotou is another steamed bread found in northern China, in South African cuisine, a number of groups produce steamed bread, such as the Zulu ujeqe which can be eaten alone or with tomato soup. In the cuisine of the United States, one example of steamed bread is Boston brown bread, list of steamed foods Pumpernickel, the dark German bread made from rye and cooked in a low-heat, steam-filled oven Food portal
5.
Red cooking
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Red cooking, also called Chinese stewing, red stewing, red braising and flavour potting, is a slow braising Chinese cooking technique that imparts a red colour to the prepared food. Red cooking is popular throughout most of northern, eastern, the name is derived from the dark red-brown colour of the cooked items and its sauce. Soy sauce, fermented bean paste, red fermented tofu or caramelised sugar is used to give an appetising reddish brown hue. Food coloring is added for a more intense red. Both lu and hongshao are forms of stewing or braising and are characterised by the use of soy sauce, Chinese rice wine, whole spices or five-spice powder are crucial elements in these dishes but are used in moderation so that their flavours do not overwhelm the main ingredients. Red-cooked stews may be heavy in meat content or contain a variety of meats, vegetables, such dishes may be served hot or cold, and the sauce or stock is often re-used as master stock. Jiangsu cuisine Fujian cuisine Zhejiang cuisine Shanghai cuisine Hunan cuisine Char siu Kho Ah-so sauce List of cooking techniques Article describing red cooking
6.
Pork belly
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Pork belly is a boneless cut of fatty meat from the belly of a pig. Pork belly is popular in East Asian, European and North American cuisine and this cut of meat is enormously popular in Chinese, Korean and Philippine cuisine. In Chinese cuisine, pork belly is usually diced, browned, then braised with skin on. Pork belly is used to make Slowly Braised Pork Belly or Dongpo pork in China, in Colombian cuisine pork belly strips are fried and served as part of bandeja paisa. In Alsatian cuisine, pork belly is used to make choucroute garnie, in German cuisine, pork belly is used to make schlachtplatte. Pancetta is made from pork belly, in Okinawan cuisine, rafute is traditionally eaten for longevity. Koreans cook Samgyeopsal on a grill with garlic, often accompanied by soju, in Philippine cuisine, pork belly is marinated in a mixture of crushed garlic, vinegar, salt and pepper before being grilled. It is then served with soy sauce and vinegar or vinegar with garlic, Pork belly prepared this way is called inihaw in Filipino and sinugba in Cebuano. Seasoned pork belly deep-fried and served chopped into pieces is called lechon kawali, in Swiss cuisine, pork belly is used to make the Berner Platte. In British cuisine pork belly is primarily cooked using two methods and this is often accompanied by a sweet chilli baste or sauce. For barbecued belly pork the meat is seasoned and slow cooked in a pan by indirect heat on a covered barbecue, heat is again varied to produce tender meat with hard crackling. Pork belly is used in the UK to make streaky bacon. In the United States, bacon is most often made from pork bellies, uncured whole pork belly is a popular dish as well. The pork belly futures contract became an icon of futures and commodities trading and it is frequently used as a pars pro toto for commodities in general and appears in several depictions of the arena in popular entertainment. The futures contracts were useful in guiding inventories and establishing forward pricing, the unit of trading was 20 short tons of frozen, trimmed bellies. Pork bellies can be kept in storage for an extended period of time. In more recent years pork belly futures prominence declined, eventually they were among the least-traded contracts on the CME, and were delisted for trading on July 18,2011
7.
Suan cai
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Suan cai is a traditional Chinese pickled Chinese cabbage, used for a variety of purposes. Suan cai is a form of pao cai, due to the ingredients used. An alternative name for suan cai is xian cai, two distinct types of suan cai are found in China, Northern China has used Napa cabbage as the traditional vegetable of choice. Southern China uses the thick stalk varieties of Chinese mustard variety to make suan cai, production of suan cai differs from other pao cai in that the vegetable is compressed. This is accomplished by placing a weight such as a large rock on top of the cover of the container so that the Chinese cabbage inside the container is slowly pressed and fermented. The processing of the vegetable helps to create a distinct flavor, Suan cai is often used in cooking with meat, especially pork. It is said to neutralize the grease of meat, in Chinese Islamic cuisine, suan cai can top off noodle soups, especially beef noodle soup. In Hunan, suan cai is made with ginger and chilies. In Cantonese cuisine, it is served in a dish, often as an appetizer. Sometimes it can be available in mini-containers on the dining table, there are also Cantonese variations such as salted suan cai. In Northeastern Chinese cuisine, suan cai is made from cabbage or head cabbage and has a taste similar to sauerkraut. As part of the cuisine in Manchuria, it is used with dumplings and boiled, more frequently, saun cai is used to make suan cai and pork stew. In hot pot cuisine, it is one of the ingredients. Suan chai has also incorporated into Thai cuisine, where it is known as phak kat dong when only the upper stem. Most often used in Thai-Chinese dishes, it can also be served as an ingredient in a Thai salad, or as a condiment such as with khao soi, the chopped sour leaf and upper stem is combined with scrambled egg in the dish pak khat dong pat kai. When the dish includes only the stem and tuber of the cabbage. Suan cai is similar to a dish, sauerkraut, which is common in the cuisines of Central. A popular sitcom and namesake song depicting lives in Northeast China Cui Hua Shang Suan Cai debuted in 2001, Cui Hua became synonymous with a person from Northeast China
8.
Coriander
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Coriander, also known as cilantro or Chinese parsley, is an annual herb in the family Apiaceae. All parts of the plant are edible, but the fresh leaves, Coriander is native to regions spanning from southern Europe and northern Africa to southwestern Asia. It is a plant growing to 50 cm tall. The leaves are variable in shape, broadly lobed at the base of the plant, the flowers are borne in small umbels, white or very pale pink, asymmetrical, with the petals pointing away from the center of the umbel longer than those pointing toward it. The fruit is a globular, dry schizocarp 3–5 mm in diameter, the earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek ko-ri-ja-da-na written in Linear B syllabic script which later evolved to koriannon or koriandron. Cilantro is the Spanish word for coriander, also deriving from coriandrum and it is the common term in North American English for coriander leaves, due to their extensive use in Mexican cuisine. Coriander grows wild over an area of Western Asia and southern Europe, prompting the comment, It is hard to define exactly where this plant is wild. Fifteen desiccated mericarps were found in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B level of the Nahal Hemar Cave in Israel, Coriander seems to have been cultivated in Greece since at least the second millennium BC. Coriander was brought to the British colonies in North America in 1670, all parts of the plant are edible, but the fresh leaves and the dried seeds are the parts most traditionally used in cooking. Coriander is used in cuisines throughout the world, the leaves are variously referred to as coriander leaves, fresh coriander, dhania, Chinese parsley, or cilantro. Coriander potentially may be confused with culantro, an Apiaceae like coriander, culantro has a distinctly different spiny appearance, a more potent volatile leaf oil and a stronger aroma. The leaves have a different taste from the seeds, with citrus overtones, however, some people find the leaves to have an unpleasant soapy taste or a rank smell and avoid them. Chopped coriander leaves are a garnish on Indian dishes such as dal, as heat diminishes their flavour, coriander leaves are often used raw or added to the dish immediately before serving. In Indian and Central Asian recipes, coriander leaves are used in large amounts, the leaves spoil quickly when removed from the plant, and lose their aroma when dried or frozen. The dry fruits are known as coriander seeds, the word coriander in food preparation may refer solely to these seeds, rather than to the plant. The seeds have a citrus flavour when crushed, due to terpenes linalool. It is described as warm, nutty, spicy, and orange-flavoured and they are used extensively for grinding and blending purposes in the spice trade. Types with smaller fruit are produced in regions and usually have a volatile oil content around 0. 4-1. 8%
9.
Peanut
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The peanut, also known as the groundnut and the goober and taxonomically classified as Arachis hypogaea, is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, being important to small and large commercial producers. It is classified as both a grain legume and, because of its oil content, an oil crop. World annual production of shelled peanuts was 42 million tonnes in 2014, atypically among crop plants, peanut pods develop underground rather than aboveground. It is this characteristic that the botanist Linnaeus used to assign the specific name hypogaea, as a legume, the peanut belongs to the botanical family Fabaceae, this is also known as Leguminosae, and commonly known as the bean, or pea, family. Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules and this capacity to fix nitrogen means peanuts require less nitrogen-containing fertilizer and improve soil fertility, making them valuable in crop rotations. Peanuts are similar in taste and nutritional profile to tree nuts such as walnuts and almonds, the botanical definition of a nut is a fruit whose ovary wall becomes very hard at maturity. Using this criterion, the peanut is not a true nut, however, for culinary purposes and in common English language usage, peanuts are usually referred to as nuts. Cultivated peanut arose from a hybrid between two species of peanut, thought to be A. duranensis and A. ipaensis. The initial hybrid would have been sterile, but spontaneous chromosome doubling restored its fertility, the process of domestication through artificial selection made A. hypogaea dramatically different from its wild relatives. The domesticated plants are bushier and more compact, and have a different pod structure, the initial domestication may have taken place in northwestern Argentina, or in southeastern Bolivia, where the peanut landraces with the most wild-like features are grown today. From this primary center of origin, cultivation spread and formed secondary and tertiary centers of diversity in Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, Paraguay, over time, thousands of peanut landraces evolved, these are classified into six botanical varieties and two subspecies. Subspecies A. h. fastigiata types are more upright in their habit and have shorter crop cycles. Subspecies A. h. hypogaea types spread more on the ground and have longer crop cycles, the oldest known archeological remains of pods have been dated at about 7,600 years old. These may be pods from a species that was in cultivation. They were found in Peru, where dry conditions are favorable to the preservation of organic material. Almost certainly, peanut cultivation antedated this at the center of origin where the climate is moister, many pre-Columbian cultures, such as the Moche, depicted peanuts in their art. Cultivation was well established in Mesoamerica before the Spanish arrived, there, the conquistadors found the tlalcacahuatl being offered for sale in the marketplace of Tenochtitlan
10.
Taiwan
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Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a state in East Asia. Neighbours include China to the west, Japan to the northeast, Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations, and the one with the largest economy. The island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, was inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War. While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty, following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945, the ROC took control of Taiwan. However, the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROCs loss of the mainland to the Communists, and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949. As a founding member of the United Nations, the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971, in the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, creating a stable industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage, Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world, and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, economic freedom, the PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence. Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC, the PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible. There are various names for the island of Taiwan in use today, the former name Formosa dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it Ilha Formosa, which means beautiful island. The name Formosa eventually replaced all others in European literature and was in use in English in the early 20th century. This name was adopted into the Chinese vernacular as the name of the sandbar. The modern word Taiwan is derived from this usage, which is seen in forms in Chinese historical records. Use of the current Chinese name was formalized as early as 1684 with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture, through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as Taiwan. The official name of the state is the Republic of China and it was a member of the United Nations representing China until 1971, when it lost its seat to the Peoples Republic of China. Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become known as Taiwan. In some contexts, especially ones from the ROC government
11.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
12.
Epoch Times
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Epoch Times is a multi-language newspaper headquartered in New York City. The company was founded in 2000 by John Tang and a group of Chinese-American Falun Gong practitioners, the newspaper covers general interest topics with a focus on news about China and human rights issues there. It draws from a network of sources inside China, as well as Chinese expatriates living in the West, the newspaper has been described by some scholars as a mouthpiece for the Falun Gong, with sympathetic coverage towards it. A spokesperson for the newspaper says it does not speak for the practice, the newspaper maintains a generally anti-communist editorial stance, including explicit opposition to the Communist Party of China. The Epoch Times is widely distributed in overseas Chinese communities, and has been publishing in Chinese since May 2000 and it is either sold or distributed free-of-charge in 35 countries, including various intranational regional editions. It has editions in English, Chinese and nine other languages in print, weekly print editions are also available. A typical issue includes sections for world and national news, opinion pieces, sports, entertainment, business, arts and culture, travel, health, China VPN operated by the Epoch Digital Network claims tens of millions of users in Mainland China. In May 2000, the paper was first published in the Chinese language in New York, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and major Western European countries. The first English edition launched online in 2003, followed by the New York print edition in 2004, in 2000,10 Epoch Times correspondents were imprisoned in China, but current staff of the Chinese-language edition work in Hong Kong. With local editions published in Toronto, Vancouver, Montréal, Ottawa and Calgary/Edmonton, as of February 2012,67 Epoch Times newspaper editions are published in print in 5 continents. They are available in 11 languages and have a distribution of 1,315,000 copies in 35 countries, distribution varies from daily to monthly. Epoch Times is available in 21 languages on the internet, in Chinese there are websites for Hong Kong, Taiwan and Australia as well as the main Chinese website. Epoch Times receives 105 million page views per month from 20 million visitors, reporters cover stories that pertain to their own areas, contributing to a pool of articles for the different editions to share. Other languages Epoch Times flagship New York edition is typically around 50 pages, section A is primarily devoted to current events, with several pages devoted to China issues and politics. Section A also includes opinion pages, sports, science & technology, business, section B is Arts & Culture—covering classical art forms, exhibits and events. Section B also includes Style and an Essence of China page devoted to traditional Chinese culture, stories, section C focuses on health and fitness featuring mainstream medical science, alternative and Chinese medical treatments. Section D is Food which focuses on cooking and local restaurants, outside of New York, other English editions typically take the form of a 16–24-page broadsheet. The content is a version of the New York edition
13.
Sandwich
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The sandwich began as a portable finger food in the Western world, though over time it has become prevalent worldwide. Sandwiches are a type of lunch food, taken to work, school. The bread can be plain, or coated with condiments such as mayonnaise or mustard, to enhance its flavour. As well as being homemade, sandwiches are widely sold in restaurants. There are both savoury sandwiches, such as deli sandwiches, and sweet sandwiches, such as a peanut butter. The sandwich is considered to be the namesake of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, the Wall Street Journal has described it as Britains biggest contribution to gastronomy. The modern concept of a sandwich using slices of bread can arguably be traced to 18th-century Europe, flat breads of only slightly varying kinds have long been used to scoop or wrap small amounts of food en route from platter to mouth throughout Western Asia and northern Africa. From Morocco to Ethiopia to India, bread is baked in flat rounds, during the Middle Ages in Europe, thick slabs of coarse and usually stale bread, called trenchers, were used as plates. After a meal, the food-soaked trencher was fed to a dog or to beggars at the tables of the wealthy, initially perceived as food that men shared while gaming and drinking at night, the sandwich slowly began appearing in polite society as a late-night meal among the aristocracy. It was at the time that the European-style sandwich finally began to appear outside of Europe. In the United States, the sandwich was first promoted as a meal at supper. By the early 20th century, as became a staple of the American diet. The first written usage of the English word appeared in Edward Gibbons journal, in longhand and it was named after John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, an 18th-century English aristocrat. It is said that he ordered his valet to bring him meat tucked between two pieces of bread, and others began to order the same as Sandwich. The rumour in its form appeared in Pierre-Jean Grosleys Londres, translated as A Tour to London in 1772. Before being known as sandwiches, this food combination seems to simply have been known as bread and meat or bread, in the United States, a court in Boston, Massachusetts ruled in 2006 that a sandwich includes at least two slices of bread. In Spain, where the sandwich is borrowed from the English language. It is otherwise known as a bocadillo, similar usage applies in other Spanish-speaking cultures, such as Mexico, where the word torta is also used for a popular variety of roll-type sandwiches
14.
Bocadillo
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For the Colombian cuisine dessert, see Guava jelly. The bocadillo or bocata, in Spain, is a made with Spanish bread, not sliced. Traditionally seen as a food, its low cost has allowed it to evolve over time into an iconic piece of cuisine. In Spain, they are eaten in cafes and tapas bars. Some bocadillos are seasoned with sauces like mayonnaise, aioli, ketchup and they are usually served with cold beer or red wine, drinks, coffee and a portion of tapas. Different types of bocadillos are available in different parts of Spain, such as the serranito, almussafes, there is a wide variety of bocadillos in Spain, but the most typical can be pointed out. Bocadillos can also be found in northern Morocco, emanuele Spanish Bocadillo Portuguese Bocadillo Tumbadito List of sandwiches - Cuban sandwich
15.
Breakfast sandwich
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In North America, a breakfast sandwich is any sandwich filled with foods associated with the breakfast meal. Breakfast sandwiches are served at fast food restaurants and delicatessens or bought as fast, Breakfast sandwiches can also be made at home. Breakfast sandwiches are made using breakfast meats, breads, eggs. These sandwiches were typically regional specialties until fast food restaurants serving breakfast. Because the common types of bread, such as biscuits, bagels, unlike other breakfast items, they were perfect for the innovation of the drive-through. These sandwiches have become a staple of many convenience stores. What would later be known as breakfast sandwiches became increasingly popular after the Civil War, the first known published recipe for a breakfast sandwich was in an 1897 American cookbook. There are several types of bread used to make breakfast sandwiches, Hard roll, The traditional breakfast sandwich of the northeasts tri-state region of New York, New Jersey and it is believed to be one of the earliest forms of the breakfast sandwich in the United States. It consists of a roll, eggs, cheese and sausage. In New Jersey, a common breakfast sandwich is the Jersey Breakfast which consists of pork roll, egg, biscuit, Consists of a large, or cat-head biscuit, sliced, on which meat, cheese, or eggs are served. Popular biscuits include, Sausage biscuit, bacon, tomato, fast food restaurants have put smaller versions of fried chicken fillets on biscuits to create chicken biscuits. Scrambled eggs and/or American cheese are often added, bagel sandwiches, Due to their Jewish connection, bagels generally do not contain pork, but other foods associated with the community, such as deli meats, lox or other smoked fish, and cream cheese. English muffin, Generally contains egg and cheese with either breakfast sausage or ham, often served in U. S. fast food outlets such as McDonalds and Starbucks. Toast, Toasted bread is one of the oldest forms of breakfast sandwich in America, while any number of items might be served on toast, eggs and bacon are the ones most associated with breakfast. Specialty breads, Mostly served by restaurant chains, there are other breakfast sandwiches that do not use one of the common breakfast breads used in the United States. Burger King uses a croissant to make a breakfast sandwich called the CroissanWich, or croissant sandwich, McDonalds offers its traditional biscuit fillings on a sandwich made from maple flavored pancakes called a McGriddles. Dunkin Donuts has a sandwich that is similar to the McGriddles. These can be found at American fast food franchises worldwide
16.
Bacon, egg and cheese sandwich
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A bacon, egg and cheese sandwich is a breakfast sandwich popular in the United States. The sandwich is made with bacon, eggs, cheese and bread. Many similar sandwiches exist, substituting alternate meat products for the bacon or using different varieties of cheese or bread, the sandwich is often served as a breakfast item with coffee. BEC is sometimes used as an acronym for the sandwich, as is BE&C, many variations of the sandwich exist. Common choices for cheese include American, cheddar, and Swiss, the bacon can be substituted with many other types of preserved or seasoned meat like breakfast sausage, ham, veggie bacon, back bacon, or pork roll. Various types of bread roll can be used as the bread for the sandwich, such as a croissant, tomato is sometimes used as an addition, and more robust version includes a hash brown. The dish can also be served as a burrito or taco, a typical sandwich with these ingredients has about 20 grams of fat and 350 calories. A version has been adapted to make a low carbohydrate meal, in the United States, the bacon egg and cheese sandwich has also been modified into a prepackaged food product as a Hot Pocket and a Lean Pocket. In the United States, Sonic Drive-In offers a bacon egg, arbys offers a Sourdough Bacon, Egg & Swiss with 500 calories and 29 grams of fat. Burger King serves up a Croissanwich with Bacon, Egg & Cheese as well as a Double Croissanwich with Sausage, Bacon, in New Zealand and some parts of Australia a Massive McMuffin is offered with ketchup, bacon, egg, American cheese and two sausage patties. For a time, Burger King offered an Enormous Omelet Sandwich with two egg patties, two strips of bacon, two slices of cheese and a sausage patty
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Bun kebab
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Bun kebab is a sandwich, originating from Pakistan, especially Karachi. It is usually found in stalls and in restaurants all across the South Asia. It is commonly eaten along with a soft drink, bun kebab consists of a spicy patty which is shallow-fried, onions, and Chutney and/or Raita in a hamburger or hot dog bun. Unlike a hamburger patty, the bun kebab is mixed with ground lentils, powdered cumin seeds, one may find bun kebab at vendor stalls throughout Indian subcontinent, with regional differences evident. A bun kebab can also be served with an egg or omelette. The patty can be made of chicken, potatoes, beef or mutton, the beef and egg recipe though is the most popular, especially with the street vendors of bun kebab. Afghani burger Pakistani cuisine Indian cuisine List of sandwiches List of buns
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Cemita
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The cemita is a torta originally from Puebla, Mexico. The name can refer to the roll it is served on as well. The cemita, also known as cemita poblana, derives from the city of Puebla, the word refers to the sandwich as well as to the roll it is typically served on, a bread roll covered with sesame seeds. The bread is made with egg, and resembles brioche, additionally, the ingredients usually are restricted to sliced avocado, meat, white cheese, onions, the herb pápalo and red sauce. In modern times it has appeared on the streets of New York, Los Angeles, the Real Academia Española says cemita comes from acemite which in turn comes from Aramaic, and is related to Greek σεμίδαλις. The Daily Meal reviewed the cemita, saying there are numerous variations, Mexican cuisine List of bread rolls Mexican breads List of Mexican dishes List of sandwiches
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Chip butty
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A chip butty is a sandwich made with chips on buttered white bread or a bread roll, often with an added condiment such as ketchup, brown sauce, mayonnaise, or malt vinegar. The chip butty can be found in fish and chip shops and it is also known as a chip sandwich, chip batch, chip roll, chip muffin, piece and chips, chip piece, or chip sarnie. One variation is the chip bap or chip barm, which uses a floury bap or barm cake instead of sliced white bread, in the East Midlands a chip butty made with a bread roll is referred to as a chip cob. A chip butty can be if the chips are not fried in lard or dripping. A variation frequently seen in the North is the scallop butty, a football chant called The Greasy Chip Butty Song is popular with the supporters of Sheffield United Football Club. The chip butty made appearances both as a power-up in the video game Earthworm Jim 2 and as a house in the PC game The Neverhood, crisp sandwich Mitraillette List of sandwiches
Cookbook: Gua bao 
Media: Gua bao
